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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary �
Cambodia 2007Trade Integration Strategy:
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CAMBODIA’S 2007Trade I ntegrat ion Strategy
E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y A N D A C T I O N M A T R I XE X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y A N D A C T I O N M A T R I XE X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y A N D A C T I O N M A T R I X
Prepared under theTrade Related Assistance for Development and Equity (TRADE) Project of
Cambodia’s Ministry of Commerce and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Cambodia
Phnom Penh, December 2007
Prepared under theTrade Related Assistance for Development and Equity (TRADE) Project of
Cambodia’s Ministry of Commerce and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Cambodia
Phnom Penh, December 2007
Prepared under theTrade Related Assistance for Development and Equity (TRADE) Project of
Cambodia’s Ministry of Commerce and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Cambodia
Phnom Penh, December 2007
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary �
Contributors(In alphabetical order)
Rory Allan, UNCTAD, Division on Investment, Technology and Enterprise Development
Peter Bolster, GTZ, Private Sector Promotion
Dermot Cassidy, Accord Associates and UNCTAD Consultant
Dao Cambodochine, CLRDC and ITC Consultant
Ea Ricky, CLRDC and ITC Consultant
Gerald Epstein, PERI, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Michael Freudenberg, ITC, Market Analysis Section
James Heinz, PERI, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Hong Setha, Emerging Markets Consulting
Takako Ikezuki, ITC Consultant
Iv Phirun, CLRDC and ITC Consultant
Arjun Jayadev, PERI, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Kith Pheara, MoC, IF Core Group
Roger Lawrence, UNDP Consultant
Andreas Lendle, ITC, Market Analysis Section
Riad Meddeb, UNCTAD, Division on Investment, Technology and Enterprise Development
Noun Phanit, MoC, IF Core Group
Stephane Passeri, EC, ECAP-II Programme
Thierry Paulmier, ITC, Market Analysis Section
Arslan Razmi, PERI, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Enrique Sierra, UNCTAD Consultant
Tan Yuvaroath, MoC, IF Core Group
Albert Zeufack, World Bank
Thierry Noyelle, UNDP Consultant and Team Leader
Special thanks to H.E. Cham Prasidh, Senior Minister and Minister of Commerce; H.E. Pan Sorasak, Secretary of State, Ministry of Commerce; H.E. Mao Thora, Under-Secretary of State, Ministry of Commerce; Ms. Anne-Isabelle Degryse-Blateau, UNDP Deputy Resident Representative and Programme Director, UNDP Cambodia; Mr. Hin Wisal, Programme Analyst, UNDP Cambodia; Dr. Mumtaz Keklik, Trade Advisor, UNDP Cambodia; and Mr. You Mab, Project Manager, TRADE Project, for their support to the work of the team.
In addition to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the International Trade Centre (ITC), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), European Commission, World Bank, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit - German Technical Cooperation (GTZ), and the EC-ECAP II Programme contributed direct human or financial resources to the project. The study also benefited from detailed comments provided on an earlier draft by the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in addition to those organizations already named
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In 2000, Cambodia was designated as one of three pilot countries under the Integrated Framework (IF). Subsequently, Cambodia was the first country to complete a Trade Integration Strategy also known as Diagnostic Trade Integration Study or DTIS (Cambodia’s DTIS 2002) under the IF.1
The IF is a program of six multilateral agencies – the International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Trade Centre (ITC), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), World Bank, and World Trade Organization (WTO) – supported by a number of multilateral and bilateral development partners. The IF assists Least Developed Countries (LDCs) to integrate more effectively into global trade and turn trade into a driver of national development. The IF is the product of a commitment made by development partners under WTO agreements.
Cambodia’s DTIS 2002 predates the country’s accession to the WTO in 2004. As part of its accession, Cambodia has committed itself to a significant program of regulatory and legal reforms in trade governance that will have a significant impact on its competitiveness in the global economy. In addition, with the support of development partners, Cambodia has taken steps since 2002 to implement a number of actions identified in its first DTIS, notably in the areas of trade facilitation, Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs), Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary Measures (SPS), and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBTs), as well as in some product sectors. Its performance in the trade sector has changed as a result. In view of such changes, Cambodia’s Government determined that the time had come to update its earlier strategy.
In 2005, with the support of UNDP, the Ministry of Commerce (MoC) launched a new MoC-UNDP TRADE Project, a follow-up to an earlier programme. TRADE II focuses on strengthening MoC’s capacity to manage trade reform and Cambodia’s trade integration in the world economy. The programme is built around five major modules, including one focusing on updating DTIS 2002 and another on developing a Human Impact Development Assessment of Trade (HDIA) intended to sharpen Cambodia’s ability to turn trade development into an instrument of poverty reduction and sustainable human development.
Meanwhile, other developments have helped build momentum around Cambodia’s focus on trade. With initial support from the European Commission, MoC has taken steps to put into place a Trade Sector Wide Approach (Trade SWAp). Trade SWAp will be a key instrument for the successful implementation of Cambodia’s trade sector strategy and the priorities identified by the Government as a result of the updated DTIS. A more effective use of limited human, institutional, and financial resources demands a shift from the project-by-project approach that characterized DTIS 2002, to a coordinated programme approach as advocated under Trade SWAp.
Finally, further to commitments made at the launch of the Doha Round (reinforced during the Hong Kong WTO Ministerial Conference) and as a follow-up to the debate on Aid-for-Trade launched during the Spring 2005 G8 Meeting, development partners have agreed to launch an Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF) with new and expanded financial resources. The EIF places renewed emphasis on national capacity building for management of trade reform and trade sector development. It also points to the need for updating the DTIS and turning it into a true trade sector strategy. Many of the steps required under the EIF were anticipated under the MoC-UNDP Trade II programme and have already been taken up by the Ministry of Commerce.2 Cambodia is well positioned to receive early support from the EIF.
1 Cambodia: Integration and Competitiveness Study, Ministry of Commerce, 20022 WTO, Enhanced Integrated Framework for LDCs, Compendium of Working Documents, Geneva: May 1, 2007
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary2
BackgroundD
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Main Focus and Underlying Principles
Work on Cambodia’s 2007 Trade Integration Strategy – DTIS 2007 – was launched in mid-2006 by the Ministry of Commerce and UNDP in close consultation with other development partners supportive of Cambodia’s efforts in trade development.
DTIS 2007 has four main objectives:
1. Identify a set of possible priority product or service sectors to serve as a basis for strengthening and diversifying Cambodia’s export basket. Strengthening exports may involve expanding sales into new import markets or capturing greater value added through more advanced processing; diversifying exports will require expanding existing, but smaller exports, or developing products or services not currently produced or exported;
2. Identify bottlenecks, either common to all priority sectors or specific to each, that need to be removed to promote development of those export sectors;
3. Link more clearly trade sector development with human development and poverty reduction (main streaming);
4. Serve as a basis for formulating clear trade sector development priorities shared by the Cambodian government, its development partners, and other concerned stakeholders to be implemented by all through a trade sector-wide approach (Trade SWAp).
With respect to the fourth objective, DTIS 2007 is not an end in itself but part of a larger process. In particular:
DTIS 2007 must be supported by much stronger structures and mechanisms for the formulation and implementation of trade policy and trade development strategy within the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC). Implementation of DTIS 2007 has to go hand-in-hand with a clear emphasis on strengthening national capacity for management of trade reform and trade sector development;
Implementation of DTIS 2007 will require the development of a series of tools that can assist the Government and its development partners in managing and monitoring results and effectiveness;
Effective implementation of DTIS 2007 will require stronger funding coordination between the Government and its development partners, including more effective use of the PIP process and the Trade SWAp.
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary
Cambodia 2007Trade Integration Strategy:
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary�
Comparing19 Export Potentials
To develop a more strategic view of Cambodia’s trade sector development, DTIS 2007 identifies an initial basket of 19 export potentials and examines them through a series of “filters” (Chapter 2). The 19 sectors are listed in Table 1 and their statistical analysis summarized in Table 2. The “filters”
are meant to identify export potentials that may “mature” more quickly or that Cambodia may seek to encourage more rapidly based on their current competitiveness strengths and weaknesses, their market access conditions, or their poverty reduction impact.
Table 1: 19 Product and Service Export Potentials
List
1: C
urre
ntly
-Exp
orte
d Pr
oduc
ts
Beer
Cashew nuts
Cassava
Corn
Fishery
Footwear
Garment
Livestock
Rice, including organic rice
Rubber
Silk, including silk handicraft
Soybeans
List
2: S
ervi
ces
and
Non
-Exp
orte
d Pr
oduc
ts
Fruits and vegetables, including organic produce, mango, palm and soap products, and pepper.
Wood products, including sustainable construction materials such as bamboo flooring, paneling, etc.
Light manufacturing assembly, which might include bicycle and mopeds, light, electrical/ electronics (e.g. fans, TVs), sewing machines, etc.
Tourism, including personal and business travel, and entertainment.
Labour services, including construction services, household help, and farming.
Transport and transport-related services
Business processes/web-based services, which might include computer services, architecture, engineering, bookkeeping, accounting, etc.
To assess export development opportunities for each product or service sector, four indexes have been developed: Index 1 measures current export performance of Cambodia in the given product or service sector based on export value in 2005; Index 2 measures current demand conditions in world markets using a composite indicator including growth of international demand and Cambodia’s access to international markets based on tariffs; Index 3 measures domestic supply capacity. The index is based on the results of a survey of over 150 Cambodian firms that were questioned about supply issues such as the quality of products, productivity, costs of production, and the efficiency of supporting industries;
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary �
Index 4 measures the potential human development impact of each product or service sector on the Cambodian economy. The index is based on a rough estimate of 2005-2006 employment combined with other dimensions including employment creation, income generation, employment of women, poverty reduction, rural development, environmental sustainability, and the impact and extent of forward and backward linkages. Those dimensions were developed through interviews with companies, discussions with experts, and a literature review.
The first three indexes are combined into a single “Export Potential” index.
Table 2: Assessment of Export Development Opportunities for 19 Products and Services
Export potential Human development
Estimated exports in 2005($ 1,000)
1. Export performance
2. World markets
3. Domestic supply conditions
Export potential assessment (average 3 indices)
Estimated employment
4. Human development assessment
List 1:Garments 2,610,766 H (5.0) H (3.5) H (3.8) High (4.1) 360,000 High
Footwear 156,513 H (4.1) M (3.1) H (3.5) High (3.6) 4,500 Medium
Cassava 13,000 L (1.2) H (5.0) H (3.5) High (3.5) 4,000 Low
Rubber 9,095 L (1.2) H (3.9) H (4.5) High (3.2) 40,000 Medium
Fishery 100,000 M (3.0) M (2.7) H (3.5) Medium (3.1) 260,000 Medium-High
Rice 200,000 H (5.0) L (1.2) M (3.0) Medium (3.1) 2,940,000 Medium-High
Soybeans 34,000 L (1.7) H (3.4) M (3.0) Medium (2.7) 16,500 Low-Medium
Cashew nuts 50,000 L (2.0) M (2.7) M (3.0) Low (2.6) 12,000 Medium
Silk 4,000 L (1.1) M (2.7) L (2.3) Low (2.0) 20,500 Medium-High
Livestock 19,000 L (1.4) M (3.1) L (1.3) Low (1.9) 400,000 Medium
Corn 25,000 L (1.5) L (1.2) L (2.5) Low (1.7) 12,500 Low-Medium
Beer 975 L (1.0) M (2.8) L (1.0) Low (1.6) 3,000 Low
List 2:Fruits and vegetables 269 L (1.0) H (3.2) Medium Medium .. Medium-High
Wood products 5,547 L (1.1) M (2.9) Medium Medium .. Medium
Light manufacturing 3,336 L (1.1) H (3.3) Medium Medium .. Medium
Tourism .. High High Medium High .. High
Labour services .. Medium High Medium Medium .. Medium
Web-based services .. Low High Low Low .. Low
Transport services .. Low Medium Low Low .. Low
Note: Indexes range from 1 (lowest ranking) to 5 (highest ranking). Product sectors rank “high” with an index of more than 3.1, medium with an index between 2.7 and 3.1, or low with an index of less than 2.7. “n.a.” = not applicable. The composite indexes for livestock and beer do not take into account domestic supply conditions and socio-economic impact due to lack of comparable data. They are not directly comparable with other products in List 1.
Source: ComTrade, TradeMap, Market Access Map, IMF Balance of Payments, field survey of Cambodian producers, literature review. ITC Methodology.
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Table 3 compares the 19 products and services along the two dimensions of export potential and human development potential
Table 3: 19 Sectors Positioning According to their Export Potential and Human Development Impact
Human development impact
Export potential
Low Medium High
High Garments Tourism
Medium-High Silk Fishery Rice Fruits and vegetables
Medium Livestock Cashew nuts
Wood products Light manufacturingLabour services
Footwear Rubber
Low-Medium Corn Soybeans
LowBeer Web-based servicesTransport services
Cassava
Source: Table 2
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A main lesson from table 3 is that most product and service sectors identified in DTIS 2007 are attractive sectors for export development in Cambodia today, either because of their positive impact on human development, their strong potential for expansion, or both. The possible exceptions are the four product and service sectors in the shaded lower left-hand corner (corn, beer, transport services and web-based services).
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary�
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary 7
Attractive Marketsfor Cambodia’s Export Potentials and Market Access Conditions
DTIS 2007 develops an Attractive Market Index for each product line in each of the 19 sectors and for each import market as a means to rank and identify where the most attractive new markets for expanded Cambodian exports might be found (Chapter 3). The Attractive Market Index combines:
A measure of the strength of demand in the importing market (measured by the difference in the growth of that import in the given market and the growth of world imports for the same product);
The size of import markets, as measured by their share in world imports of a given product;
The openness of import markets for products from Cambodia, as measured by the ad valorem equivalent tariffs they apply to imports from Cambodia for a given product;
The preferential access to import markets (measured by the tariff differential between tariffs faced by Cambodia and those faced by its five major competitors in each import market).
Findings from the Attractive Market Analysis include:
Cambodia’s current main export destinations include the United States (currently dominant due to the garment sector), Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Canada, Japan, Singapore, South Korea (leading country for tourism), China (PRC), Thailand and Viet Nam. Viet Nam and Thailand are either not represented or vastly underrepresented in many official statistics due to extensive informal trade but are clearly large importers of Cambodian goods;
European Union countries are among the most attractive new or expanded markets, with the United Kingdom in the lead for many of the 19 export potentials, followed by France, Italy, Spain and Germany. Japan and Hong Kong also offer large numbers of promising new or expanded markets for most of the 19 sectors. Other interesting potential markets include: Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia and Viet Nam in Southeast Asia; China PRC, Taiwan (PoC), and South Korea in East Asia; Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates in the Gulf countries; as well as Canada, Australia, Turkey, and Kazakhstan;
Aside from the potential new or expanded export markets listed above, the analysis also suggests interesting opportunities for exports to a number of ex-Soviet Republics, the Russian Federation, as well as some African and Arab countries
Perhaps, the most interesting finding from the Attractive Market Analysis is that for a great majority of the 19 product and service sectors (and individual product lines within each sector), Cambodian exporters hold limited to no tariff advantage over their main competitors in the top five attractive markets. This is so either because their main competitors come from other LDCs and benefit from similar tariff preferences and/or because tariffs applied by importing countries are very low for everyone.
This finding is highlighted in Table 4 below.
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary�
Table 4: Percentage Distribution of Cambodia’s Export Potentials by Product Line-Import Market Combinations for “All Markets” and for “Top 5 Attractive Markets Only” Showing Tariff Advantage or Disadvantage Enjoyed by Cambodian Exporters
Garment Sector
List � Non-Garment Sectors
List 2 Sectors
Import Markets All Top 5 All Top 5 All Top 5
Tariff advantage for Cambodian Exporters (D>=5%) 20% 72% 8% 24% 2.5% 7.9%
Neither advantage nor disadvantage(-5%<D<5%) 73% 28% 84% 76% 89.1% 92.1%
Tariff disadvantage for Cambodian Exporters (D<=-5%) 7% 0% 8% 0% 8.4% 0%
Number of Product Line-Import Market Combinations 17513 738 5109 215 17652 629
In sum, the Attractive Market Analysis presented in DTIS 2007 suggests that the ability of Cambodian exporters to compete on the basis of tariff preferences in the 19 sectors is increasingly limited. Where it still exists (garments for the most part) it may be shrinking rapidly. The implication of the disappearance of tariff-based competitive advantages is that there is growing pressure on current or potential Cambodian exporters to compete on a different basis, including by developing cost advantages through improved production practices at home, and through strengthening their ability to meet non-tariff requirements of importing countries.
And here seems to lie the main challenges for Cambodia’s next phase in the development of its export sector: the need for its exporters to compete in import markets increasingly through improved product quality, productivity gains, and reduced transaction costs so as to lower their costs; through expanded processing to capture a greater share of value added; and through their improved ability to meet international standards. In many regards, the very large amount of current informal exports to both Thailand and Viet Nam crystallizes the very nature of this challenge, as it points to the current weak capacity of many Cambodian exporters in many sectors and markets to meet international competition head-on.
In 75 percent or more of the cases, Cambodian exports enjoy no tariff advantage in either “All” Import Markets or in their “Top Five” Attractive Markets. Only in the case of garment product lines in Top 5 Attractive Markets do Cambodian exporters enjoy a significant tariff advantage (in 72 percent of the cases, mostly for product line exports to Cambodia’s main current export markets – the US and several EU countries).
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D: Difference between the (weighted) tariff applied the top five competitors in each market and the tariff applied to Cambodia.No significant advantage/disadvantage in three-quarter or more of the cases highlighted in blue
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary �
In-Depth Analyses of 19 Export Potentials
Chapter 4 of DTIS 2007 takes an in-depth look at competitiveness conditions in the 19 export potentials and seeks to identify constraints to their development that are either specific to the sector or shared across sectors.
The results are summarized in the 19 SWOT sector tables presented as Table AM-2 in the Action Matrix of the DTIS 2007 (see Appendix: Action Matrix). It is understood that those 19 SWOTs are starting points rather than end points for the formulation of sector-specific interventions. The agreed view is that further work beyond DTIS 2007, typically along a Value-Chain approach, will likely be required to lay down the proper foundations for project-based interventions in individual product sectors, especially those where little analytical work has been done thus far.
In general, the 19 detailed product and service sector analyses point to a number of shared challenges for Cambodian export potentials. They include:
Insufficient cost competitiveness and low productivity. In most sectors, Cambodia’s exports are hindered by high production costs and low productivity. Producers are confronted with inadequate and often expensive supporting domestic infrastructure (energy, roads and telecommunications) and high transaction costs, especially transportation and trade facilitation. Cambodia suffers from high shipping costs. Despite increasing competition among transportation companies, the costs of intra-regional transportation are still higher than those for international transportation. Supporting infrastructure such as storage and refrigeration, is insufficient for many agricultural commodities. Cambodia’s telecommunications infrastructure is weak and costly;
Limited value addition in many sectors due to strong import dependency for raw materials and intermediate inputs. In addition, many sectors suffer from limited processing capacity, and accordingly, limited ability to add value and diversify products. Products often are exported in crude or semi-processed form only, which limits the possibility to add value and diversify products. In various sectors, much of raw materials and intermediate inputs have to be imported, which drives up overall production costs;
Low quality and little-differentiated products, limited access to technology, and low design and R&D capacity. Low quality and limited differentiation of products is not only linked to weak production technology, but also to limited know-how in design and marketing. Processing and harvesting technologies used in a number of sectors are outdated, partly because of insufficient financial resources at the enterprise level. In many sectors, enterprises have difficulty meeting exacting quality standards (non-tariff barriers) of various foreign markets;
Limited knowledge of foreign markets and international trade issues. Many Cambodian firms have only limited knowledge of foreign markets and international trade issues and need intermediaries in a number of sectors. Sales management remains reactive, with enterprises often passively waiting for clients rather than actively exploring new opportunities;
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary�0
Limited ability to meet the requirements of foreign buyers. A main concern is the difficulty of Cambodian producers in meeting the time delivery requirements and the large quantities requested by foreign buyers due to small-scale production resulting from the small size of the domestic market. In many sectors, insufficient production capacity is mentioned by those interviewed as one of the major obstacles to export growth, mainly due to a lack of capital;
Limited entrepreneurship;
A legal and institutional framework for business export development that remains underdeveloped. There is evidence that Cambodian entrepreneurs lack basic skills for export business and a genuine entrepreneurship mentality.
