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Cambridge University Press978-1-107-15506-0 — Trademark and Unfair Competition ConflictsTim W. Dornis FrontmatterMore Information

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Trademark and Unfair Competition Conflicts

With the rise of internet marketing and e-commerce around the world,international and cross-border conflicts in trademark and unfair com-petition law have become increasingly important. In this groundbreak-ing work, Tim Dornis—who, in addition to his scholarly pursuits, hasworked as an attorney, a public prosecutor, and a judge, giving himexperience in both civil and common law jurisdictions—presents thehistorical-comparative, doctrinal, and economic aspects of trademarkand unfair competition conflicts law. This book should be read by anyscholar or practitioner interested in the international aspects of intellec-tual property generally, and trademark and unfair competition law speci-fically. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core athttp://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316651285.

Tim W. Dornis holds the Chair in Private Law, International Privateand Economic Law, and Comparative Law at Leuphana Law School,Germany. He studied law and economics in Germany (Eberhard KarlsUniversität Tübingen) and in the United States (Columbia University,LL.M. (JamesKent Scholar), and Stanford Law School, J.S.M.). Beforehis appointment, Professor Dornis spent several years practicing in aninternational law firm and as a civil law judge. His scholarship has beenawarded a number of prizes and he frequently publishes in internationallaw reviews and journals.

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Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law

As its economic potential has rapidly expanded, intellectual property has becomea subject of front-rank legal importance. Cambridge Intellectual Property and

Information Law is a series of monograph studies of major current issues inintellectual property. Each volume contains a mix of international, European,comparative and national law, making this a highly significant series forpractitioners, judges and academic researchers in many countries.

Series editors

Lionel BentlyHerchel Smith Professor of Intellectual Property Law, University of

Cambridge

William R. CornishEmeritus Herchel Smith Professor of Intellectual Property Law, University of

Cambridge

Advisory editors

François Dessemontet, Professor of Law, University of Lausanne

Paul Goldstein, Professor of Law, Stanford University

The Rt Hon. Sir Robin Jacob, Hugh Laddie Professor of Intellectual

Property, University College, London

A list of books in the series can be found at the end of this volume.


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Trademark and UnfairCompetition ConflictsHistorical-Comparative, Doctrinal,

and Economic Perspectives

Tim W. DornisLeuphana University (Germany)


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© Tim W. Dornis 2017

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First published 2017

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Dornis, Tim W., author.Title: Trademark and unfair competition conflicts : historical-comparative, doctrinal,

and economic perspectives / Tim W. Dornis.Description: Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York : Cambridge University Press,

2017. | Series: Cambridge intellectual property and information law; 34Identifiers: LCCN 2016031771 | ISBN 9781107155060 (hardback)Subjects: LCSH: Conflict of laws – Trademarks. | Conflict of laws – Competition,Unfair. | Trademark – Law and legislation. | Competition, Unfair. | Antitrust law.Classification: LCC K7571 .D67 2017 | DDC 346.04/88–dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016031771

ISBN 978-1-107-15506-0 Hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy ofURLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication anddoes not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate orappropriate.


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This book is dedicated to my mother,

Ursula Dornis-Briem (1944–2014).


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Contents

Acknowledgments page xvList of Abbreviations xviiTable of Cases xxviii

Introduction 1

1 Civil Law History—Germany and Europe 6Introduction 61 Substantive Trademark and Unfair Competition Law 9

I Structure: State Regulation and Formal Privileges 9A The Criminal Law Beginnings 10B From State Regulation to Individual Rights Protection 14C The Positivist Concept of Privilege Grants 17

II Substance: Personality Rights and Private Property 21A Josef Kohler’s Personality Rights Theory 21B The Statutory Introduction of Private Rights Protection 24

III Consequences: The Field’s Dichotomies 27A The Trademark/Unfair Competition Dichotomy 27B The Privilege/Personality Right Dichotomy 32

IV The Twentieth Century: A Triumph of Separatism 39A Reichsgericht Sansibar and Pecose: A Shaky Hierarchy of

Policies 40B Eugen Ulmer: An Almost Reconciliation 42C Europe: Rights Formalism and Individualization 46D The Final Blow: Propertization vs. Socialization 50

2 Trademark and Unfair Competition Choice of Law 53I From Universality to Territoriality 53A The Worldwide Scope of Personality Rights 53B Alfred Hagens and the Territoriality of Trademarks 57C Under the Surface: Fairness-Standard Universality 60

II From International Torts to International Economic Law? 64A From Lex Loci Delicti Commissi to Nussbaum’s Rule 64B A Silver Lining: The Kindersaugflaschen Doctrine 68C Twenty-First Century: A Merger of