Because of the diversity of the sectors analyzed, the 19 detailed sector analyses do not lend themselves to an easy overall summary of main issues, except perhaps in pointing to shared cross-cutting areas where improvements would clearly benefit a wide range of sectors including trade facilitation, investment facilitation, SPS capacity, TBT capacity and Intellectual Property Rights capacity (see below). In other respects, most of the 19 export potentials also confront sector-specific issues, including skill development of producers, strengthening of supply chains, strengthening of processing capacity, access to quality inputs, organization of producers and many others.
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary ��
MainstreamingExports in Cambodia’s Development:Human Development Issues in Five Sectors
DTIS 2007 lists as one of its objectives the need to link more clearly trade sector development with human development and poverty reduction in Cambodia (mainstreaming). The mainstreaming of trade into a national objective of poverty reduction is an issue much talked about since
the late 1990s, and one that calls for much improved research and conceptualization that can then be translated into better policies and strategic decisions.
As noted previously, MoC and UNDP have launched a Human Development Impact Assessment of Trade research effort in parallel to the DTIS 2007, which overtime is expected to produce stronger analyses of the linkages between trade development and poverty reduction in Cambodia.
Chapter 5 of DTIS 2007 provides a very preliminary look at how human development issues might be looked at in the context of trade development, by examining five of the 19 product sectors: rice, fisheries, soybean, corn, and garment. Clearly, the five vignettes are only a start and far more detailed work will be required to pull out the policy implications of linking the two issues.
Two detailed studies are being finalized under HDIA that will amplify some of those early findings: (1) a study of the Garment sector and (2) a study of the fiscal implications of trade liberalization for public resources and investment. More studies are planned for the future.
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary�2
Strengtheningthe Legal and Institutional Environment for
Competitiveness of Export Potentials
Strengthening the ability of a growing number of product and service sectors to develop a competitive export capacity will require, as noted earlier, interventions both at the product or service sector level and in areas of legal and institutional support that cut across most sectors.
Chapter 6 of DTIS 2007 focuses on five such cross cutting areas
Trade Facilitation Investment Facilitation Technical Barrier to Trade Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary Measures Intellectual Property Rights
Each of these five main areas are looked at particularly from the perspective of identifying improvements that might have the most direct impact on the 19 export potentials. In turn, the “Work Programme of the Royal Government of Cambodia resulting from Cambodia’s Accession to the World Trade Organization” is looked at in Chapter 6 from the perspective of which areas of legal and institutional reform agreed to under the WTO accession might have a more immediate positive impact on resolving some of the bottlenecks identified in the five cross-cutting areas.
Trade Facilitation
Improvements in Trade Facilitation remain critical to the competitiveness of a broad range of export sectors. A recent reform programme of the Government and World Bank has helped reduce certain transaction costs, though they remain high compared to competitor countries. Areas for further action include: (1) implementation of the Risk-Management Strategy approved under sub-decree 21; (2) successful automation of CED under the ASYCUDA programme; (3) introduction of a WTO-compatible flat fee for service; and (4) design and implementation of a Single-Window process at a more aggressive pace than the one currently proposed under the ASEAN 2012 schedule. Investment Facilitation
Improvements in Investment Facilitation focus on two main areas: (1) the deepening of legal reform for investment; and (2) accelerating the development of Special Economic Zones (SEZs).
The Achilles heel of the investment framework today remains the lack of a predictable and transparent set of rules that are enforced in a speedy, fair, and efficient manner by the appropriate government institutions. In most respects, the thrust of Cambodia’s investment framework currently in development ompares favorably with the best anywhere. However, there remains significant work in the coming years to turn legal proposals and drafts into approved laws and fill in the regulatory details through sub-decrees and administrative instructions, as well as develop the institutional capacity to implement such laws and regulations.
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary ��
Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are intended to provide a quick fix to some of these problems in the form of higher standards of regulatory administration and better infrastructure than currently available. Well developed, effective SEZs can be a key to attracting investment in a number of the export potential product sectors identified in DTIS 2007, including light manufacturing assembly and agri-processing. Accordingly, deepening the successful implementation of a number of Special Economic Zones should rank high on the list of Cambodia’s priorities.
Technical Barriers to Trade
Cambodia’s current draft Law on Standards does not comply with many of the provisions of the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, and for that matter, might create undue new barriers to Cambodian exporters. The draft law should be pulled out of the National Assembly, where it stands currently, and should be revisited and amended extensively so that it is made WTO-compliant and meets the needs of Cambodian producers.
At present, there are no Cambodian government accredited bodies. Certificates of conformity currently issued by Cambodian government conformity organizations have no value to the Cambodian exporter or to the importer of Cambodian goods or services. There are but very few private Cambodia-based organizations that are internationally accredited (e.g. Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Chup Rubber Plantation Testing Lab, Rubber Research Institute of Cambodia testing lab). In addition, there is no Cambodian accreditation body.
So far, the very limited Cambodia-based infrastructure in the area of conformity compliance has had significant benefits. It has allowed for the development of a very flexible system whereby Cambodian exporters have been able to access technical compliance resources directly from regional or overseas organizations that are internationally recognized and can assist Cambodian producers in meeting the requirements of demanding importing countries.
As Cambodia seeks to promote the development of its own conformity assessment infrastructure, it must make sure that the infrastructure that develops meets international standards and does not develop into a monopoly, shutting out regional and overseas certification bodies and replacing them by “second-best” national bodies that do not meet international requirements.
Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary Measures
Cambodia’s current SPS institutional capacity for exports is very limited and, at times, characterized by a duplication of agencies whose controls do not even meet international conformity requirements.
There is a need for streamlining the current SPS control institutional framework and eliminating controls that have no value to the exporter. In addition, there is a need to develop the human and institutional resources required to support exporters in producing crops or foods that meet SPS requirements of importing countries.
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary��
SPS support activities covers three broad areas: plant safety, animal safety and food safety. Roughly speaking, the complexity of support activities increases as one proceeds from plant safety to animal and food safety. Given the 19 export potentials highlighted in this DTIS, the recommendation is to focus initially on developing SPS support capacity in the areas of plant health and selectively, animal health (fisheries in particular, and possibly selected livestock such as piglets and pigs).
Intellectual Property Rights
Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) is important for Cambodia. This is not simply to meet its international obligations and project an image that strengthens the credibility and competitiveness of Cambodian producers to the outside world. Stronger IPR protection also offers opportunities for Cambodia to develop certain export products that may be subject to IPR protection (e.g. geographical indications) and, as a result, be endowed with a unique “Cambodian” competitive advantage.
A key priority bottleneck to address is the establishment of a commercial court system. Its absence is a serious bottleneck to a rules-based resolution of commercial disputes, including IPRs disputes. Linked to this is another bottleneck, namely the absence of intellectual property professionals. There is a need to strengthen human resources knowledgeable in IPRs issues and develop intellectual property education at the university level in Cambodia.
IPRs represent a major asset to developing higher value added products and services to benefit the economy as a whole. Two areas might call for priority attention. First, under Article 7 of the TRIPS Agreement, investigations can be undertaken to identify those areas of the Cambodian economy that would best benefit from IPR-based technology transfer. Second, Cambodia might want to focus efforts on developing a strong system of patents as well as join international conventions, such as the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), to make it easier for Cambodian innovators and businesses to attract potential foreign investment and access information on technologies more easily.
Finally, the development of trademarks and geographical indications (GIs) are two areas that could strengthen Cambodia’s competitiveness in a number of the export potential products and services identified in this study, including agricultural and handicraft product sectors such as rice, pepper, silk and others.
The Royal Government of Cambodia’s Work Programme Resulting from Cambodia’s WTO �ccession
Chapter 6 concludes by reviewing the 120 or so incomplete legal and institutional reforms and actions listed in the “Work Programme” through the lens of the aforementioned analyses of the five main cross-cutting areas. This, in turn, allows for the prioritization of those legal and institutional reforms that might have a more immediate impact on addressing issues and bottlenecks raised in the five cross-cutting areas. Priority actions identified through this lens are shown in blue in Table AM-3, shown in the Action Matrix appended to this Executive Summary.
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary ��
ImplementingDTIS 2007
As noted earlier, the last main objective for DTIS 2007 is to serve as the basis for formulating trade sector development priorities shared by the Government, its development partners, and other concerned stakeholders that will be implemented by all through a trade sector-wide approach.
While this study was being developed, Cambodia’s Ministry of Commerce (MoC) took steps to put in place a new institutional infrastructure for consultation, management, resource mobilization and monitoring required for a successful implementation of DTIS 2007.
Key among those parallel development is the creation of the Sub-Steering Committee on Trade Development and Trade-Related Investment by Anukret of March 2007 and the formation of the MoC’s Department for International Cooperation by Anukret of August 2007 (the latter focusing on the reorganization of the MoC).
Two factors will be critical in determining the effectiveness of the new implementing mechanisms: clear involvement of and good coordination with other key ministries in the work of the Sub-Committee and the Department for International Cooperation; and vigorous development of Human Resources in MoC and concerned line Ministries in many aspects of trade policy formulation and trade strategy implementation.
The DTIS 2007, with its detailed Action Matrix, will serve as the basis for formulating a trade sector development program to be implemented through a Trade SWAp. At its October 1, 2007 meeting, the Sub-Steering Committee on Trade Development and Trade-Related Investment, under the chairmanship of the Senior Minister of Commerce, proposed the formulation of three main sub-programs:
Reforms and Cross-Cutting Issues for Trade Development Product and Service Sector Export Development Capacity-Building for Trade Development and for the Management of Trade Development
Work is under way to organize mixed Government-Development Partners design teams that will formulate the three sub-programs taking into account present Government efforts and resources, ongoing Technical Assistance, and current gaps. Once priorities are clearly identified for each, it will be possible to develop a three-year costing plan using the MTEF/PIP rolling plan approach. Monitoring tools and indicators will need to be developed. As work progresses, evaluation of programme results will need to be assessed and incorporated as a basis for updating objectives and priorities. Finally, additional HDIA studies are planned to help develop a closer fit between human development and poverty reduction on the one hand, and trade sector development on the other.
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AppendixDTIS 2007 Action Matrix
Table �M-�:DTIS 2007 19 Product and Service Export Potentials
Table �M-2:DTIS 2007 Key Development Issues and Priority Action PlanFor 19 Export Potentials
Table �M-�:DTIS 2007 Trade-Related Legal and Institutional Action Plan
Table �M-�: DTIS 2007 �� Product and Service Export Potentials
List
1: C
urre
ntly
-Exp
orte
d Pr
oduc
ts
Beer
Cashew nuts
Cassava
Corn
Fishery
Footwear
Garment
Livestock
Rice, including organic rice
Rubber
Silk, including silk handicraft
Soybeans
List
2: S
ervi
ces
and
Non
-Exp
orte
d Pr
oduc
ts
Fruits and vegetables, including organic produce, mango, palm and soap products, and pepper.
Wood products, including sustainable construction materials such as bamboo flooring, paneling, etc.
Light manufacturing assembly, which might include bicycle and mopeds, light, electrical/electronics (e.g. fans, TVs), sewing machines, etc.
Tourism, including personal and business travel, and entertainment.
Labour services, including construction services, household help and farming
Transport and transport-related services
Business processes/web-based services, which might include computer services, architecture, engineering, bookkeeping, accounting, etc.
Table �M-2:DTIS 2007 Key Development Issues and Priority �ctions for �� Export Potentials
This table summarizes the findings of SWOT analyses carried out for the 19 products and services. It also identifies preliminary priority actions for each, based on analyses presented in Chapters 4 and 5 of the DTIS 2007. Further work on sector-specific priority actions will be done as part of the implementation of DTIS 2007.
Note: Indexes shown in the table range from 1 (lowest ranking) to 5 (highest ranking). Product sectors rank “high” with an index of 3.2 or more, medium with an index between 2.8 and 3.2, or low with an index 2.8 points or lower. “n.a.” = not applicable.
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary �7
Table �M-2.�: Garments
Strengths/Opportunities Weaknesses/ThreatsHigh current export performance (Index 1 = 5.0)
The garment industry is by far the most important exporting industry in Cambodia, and export growth remains strong.
Increasing exports over the last years despite the end of the quota system.
Strong geographic concentration of exports (mostly US and EU).
High world markets index (Index 2 = 3.5)
Tariff preferences applied to some items owing to LDC status.
Potential and better market access to EU market if accu- mulation rules for rules of origin are eased.
Transitory advantage because of US quotas for Chinese textiles.
No legal restrictions for investors, such as for repatriating earnings. Diversifying of export markets (e.g. Japan, Canada) could reduce reliance on US and EU markets.
High tariffs applied for some items in major markets (e.g. US).
Stringent rules of origin limit the use of preferential access schemes (e.g. EBA). Preference erosion could become a threat in some markets (e.g. EU). US quotas for China will eventually run out, with more competition on Cambodia’s main market.
WTO accession by Viet Nam will increase its competitiveness, which may cause some suppliers to move there. Buyers can quickly switch to other supplying markets.
High domestic supply index (Index 3 = 3.75)
High labour availability.
Experienced foreign investors provide know-how.Buyers see relatively good working conditions and monitoring measures as advantageous.
Better training measures could raise productivity and working conditions.
Most production is sub-contracted by foreign partners.
High costs of electricity. High informal costs, especially for import/export procedures. Lack of skills due to lack of formal training.
Weak productivity.
No supplying industries, which means a heavy dependence on imports of raw materials.
Industry is driven by FDI, with few local investors.
No significant labour cost advantage compared to other low-cost suppliers.
High human development impact
The garment sector provides most of the industrial employment in Cambodia (in 2006 it had a workforce of about 325,000 people), and is a major source of foreign revenue. Remittances help support households, many in rural areas. Workers are young (about 10 years younger on average compared to the employed labour force as a whole), mostly literate, with higher-than-average levels of education.
Most workers are female and from rural areas, and they usually support their families with a part of their income. Significant source of wage employment for women. Accounts for 10% of all non-agricultural employment and over 20% of all non-agricultural wage employment in the country. Earnings of garment workers are somewhat higher on average compared to other non-agricultural activities.
High human development dependency on the sector:
Withdrawal of investors could seriously harm rural families who rely on remittances of family members working in the garment industry.
Limited human capital development, as companies provide little on-the-job training to employees.
Work tends to be repetitive and provide few challenges or opportunities.
High turnover, lack of long-term jobs, displaced older workers may not have access to other employment opportunities.
Preliminary priority actions
Remittances help support households, many in rural areas. Workers are young (about 10 years younger on average compared to the employed labour force as a whole), mostly literate, with higher-than-average levels of education. Most workers are female and from rural areas, and they usually support their families with a part of their income.
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Table �M-2.2: Footwear
Strengths/Opportunities Weaknesses/ThreatsHigh current export performance (Index 1 = 4.1)
Footwear is the second most important export industry.Significant exports to EU and Japan.
Very high dependency on two markets: Japan and EU.Cambodia’s only a minor producer compared to Viet Nam
Medium world markets index (Index 2 = 3.1)
Tariff preferences applied to some items owing to LDC status.
Potential and better market access to EU market if Rules of Origin on accumulation rules are eased.
Transitory advantage because of EU AD measures against China and Viet Nam.
Diversifying export markets (e.g. US, Japan) could reduce reliance on Japanese and EU markets.
Stringent rules of origin limit use of preferential access schemes (e.g. Japan).
Preference erosion could become a threat in some markets.EU AD tariffs for China and Viet Nam will run out in a few years.
Buyers can quickly switch to other supplying markets.
High domestic supply index (Index 3 = 3.5)
High labour availability.Labour costs similar to China.Some (experienced) foreign investors already there.Improvement of border procedures to facilitate trade.Reducing informal costs could bring competitiveness to Viet Nam’s level.
Low value added, since assembly activities are limited to only one step in the production.
No supplying industries, thereby high dependency on imported chemicals, machinery and components (upper parts, soles).
Industry is driven by FDI, with no local investors. Footloose industry, which can easily move across the border if costs rise or problems arise.
High informal costs, especially for import/export procedures and transportation, and corruption.
Restrictive labour laws.
Medium human development impact
Large source of foreign revenue for the country, as it is the second most important exporting industry.
Strong employment creation, especially for women.
Production concentrated in urban centres, no regional development.
Low-qualification jobs without investment in human capital.
No strong foundation in footwear production. The structure of the industry in other countries is quite similar to the production of clothing and garments. Therefore, the human development impacts (and human resource demands) are likely to be similar. Unlike garment – which represents a truly global industry – footwear tends to be concentrated in fewer countries. Several of these countries (e.g. Indonesia) have characteristics similar to Cambodia. However, it is unclear whether, given the current lack of footwear production and the geographically concentrated nature of the industry, Cambodia can break into this sector.
Preliminary priority actions
Improve the business environment to keep the industry in the country and possibly attract new investors.
Consider the establishment of a Cambodian shoe design institute.
Develop a comprehensive skill development plan for footwear Promote investments in backward linkage development including, possibly, through selective (but WTO-compatible) fiscal incentives or provision of development finance.
Strengthen supply chains through closer regional integration.
Implement a marketing plan (nation branding) to promote the Cambodian footwear label and carry out a sustained export promotion campaign.
Review existing Prakas and Compulsory Standards and turn them into WTO-compliant Technical Regulations (TBT).
Develop and apply technical standards for chemical dyes (TBT).
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary ��
Table �M-2.�: Rice
Strengths/Opportunities Weaknesses/ThreatsHigh current export performance (Index 1 = 5.0)
High exports of paddy rice to Thailand and Viet Nam, making rice the major agricultural export product (estimates are around USD 200 million).
Few exports of milled rice.
High export-dependency on Thailand and Viet Nam.
Low world markets index (Index 2 = 1.2)
Cambodia will enjoy duty-free access to the EU from 2009 and enjoys duty-free access in a number of major importing countries.
World market prices are currently very high.
WTO negotiations could lead to less protection in agricultural trade in some countries, though the impact on rice will probably be rather low.
There seems to be a market potential for fair trade and/or organic rice.
Nigeria seems an interesting diversification market.
Relatively low growth of world imports.
Many major consuming countries protect their markets (e.g. Japan, South Korea, some ASEAN countries).
Few countries offer preferential market access for Cambodia.
Share of potential markets in world imports is small.
High informal export costs.
Currently, exports largely rely on demand and milling facilities for paddy rice from Thailand and Viet Nam.
Importing countries often require SPS certificates.
Medium domestic supply index (Index 3 = 3.0)
High surplus production of paddy rice. Some high-value varieties are already being produced.Milling facilities would allow more direct exports to over-seas markets and more added value in Cambodia. Also, mar-ket power of Thai and Vietnamese buyers would shrink. Potential in the production and export of organic and /or fair trade rice.
Lack of irrigation infrastructure and low technological level in farming, and processing. High electricity and transport costs.Low development stage, cultivation on subsistence-level.High input costs.Low quality and capacity of milling facility.Inadequate storage and grain silo.Lack of low-interest rate credit.
Medium-high human development impact
Rice is by far the most important agricultural export product of Cambodia.
Very high socio-economic impact in terms of job creation and poverty reduction, especially in rural areas.
More milling facilities could lower dependence on Thai or Vietnamese millers.
Rice is a staple food for most Cambodians. Therefore, price changes (e.g. an increase due to increasing export demand) could harm vulnerable groups who are net-buyers of rice.
Preliminary priority actions
Improve use of quality agriculture inputs (seed strains, fertilizers, insecticides/pesticides, etc.) by farmers. Design plant pest and disease control program and develop capacity to undertake risk assessment (e.g. training in Integrated Pest Management would be helpful).
Dissemination of information and technical advice on planting including use of high-yield seeds during dry season, use of suitable varieties for different soils, integrated pest management and crop management, and field maintenance, especially pre- and post-harvest.
Encourage diversification in terms of aroma, flavour, chemical-free and organic varieties of rice. Improve post-harvest marketing, storage and milling capacity.
Develop trademarks and geographical indications (Gis) that could strengthen Cambodia’s competitiveness in a number of rice products (i.e. organic) and, as a result, be endowed with a unique “Cambodian” competitive advantage.
Review existing Prakas and Compulsory Standards and turn them into WTO-compliant Technical Regulations (TBT).Develop and apply technical standards for fertilizers and pesticides (TBT).
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Table �M-2.�: Cassava
Strengths/Opportunities Weaknesses/ThreatsLow current export performance (Index 1 = 1.2)
Growing exports over the last years, in line with an increase in production.
Exports are concentrated on Thailand and Viet Nam.
Most exports are informal exports of raw material, with few processed products being exported.
High world markets index (Index 2 = 5.0)
High share of attractive markets, especially China.
Strong demand from China.
Favourable market access conditions for cassava starch (HS 110814) and chips and pellets (HS 071410), especially in the EU and ASEAN markets.
Growing processing industry in Thailand and possibly in Viet Nam.
Possible tariff reduction in Thailand.
New usages of cassava (e.g. fuel).
Very high concentration of world demand (China, EU), with declining demand from the EU.
High import tariffs in several potential markets (incl. Thailand).
High domestic supply index (Index 3 = 3.5)
Low labour costs for labour intensive harvesting.
The yield is similar to other Asian countries.
Introduction of high-yield varieties: Cassava industry can be localized to attract investment into other industries such as; food processing, medicine, paper, glutamine, textiles, plas-tic, liquor, etc.
Cassava can be used for many purposes and processed into a variety of final products (bio-ethanol factory is planned).
Development of chips, pellets or starch industry.
Growing feed demand from livestock sector.
High transport costs due to infrastructure problems.
Few processing facilities.
High costs of inputs for processing (fuel, materials).Low trade support compared with garment industry (e.g. VAT, SGS, taxation).
Cassava, as a crop, does not itself generate significant value added.
Low human development impact
About 2% of individuals who report being employed in agricultural production live in households where cassava is grown (possibly as one of several other crops).
Most all cassava producers are self-employed (either own-account workers or unpaid family workers). Cassava growing is an entirely rural activity in Cambodia.
Industrial employment opportunities are currently scarce, as there is cassava processing.
Child labour is relatively common.
Individuals engaged in cassava production have limited educational attainment and relatively low literacy rates (around 55%). The value of food consumption per person in the house-holds where cassava-producing workers live is well below average.
Cassava, as a crop, does not itself generate significant value added.
Preliminary priority actions
Strengthen farmers’ knowledge of modern farming techniques. Design plant pest and disease control program and develop capacity to undertake risk assessment (e.g. training in Integrated Pest Management would be helpful.
Encourage investments in processing machinery / technology.
Raise productivity and improve market access as a way of improving living standards among poor agricultural producers.
Review existing Prakas and Compulsory Standards and turn them into WTO-compliant Technical Regulations (TBT).
Develop and apply technical standards for fertilizers and pesticides (TBT).
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary 2�
Table �M-2.�: Rubber
Strengths/Opportunities Weaknesses/ThreatsLow current export performance (Index 1 = 1.2)
Good performance over the last years and high potential due to an expected increase in production.
Exports rely on demand from Viet Nam, with few direct exports to other countries.
High world markets index (Index 2 = 3.9)
Low tariff barriers in world market.Favourable location because neighbouring countries have rubber processing industries. Strong demand in world market (e.g. from China) probably keeps up prices in the short run.Increasing demand for clean and organic aquatic products in the Western markets.Chinese and Indian economic growth increases demand in the long term (but also competition).
No tariff advantage compared to other suppliers.Natural rubber demand highly dependent on a single industry (tire manufacturers).Possible threat of substitution by synthetic rubber.Volatile prices and no price security.
High domestic supply index (Index 3 = 4.5)
Lower labour costs than in major producing countries.Modern processing facilities.Capacity reserves in processing plants.Quality of raw product is good.High potential for growth of planted area.Potential of future development of value added rubber industry.Privatization might help to improve productivity.
Many smallholdings use mediocre or poor quality trees, as they do not benefit from the technical support of projects led by the Directorate General of Rubber Plantations.Relatively low yield.No high value added rubber industry (e.g. for tires).Inefficiencies in SOEs, which still have to undergo privatization process.Theft of latex is an increasing problem for SOEs.Difficult to adapt production level on world demand and price level in the short-run.Countries such as EU, USA, Japan, Thailand, India, and China require certification by internationally accredited labs.
Medium human development impact
The rubber sector is entirely concentrated in rural parts of the country. Compared to other types of agricultural production, earnings in rubber production are higher on average and human development outcomes are better. Rubber plantation is labour intensive and can provide ample employment opportunities. Less than 0.5% of all workers who report being employed in agricultural (and similar extractive activities) live in house-holds where rubber is collected. Most individuals engaged in primary production of rubber are self-employed. About half of all workers in the rubber sector are women. Workers in the rubber sector are much more literate and better education compared to workers in other agricultural activities.
Impact is concentrated in few areas, notably Kampong Cham.Few industrial employment opportunities due to a lack of processing facilities.
Preliminary priority actions
Stabilize land tenure to the benefit of smallholders, to avoid possible evictions.Provide selected plant material (hevea plants) to guarantee stable and high yields over the 25 years of production.Improve quality and productivity of small-holding output.Strengthen ability to meet international quality standards.Financially support the heavy investment associated with plantations, through a partial subsidy and/or credit for a restricted number of inputs and essential work, provided on a competitive basis.Develop and strengthen professional farmer organizations.Skills-strengthening program may be an essential part of the development of the sector since workers in the sector are much more literate and better educated compared to workers in other agricultural activities.Review existing Prakas and Compulsory Standards and turn them into WTO-compliant Technical Regulations (TBT).Develop and apply technical standards for fertilizers and pesticides (TBT).
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary22
Table �M-2.�: Fishery
Strengths/Opportunities Weaknesses/ThreatsMedium current export performance (Index 1 = 3.0)
Increasing exports over the last years, including exports to demanding markets, such as the US. Most exports are informal and / or provide low value added.
Medium world markets index (Index 2 = 2.7)
Low tariffs in many countries.
High demand from Thailand.
Diversifying export markets for freshwater fish.
Improvement of border procedures to facilitate trade.
Severe non-tariff trade barriers (informal fees, etc.)Compliance with SPS requirements in industrial countries can be challenging.
The EU prohibits imports of fish from Cambodia due to failure to comply with EU legislation regarding hygiene and sanitary conditions since 1997.
High domestic supply index (Index 3 = 3.5)
Abundant freshwater and marine fish resources, if production is limited to a sustainable level.
Strong demand for freshwater fish in domestic market. Fish is a staple food in Cambodia.
Potential to increase downstream activities (processing).
Bad infrastructure (storage, transport).
High costs for export to industrial markets.
Low value added due to lack of processing facilities.
Lower production if over-fishing is not tackled.
High human development impact
Fishery sector has a very high human development impact as many Cambodians rely on fishery.
Processing could provide additional employment opportunities.
Increasing export demand could further threaten sustainability of the sector due to over-fishing
Preliminary priority actions
Manage fishery resources to avoid depletion and conserve biodiversity;
Develop SPS capacity to ensure conformity with safety and sanitation guidelines, both for domestic and export markets.
Build handling, storage, processing, and marketing capacity.
Train fishermen in modern sanitary and phyto-sanitary handling and processing in conjunction with upgrading of handling and processing facilities.
Improve trade facilitation (e.g. eliminate unnecessary government inspections).
Accelerate process of fishery certification for EU market.
Review existing Prakas and Compulsory Standards and turn them into WTO-compliant Technical Regulations (TBT).
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary 2�
Table �M-2.7: Cashew Nuts
Strengths/Opportunities Weaknesses/ThreatsLow current export performance (Index 1 = 1.2)
High and growing exports of raw cashew nuts. Estimates for exports are around USD 50 million per year.
Cashew nuts are mostly exported raw (in shells) and only very few are shelled (kernels).Strong reliance on Viet Nam for processing of raw cashew nuts.
High world markets index (Index 2 = 3.9)
High recent world market prices.Mostly zero tariff in importing countries for processed cashew nuts.Low trade costs to Viet Nam compared to African exporters.Diversification of markets for raw cashew nuts (e.g. India).Shortage of raw cashew nuts for further processing in Viet Nam.High demand growth is expected.
Volatile prices.World market prices might drop if Viet Nam and other countries increase production further.Strong competition from exporters in Asia, Africa, and South America.Vietnamese production could increase above processing capacity level, thereby reducing demand for Cambodian raw cashew nuts.
High domestic supply index (Index 3 = 4.5)
High land availability for increasing production; soil is usable for cashew nuts.High labour availability in rural areas.Low labour costs.High level of production already exists.Mostly “organic” production (by default).Higher prices if products are certified as “organic”.Yield can be increased due to intensive farming.Development of a processing industry.Processing machinery is easily available from India or Viet Nam.Foreign investors (e.g. from India) could invest in processing facilities.
It takes 3-5 years until first harvest.Lack of processing facilities: Only 1 medium-sized processing facility, therefore low value added and high dependency on Viet Nam. Low access to capital to invest in processing facilities.Low yield due to low quality of variety and extensive farming.Lack of information systems.Underdevelopment of storage facilities, marketing service, and trade promotion.Very small domestic market.No brand name.No availability of collateral-based commodity lending system for purchase of raw cashew nuts by processing factories.Natural disasters (e.g. drought, flood, diseases).
Medium human development impact
Cashew nuts have a high impact on rural employment and provide a good use of low resource land for farmers.Possible additional employment opportunities with a processing industry.There is substantial world demand for cashews and the lack of competitive processing capacity in the country represents an important foregone opportunity as well as a source of vulnerability from export shocks.
With large increases in processing capacity in Viet Nam, there has been a substantial increase in the production of cashew nuts in Cambodia, much of which is smuggled over the border. Despite this growth, only 2% of agricultural households report cultivating cashews. Production is also regionally concentrated with much production occurring in Kampong Chang. Agricultural households cultivating cashews appear to have average or below average indicators of poverty.
Preliminary priority actions
Develop cashew nut processing facilities to increase value added in Cambodia, possibly by introducing study tours to Viet Nam or measures to attract foreign investment (e.g. from Viet Nam or India).Export processed nuts directly to consuming countries, possibly as organic and/or fair trade goods. This may include the development of branding for Cambodian cashew nuts.Expansion of processing capacity as well as assistance with increasing productivity and negotiating SPS provisions are critical if this important sector is to raise productivity and value added accruing to poor farmers. It may be that more research needs to be done of this sector. Design plant pest and disease control program and develop capacity to undertake risk assessment (e.g. training in Integrated Pest Management would be helpful. Diversify export markets.Review existing Prakas and Compulsory Standards and turn them into WTO-compliant Technical Regulations (TBT).Develop and apply technical standards for fertilizers and pesticides (TBT).
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary2�
Table �M-2.�: Silk
Strengths/Opportunities Weaknesses/ThreatsLow current export performance (Index 1 = 1.1)
Tourism, which is the important channel for exports, is expected to grow.
Few direct exports, concentrated on the United States, Japan and Europe.
Medium world markets index (Index 2 = 2.7)
Tariff preferences applied to some items owing to LDC status (e.g. EU).
Potential for better market access to EU market if accumulation rules concerning rules of origin are eased.
Transitory advantage because of US quotas for Chinese textiles.
Diversifying markets include United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia.
Rules of Origin, technical standards requiring azo-free dyes.
Preference erosion could become a threat in some markets.
US quotas for China will eventually run out, thus Cambodia will lose its tariff advantage.
Low domestic supply index (Index 3 = 2.25)
High labour availability. Many young people entering labour market every year.
Low labour costs.
Strong national tradition of this product. Strong skills base of traditional product.
Silk yarn is an opportunity for farmers to diversify production.
Good potential for traditional Khmer Golden Silk production.
Better training will raise productivity and working conditions.
Silk yarn production provides future employment opportunities.
Insufficient domestic production of raw material.
Inconsistent quality.
Weavers lack formal training.
Low technology levels due to outdated equipment and weak productivity.
Lacking specialization in single production steps.Scattered industry. Mostly farmer families who do some weaving.
Coordination is difficult.
Inconsistent quality of imports.
High probability that imported quantity will decrease.
Inefficient organization of production process.
Traditional production structures; not aimed at needs of world market.
Scattered inefficient structure forecloses access to capital.
Silk yarn production not yet profitable.
Medium-high human development impact
High human development impact in terms of job creation, since activity is highly labour intensive. The silk sector in Cambodia employs around 19,000 weavers and 2,000 farmers.
Strong backward and forward linkages.
Silk manufacturing supports the preservation of Cambodian cultural heritage.
Lack of formal training.
Preliminary priority actions
Diversify the sources of yarn imports and extend domestic sericulture to improve the quality of silk yarn, to reduce the reliance on Vietnamese silk yarn, and to enhance value addition.
stablish and ensure commercially sustainable linkages between the farmers and processors involved in post-cocoon activities.
Promote the creation of weaver communities and a weaver association to introduce and monitor quality standards.
Develop training on entrepreneurship, quality, and design.
Review existing Prakas and Compulsory Standards and turn them into WTO-compliant Technical Regulations (TBT).
Develop and apply technical standards for chemical dyes (TBT).
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary 2�
Table �M-2.�: Soybeans
Strengths/Opportunities Weaknesses/ThreatsLow current export performance (Index 1 = 1.7)
Increasing exports over the last years to Thailand and Viet Nam. High dependency on the Thai and Vietnamese markets.
High world markets index (Index 2 = 3.4)
Both Viet Nam and Thailand are importers of soybeans.
Slightly better market access conditions for Cambodia in Thailand and Viet Nam.
Strong demand from China.
Growing poultry sectors in regional markets.
Prices are not expected to increase over the next years.
Strong competition from US, Brazil and Argentina.
World demand is concentrated in few countries.
As of today, Cambodian exports depend on Thailand and Viet Nam exclusively, and depend indirectly on their processing industries and trade policy against major suppliers. If they reduce barriers for American soybeans, then demand for Cambodian soybeans might shrink.
Medium domestic supply index (Index 3 = 3.0)
Soybeans are GMO-free
Potential in regional markets because US/Brazil/Argentina cannot easily fulfil demand for GMO-free soy products.
Much lower yield than main producing countries.
High transport costs due to infrastructure problems.
No crushing facilities.
Low-medium human development impact
Soybeans are the second crop after rice in terms of harvested areas.
A processing industry might provide industrial employment.
Geographically concentrated impact, since most of the production is located in the Kampong Cham and Battambang region.
Deforestation could be a substantial problem, since part of the expansion of soybean production was done at the expense of forest area.
Preliminary priority actions
Improve availability and accessibility of technical information on seed quality, production methods, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides and equipment, and on market needs and export opportunities. Improve quality of inputs. Design plant pest and disease control program and develop capacity to undertake risk assessment (e.g. training in Integrated Pest Management would be helpful).
Facilitate agriculture extension service to enable farmers to meet international SPS regulations within the multilateral trading system.
Develop processing capacity for bean curd.
Promote the development of cold chain infrastructure and grain silo to reduce wastage and leakage post-harvest.
Develop modern irrigation systems.
Review existing Prakas and Compulsory Standards and turn them into WTO-compliant Technical Regulations (TBT).
Develop and apply technical standards for fertilizers and pesticides (TBT).
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary2�
Table �M-2.�0: Livestock
Strengths/Opportunities Weaknesses/ThreatsLow current export performance (Index 1 = 1.4)
Some formal exports are currently taking place, despite serious problems with animal diseases in recent years.
Overall performance of formal exports is very weak, partly due to animal diseases.
Little is known about current informal exports.
Medium world markets index (Index 2 = 3.1)
Tariff barriers are low compared to meat exports.
Short distances to some major importing Asian markets (e.g. Indonesia).
Growing beef demand in Asia and high demand in the Middle East.
Formal exports are currently very difficult due to sanitary standards of importing countries.
Lower tariff barriers for beef in potential markets could harm Cambodian exports.
Low domestic supply index (Index 3 = 1.25)
Abundant land resources for cattle.
Creation of an FMD-free zone.
Sector could provide linkages to dairy and / or leather industry.
Sector is vulnerable, as animal diseases can immediately stop formal trade.
Widespread animal diseases (e.g. FMD) and underdeveloped veterinary services.
Lost value added (e.g. fattening abroad, weight loss because informal exports are slow).
High transportation costs.
Medium human development impact
Downstream activities (e.g. dairy) could provide employment opportunities.
Cattle have high socio-economic impact for rural families.Over 70% of households, spread widely across the country, raise livestock. In rural areas this figure is over 80%.
Households that raise livestock display below average indicators of poverty. This suggests that simply expanding market access by itself may not significantly reduce poverty in this sector. At present the cattle trade is primarily through smuggling, which makes it difficult to improve incomes flowing to the poor.
Preliminary priority actions
Improve veterinary standards and measures to eradicate diseases.
Improve productivity.
Increase the share of value added accruing to the poor through development of formal production and distribution channels.
Review existing Prakas and Compulsory Standards and turn them into WTO-compliant Technical Regulations (TBT).
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary 27
Table �M-2.��: Corn
Strengths/Opportunities Weaknesses/ThreatsLow current export performance (Index 1 = 1.7)
Increasing exports over the last years due to high demand (mostly from Thailand). Strong dependency on only few markets (Thailand, Taiwan).
High world markets index (Index 2 = 3.4)
Cambodia currently enjoys much better access conditions in Thailand than major suppliers.
Small preferential margin in Viet Nam.
Growing demand in Thailand and Viet Nam.
Limited growth of world imports.
Tariff disadvantage in major importing countries.
Strong competition from US and Argentina.
Cambodian exports depend so far on Thai demand, which may shrink if Thailand opens its market for main suppliers.
Share of potential markets in world imports is small.
Dependent on Thailand and Viet Nam market for export channel.
GMO seeds could enter production supply chain.
Medium domestic supply index (Index 3 = 3.0)
Strong demand growth due to growing livestock and poultry sector.
Increase of production to at least 1 million tons seems possible.
Lower yield than main producing countries.
Thai companies mostly drive the sector, with high dependency on their demand.
High energy and transportation cost.
Inadequate silos for drying and cleaning kernel.
The vast majority of farmers are still illiterate and their knowledge in modern farming is very limited. For example most input materials (mostly deadly chemical substance) come from Thailand, are widely available in the market and carry no health warning and/or usage instructions in Khmer language.
Low-medium human development impact
Possible high human development impact in the western regions (Battambang, Pailin and Banteay Meanchey), where most of the production is located.
Positive impact would be geographically concentrated.
Preliminary priority actions
Improve availability and accessibility of technical information on seed quality, production methods, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides and equipment, and on market needs and export opportunities. Improve quality of inputs. Design plant pest and disease control program and develop capacity to undertake risk assessment (e.g. training in Integrated Pest Management would be helpful).
Facilitate agriculture extension service to enable farmers to meet international SPS regulations within the multilateral trading system.
Develop processing capacity for corn flour.
Promote the development of cold chain infrastructure and grain silo to reduce wastage and leakage post-harvest.
Develop modern irrigation systems.
Review existing Prakas and Compulsory Standards and turn them into WTO-compliant Technical Regulations (TBT).
Develop and apply technical standards for fertilizers and pesticides (TBT).
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary2�
Table �M-2.�2: Beer
Strengths/Opportunities Weaknesses/ThreatsLow current export performance (Index 1 = 1.0)
Cambodia is a very small exporter, with exports to only few markets (Thailand, Malaysia).
Significant imports of beer from Thailand.
No internationally known domestic brands.
Medium world markets index (Index 2 = 2.8)
Low but increasing per capita consumption in Asia.
Open US and EU markets.
Dominated by large brands.
No reputation and image in the world market.
Imports of foreign beers.
High tariffs in neighbouring countries.
Low domestic supply index (Index 3 = 1.0)
The industry has attracted foreign investors from major producers in the world market (e.g. Carlsberg, Heineken).
Possibility of developing production by importing new technology from neighbouring countries.
Per capita consumption is below regional average, but expected to grow through tourist arrivals and also local demand.
Lack of production capacity, which so far does not even meet domestic demand.
High transportation costs.
High energy costs.
Most inputs have to be imported.
Low human development impact
Low potential for job creation.
No backward and forward linkages.
Preliminary priority actions
Implement a marketing plan (nation branding) to promote a Cambodian beer label.
Address high energy cost issue.
Design plant pest and disease control program and develop capacity to undertake risk assessment (e.g. training in Integrated Pest Management would be helpful).
Review existing Prakas and Compulsory Standards and turn them into WTO-compliant Technical Regulations (TBT).
Develop and apply technical standards for fertilizers and pesticides (TBT).
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary 2�
Table �M-2.��: Fruits and Vegetables
Strengths/Opportunities Weaknesses/ThreatsLow current export performance (Index 1 = 1.0)
Limited current exports, consisting mainly of trans-border and regional exports.Fruits and vegetables of a consistently high quality for top hotels have to be imported from Thailand and Viet Nam.
High world market index (Index 2 = 3.2)
Growing world demand for exotic fruits.High potential for organic fruits. Opportunities to diversify markets and develop direct exports to overseas markets.
Competition from other exporters (especially Thailand and Viet Nam) in both domestic and international markets.
Medium domestic supply index
Nearly 20% of all agricultural households grow some fruits/vegetables. Production is spread across the country, suggesting that the benefits from trade expansion will be widespread.Large number of different kinds of fruits and vegetables.Some fruits/varieties with a reputation of high quality or taste. Generally limited use of fertilisers in Cambodia, which renders fruits and vegetables organic by default (but has a negative impact on yield and consistency of quality).Opportunities for processing include products based on palm sugar (e.g. juice, wine, sugar).
Low and inconsistent quality of fruits and vegetables.Small and fragmented farm land.Limited skills of farmers.Limited agro-processing capacities.Lack of experience and skills for long-term production plans.Potential SPS problem for many fruits and vegetables. Limited possibilities for a certified organic production. Difficulties in controlling the level of antibiotics, residues for some fruits. Problems to meet international standards of hygiene and safety regulations. Poor infrastructure (storage facilities, transportation network) leading to high transaction costs.Possibly high post-harvest losses.Poor technical monitoring and inspection systems.Lack of marketing skill and trade promotion.
Medium-high human development impact
This sector could contribute to human development (skills to produce more value added products). Examination of the CSES shows that nearly 20% of all agricultural house-holds grow some fruits and/or vegetables. The largest crops within this category are coconuts, bananas, mangoes, moong beans, watermelons and sugarcane. Production is spread across the country, suggesting that the benefits from trade expansion will be widespread. Households involved in the production tend to display better poverty outcomes (i.e. access to sanitation, electricity). Households that produce fruits and vegetables are more literate than average households in agriculture. Given the wide range of fruits and vegetables produced and the demand for specific crops in the ASEAN area, Cambodia possesses significant potential to expand its production and exports of fruits and vegetables.
The central constraints to expansion are compliance with SPS provisions and the lack of processing units. In addition, given land scarcity and irrigation requirements, there is concern about the environmental impacts of expanding crop production, especially with regard to encroaching on forest.
Preliminary priority actions
Improve availability and accessibility of technical information on seed quality, production methods, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides and equipment, and on market needs and export opportunities. Improve quality of inputs. Design plant pest and disease control program and develop capacity to undertake risk assessment (e.g. training in Integrated Pest Management would be helpful). Facilitate agriculture extension service to enable farmers to meet international SPS regulations within the multilateral trading system. Improve access to microfinance to enable small-scale farmers to expand and enhance operations. Favour investments in handling and processing machinery / technology. Develop trade marks and geographical indications (GIs) that could strengthen Cambodia’s competitiveness in a number of fruits and vegetable products (i.e. organic) and, as a result, be endowed with a unique “Cambodian” competitive advantage.Review existing Prakas and Compulsory Standards and turn them into WTO-compliant Technical Regulations (TBT).Develop and apply technical standards for fertilizers and pesticides (TBT).
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary�0
Table �M-2.��: Wood Products
Strengths/Opportunities Weaknesses/ThreatsLow current export performance (Index 1 = 1.1)
Limited official exports.
Wood products, including furniture and wooden handcrafts, are subject to export licensing.
Medium world markets index (Index 2 = 2.9)
International demand for furniture remains strong.
Very favourable market access condition; zero-duty rate or low tariff rates applied by major importing countries.
Preferential tariffs include GSP and ASEAN Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT).
Strong competition; countries like China and Indonesia provide consumer-friendly, low-cost furniture.
Medium domestic supply index
Cambodia is well endowed with forests, accounting for about 60% of its land area.
Low value addition.
Few companies have good quality machinery.
Few companies are ready to export.
Technicians and managers are often not well organized.
Medium human development impact
This sector could contribute to human development (skills to produce more value added products).
Has potential to create non-agricultural employment opportunities in rural areas.
Currently accounts for approximately 3% of non-agricultural employment. Small-scale household enterprises are important. Self-employment (own account workers and unpaid workers on family enterprise) accounts for approximately two-thirds of total employment. The remaining one-third is employed as wage workers. Earnings are somewhat lower than other forms of non-agricultural employment, but higher than in agricultural employment.
Workers are somewhat older on average and slightly more literate when compared to other non-agricultural forms of employment.
Concern related to the depletion of wood resources (a negative impact on environment).
Less than 30% of workers in the industry are women.
Preliminary priority actions
Attract investments in processing machinery / technology.
Upgrade resources and knowledge for further market penetration.
Invest in skill training and research and development to improve existing export capability.
Develop support programs for small scale household enterprises.
Draft Law on Industrial Standards and implementing regulations; compliance with Code of Good Practice.
Review existing Prakas and Compulsory Standards and turn them into WTO-compliant Technical Regulations (TBT).
Develop and apply technical standards for pesticides (TBT).
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary ��
Table �M-2.��: Light Manufacturing
Strengths/Opportunities Weaknesses/ThreatsLow current export performance (Index 1 = 1.1)
Limited current exports.
High world markets index (Index 2 = 3.3)
International demand for light manufacturing remains strong, especially for assembly-type work.
Favourable market access condition; zero-duty rate or low tariff rates applied by major importing countries.
Preferential tariffs include GSP and ASEAN Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT).
Strong competition from Cambodia’s neighbours (e.g. Viet Nam).
Medium domestic supply index
Low labour cost compared to neighbouring countries.
High labour availability.
Some foreign investors already there or looking at investing
Small domestic market size; too small for big investors.Very high cost for infrastructure (e.g. water, oil, electricity, tele-communication, transportation). Skill level lower in Cambodia than in neighbouring countries.High cost for material inputs.Technology is very basic.Low quality of products.
Medium human development impact
With appropriate trainings, high human development impact in terms of job creation, since activity is highly labour intensive.
With appropriate improvements in infrastructure (tele-communications and transport), Cambodia may be able to become competitive in labour intensive assembly operations (e.g. electronics, light equipment, computers).
In terms of employment structure and human development impact, the garment industry probably gives the best indication.
Lack of formal training.
No strong presence in light manufacturing – with the exception of the garment industry.
Because these export-oriented activities frequently import manufactured component parts, value added may be low (although potential may exist for up-grading).
Preliminary priority actions
Support the development of infrastructure (telecommunication and transportation).
Accelerate development of SEZs where access to better quality infrastructure can be provided.
Develop vocational training.
Strengthen the business legal framework environment to attract foreign investors.
Draft Law on Industrial Standards and implementing regulations; compliance with Code of Good Practice. The draft law and sub-decree are not WTO-compliant and contains major conceptual problems.
Review existing Prakas and Compulsory Standards to turn them into WTO-complaint Technical Regulations (TBT).
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary�2
Table �M-2.��: Tourism
Strengths/Opportunities Weaknesses/ThreatsHigh current export performance
The tourism sector has grown significantly.
1.7 million tourists arrived in Cambodia in 2006.
Optimistic projections for the future: between 3.8 and 5.5 million tourists are expected to arrive in 2015.
High world markets index
Southeast Asia is one of the fastest growing tourist markets in the world.
Fast economic growth in the region implies that regional tourism is likely to grow with rising income levels.
Positive spillovers from major tourist destinations: Many tourists visit Cambodia on a side trip from Thailand or other countries in Asia.
There are plans to facilitate travellers’ movements within ASEAN. A common visa scheme is under consideration.
Medium domestic supply index
Unique sites, such as Angkor Wat, which is a World Heritage Site designated by UNESCO.
Growing airline competition, with Asian low-cost airlines now flying to Cambodia.
Projects to improve tourism-related infrastructure are being undertaken, funded by Asian Development Bank.
Tourism remains relatively concentrated in a few areas.
Less developed infrastructure (e.g. roads) in Cambodia than in other regional countries such as Thailand.
Average length of stay is shorter than in Viet Nam and Thailand.
Cambodia lies far behind some of the neighbouring countries in the region (Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia) in terms of services, facilities for overseas tourists and active marketing.
Internal transportation is still not well developed, and Phnom Penh is not a hub for international air traffic.
High human development impact
The tourism sector is a major sector for Cambodia’s economy, and is estimated to be second largest export sector after garments.
High employment opportunities in a growing sector.
Potential negative environmental and societal side effects.
Preliminary priority actions
Improve the quality and reliability of services.
Introduce reliable official ratings for hotels and restaurants.
Improve infrastructure that is key for the development of the tourism industry (roads, telecommunications, etc.)
Diversify tourism investment in order to diversify products.
Promote Cambodia’s image as an attractive tourist destination and carry out a sustained export promotion campaign.
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary ��
Table �M-2.�7: Labour Services
Strengths/Opportunities Weaknesses/ThreatsMedium current export performance
An estimated $160 million from remittances represents about 2.6% of GDP.
Thailand is the most important receiving country for temporary Cambodian workers.
Concentrated in Thailand and very few migrants in other countries.
High world markets index
Temporary work abroad seems favorable for Cambodians.Thailand and other ASEAN countries have attractive labour markets for Cambodians, and there seems to be an increasing labour shortage in Thailand and possibly other ASEAN countries.
Cambodians are not always able to get temporary working vi-sas.
Medium domestic supply index
The International Organization for Migration (IOM) is currently working with the Cambodian Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training to improve the institutional framework for migration.
Providing training and a legal framework could possibly improve Cambodia’s “export performance”.
Concerns mainly low –skilled labour (lack of foreign language skills and workplace skills).
Medium human development impact
The impact is currently limited, but has the potential to contribute to employment and poverty reduction.
Helps Cambodians access well-paid jobs and support their relatives, consequently contributing to job creations and poverty reductions.
Labour exports reduce the pressure on the domestic labour market; they are a major source for foreign exchange earnings through remittances, and are a source of technology transfer and skill upgrading, as returning workers tend to bring new skills and entrepreneurial habits.
Currently accounts for just over 1% of non-agricultural employment, but may be of growing importance with the expansion of the tourist industry. Nearly 90% of this employment is wage employment.
Employment in this sector is concentrated in urban areas (approximately 70% of employment is urban). Earnings are above average and the sector disproportionately provides wage employment to women – 60% of all workers are female. Unlike the garment industry, the average age is approximately equal to the average for all non-agricultural employment.
Child labour is negligible.
Risk of exploiting workers with low payments, unfavourable working conditions or abuse.
High possibility of losing trained/skilled Cambodians (no return).
Preliminary priority actions
Encourage labour exports through formal channels.Negotiate labour exchange agreements with potential host countries and provide a clear legal framework (e.g. bilateral agreements).
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary��
Table �M-2.��: Web-based services
Strengths/Opportunities Weaknesses/ThreatsLow current export performance
Almost no export from Cambodia
High world markets index
India has moved up the technology and provided more high-tech services to its clients, consequently leaving opportunities for other developing countries.
Possible spillovers from Cambodia’s dynamic neighbouring countries, such as Viet Nam.
Low domestic supply index
A few firms are managed by foreigners or by Cambodians who have lived and worked abroad.
Limited number of engineers and programmers; limited ICT- literate workforce.
Backward basic Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure. ASEAN ranked Cambodia 8th out of 10 member countries concerning e-society, e-commerce and e-government.
Highest price and lowest Internet penetration among all ASEAN countries, due to the low number of fix telephone lines and an inefficient regulation from the government.
Limited knowledge of English and technical problems in adapting the written Khmer language for uses of computers.
Existing companies service mainly the domestic market, with limited prospects for large-scale exports.
High electricity costs.
Inadequate enforcement of laws and regulations, including Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); does not attract foreign firms.
Low human development impact
The ICT sector generally provides well-paid jobs compared to more traditional sectors due to higher added value, but their number is limited.
Current impact is low, but it could be high in terms of human capital development, female employment (equal playing field), environmental sustainability (only uses electricity), and could help businesses become more efficient.
It is unclear whether Cambodia can become a competitor in this industry at this time.
Currently limited employment in the sector.
No strong base in providing computer services. Other countries have developed their computer and information technology sectors, with imported human development and more highly educated, relatively privileged workers.
Preliminary priority actions
Improve infrastructure, especially the availability, cost, and reliability of electricity, telecommunication, and Internet access.
Dismantle current monopoly on Internet Gateway.
Require investment in specific skills and knowledge.
Enforce legal frameworks (especially Intellectual Property Rights) to attract foreign investment.
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary ��
Table �M-2.��: Transport and Transport-Related Services
Strengths/Opportunities Weaknesses/ThreatsLow current export performance
Transportation services play a minor role in Cambodia’s exports, and Cambodia is a net importer of transport services.Most of Cambodia’s imports consist of sea freight services, as there are only few vessels in Cambodia.
Medium world markets index
Expected growth in this dynamic region should have a pull effect on the demand for transportation services, which grows with international trade (movement of goods) and tourism (movement of people).
Low domestic supply index
Compared to regional competitors such as Thailand and Viet Nam, Cambodia faces major challenges due to bad road conditions and low standards for border procedures.
Limited scope for important transhipment ports; Cambodian seaports are situated beside the main shipping routes from China, thus virtually no transhipment takes place.
Low human development impact
Transportation services currently account for 5.3% of non-agricultural employment. Transportation employment is important in both urban and rural areas. Self-employment, particularly as own-account workers, is very common in transport services. Therefore, efforts to promote this sector should be accompanied by support to small-scale enterprises.
Workers in the transport industry tend to be more literate and a larger fraction has attended school compared to other non-agricultural workers. Earnings are comparable to other forms of non-agricultural employment.
Transport workers tend to report better-than-average health outcomes, an indicator of human development.
Limited employment impact, since transportation services play a minor role in Cambodia’s export.
The sector is male-dominated. Women account for less than 10% of employment.
Child labour is slightly more prevalent than in other non- agricultural sectors.
Preliminary priority actions
Improve infrastructure that is key for the development of the transportation industry.
Develop support programs for small-scale enterprises especially since self-employment is very common in this industry.
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary��
Table AM-3:DTIS 2007 Trade-related Legal and Institutional Action Plan
Note: Blue Actions are priority Actions; Yellow Actions are completed Actions
Note: This table is a re-arrangement, update, and prioritization of three separate lists of legal and institutional actions undertaken by the Royal Government of Cambodia. The origin of each action listed in the table is indicated in the column “source” as follows:
WWP: The Work Program of the Royal Government of Cambodia resulting from Cambodia’s Accession to the World Trade Organization (adopted by the Council of Ministers on 27 February 2004)TF: 12 point Action Plan on Trade Facilitation (2004)BB: Blue Book on Best Practice in Investment Promotion and Facilitation (UNCTAD and JBIC, December 2004)DTIS 2007: Indicates new Actions identified by the DTIS 2007 consultants
�bbreviations:
OCM: Office of the Council of Ministers
MOC: Ministry of Commerce
MEF: Ministry of Economy and Finance
MAFF: Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries
MIME: Ministry of Industry Mines and Energy
MPTC: Ministry of Post and Telecommunication
MPTW: Ministry of Public Works and Transport
MLVT: Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training
MLUPC: Ministry of Land Management Urban Planning and Construction
MOJ: Ministry of Justice
MOT: Ministry of Tourism
MOH: Ministry of Health
NBC: National Bank of Cambodia
CDC: Council for the Development of Cambodia
CIB: Cambodian Investment Board
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DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary �7
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tions
2004
-200
5IM
F TA
is in
pla
ce,
but m
ore
TA
need
edU
nder
pre
para
tion
Cust
oms
Valu
atio
nW
WP
MEF
Begi
n tr
ade
outr
each
pro
gram
to
info
rm p
rivat
e se
ctor
of
chan
ges
in v
alua
tion
proc
edur
es
2004
TA n
eede
dU
nder
pre
para
tion.
A w
orks
hop
need
s to
be
orga
nize
d fo
r the
pr
ivat
e se
ctor
.
Cust
oms
Valu
atio
nW
WP/
BB
MEF
Begi
n au
tom
ated
cus
tom
s pr
oces
sing
sys
tem
pro
ject
(to
be c
ompl
eted
by
end
2005
)20
04TA
nee
ded
TA p
rovi
ded
unde
r Wor
ld B
ank
Trad
e Fa
cilit
atio
n an
d Co
mpe
titiv
e-ne
ss P
roje
ct. A
SYCU
DA
pro
ject
do
cum
ent w
as s
igne
d on
18
Apr
il 20
06. I
nstit
utio
nal a
rran
gem
ent h
as
been
est
ablis
hed.
The
nat
iona
l pr
ojec
t tea
m, t
oget
her w
ith
UN
CTA
D a
dvis
ors,
is w
orki
ng o
n th
e de
velo
pmen
t of A
SYCU
DA
pr
otot
ype.
Smug
glin
gW
WP/
BB
MEF
Equi
p en
forc
emen
t tea
ms
ASA
PTA
nee
ded
Ong
oing
– L
ittle
pro
gres
s du
e to
la
ck o
f fun
ds a
nd TA
.
Smug
glin
g an
d Is
sues
of
Cust
oms
Adm
inis
trat
ion
WW
P/
BBM
EFEs
tabl
ish
disp
ute
sett
lem
ent
mec
hani
smD
ecem
ber
2004
No
TA n
eede
dD
raft
Pra
kash
has
bee
n pr
epar
ed.
Awai
ting
new
Cus
tom
s La
w.
DT
IS
20
07
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary ��
Topi
cSo
urce
Resp
onsi
ble
Min
istr
ies/
�ge
ncie
sas
kO
rigi
nal
Dea
dlin
eRe
vise
d D
eadl
ine
T�Be
nchm
ark
Indi
cato
rSt
atus
and
Com
men
tsas
of F
ebru
ary
2007
TR�
DE
REG
IME:
TBT
TBT
WW
PM
IME
Dra
ft L
aw o
n In
dust
rial
Stan
dard
s an
d Im
plem
entin
g Re
gula
tions
; com
plia
nce
with
Co
de o
f Goo
d Pr
actic
e
June
200
4
TA is
bei
ng
prov
ided
. Fur
ther
TA
nee
ded
with
re
spec
t to
draf
ting
regu
latio
ns.
The
draf
t law
was
app
rove
d by
the
Coun
cil o
f Min
ister
s on
17 F
ebru
ary
2006
, and
has
bee
n se
nt t
o th
e N
atio
nal A
ssem
bly.
An
impl
emen
ting
sub-
decr
ee h
as
been
dra
fted
by M
IME.
DTI
S 20
07
com
men
ts: T
he Ju
ne 2
007
law
and
su
b-de
cree
are
not
WTO
-com
plia
nt
and
cont
ains
maj
or c
once
ptua
l pr
oble
ms.
The
y sh
ould
be
revi
ewed
ag
ain
by q
ualifi
ed c
onsu
ltant
and
am
endm
ents
will
be
requ
ired.
TBT
DTI
S 20
007
MIM
E
Revi
ew e
xist
ing
Prak
as a
nd
Com
puls
ory
Stan
dard
s to
turn
th
em in
to V
olun
tary
Sta
ndar
ds
and
WTO
-com
plia
nt Te
chni
cal
Regu
latio
ns
TA n
eede
d
DTI
S 20
07 c
omm
ents
: Eig
ht
Min
iste
rial r
egul
atio
ns (P
raka
s) a
nd
48 c
ompu
lsor
y st
anda
rds
need
to b
e re
view
ed fo
r WTO
com
plia
nce
TBT
WW
PM
IME
Dev
elop
men
t of t
echn
ical
re
gula
tions
and
con
form
ity
asse
ssm
ent p
roce
dure
s20
04-2
005
TA is
bei
ng
prov
ided
. Fur
ther
TA
nee
ded
A re
gula
tion
has
been
ado
pted
on
conf
orm
ity a
sses
smen
t. Re
gula
tions
ha
ve a
lso
been
ado
pted
on
elec
tric
al
equi
pmen
t, bo
ttle
d dr
inki
ng w
ater
, ch
ili s
auce
and
vin
egar
. Nee
d to
no
tify
the
WTO
.
TBT
WW
PM
IME
Exte
nd A
SEA
N c
onfo
rmity
as
sess
men
t agr
eem
ents
to a
ll W
TO m
embe
rs (w
ith M
OC)
2004
No
TA n
eede
d
Cam
bodi
a ca
nnot
uni
late
rally
ex
tend
ASE
AN
agr
eem
ents
to th
ird
part
ies.
How
ever
, con
form
ity a
s-se
ssm
ent p
roce
dure
s sh
ould
be
the
sam
e fo
r lik
e go
ods,
rega
rdle
ss o
f th
eir o
rigin
. D
TIS
2007
com
men
t: A
t lea
st o
ne
ASE
AN
mem
ber n
eeds
to n
otify
W
TO a
bout
200
2 A
SEA
N S
ecto
ral
Mut
ual R
ecog
nitio
n Ag
reem
ent f
or
elec
tric
al a
nd e
lect
roni
c eq
uipm
ent.
TBT
WW
PM
AFF
Dev
elop
and
app
ly te
chni
cal
stan
dard
s fo
r fer
tiliz
ers
and
pest
icid
es20
07TA
nee
ded
MAF
F ha
s sta
rted
to e
stab
lish
stan
dard
s. A
Lab
orat
ory
for
anal
yzin
g pe
stic
ides
form
ulat
ion
and
pest
icid
e re
sidu
es h
as b
een
esta
blis
hed
and
oper
ated
with
WB
loan
. TA
need
ed a
nd c
ould
be
soug
ht
from
UN
DP
DTI
S 20
07 c
omm
ents
: sa
me
ctio
n fo
r che
mic
al d
yes
(impo
rtan
t to
silk
and
gar
men
t se
ctor
s)
DT
IS
20
07
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary�0
Topi
cSo
urce
Resp
onsi
ble
Min
istr
ies/
�ge
ncie
sas
kO
rigi
nal
Dea
dlin
eRe
vise
d D
eadl
ine
T�Be
nch-
mar
k In
dica
tor
Stat
us a
nd C
omm
ents
as o
f Feb
ruar
y 20
07
TBT
WW
PM
OC
Exte
nd A
SEA
N c
onfo
rmity
as
sess
men
t agr
eem
ents
to a
ll W
TO M
embe
rs (w
ith M
IME)
ASA
PN
o TA
nee
ded
ASE
AN
agr
eem
ents
can
not b
e ex
tend
ed to
third
par
ties
by
Cam
bodi
a, b
ut c
onfo
rmity
as
sess
men
t pro
cedu
res
shou
ld b
e th
e sa
me
for l
ike
prod
ucts
, wha
teve
r th
eir o
rigin
. It i
s no
t cle
ar w
heth
er
this
equ
ival
ence
exi
sts
at p
rese
nt.
DTI
S 20
07 c
omm
ents
: A
t lea
st o
ne
ASE
AN
mem
ber n
eeds
to n
otify
W
TO a
bout
200
2 A
SEA
N S
ecto
ral
Mut
ual R
ecog
nitio
n Ag
reem
ent f
or e
lect
rical
and
el
ectr
onic
equ
ipm
ent.
TBT
WW
PM
IME
Subm
issi
on o
f sta
tem
ent o
n im
plem
enta
tion
(per
G/T
BT/1
)D
ate
of
acce
ssio
nTA
nee
ded
DTI
S 20
07 c
omm
ent:
Stat
emen
t was
se
nt to
RG
C M
issio
n in
Gen
eva
in
Janu
ary
2006
but
has
not
reac
hed
WTO
. RG
C sh
ould
con
sider
dire
ct
disp
atch
of n
otifi
catio
ns to
exp
edite
.
TBT
WW
PM
IME
Part
icip
ate
in th
e m
eetin
gs o
f th
e Co
mm
ittee
Ong
oing
No
TA n
eede
dO
ngoi
ng
WTO
Co
mm
ittee
on
TBT
WW
PG
enev
a M
issi
onEs
tabl
ish
and
mak
e op
erat
iona
l the
TBT
En
quiry
Poi
nt20
04
Initi
al TA
was
pr
ovid
ed b
y M
ultr
ap.
Addi
tiona
l TA
w
ill b
e ne
eded
Enqu
iry p
oint
has
bee
n se
t up
and
is
oper
atio
nal,
alth
ough
ope
ratio
ns a
re
not y
et sm
ooth
. e-
mai
l: ca
mtb
t@ca
msh
in.c
om.k
hD
TIS
2007
com
men
t: A
broc
hure
on
the
TBT
Nat
iona
l Enq
uiry
Poi
nt
shou
ld b
e pu
blish
ed. T
he IS
C w
ebsit
e co
ntai
ns u
sefu
l inf
orm
atio
n on
TBT
bu
t stil
l nee
ds fu
rthe
r wor
k, in
clud
ing
Engl
ish tr
ansla
tion
and
sum
mar
ies o
f th
e do
cum
ents
. NEP
shou
ld a
ssum
e re
spon
sibili
ty fo
r not
ifica
tions
. A
notifi
catio
n pl
an sh
ould
be
prep
ared
an
d im
plem
ente
d
TBT
WW
PM
IME
Staff
trai
ning
on
TBT
impl
emen
tatio
n20
04-2
005
TA n
eede
d
Ong
oing
pro
cess
. Tra
inin
g w
as
supp
orte
d by
EC
in th
e m
iddl
e of
20
05. F
urth
er “o
n-jo
b” tr
aini
ng is
ne
eded
. DTI
S 20
07 c
omm
ent:
A TB
T tr
aini
ng p
rogr
am fo
r gov
ernm
ent
office
rs a
nd p
rivat
e se
ctor
shou
ld
be e
stab
lishe
d.
TBT
WW
PM
IME
Publ
icat
ion
of S
tand
ards
Bu
lletin
Dec
embe
r 200
4Fu
rthe
r TA
ne
eded
Web
site
has
bee
n cr
eate
d by
MIM
E.
UN
IDO
is h
elpi
ng p
ublis
h br
ochu
res.
Stan
dard
s bu
lletin
has
be
en p
ublis
hed
in K
hmer
, but
is
not
yet
ava
ilabl
e in
Eng
lish.
DT
IS
20
07
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary ��
Topi
cSo
urce
Resp
onsi
ble
Min
istr
ies/
�ge
ncie
sas
kO
rigi
nal
Dea
dlin
eRe
vise
d D
eadl
ine
T�Be
nchm
ark
Indi
cato
rSt
atus
and
Com
men
tsas
of F
ebru
ary
2007
TR�
DE
REG
IME:
SPS
SPS
WW
PN
atio
nal
Code
x Co
mm
ittee
Prep
are
sub-
decr
ee o
n fo
od
hygi
ene
and
othe
r leg
al
prov
isio
ns20
04Ad
opte
d
SPS
WW
PM
AFF
Des
ign
plan
t pes
t and
dis
ease
co
ntro
l pro
gram
and
oth
er
mea
sure
s 20
04
Mor
e TA
nee
ded
for i
mpl
emen
ting
actio
n pl
an a
nd
draf
ting
the
law
NZA
id II
and
Aus
Aid
are
prov
idin
g as
sista
nce
in c
apac
ity b
uild
ing.
Ph
ytos
anita
ry a
ctio
n pl
an h
as b
een
prep
ared
by
MAF
F. So
me
trai
ning
in
risk
man
agem
ent h
as o
ccur
red.
M
AFF
is pl
anni
ng to
dra
ft th
e La
w
on P
lant
Qua
rant
ine
and
NZA
id is
be
ing
requ
este
d fo
r TA.
The
regu
latio
n un
der S
ub-D
ecre
e N
o:15
(200
3) h
as b
een
draf
ted
as
follo
ws:
1.
Cam
bodi
an q
uara
ntin
e pe
st li
st2.
Re
gula
tion
(Pra
kas)
on
plan
t
qu
aran
tine
mat
eria
ls3.
Re
gula
tion
(Pra
kas)
on
free
char
ge fo
r pla
nt q
uara
ntin
e
in
spec
tion
4.
Regu
latio
n (P
raka
s) o
n pl
ant
quar
antin
e in
spec
tion
proc
edur
e5.
Re
gula
tion
(Pra
kas)
on
awar
d
fo
r pla
nt q
uara
ntin
e offi
cer a
nd
ot
her e
xpen
ses f
or th
eir m
issio
n6.
Su
b-de
cree
on
unifo
rm fo
r
pl
ant q
uara
ntin
e offi
cer
The
regu
latio
n un
der S
ub-D
ecre
e N
o:16
(200
3) o
n th
e co
ntro
l of
anim
al h
ygie
ne a
nd a
nim
al
prod
ucts
has
bee
n dr
afte
d as
fo
llow
:
1.
Dire
ctio
n on
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
sub-
decr
ee N
o: 1
62.
R
egul
atio
n (P
raka
s) o
n
infe
ctio
us
DT
IS
20
07
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary�2
Topi
cSo
urce
Resp
onsi
ble
Min
istr
ies/
�ge
ncie
sas
kO
rigi
nal
Dea
dlin
eRe
vise
d D
eadl
ine
T�Be
nchm
ark
Indi
cato
rSt
atus
and
Com
men
tsas
of F
ebru
ary
2007
prod
ucts
has
bee
n dr
afte
d as
follo
w:
1.
Dire
ctio
n on
the
impl
emen
tatio
n
of t
he su
b-de
cree
No:
16
2.
Regu
latio
n (P
raka
s) o
n in
fect
ious
dise
ases
list
3.
Re
gula
tion
(Pra
kas)
on
list o
f
goo
ds it
ems w
hich
are
subj
ect
of c
ontro
l as r
egar
ds a
nim
al
hygi
ene
and
anim
al p
rodu
cts
4.
Regu
latio
n (P
raka
s) o
n
pr
oced
ure
of c
ontro
l of a
nim
al
hyg
iene
and
ani
mal
pro
duct
s 5.
Re
gula
tion
(Pra
kas)
on
awar
d fo
r
ani
mal
offi
cer a
nd o
ther
exp
ense
s for
thei
r miss
ion
6.
Regu
latio
n (P
raka
s) o
n un
iform
for p
lant
qua
rant
ine
office
r7.
Re
gula
tion
(Pra
kas)
on
serv
ice
c
harg
e fo
r the
con
trol o
f ani
mal
h
ygie
ne a
nd a
nim
al p
rodu
cts
8.
Regu
latio
n (P
raka
s) o
n m
etho
d
of c
ontro
l of a
nim
al h
ygie
ne
a
nd a
nim
al p
rodu
cts
9.
Law
on
drug
con
trol
Sub-
decr
ee o
n tra
de fa
cilit
atio
n
th
roug
h ris
k m
anag
emen
t.
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary�2
DT
IS
20
07
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary ��
Topi
cSo
urce
Resp
onsi
ble
Min
istr
ies/
�ge
ncie
sas
kO
rigi
nal
Dea
dlin
eRe
vise
d D
eadl
ine
T�Be
nchm
ark
Indi
cato
rSt
atus
and
Com
men
tsas
of F
ebru
ary
2007
SPS
DTI
S 20
07M
AFF
Fish
ery
Cert
ifica
tion
Mor
e TA
ne
eded
Acce
lera
te p
roce
ss o
f Fis
hery
ce
rtifi
catio
n fo
r EU
mar
ket.
Cu
rren
t TA
from
EU
and
DFI
D.
SPS
WW
PN
atio
nal
Code
x Co
mm
ittee
Put i
n pl
ace
nece
ssar
y re
gula
tions
on
food
saf
ety;
se
cure
nec
essa
ry tr
aini
ng20
05TA
nee
ded
Cam
bodi
a is
goi
ng to
ado
pt
Code
x st
anda
rd th
at re
leva
nce
to C
ambo
dia.
Rev
iew
ing
Code
x st
anda
rd is
nee
ded
to
sele
ct th
e on
es th
at s
uit t
o Ca
mbo
dia
for t
he a
dopt
ion.
TA
is n
eede
d to
do
this
task
.
WTO
Co
mm
ittee
on
SPS
WW
PG
enev
a M
issi
onPa
rtic
ipat
e in
the
mee
tings
of
the
Com
mitt
eeO
ngoi
ngN
o TA
nee
ded
Ong
oing
Pest
icid
es R
isk
Ass
essm
ent
WW
PM
AFF
Dev
elop
cap
acity
to u
nder
take
ris
k as
sess
men
tJu
ne 2
005
TA n
eede
d
A la
bora
tory
for a
naly
zing
pe
stic
ide
form
ulat
ion
and
pest
icid
e re
sidu
es h
as b
een
esta
blis
hed
with
a W
B lo
an.
DTI
S 20
07 c
omm
ent:
trai
ning
in
Inte
grat
ed P
est M
anag
emen
t w
ould
be
help
ful f
or a
num
ber
of e
xpor
t cro
ps in
clud
ed
amon
g th
e 19
exp
ort p
oten
tials
SPS
WW
PN
atio
nal
Code
x Co
mm
ittee
Esta
blis
h Co
dex
libra
ry;
impl
emen
t tra
inin
g;20
04TA
nee
ded
for t
rain
ing
in
libra
rian
skill
sO
ngoi
ng p
roce
ss
Inte
r-M
inis
teria
l m
achi
nery
WW
PM
OC,
CO
MRe
-defi
ne th
e In
ter-
Min
iste
rial
Coor
dina
ting
Com
mitt
eeA
SAP
Not
nee
ded
A d
raft
sub
-dec
ree
has
been
pr
epar
ed to
est
ablis
h a
new
In
ter-
Min
iste
rial C
omm
ittee
to
impl
emen
t the
WTO
co
mm
itmen
ts. I
ts fu
ll fu
nctio
n is
exp
ecte
d so
on. A
t the
m
omen
t the
pre
viou
s Thi
nk
Tank
con
tinue
s to
car
ry o
ut
its d
uty.
Impo
rts
of P
harm
aceu
tical
sW
WP
MO
H
Am
end
Law
on
Dru
g M
anag
emen
t and
Pra
kas
No.
82 o
f 31
Mar
ch 1
999
so a
s to
allo
w a
ny fi
rm to
eng
age
in
impo
rt a
ctiv
ity
June
200
5TA
nee
ded
The
draf
t law
on
drug
m
anag
emen
t has
bee
n di
scus
sed
and
the
Coun
cil o
f Ju
rists
has
no
obje
ctio
n to
it.
The
amen
dmen
ts ta
ke in
to
cons
ider
atio
n W
TO
requ
irem
ents
and
allo
w a
ll co
mm
erci
al c
ompa
nies
in th
e co
mm
erci
al re
gist
er to
impo
rt
phar
mac
eutic
als.
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary ��
DT
IS
20
07
Topi
cSo
urce
Resp
onsi
ble
Min
istr
ies/
�ge
ncie
sas
kO
rigi
nal
Dea
dlin
eRe
vise
d D
eadl
ine
T�Be
nchm
ark
Indi
cato
rSt
atus
and
Com
men
tsas
of F
ebru
ary
2007
TR�
DE
REG
IME:
TR�
DE
F�CI
LIT�
TIO
N
Trad
e/In
vest
men
t In
terf
ace
TFSI
TF
Min
istr
ies,
Agen
cies
Esta
blis
h a
cros
s-ag
ency
trad
e fa
cilit
atio
n/in
vest
men
t clim
ate
refo
rm te
amAu
gust
, 200
4TA
Nee
ded
Team
est
ablis
hed.
Fur
ther
wor
k re
quire
d on
form
aliz
ing
wor
king
ar
rang
emen
ts, c
omm
unic
atio
n pr
otoc
ols
and
deta
iled
TORs
Ove
rlaps
and
U
nnec
essa
ry
App
rova
ls
in Im
port
/Ex
port
Re
quire
men
ts
TF
Refo
rm Te
am
and
rele
vant
go
vern
men
t ag
enci
es
Und
erta
ke w
ith e
xter
nal
assi
stan
ce a
revi
ew a
nd
eval
uatio
n of
cur
rent
pro
cess
es
and
docu
men
tatio
n. Im
plem
ent
sing
le d
ecla
ratio
n fo
rm fo
r all
impo
rt/e
xpor
t req
uire
men
ts.
Revi
ew a
nd a
men
d le
gal
fram
ewor
k if
requ
ired.
Initi
ate
proc
ess
to id
entif
y lo
ng-t
erm
IT
requ
irem
ents
to fu
rthe
r st
ream
line
proc
edur
es a
nd
faci
litat
e th
e ad
optio
n of
bes
t pr
actic
es a
ppro
ache
s
Febr
uary
, 200
5
EC a
ssis
ted
and
fund
ed
the
revi
ew o
f im
port
s/ex
port
s do
cum
enta
tion.
Goo
d pr
ogre
ss re
cord
ed in
st
ream
linin
g im
port
/exp
ort
proc
edur
es. F
urth
er s
trea
mlin
ing
expe
cted
as
part
of t
he
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
Trad
e In
form
atio
n G
atew
ay (T
IG),
whi
ch
is p
art o
f the
Wor
ld B
ank’
Tra
de
Faci
litat
ion
Proj
ect
Risk
M
anag
emen
tTF
Refo
rm Te
am
and
rele
vant
go
vern
men
t ag
enci
es
Intr
oduc
e an
ove
rall
risk
man
agem
ent s
trat
egy
and
use
it to
con
solid
ate
and
ratio
naliz
e al
l exa
min
atio
n re
quire
men
ts
of th
e di
ffere
nt c
ontro
l age
ncie
s. Co
nduc
t tra
inin
g in
risk
m
anag
emen
t for
Cus
tom
s, Ca
mco
ntro
l and
oth
er re
leva
nt
gove
rnm
ent o
ffici
als
Mar
ch, 2
006
AusA
ID a
nd
Wor
ld B
ank
assi
sted
and
fu
nded
the
Risk
M
anag
emen
t St
rate
gy w
ork.
Sub-
decr
ee o
f the
Ris
k M
anag
emen
t of S
trat
egy
pass
ed
by th
e go
vern
men
t on
Mar
ch
1, 2
006.
Im
plem
enta
tion
of th
e st
rate
gy is
ong
oing
in p
aral
lel
with
ASY
CUD
A.
DTI
S 20
07
com
men
t: en
forc
emen
t of I
PR
at th
e bo
rder
sho
uld
be m
ade
cons
iste
nt w
ith th
e ro
le o
f CED
as
lead
age
ncy
unde
r the
risk
m
anag
emen
t str
ateg
y
Perf
orm
ance
Ev
alua
tion
TFRe
form
Team
Esta
blis
h tr
ansp
aren
t sys
tem
of
per
form
ance
mea
sure
men
t in
clud
ing
priv
ate
sect
or
mon
itorin
g. To
this
end
, co
mm
ence
dia
logu
e w
ith
rele
vant
priv
ate
sect
or
orga
niza
tions
and
dev
elop
pe
rfor
man
ce in
dica
tors
and
m
easu
rem
ent m
etho
dolo
gies
.
July
, 200
5
Wor
ld B
ank
assi
sted
and
fu
nded
the
first
Pe
rfor
man
ce
Mea
sure
men
t Sy
stem
Stu
dy.
Som
e pr
ogre
ss m
ade
in re
duci
ng
the
cost
and
tim
e of
doi
ng
busi
ness
in C
ambo
dia.
The
se
cond
ass
essm
ent i
s pl
anne
d un
der t
he W
orld
Ban
k 20
07
Inve
st IC
A.
The
Role
of
TFRe
form
Ex
tern
al sp
ecia
lists
to c
ondu
ct a
Fe
brua
ry,
EC a
ssis
ted
and
The
refo
rm te
am h
as
reco
gniz
ed th
at
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary��
DT
IS
20
07
Topi
cSo
urce
Resp
onsi
ble
Min
istr
ies/
�ge
ncie
sas
kO
rigi
nal
Dea
dlin
eRe
vise
d D
eadl
ine
T�Be
nchm
ark
Indi
cato
rSt
atus
and
Com
men
tsas
of F
ebru
ary
2007
Cam
cont
rol
team
, re
leva
nt
gove
rnm
ent
agen
cies
and
th
e Co
unci
l of
Min
iste
rs
com
preh
ensi
ve re
view
of t
he
role
, ope
ratio
ns a
nd m
anda
te
of C
amco
ntro
l. G
over
nmen
t to
exa
min
e re
com
men
datio
ns
of th
e re
view
and
mak
e an
y ne
cess
ary
deci
sion
s.
2005
fund
ed th
e re
view
of
impo
rts/
expo
rts
docu
men
tatio
n.
Cam
Cont
rol n
eeds
to b
e m
oder
nize
d an
d up
date
d in
ligh
t of
the
mat
urity
of t
he e
cono
my,
th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
’s ab
ility
to
dete
rmin
e qu
ality
and
its
trad
ing
rela
tions
. The
Min
istr
y of
Com
mer
ce s
ent t
he re
port
to
the
Coun
cil o
f Min
iste
rs w
ith it
s re
com
men
datio
n. In
June
200
5,
the
coun
cil o
f Min
iste
rs d
ecid
ed
to re
invi
gora
te C
amco
ntro
l.
Trad
e Fa
cilit
atio
n at
the
Port
of
Siha
nouk
ville
TFRe
form
team
an
d Co
unci
l of
Min
iste
rs
Des
ign
and
impl
emen
t a
‘sing
le w
indo
w’ a
ppro
ach
to
trad
e fa
cilit
atio
n in
the
port
of
Sih
anou
kvill
e. To
this
end
, re
view
and
am
end
the
lega
l fr
amew
ork
to re
mov
e an
y ob
stac
les
to a
dopt
ion
of a
‘si
ngle
win
dow
’; es
tabl
ish
appr
opria
te p
hysi
cal
infr
astr
uctu
re a
nd fa
cilit
ies
to a
llow
a ‘s
ingl
e w
indo
w’ t
o op
erat
e; c
ondu
ct tr
aini
ng fo
r bo
rder
man
agem
ent a
genc
ies
Dec
embe
r 20
06
The
com
pone
nt
has
been
dr
oppe
d
N/A
The
RGC
has d
ecid
ed to
impl
emen
t th
e N
atio
nal S
ingl
e W
indo
w in
CED
, at
a la
ter t
ime,
in a
gra
dual
man
ner,
usin
g AS
YCU
DA
as it
s pla
tform
, an
d fo
llow
ing
the
ASEA
N S
ingl
e W
indo
w sc
hedu
le. T
he A
SEAN
Si
ngle
Win
dow
pro
cess
requ
ires
Cam
bodi
a to
com
plet
e im
plem
enta
tion
by 2
012.
The
W
orld
Ban
k ha
s re-
allo
cate
d th
e fu
nds t
o su
ppor
t oth
er tr
ade
faci
litat
ion
mea
sure
s.
Bord
er F
ees
TF
Refo
rm te
am
and
rele
vant
m
inis
trie
s an
d ag
enci
es
Intr
oduc
e a
WTO
-com
patib
le
flat f
ee fo
r bor
der s
ervi
ces
to
ratio
naliz
e an
d co
nsol
idat
e th
e va
rious
fees
cur
rent
ly
colle
cted
. To
this
end
, rev
iew
al
l cur
rent
fees
to d
eter
min
e co
mpa
tibili
ty w
ith W
TO
prov
isio
ns; d
esig
n an
d im
plem
ent n
ew fe
e sy
stem
an
d st
ruct
ure;
des
ign
and
impl
emen
t web
site
list
ing
fees
an
d re
leva
nt in
form
atio
n.
Dec
embe
r, 20
08TA
requ
ired
A W
TO-c
ompa
tible
flat
fee
for
serv
ice
has
yet t
o be
intr
oduc
ed.
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary ��
DT
IS
20
07
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary��
DI
TS
20
07
Topi
cSo
urce
Resp
onsi
ble
Min
istr
ies/
�ge
ncie
sas
kO
rigi
nal
Dea
dlin
eRe
vise
d D
eadl
ine
T�Be
nchm
ark
Indi
cato
rSt
atus
and
Com
men
tsas
of F
ebru
ary
2007
Regi
stra
tion
in th
e Co
mm
erci
al
Regi
ster
TFRe
form
te
am a
nd
MO
C
Stre
amlin
e th
e pr
oces
s an
d re
duce
the
cost
of r
egis
try
in th
e Co
mm
erci
al R
egis
ter.
To th
is e
nd, r
educ
e re
gist
ratio
n fe
es; d
ecen
tral
ize
the
regi
stra
tion
proc
ess;
de
crea
se th
e ca
pita
l re
quire
men
t to
the
min
imum
po
ssib
le; i
ntro
duce
an
elec
tron
ic re
gist
ratio
n sy
stem
; an
d co
nduc
t tra
inin
g fo
r re
leva
nt o
ffici
als
Dec
embe
r 200
5
Dec
embe
r, 20
08
(sch
edul
e to
in
trod
uce
an
elec
tron
ic
regi
stra
tion
syst
em
Wor
ld B
ank
is
assi
stin
g.
Ass
ista
nce
from
ot
her d
onor
s ne
eded
Ong
oing
.
Regi
stra
tion
for
Tax
Purp
oses
TFM
EF[?
]
Har
mon
ize
the
regi
stra
tion
for
VAT,
inco
me
tax
and
com
pany
re
gist
ratio
n, u
sing
the
sam
e fo
rm a
nd re
sulti
ng in
the
sam
e un
ique
iden
tifica
tion
num
ber
??
?
Prom
otin
g G
ood
Corp
orat
e Ci
tizen
ship
TFRe
form
te
am a
nd
MO
C
Impl
emen
t a n
atio
nal a
war
d fo
r goo
d co
rpor
ate
citiz
ensh
ip.
To th
is e
nd, e
stab
lish
an
asse
ssm
ent c
omm
ittee
; co
nduc
t sem
inar
s an
d w
orks
hops
; im
plem
ent a
nd
mon
itor.
[Not
e: A
ctiv
ities
as
soci
ated
with
this
initi
ativ
e ar
e cu
rren
tly b
eing
un
dert
aken
by
the
Min
istr
y of
Com
mer
ce]
Febr
uary
, 200
5TA
nee
ded
The
first
nat
iona
l aw
ard
for
good
cor
pora
te c
itize
nshi
p w
as
held
in 2
005.
No
plan
yet
to d
o th
e se
cond
one
.
Mon
itorin
g an
d Re
port
ing
TFM
OC
and
Wor
ld B
ank
Und
erta
ke m
onito
ring
and
repo
rtin
gJu
ly, 2
005
TA n
eede
d
Firs
t mon
itorin
g w
as d
one
in
July
200
5 un
der t
he W
orld
Ban
k fu
nded
stu
dy. T
he s
econ
d as
sess
men
t is
plan
ned
unde
r th
e W
orld
Ban
k 20
07 IC
A.
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary �7
DI
TS
20
07
Topi
cSo
urce
Resp
onsi
ble
Min
istr
ies/
�ge
ncie
sas
kO
rigi
nal
Dea
dlin
eRe
vise
d D
eadl
ine
T�Be
nchm
ark
Indi
cato
rSt
atus
and
Com
men
tsas
of F
ebru
ary
2007
INV
ESTM
ENT
CLIM
�TE:
LEG
�L
FR�
MEW
ORK
App
eals
Pr
oces
sW
WP
MO
JD
raft
Law
on
Judi
cial
O
rgan
izat
ion
Dec
embe
r 20
04N
o TA
nee
ded
The
final
dra
ft h
as b
een
com
plet
ed,
disc
usse
d in
the
Wor
king
Gro
up a
nd
exam
ined
by
the
Supr
eme
Coun
cil o
f the
M
agis
trac
y. T
he d
raft
has
bee
n se
nt to
the
Coun
cil o
f Min
iste
rs a
nd p
endi
ng fo
r deb
ate
at in
ter-
min
iste
rial m
eetin
g. T
he la
w a
llow
s sp
ecia
l cou
rts
to b
e es
tabl
ishe
d.
Civi
l Law
WW
PM
OJ
Dra
ft a
nd im
plem
ent
Civi
l Cod
e20
04TA
is b
eing
pro
-vi
ded.
Has
bee
n ad
opte
d by
the
Coun
cil o
f M
inis
ters
and
sub
mitt
ed to
the
Nat
iona
l A
ssem
bly.
It i
s be
ing
deba
ted
by th
e le
gal
depa
rtm
ent o
f the
NA
.
Civi
l Law
WW
PM
OJ
Dra
ft a
nd im
plem
ent
Civi
l Pro
cedu
ral C
ode
2004
TA is
bei
ng p
ro-
vide
d.
Prom
ulga
ted
in Ju
ly 2
006.
Not
yet
impl
emen
ted.
Mus
t be
impl
emen
ted
with
in o
ne y
ear o
f pro
mul
gatio
n.
Crim
inal
Law
WW
PM
OJ
Dra
ft C
rimin
al C
ode
2005
TA is
bei
ng p
ro-
vide
d.
Has
bee
n su
bmitt
ed to
the
Coun
cil o
f M
inis
ters
. The
Cou
ncil
of Ju
rists
has
no
obje
ctio
n to
the
curr
ent d
raft
. It i
s be
ing
disc
usse
d by
the
Inte
r-M
inis
teria
l Com
mitt
ee.
Crim
inal
Law
WW
PM
OJ
Dra
ft C
rimin
al
Proc
edur
al
Code
2005
TA is
bei
ng p
ro-
vide
d.
The
draf
t was
on
the
agen
da o
f Cou
ncil
of M
inis
ter’s
Ple
nary
Mee
ting
(Frid
ay 2
5th
Augu
st 2
006)
and
has
bee
n ad
opte
d.
Com
mer
cial
Co
urt
WW
PM
OC
Pass
law
est
ablis
hing
th
e co
mm
erci
al c
ourt
June
, 200
5
UN
DP
is fu
ndin
g on
e le
gal e
xper
t to
revi
ew d
raft
la
w. S
tart
ing
Feb-
ruar
y 20
07, t
o la
st
two
mon
ths.
Bein
g re
view
ed a
t MO
C. T
here
are
diff
eren
t ap
proa
ches
by
MO
C an
d M
OJ.
MO
J int
ends
to
set
up
spec
ial c
ham
bers
of r
egul
ar c
ourt
s de
dica
ted
to c
omm
erci
al is
sues
. The
dra
ft
Law
on
Judi
cial
Org
aniz
atio
n al
low
s fo
r th
e es
tabl
ishm
ent o
f spe
cial
cou
rts,
so a
co
mm
erci
al c
ourt
cou
ld b
e es
tabl
ishe
d af
ter
this
Law
is a
dopt
ed. T
he q
uest
ion
is h
ow th
e pr
oced
ures
in a
com
mer
cial
cou
rt w
ould
di
ffer f
rom
thos
e of
a c
omm
erci
al c
ham
ber i
n a
regu
lar c
ourt
. As
of F
ebru
ary
2007
, RG
C ha
s ta
ken
the
deci
sion
to a
llow
co
mm
erci
al c
ourt
s to
be
crea
ted
as s
peci
al
cour
ts. D
raft
law
has
bee
n pr
epar
ed a
nd is
be
ing
revi
ewed
by
MoC
.
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary��
DI
TS
20
07
Topi
cSo
urce
Resp
onsi
ble
Min
istr
ies/
�ge
ncie
sas
kO
rigi
nal
Dea
dlin
eRe
vise
d D
eadl
ine
T�Be
nchm
ark
Indi
cato
rSt
atus
and
Com
men
tsas
of F
ebru
ary
2007
Com
mer
cial
A
rbitr
atio
nW
WP
MO
CD
raft
law
on
com
mer
cial
ar
bitr
atio
n1
Janu
ary
2005
No
TA N
eede
d
Adop
ted
and
prom
ulga
ted
onJu
ne 1
9, 2
005.
Act
ion
com
plet
ed
Lega
l Fr
amew
ork
for
Busin
ess
WW
PM
OC
Dra
ft L
aw o
n Co
mm
erci
al
Ente
rpris
es
Early
200
4N
o TA
Nee
ded
The
draf
t law
has
bee
n re
view
ed b
y th
e Co
unci
l of
Juris
ts.
Lega
l Fr
amew
ork
for
Busi
ness
WW
PM
OC
Dra
ft In
solv
ency
Law
ASA
PN
o TA
Nee
ded
Bein
g Re
view
ed b
y th
e 2nd
Com
mis
sion
of t
he N
atio
nal
Ass
embl
y. E
xpec
ted
to p
ass
in
Mar
ch 2
007
Lega
l Fr
amew
ork
for
Busi
ness
WW
PM
OC
Dra
ft S
ecur
ed T
rans
actio
n La
wA
SAP
TA is
bei
ng
prov
ided
Bein
g re
view
ed b
y M
OC.
Ex
pect
ed to
pas
s in
200
6
Lega
l Fr
amew
ork
for
Busi
ness
WW
PM
OC
Dra
ft C
omm
erci
al
Cont
ract
s La
wA
SAP
No
TA N
eede
dTh
e dr
aft h
as b
een
com
plet
ed b
y M
OC
Lega
l Fr
amew
ork
for
Busi
ness
WW
PM
OC
Dra
ft C
omm
erci
al
Agen
cy L
aw20
05N
o TA
Nee
ded
Bein
g dr
afte
d by
Nat
iona
l Ba
nk o
f Cam
bodi
a
Lega
l Fr
amew
ork
for
Busi
ness
WW
PN
BCD
raft
Com
mer
cial
Le
asin
g La
w20
05N
o TA
Nee
ded
The
sub-
decr
ee w
as a
dopt
ed
on 2
7 Se
ptem
ber 2
005.
Ta
sk c
ompl
eted
.
Inve
stm
ent
Law
WW
PCD
C
Dra
ft im
plem
entin
g su
b-de
cree
of t
he la
w o
n th
e am
endm
ent o
f the
LO
I, by
in
crea
sing
com
plia
nce
with
TR
IMS
2004
TA n
eede
dTh
e su
b-de
cree
was
ado
pted
on
27
Sept
embe
r 200
5. T
ask
com
plet
ed.
Inve
stm
ent
Law
WW
PCD
CN
otify
“sub
sidi
es” (
wai
ver o
f cu
stom
s du
ties
for s
ome
inve
s-to
rs) t
o W
TO
Dat
e of
ac
cess
ion
TA n
eede
dW
ork
is u
nder
way
.
Fish
ing
WW
PM
AFF
Dra
ft F
ishe
ries
Law
arbi
trat
ion
No
TA n
eede
d
The
Fish
erie
s La
w w
as
adop
ted
by th
e N
atio
nal
Ass
embl
y on
30th
Mar
ch 2
006
and
prom
ulga
ted
by H
is
Maj
esty
the
King
on
21 M
ay
2006
.
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary ��
DI
TS
20
07
Topi
cSo
urce
Resp
onsi
ble
Min
istr
ies/
�ge
ncie
sas
kO
rigi
nal
Dea
dlin
eRe
vise
d D
eadl
ine
T�Be
nchm
ark
Indi
cato
rSt
atus
and
Com
men
tsas
of F
ebru
ary
2007
INV
ESTM
ENT
CLIM
�TE:
TR�
NSP
�RE
NCY
�N
D C
OM
PETI
TIO
N
Com
petit
ion
Polic
yW
WP
MO
CD
raft
law
ASA
PU
NC
TAD
is
prov
idin
g TA
Econ
omic
map
ping
out
by
Mul
trap
co
mpl
eted
. Tw
o w
orks
hops
hav
e be
en h
eld.
U
NC
TAD
has
ass
iste
d in
the
prep
arat
ion
of a
dr
aft l
aw. T
he d
raft
has
bee
n ex
amin
ed b
y a
wor
king
gro
up s
et u
p by
MoC
. Fin
al d
raft
is
read
y. M
oC p
lann
ing
stak
ehol
der w
orks
hop
to o
btai
n co
mm
ents
and
inpu
ts.
Trad
ing
Righ
tsW
WP
MO
C
Verif
y th
at a
ll re
gist
ered
firm
s co
uld
enga
ge in
impo
rt a
nd
expo
rt o
f all
type
s of
go
ods
ASA
PN
ot n
eede
dIs
sue
aris
es w
ith re
gard
to p
harm
aceu
tical
s, fe
rtili
zers
and
pes
ticid
es. S
ee th
e re
leva
nt
entr
ies
belo
w.
Ant
i-dum
ping
, Sa
fegu
ards
and
Co
unte
rvai
ling
Mea
sure
s
WW
PM
OC
Dra
ft le
gisl
atio
n1
Janu
ary
2005
TA N
eede
dD
raft
ing
is u
nder
way
in th
e M
oC.
Ant
i-dum
ping
, Sa
fegu
ards
and
Co
unte
rvai
ling
Mea
sure
s
WW
PM
OC
Not
ify re
leva
nt
legi
slat
ion
and
regu
-la
tions
to W
TO
ASA
P af
ter
adop
tion
of la
ws
No
TA n
eede
dAw
aitin
g th
e la
w to
be
pass
ed fi
rst.
QRs
on
Fert
ilize
rs,
Pest
icid
es
and
othe
r Ag
ricul
tura
l In
puts
WW
PM
OC
Elim
inat
e Q
Rs a
nd
esta
blis
h W
TO-
cons
iste
nt m
etho
ds
for r
egis
trat
ion
and
revi
ew
June
200
5
TA is
nee
ded
to
esta
blis
h pr
oced
ures
for
man
agin
g do
mes
tic
dist
ribut
ion.
QRs
hav
e be
en e
limin
ated
by
a m
inis
teria
l ci
rcul
ar in
rega
rds
to b
oth
fert
ilize
r and
pe
stic
ides
. How
ever
, pes
ticid
es in
the
extr
emel
y to
xic
cate
gory
are
ban
ned,
and
an
othe
r gro
up o
f hig
h to
xic
pest
icid
es w
ill
be a
llow
ed o
nly
in e
mer
genc
y si
tuat
ions
. A
labo
rato
ry fo
r the
ana
lysi
s of
fert
ilize
r and
pe
stic
ides
has
bee
n es
tabl
ishe
d an
d op
erat
es. P
ost r
egis
trat
ion
mea
sure
s ha
ve
been
mon
itore
d by
MA
FF/D
AL.
Impo
rter
s of
ag
ricul
ture
mat
eria
ls n
eed
to in
form
MA
FF a
t le
ast 1
0 da
ys b
efor
e th
e da
te o
f im
port
atio
n.
MA
FF s
hall
insp
ect t
he im
port
ed a
gric
ultu
re
mat
eria
ls a
t per
man
ent w
areh
ouse
, whi
ch
shal
l be
iden
tified
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary�0
DT
IS
20
07
Topi
cSo
urce
Resp
onsi
ble
Min
istr
ies/
�ge
ncie
sas
kO
rigi
nal
Dea
dlin
eRe
vise
d D
eadl
ine
T�Be
nchm
ark
Indi
cato
rSt
atus
and
Com
men
tsas
of F
ebru
ary
2007
by th
e im
port
ers.
Sam
ple
of a
gric
ultu
re
mat
eria
ls sh
all b
e co
llect
ed fo
r la
bora
tory
test
to e
nsur
e st
anda
rd
verifi
catio
n. L
egal
fram
ewor
k on
ag
ricul
ture
mat
eria
ls m
anag
emen
t
1.
Sub-
decr
ee N
o: 6
9/28
-10-
1998
2.
MAF
F ci
rcul
ar fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
of su
b-de
cree
69
No:
345
21-
10-
2002
Insp
ectio
n at
war
ehou
se
befo
re sa
le a
nd u
se a
re o
pera
ted
3.
Prom
ulga
tion
No:
589
/15-
12-2
003
on th
e lis
t of p
estic
ides
pe
rmitt
ed, r
estr
icte
d an
d ba
nned
for u
se in
Cam
bodi
a.4.
Pr
omul
gatio
n N
o: 2
04/1
2-Ju
ly-2
004
f
orm
at o
f app
licat
ion
form
for
regi
stra
tion,
impo
rtat
ion
and
trade
lic
ense
.5.
D
ecla
ratio
n N
o: 3
56/2
59-1
0-20
02
o
n th
e or
gani
zatio
n an
d
fu
nctio
ning
of t
he d
epar
tmen
t of
agric
ultu
ral l
egisl
atio
n 6.
Jo
int d
ecla
ratio
n N
o: 0
2/26
-10-
2004
betw
een
MAF
F an
d M
OJ o
n th
e
cr
eatio
n an
d re
cogn
ition
of j
udic
ial
polic
e of
agr
icul
tura
l mat
eria
ls.7.
D
ecla
ratio
n N
o: 1
85/0
9-06
-06
on
th
e pr
omul
gatio
n of
new
form
at fo
r
ag
ricul
ture
mat
eria
ls im
port
atio
n.8.
O
ther
lega
l mea
sure
s of M
AFF
9.
Circ
ular
on
mea
sure
for
stre
ngth
enin
g m
anag
emen
t of
agric
ultu
ral i
nput
s for
trad
e ha
ve
be
en d
rafte
d.10
. The
Sub
-dec
ree
on a
gric
ultu
ral
inpu
ts m
ater
ials
man
agem
ent
have
bee
n co
mpl
eted
dra
ft un
der
ADB
loan
No:
2022
-CAM
Topi
cSo
urce
Resp
onsi
ble
Min
istr
ies/
�ge
ncie
sas
kO
rigi
nal
Dea
dlin
eRe
vise
d D
eadl
ine
T�Be
nchm
ark
Indi
cato
rSt
atus
and
Com
men
tsas
of F
ebru
ary
2007
Tran
spar
ency
BBCD
C,
Parli
amen
t
Prod
uce
a co
mpl
ete
set o
f offi
cial
tran
slat
ions
of
busi
ness
-rel
ated
law
s in
coo
pera
tion
with
an
inte
rnat
iona
l law
fir
m in
Cam
bodi
a
2007
TA n
eede
dD
TIS
2007
com
men
t: N
ot fe
asib
le to
pr
ovid
e fu
ll su
bscr
iptio
n se
rvic
e fo
r Eng
lish
tran
slat
ions
Tran
spar
ency
WW
PO
CM
Publ
ish
prop
osed
m
easu
res
pert
aini
ng
to tr
ade
and
allo
w n
o le
ss th
an 3
0 da
ys fo
r co
mm
ent.
ASA
PTA
nee
ded.
Mor
e TA
Nee
ded
(NID
A-K
orea
)
Each
Min
istr
y to
take
the
nece
ssar
y st
eps.
Ther
e w
ill b
e an
Anu
kret
requ
iring
this
.
Tran
spar
ency
WW
PO
CM
Esta
blis
h or
des
igna
te
offici
al jo
urna
l or
web
site
ded
icat
ed
to th
e pu
blic
atio
n of
regu
latio
ns, e
tc.,
affec
ting
trad
e
1 Ja
nuar
y 20
04
Law
s, A
nukr
et a
nd P
raka
s ha
ve b
een
post
ed
in K
hmer
. Nee
d to
incl
ude
thos
e ju
dici
al
deci
sion
s av
aila
ble
from
the
Supr
eme
Cour
t w
ebsi
te. N
eed
to in
clud
e ad
min
istr
ativ
e de
cisi
ons.
Nee
d CO
M d
ecis
ion
requ
iring
pu
blic
atio
n of
all
adm
inis
trat
ive
deci
sion
s. 80
% to
90%
of w
ork
com
plet
ed.
All
docu
men
ts to
be
tran
slat
ed in
to E
nglis
h.
Tran
spar
ency
WW
P
All
Min
istr
ies
and
Agen
cies
Publ
ish
draf
t law
s an
d dr
aft r
egul
atio
ns
for c
omm
ent 3
0 da
ys b
efor
e th
ey a
re
adop
ted
2004
No
TA n
eede
dSu
b-de
cree
may
be
need
ed to
ens
ure
com
plia
nce
by m
inis
trie
s.
INV
ESTM
ENT
CLIM
�TE:
PRO
MO
TIN
G IN
VES
TMEN
T FO
R TR
�D
E
Inve
stm
ent
Prom
otio
nBB
CDC
Impl
emen
t a ta
rget
ed
inve
stm
ent
prom
otio
n st
rate
gy,
star
ting
with
ligh
t m
anuf
actu
ring,
in
clud
ing
agro
-pro
cess
ing
2008
TA n
eede
dD
TIS
2007
com
men
t: Sh
ould
follo
w p
erfo
r-m
ance
and
nee
ds a
sses
smen
t of C
IB a
s a
who
le
Inve
stm
ent
Prom
otio
nD
TIS
2007
CIB,
CD
CPe
rfor
man
ce a
nd
need
s as
sess
men
t of
CIB
as a
who
le20
07TA
nee
ded
DTI
S 20
07 c
omm
ent:
CIB
pres
ently
lack
s ca
paci
ty to
impl
emen
t BB
mea
sure
s
Inve
stm
ent
Prom
otio
nBB
CIB,
oth
er
rele
vant
min
-is
trie
s an
d ag
enci
es
Trai
n offi
cial
s in
go
vern
men
t in
stitu
tions
in
tech
nica
l dea
ling
with
inve
stor
s (c
lient
or
ient
atio
n)
2007
TA n
eede
d
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary ��
DT
IS
20
07
Topi
cSo
urce
Resp
onsi
ble
Min
istr
ies/
�ge
ncie
sas
kO
rigi
nal
Dea
dlin
eRe
vise
d D
eadl
ine
T�Be
nchm
ark
Indi
cato
rSt
atus
and
Com
men
tsas
of F
ebru
ary
2007
agen
cies
Inve
stm
ent
Prom
otio
nBB
CDC,
CIB
Inst
all a
n in
vest
or
trac
king
sys
tem
2007
TA n
eede
d
DTI
S 20
07 c
omm
ent:
Com
pute
r eq
uipm
ent,
syst
em, a
nd tr
aini
ng
requ
ired.
Wor
ld B
ank
assi
stan
ce
unde
rway
Inve
stm
ent
Prom
otio
nBB
CDC
and
othe
r re
leva
nt
min
istr
ies
and
agen
cies
Initi
ate
pilo
t pro
gram
s in
th
e ga
rmen
t and
agr
o-pr
oces
sing
sec
tors
des
igne
d to
bui
ld s
uppl
ier r
elat
ions
hips
be
twee
n fo
reig
n an
d do
mes
tic
firm
s. A
s a
first
ste
p, e
stab
lish
a Bu
sine
ss L
inka
ges T
ask
Forc
e
2008
TA n
eede
d
Inve
stm
ent
Prom
otio
nBB
CIB
Dev
elop
faci
litat
ion
and
afte
rcar
e se
rvic
es u
nits
w
ithin
CIB
2008
TA n
eede
d
Inve
stm
ent
Prom
otio
nBB
CDC
Enha
nce
the
mon
itorin
g sy
s-te
m to
trac
k pr
oble
ms
rais
ed b
y th
e W
orki
ng G
roup
of t
he G
ov-
ernm
ent-
Priv
ate
Sect
or F
orum
an
d th
e pr
ogre
ss a
chie
ved
in
over
com
ing
thos
e pr
oble
ms
2007
TA n
eede
dW
orld
Ban
k ha
s de
velo
ped
prot
otyp
e
Inve
stm
ent
Prom
otio
nBB
Phno
m P
enh
Cham
ber o
f Co
mm
erce
Build
up
web
-bas
ed
info
rmat
ion
serv
ice
of th
e Ca
mbo
dian
Cha
mbe
r of
Com
mer
ce to
sup
port
SM
Es
and
othe
r bus
ines
ses
2007
TA n
eede
d
DTI
S 20
07 c
omm
ent:
Fina
ncia
l pr
oble
ms
have
slo
wed
wor
k to
war
d cr
eatin
g co
mpr
ehen
sive
da
taba
se fo
r mem
bers
. Ini
tial
aim
is to
pro
vide
web
-link
s an
d m
embe
rs d
irect
ory
Inve
stm
ent
Prom
otio
nBB
Prov
inci
al
Cham
bers
of
Com
mer
ce
Supp
ort e
stab
lishm
ent o
f pro
-vi
ncia
l Cha
mbe
rs o
f Com
mer
ce20
07TA
nee
ded
Prov
inci
al c
ham
bers
are
bei
ng
esta
blis
hed
with
UN
ESCA
P as
-si
stan
ce
Inve
stm
ent
Prom
otio
nD
TIS
2007
CDC
Und
erta
ke re
view
of F
DI
stra
tegy
2009
TA n
eede
d
Com
preh
ensi
ve s
tudy
of F
DI
mai
nstr
eam
ing
and
deep
enin
g to
fost
er s
usta
inab
ility
and
de
velo
pmen
t im
pact
Spec
ial
Econ
omic
Zo
nes
(SEZ
s)W
WP
MO
C, M
IME,
CD
C
Dra
ft L
aw o
n Ex
port
Pr
oces
sing
Zon
es
(with
CD
C an
d M
IME)
ASA
PN
o TA
nee
ded
Sub-
decr
ee o
n SE
Z ad
opte
d on
29
Dec
embe
r 200
5. A
dra
ft la
w
on S
EZ i
s un
der p
repa
ratio
n by
CD
C.
SEZ
Elec
tric
ityD
TIS
2007
CDC,
MIM
EEn
able
larg
e SE
Z us
ers
to
cont
ract
pow
er d
irect
ly fr
om
IPPs
2007
Incl
ude
in
IFC
Bear
ing
Poin
t TA
Inve
stig
ate
if le
gal c
hang
e is
re
quire
d. P
ricin
g re
gim
e fo
r use
of
ED
C tr
ansm
issi
on is
nee
ded.
In
clud
e in
SEZ
law
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary�2
DT
IS
20
07
Topi
cSo
urce
Resp
onsi
ble
Min
istr
ies/
�ge
ncie
sas
kO
rigi
nal
Dea
dlin
eRe
vise
d D
eadl
ine
T�Be
nchm
ark
Indi
cato
rSt
atus
and
Com
men
tsas
of F
ebru
ary
2007
SEZ
Tele
com
sD
TIS
2007
CDC,
Min
istr
y of
Pos
t and
Te
leco
ms
Enab
le S
EZs
to
prov
ide
inte
rnat
iona
l ga
tew
ays
for v
oice
, da
ta, a
nd In
tern
et
2007
Incl
ude
in IF
C Be
arin
g Po
int T
A
FDI
DTI
S 20
07CD
C
Am
end
law
on
inve
stm
ent t
o m
ake
FDI t
reat
men
t and
pr
otec
tion
avai
labl
e to
al
l for
eign
inve
stor
s
2007
No
TA n
eede
dCu
rren
tly o
nly
FDI i
n Q
ualifi
ed In
vest
men
t Pr
ojec
ts a
re e
ligib
le
FDI
DTI
S 20
07M
oEF
Redu
ce ra
te o
f di
vide
nd w
ithho
ldin
g ta
x (D
WT)
.20
07N
o TA
nee
ded
Addi
tiona
l pro
fit ta
x on
div
iden
ds n
eutr
aliz
es
ince
ntiv
es, e
spec
ially
whe
n 14
% D
WT
appl
ied
to n
on-r
esid
ents
. Red
uce
unila
tera
lly o
r via
do
uble
tax
trea
ties.
FDI
DTI
S 20
07M
oEF
Neg
otia
te D
oubl
e Ta
xatio
n Tr
eatie
s (D
TTs)
2007
and
on
goin
gTA
nee
ded
Cam
bodi
a ha
s no
DTT
s. N
etw
ork
shou
ld b
e de
velo
ped
to e
ncou
rage
fore
ign
inve
stor
s
Impo
rt D
utie
sD
TIS
2007
CDC,
MoE
F
Perm
it al
l SEZ
su
pplie
rs a
nd e
xpor
t pr
oduc
ers
to h
ave
duty
ince
ntiv
es g
iven
to
QIP
s
2007
Incl
ude
in IF
C Be
arin
g Po
int T
AIn
clud
e in
SEZ
law
Valu
e Ad
ded
Tax
DTI
S 20
07M
oEF
Perm
it al
l SEZ
su
pplie
rs a
nd e
xpor
t pr
oduc
ers
to h
ave
VAT
ince
ntiv
es g
iven
to
QIP
s
2007
Incl
ude
in IF
C Be
arin
g Po
int T
AIn
clud
e in
SEZ
law
SEZ
Adm
inis
trat
ive
Serv
ices
DTI
S 20
07
CDC,
M
inis
trie
s st
atio
ned
in
SEZ
Dev
elop
gui
delin
es
for s
alar
y to
p-up
s, al
low
ance
s, an
d be
nefit
s pa
id b
y de
velo
pers
to
gove
rnm
ent o
ffice
rs
stat
ione
d in
SEZ
s
2007
No
TA n
eede
dIn
clud
e as
regu
latio
n to
SEZ
law
SEZ
Revi
ewD
TIS
2007
CDC
Revi
ew o
f exp
erie
nce
gain
ed in
SEZ
dev
el-
opm
ent
2010
TA n
eede
dEv
alua
tion
of p
olic
y de
sign
and
dev
elop
er
oblig
atio
ns to
mee
t obj
ectiv
es o
f SEZ
s
INV
ESTM
ENT
CLIM
�TE:
SER
VIC
ES
Arc
hite
ctur
eW
WP
MLM
UPC
Dra
ft la
w s
ettin
g ou
t pro
fess
iona
l qu
alifi
catio
ns. C
on-
side
r est
ablis
hing
a
Boar
d of
Arc
hite
cts
2005
TA n
eede
dO
ngoi
ng. T
A is
bei
ng p
rovi
ded
by
EU M
ultr
ap. F
irst d
raft
s ha
ve b
een
com
plet
ed
by E
U e
xper
ts a
nd a
re b
eing
revi
ewed
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary ��
DT
IS
20
07
Topi
cSo
urce
Resp
onsi
ble
Min
istr
ies/
�ge
ncie
sas
kO
rigi
nal
Dea
dlin
eRe
vise
d D
eadl
ine
T�Be
nchm
ark
Indi
cato
rSt
atus
and
Com
men
tsas
of F
ebru
ary
2007
Cons
truc
tion
WW
PM
LMU
PCD
raft
law
est
ablis
hing
pr
ofes
sion
al q
ualifi
catio
ns
2005
TA n
eede
d
Engi
neer
ing
WW
PD
raft
law
est
ablis
hing
pr
ofes
sion
al q
ualifi
catio
ns20
05TA
nee
ded
Insu
ranc
e an
d Re
-insu
ranc
eW
WP
MEF
Revi
se la
w o
n In
sura
nce
and
prep
are
regu
latio
nsTA
nee
ded
MEF
dec
ided
to re
vise
th
e A
nukr
et, n
ot th
e la
w.
The
Dep
artm
ent r
ecei
ved
the
appr
oval
from
Sen
ior M
inis
ter t
o re
vise
the
Anu
kret
, but
wor
k ha
s no
t yet
beg
un. T
he D
epar
tmen
t of
Fin
anci
al In
dust
ry is
cur
rent
ly
draf
ting
the
Anu
kret
on
life
insu
ranc
e. A
sem
inar
on
this
to
pic
will
hel
d on
22n
d Fe
b 07
, be
fore
sub
mis
sion
to C
oM.
Tele
com
mun
icat
ion
WW
PM
PTC
Dra
ft la
w o
n Te
le-c
omm
unic
atio
n th
at
sepa
rate
s op
erat
ions
from
re
gula
tion
2004
TA is
bei
ng
prov
ided
by
AD
B an
d W
B
Sub-
decr
ee to
est
ablis
h Te
leco
m
of C
ambo
dia
(TC)
as
a pu
blic
en
terp
rise
appr
oved
by
SPM
on
12
Janu
ary
2005
. Tel
ecom
Ca
mbo
dia
and
MPT
C be
cam
e le
gally
and
phy
sica
lly d
istin
ct
on 1
Janu
ary
2006
. A d
raft
Roy
al
Dec
ree
sett
ing
up a
regu
lato
ry
body
with
in M
PTC
has
been
dr
afte
d. A
sub
-dec
ree
will
spe
ll ou
t the
str
uctu
re, p
ower
and
re
spon
sibi
lity
of th
e re
gula
tory
bo
dy. D
raft
Law
on
Tele
com
has
be
en s
ubm
itted
to th
e Co
unci
l of
Min
iste
rs. E
xam
inat
ion
by
Coun
cil o
f Jur
ists
is fi
nish
ed. I
s be
ing
disc
usse
d by
OBS
ESS.
TA
to d
raft
the
law
on
tele
com
was
co
mpl
eted
.
Tele
com
mun
icat
ion
WW
PM
PTC
Prep
are
plan
of a
ctio
n co
ntai
ning
ste
ps n
eces
sary
to
mee
t com
mitm
ent i
n 20
0820
04-2
005
TA is
bei
ng
prov
ided
Actio
n pl
an w
ith c
lear
tim
efra
me
for i
mpl
emen
tatio
n w
as m
ade.
M
PTC
will
sub
mit
this
act
ion
plan
to M
oC.
Mob
ile P
hone
sW
WP
MPT
CD
evel
op o
bjec
tive
and
tran
spar
ent c
riter
ia fo
r iss
uing
lic
ense
s in
this
are
a20
04TA
is b
eing
pr
ovid
edTh
e cr
iteria
for i
ssui
ng li
cens
es
will
be
deve
lope
d w
ith a
ssis
-ta
nce
from
AD
B.
Road
Tra
nspo
rtW
WP
MPW
TD
raft
law
on
tran
spor
t re
gula
ting
sect
or20
04TA
nee
ded
The
draf
t Law
on
Road
Tra
ffic
has
been
app
rove
d by
the
Coun
cil
of M
inis
ters
and
was
sen
t to
the
Nat
iona
l Ass
embl
y on
23
Janu
ary
2006
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary��
DT
IS
20
07
Topi
cSo
urce
Resp
onsi
ble
Min
istr
ies/
�ge
ncie
sas
kO
rigi
nal
Dea
dlin
eRe
vise
d D
eadl
ine
T�Be
nchm
ark
Indi
cato
rSt
atus
and
Com
men
tsas
of F
ebru
ary
2007
Acce
ss to
Mar
itim
e Se
rvic
esW
WP
MPW
TEn
sure
that
dra
ft L
aw o
n M
ariti
me
Tran
spor
t con
tain
s pr
ovis
ions
cov
erin
g “a
dditi
onal
co
mm
itmen
ts”
2004
TA b
eing
pr
ovid
ed b
y Be
lgiu
m
Dra
ftin
g of
a M
ariti
me
Code
is
goi
ng fo
rwar
d in
sta
ges.
As
draf
ting
is c
ompl
eted
, it i
s se
nt
to a
Bel
gian
mar
itim
e la
wye
r fo
r rev
iew
. Bel
gian
exp
ert h
as
revi
ewed
the
full
text
of t
he
draf
t. W
ork
is e
xpec
ted
to b
e co
mpl
eted
by
the
Min
istr
y by
th
e en
d of
200
6. A
dra
ft s
ub-
decr
ee o
n M
anag
emen
t of
Carg
o an
d Pa
ssen
ger T
rans
por-
tatio
n ha
s be
en p
repa
red.
Bank
ing
WW
PN
BCPr
epar
e an
d ad
opt L
aw o
n N
egot
iabl
e In
stru
men
ts a
nd
Paym
ents
Tra
nsac
tions
2004
No
TA n
eede
d
The
Nat
iona
l Ass
embl
y ad
opte
d th
e la
w o
n 19
Sep
tem
ber 2
005.
Ta
sk c
ompl
eted
, but
TA n
eede
d fo
r dra
ftin
g th
e im
plem
entin
g su
b-de
cree
. Thr
ee p
raka
sh h
ave
been
put
into
effe
ct:
1- P
raka
sh o
n Co
ntro
l of
s
yste
mat
ic ri
sk o
f Pay
men
t
Sys
tem
.2-
Pra
kash
on
Paym
ent
C
lear
ing
Syst
em.
3- P
raka
sh o
n O
pera
tions
of
S
ettle
men
t Acc
ount
sO
ne is
stil
l bei
ng d
raft
ed:
4- P
raka
sh o
n Li
cens
ing
of
Mon
ey T
rans
mis
sion
Bank
ing
WW
PN
BCCo
nsid
er p
repa
ring
regu
latio
ns
cove
ring
mor
tgag
e cr
edit,
fac-
torin
g, c
harg
e an
d de
bit c
ards
an
d tr
avel
er’s
chec
ks20
05TA
nee
ded
AD
B is
sup
port
ing
the
prep
arat
ion
of th
e Fi
nanc
ial B
lue
prin
t’s R
oad
Map
.Th
e co
mpa
rativ
e re
sear
ch is
be
ing
cond
ucte
d.
Bank
ing
WW
PN
BCIf
Law
on
Fina
ncia
l Lea
sing
is
draf
ted,
be
awar
e th
at it
will
tr
igge
r WTO
obl
igat
ions
Non
eTA
nee
ded
The
draf
t has
bee
n se
nt to
CO
M.
MO
J sai
d th
at th
e dr
aft c
onta
ins
som
e pr
ovis
ions
con
trad
icto
ry
to th
e ex
istin
g la
ws.
NBC
and
MoJ
are
now
wor
king
on
this
issu
e.
Mon
ey a
nd C
apita
l M
arke
tW
WP
MEF
Dra
ft la
ws
on g
over
nmen
t se
curit
ies
and
on n
on-g
over
n-m
enta
l sec
uriti
es, b
earin
g in
m
ind
that
it w
ill tr
igge
r com
-m
itmen
ts
2005
TA is
bei
ng
prov
ided
by
AD
B. F
urth
er
TA n
eede
d on
issu
ance
pr
oced
ures
and
tr
adin
g.
The
Law
on
Gov
ernm
ent
Secu
ritie
s ha
s be
en a
dopt
ed
and
was
pro
mul
gate
d on
10t
h Ja
n 20
07. T
he L
aw o
n Is
suan
ces
and
Trad
ing
of N
on-G
over
nmen
t Se
curit
ies
pass
ed th
e In
ter-
Min
iste
rial M
eetin
g an
d w
ill b
e ad
opte
d by
CoM
in m
id
Febr
uary
200
7.
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary ��
DT
IS
20
07
Topi
cSo
urce
Resp
onsi
ble
Min
istr
ies/
�ge
ncie
sas
kO
rigi
nal
Dea
dlin
eRe
vise
d D
eadl
ine
T�Be
nchm
ark
Indi
cato
rSt
atus
and
Com
men
tsas
of F
ebru
ary
2007
Civi
l Avi
atio
nW
WP
Stat
e Se
cret
aria
t of
Civ
il Av
iatio
nPa
ss C
ivil
Avia
tion
Law
and
dr
aft i
mpl
emen
ting
regu
la-
tions
2004
TA P
rovi
ded
by IC
AO
The
draf
t law
was
sub
mitt
ed to
the
Nat
iona
l Ass
embl
y on
23
Dec
embe
r 20
04. I
mpl
emen
ting
regu
latio
ns h
ave
been
dra
fted
with
rega
rd to
:1.
Airw
orth
ines
s2.
Flig
ht O
pera
tion
3. A
ir Tr
ansp
ort S
ecur
ity
Selli
ng o
f Air
Tran
spor
t Se
rvic
esW
WP
Stat
e Se
cret
aria
t of
Civ
il Av
iatio
n
Dra
ft e
cono
mic
and
tech
ni-
cal r
egul
atio
ns c
over
ing
the
selli
ng a
nd m
arke
ting
of a
ir tr
ansp
ort s
ervi
ces
2004
-200
5TA
nee
ded
Seek
ing
a co
ntin
uatio
n of
ICAO
TA
SSCA
requ
este
d TA
from
ICAO
but
re
ceiv
ed n
o re
spon
se
Arc
hite
ctur
eW
WP
MLM
UPC
Repe
al p
rovi
sion
in R
oyal
D
ecre
e re
quiri
ng “s
igna
ture
by
Khm
er a
rchi
tect
for b
igpr
ojec
ts”.
2004
TA n
eede
d
Am
endm
ent t
o th
e Ro
yal
Dec
ree
has
been
dra
fted
. Exp
ecte
d su
bmis
sion
to th
e N
atio
nal A
ssem
bly
in N
ovem
ber 2
006.
A s
ub-d
ecre
e ha
s al
so b
een
draf
ted.
Re
visi
ons
will
als
o be
nee
ded
in th
e ur
ban
plan
ning
law
, la
nd la
w a
nd la
w o
n sp
ecia
l eco
nom
ic
zone
s. H
owev
er, i
n pr
actic
e th
e re
stric
tion
has
been
lift
ed
wLe
gal S
ervi
ces
WW
PBa
r Ass
ocia
tion
of th
e Ki
ngdo
m
of C
ambo
dia
Dra
ft a
men
dmen
ts to
par
a-gr
aph
5 an
d 6,
and
oth
er
artic
les
if an
y, o
f the
Law
on
Bar,
to b
ring
abou
t con
form
ity
with
the
WTO
com
mitm
ent
2004
No
TA
need
ed
Redr
aftin
g of
par
agra
phs
5 an
d 6
will
be
unde
rtak
en. I
t will
als
o be
co
nfirm
ed th
at K
hmer
law
yers
will
be
proh
ibite
d fr
om a
dver
tisin
g. If
this
is
not t
he c
ase,
par
a 7
mus
t be
dele
ted.
Th
e Ba
r Ass
ocia
tion
will
mee
t in
Mar
ch
2006
to e
stab
lish
a te
chni
cal t
eam
to
unde
rtak
e th
e ne
cess
ary
wor
k.
Empl
oym
ent
Agen
cies
WW
PM
LVT
Am
end
Labo
ur L
aw s
o as
to a
l-lo
w fo
r the
ope
ratio
n of
thes
e co
mpa
nies
in C
ambo
dia
2004
No
TA
need
ed
The
futu
re a
men
dmen
t of t
he L
abou
r La
w w
ill in
corp
orat
e th
e op
erat
ion
of th
e se
rvic
e pl
acem
ent a
nd s
uppl
y se
rvic
es o
f per
sonn
el a
s A
rt. 2
58 o
f the
La
bour
Law
is s
ilent
in th
is re
spec
t
Hot
elW
WP
MO
TPr
epar
e su
b-de
cree
on
hote
l ra
ting
clas
sific
atio
n20
04N
o TA
ne
eded
Sub-
decr
ee o
n ho
tel r
atin
g w
as
appr
oved
and
sig
ned
by S
PM o
n 11
Ju
ne 2
004.
Tas
k co
mpl
eted
Trav
el A
genc
y an
d To
ur
Ope
rato
rW
WP
MO
TA
men
d pr
esen
t dra
ft L
aw o
n To
uris
m to
brin
g it
into
com
pli-
ance
with
com
mitm
ents
2004
No
TA
need
ed
Dra
ft L
aw o
n To
uris
m w
as re
turn
ed b
y th
e N
atio
nal A
ssem
bly
and
curr
ently
is
bein
g re
view
ed b
y th
e M
OT
to in
clud
e ot
her e
lem
ents
, pos
sibl
y in
clud
ing
100%
fore
ign
equi
ty p
artic
ipat
ion
for
tour
ope
rato
r. W
aitin
g fu
rthe
r co
mm
ents
from
priv
ate
sect
or.
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary��
DT
IS
20
07
Topi
cSo
urce
Resp
onsi
ble
Min
istr
ies/
�ge
ncie
sas
kO
rigi
nal
Dea
dlin
eRe
vise
d D
eadl
ine
T�Be
nchm
ark
Indi
cato
rSt
atus
and
Com
men
tsas
of F
ebru
ary
2007
Rest
aura
nts
WW
PM
OT
Issu
e su
b-de
cree
or P
raka
s to
es
tabl
ish
the
crite
ria fo
r set
ting
up re
stau
rant
s20
04N
o TA
nee
ded
Rest
aura
nt A
ssoc
iatio
ns h
ave
been
form
ed, a
nd M
OT
will
re
cogn
ize
them
. Det
aile
d cr
iteria
for s
ettin
g up
re
stau
rant
s re
late
d to
are
a in
th
e fo
rm o
f sub
-dec
ree
has
been
dra
fted
and
will
be
subm
itted
to th
e O
CM.
Refu
se D
ispos
alW
WP
MPW
TIs
sue
sub-
decr
ee re
quiri
ng
gove
rnor
s an
d m
ayor
s to
ob
serv
e no
n-di
scrim
inat
ion
in
gran
ting
cont
ract
s20
04N
ot n
eede
dN
o ac
tion
has
been
initi
ated
. A
sub-
decr
ee s
houl
d be
pre
pare
d to
info
rm m
ayor
s an
d go
vern
ors
of th
eir r
espo
nsib
ilitie
s.
Educ
atio
nW
WP
OCM
Esta
blis
h in
depe
nden
t ac
cred
iting
pro
cess
ASA
PTA
nee
ded
(NID
A-K
orea
)PM
has
rule
d to
kee
p st
atus
-quo
INV
ESTM
ENT
CLIM
�TE:
PRO
TECT
ING
IPR
TRIP
SW
WP
Min
istr
y of
Cu
lture
and
Fi
ne A
rts
Dra
ft re
gula
tions
m
plem
entin
g th
e La
w o
n Co
pyrig
ht20
04TA
nee
ded
WIP
O h
as s
tate
d th
at n
o im
plem
entin
g re
gula
tions
ar
e re
quire
d. A
mor
e de
taile
d re
ques
t for
ass
ista
nce
will
be
mad
e to
WIP
O. A
sub
-dec
ree
on
colle
ctiv
e m
anag
emen
t will
be
prep
ared
in th
e fu
ture
. TA
is n
eede
d fo
r thi
s.
TRIP
S: M
arks
WW
PM
OC
Put i
n fo
rce
sub-
decr
ee
impl
emen
ting
the
Law
on
Mar
ks20
04TA
pro
vide
d by
W
IPO
Adop
ted
TRIP
S Bo
rder
M
easu
res
WW
PM
OC
Dra
ft s
ub-d
ecre
e im
plem
entin
g sp
ecia
l bor
der
mea
sure
s co
ntai
ned
in L
aw o
n Tr
ade
Mar
ks (w
ith M
EF)
2004
TA n
eede
d
TRIP
S Bo
rder
M
easu
res
WW
PM
EFD
raft
sub
-dec
ree
im
plem
entin
g sp
ecia
l bor
der
mea
sure
s co
ntai
ned
in L
aw o
n Tr
ade
Mar
ks (w
ith M
oC)
2004
TA n
eede
d
Dra
ft s
ub-d
ecre
e ha
s be
en
prep
ared
. Im
plem
enta
tion
of
bord
er m
easu
res
is to
be
base
d on
a jo
int P
raka
s to
be
issu
ed
by M
oC a
nd M
EF. D
raft
Law
on
Geo
grap
hic
Indi
cato
rs a
lso
deal
s w
ith b
orde
r mea
sure
s.
TRIP
SW
WP
MIM
ED
raft
sub
-dec
ree
impl
emen
t-in
g th
e La
w o
n Pa
tent
s20
04TA
pro
vide
d by
W
IPO
Dra
ft su
b-de
cree
was
com
plet
ed
and
subm
itted
to th
e Co
M in
Se
ptem
ber 2
005.
CoM
refu
sed
to a
dopt
the
sub-
decr
ee, a
nd in
-st
ruct
ed th
e M
inis
ter o
f Ind
ustr
y to
issu
e th
e te
xt a
s a
Min
iste
rial
Dec
lara
tion.
The
Impl
emen
ting
Prak
as h
as b
een
adop
ted;
how
-ev
er, t
he is
sue
of fe
e sc
hedu
le is
st
ill b
eing
dis
cuss
ed w
ith M
EF.
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary �7
DT
IS
20
07
Topi
cSo
urce
Resp
onsi
ble
Min
istr
ies/
�ge
ncie
sas
kO
rigi
nal
Dea
dlin
eRe
vise
d D
eadl
ine
T�Be
nchm
ark
Indi
cato
rSt
atus
and
Com
men
tsas
of F
ebru
ary
2007
TRIP
SW
WP
MIM
E
Impl
emen
ting
text
for t
he L
aw
on P
aten
ts m
ust s
peci
fy th
at
com
pute
r pro
gram
s an
d bu
sine
ss m
etho
ds m
ay b
e el
igib
le fo
r pat
ent p
rote
ctio
n
2004
TA p
rovi
ded
by W
IPO
The
draf
t dec
lara
tion
inco
rpor
ates
th
e ne
cess
ary
lang
uage
rega
rdin
g co
mpu
ter p
rogr
ams.
A s
epar
ate
Prak
as
is to
be
issu
ed to
pro
tect
bus
ines
s m
etho
ds. T
A is
nee
ded
to d
o th
is ta
sk.
TRIP
SW
WP
Inte
llect
ual
Prop
erty
Rig
hts
Coor
dina
ting
Com
mitt
ee
Secu
re C
ambo
dia’s
m
embe
rshi
p in
Ber
ne, G
enev
a Ph
onog
ram
, and
Bru
ssel
s Sa
telli
te C
onve
ntio
ns a
nd th
e Pa
tent
Coo
pera
tion
Trea
ty
2004
-200
5N
o TA
ne
eded
Cam
bodi
a ha
s re
ques
ted
mem
bers
hip
in th
e PC
T, a
nd M
IME
will
pus
h fo
r th
e ra
tifica
tion
of P
CT
afte
r iss
uing
de
clar
atio
n. T
he M
CFA
is c
urre
ntly
w
orki
ng o
n th
e tr
ansl
atio
n of
the
Bern
e an
d G
enev
a Ph
onog
ram
Co
nven
tions
.The
app
licat
ion
has
been
su
bmitt
ed to
the
OCM
.
TRIP
SW
WP
Inte
llect
ual
Prop
erty
Rig
hts
Coor
dina
ting
Com
mitt
ee
Dra
ft L
aw o
n G
eogr
aphi
cal
Indi
catio
ns20
04TA
is b
eing
pr
ovid
ed b
y Fr
ance
Dra
ftin
g co
mpl
eted
. Cur
rent
ly b
eing
di
scus
sed
at th
e m
inis
teria
l lev
el. W
ill
be s
ubm
itted
to th
e Co
unci
l of
Min
iste
rs in
ear
ly 2
006.
TRIP
SW
WP
Inte
llect
ual
Prop
erty
Rig
hts
Coor
dina
ting
Com
mitt
ee
Dra
ft L
aws
on L
ayou
t Des
igns
, U
ndis
clos
ed In
form
atio
n an
d Pl
ant V
arie
ty P
rote
ctio
n 20
05
Furt
her
TA n
eede
d pr
obab
ly
from
Au
stra
lia
(CAT
AF)
.
Dra
ft L
aw o
n La
yout
Des
ign
is
com
plet
ed in
Khm
er o
n ba
sis
of TA
fr
om W
IPO
. No
furt
her T
A n
eede
d.
(Exp
ecte
d da
te o
f ena
ctm
ent E
nd
2006
).
TA n
eede
d fo
r dra
ft L
aw o
n Pl
ant V
arie
ty P
rote
ctio
n. M
odel
law
s ar
e av
aila
ble
for r
efer
ence
pur
pose
s. D
ebat
e is
bei
ng h
eld
to m
ake
a di
s-tin
ctio
n be
twee
n th
e re
spon
sibi
lity
of
MA
FF a
nd M
IME
on s
eed
prot
ectio
n.
On
undi
sclo
sed
info
rmat
ion
and
trad
e se
cret
s, TA
is b
eing
pro
vide
d by
Ca
nada
. Wor
k ha
s be
gun.
TRIP
SW
WP
Inte
llect
ual
Prop
erty
Rig
hts
Coor
dina
ting
Com
mitt
ee
Put i
nto
forc
e im
plem
entin
g re
gula
tions
for l
aws
on
geog
raph
ic in
dica
tions
and
pr
otec
tion
of u
ndis
clos
edin
form
atio
n an
d tr
ade
secr
ets
Dec
embe
r, 20
05TA
nee
ded
The
draf
t sub
-dec
ree
for i
mpl
emen
ting
the
GI l
aw is
com
plet
ed. I
t can
be
sent
to th
e Co
unci
l of M
inis
ters
onc
e th
e G
I law
is p
rom
ulga
ted
The
draf
t su
b-de
cree
for i
mpl
emen
ting
the
GI
law
is c
ompl
eted
. It c
an b
e se
nt to
the
Coun
cil o
f Min
iste
rs o
nce
the
GI l
aw is
pr
omul
gate
d
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary��
DT
IS
20
07
Topi
cSo
urce
Resp
onsi
ble
Min
istr
ies/
�ge
ncie
sas
kO
rigi
nal
Dea
dlin
eRe
vise
d D
eadl
ine
T�Be
nchm
ark
Indi
cato
rSt
atus
and
Com
men
tsas
of F
ebru
ary
2007
TRIP
SW
WP
Inte
llect
ual
Prop
erty
Ri
ghts
Co
ordi
natin
g Co
mm
ittee
Put i
nto
forc
e im
plem
entin
g re
gula
tions
for t
he L
aw o
n La
yout
Des
ign
of In
tegr
ated
Ci
rcui
ts
2006
TA n
eede
dAw
aits
dra
ftin
g of
the
Law
TRIP
SW
WP
Inte
llect
ual
Prop
erty
Ri
ghts
Co
ordi
natin
g Co
mm
ittee
Put i
nto
forc
e im
plem
entin
g re
gula
tions
for t
he L
aw o
n Pl
ant V
arie
ty P
rote
ctio
n20
06TA
nee
ded
Awai
ts d
raft
ing
of th
e La
w.
TRIP
SW
WP
Inte
llect
ual
Prop
erty
Ri
ghts
Co
ordi
natin
g Co
mm
ittee
Join
Inte
rnat
iona
l Co
nven
tion
for t
he P
rote
ctio
n of
New
Var
ietie
s of
Pla
nts
Dec
embe
r, 20
05N
o TA
nee
ded
Aft
er th
e ad
optio
n of
the
abov
e dr
afte
d la
w. H
owev
er, C
ambo
dia
shou
ld in
quire
from
the
Conv
entio
n w
heth
er h
avin
g th
e la
ws
in p
lace
is a
pr
ereq
uisi
te fo
r mem
bers
hip.
A
dec
isio
n ne
eds
to b
e ta
ken
rega
rdin
g th
e M
inis
try
that
has
au
thor
ity in
this
are
a.
INV
ESTM
ENT
CLIM
�TE:
MO
VEM
ENT
OF
PERS
ON
NEL
Resi
denc
y Pe
rmit
WW
PM
inis
try
of
Inte
rior
Dev
elop
and
impl
emen
t re
side
ncy
perm
its c
onsi
sten
t w
ith th
e ho
rizon
tal
com
mitm
ents
2004
TA n
eede
d
Art
21
of Im
mig
ratio
n La
w
allo
ws
2-ye
ar re
side
ncy
perm
it.
Perm
it ca
n be
ext
ende
d ev
ery
two
year
s. A
dra
ft A
nukr
et
has
been
pre
pare
d am
endi
ng
Anu
kret
75,
and
allo
win
g vi
sa
and
wor
k pe
rmit
for t
wo
year
s re
new
able
to a
max
imum
of 5
ye
ars.
The
Min
istr
y w
ill
also
be
wor
king
on
clas
sific
atio
n of
vis
as.
Mov
emen
t of
Fore
ign
Labo
urW
WP
MLV
TEs
tabl
ish
clas
sific
atio
ns fo
r in
tra-
corp
orat
e tr
ansf
eree
s 20
04TA
to b
e so
ught
fr
om IL
O a
nd
othe
r don
ors
One
ILO
exp
ert h
as b
een
disp
atch
ed to
the
Min
istr
y an
d is
wor
king
on
amen
ding
the
Labo
ur L
aw. T
he M
inis
try
is
seek
ing
TA to
dra
ft th
e cl
assi
fica-
tions
for i
ntra
-cor
pora
te tr
ans-
fere
es a
nd p
repa
red
to e
stab
lish
occu
patio
nal c
ateg
orie
s.
Mov
emen
t of
Fore
ign
Labo
urW
WP
MLV
TA
men
d La
bour
Law
to a
llow
w
ork
perm
its to
be
gran
ted
for
2 ye
ars
2004
No
TA n
eede
d
The
abov
e m
entio
ned
ILO
ex
pert
will
als
o w
ork
on th
e dr
aftin
g of
the
amen
dmen
t of
the
Labo
ur L
aw e
spec
ially
on
Art
icle
261
of t
he L
aw. E
xpec
ted
adop
tion
by th
e N
atio
nal
Ass
embl
y in
late
200
6.
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary ��
DT
IS
20
07
DTIS 2007 – Executive Summary�0
DT
IS
20
07
Topi
cSo
urce
Resp
onsi
ble
Min
istr
ies/
�ge
ncie
sas
kO
rigi
nal
Dea
dlin
eRe
vise
d D
eadl
ine
T�Be
nchm
ark
Indi
cato
rSt
atus
and
Com
men
tsas
of F
ebru
ary
2007
The
law
will
spe
cify
the
leng
th o
f w
ork
perm
it.Ex
istin
g jo
int P
raka
s no
56
of M
inis
try
of E
cono
my
and
Fina
nce
and
the
Min
istr
y of
Soc
ial
Affa
irs, L
abou
r and
You
th
Reha
bilit
atio
n w
ill b
e am
ende
d to
sp
ecify
a c
harg
e of
USD
200
for t
he
first
two-
yea
r ter
m a
nd U
SD 1
00 fo
r an
nual
rene
wal
.
Impr
ovin
g
Proc
esse
sTF
?
Stre
amlin
e th
e pr
oces
s fo
r no
tifica
tion
of th
e M
inis
try
of L
abou
r to
star
t hiri
ng
empl
oyee
s
??
?
Visa
WW
PM
inis
try
of
Inte
rior
Adap
t vis
a re
quire
men
ts to
m
ake
them
con
sist
ent w
ith
horiz
onta
l com
mitm
ents
2004
No
TA
need
ed
Visa
WW
PM
inis
try
of
Inte
rior
Issu
e Pr
akas
on
proc
edur
es
for i
ssui
ng 2
-yea
r vis
a20
04N
o TA
ne
eded
Perm
it fo
r Fo
reig
n W
orke
rsW
WP
MEF
Chan
ge fe
e fo
r wor
k pe
rmit
to re
flect
the
fact
that
it w
ill
be is
sued
for a
per
iod
of tw
o ye
ars
2004
No
TA
need
edEs
tabl
ishe
d in
200
5.
Des
ign
by G
raph
ic R
oots
: ww
w.g
raph
icro
ots.c
om.k
hD
esig
n by
Gra
phic
Roo
ts: w
ww
.gra
phic
root
s.com
.kh
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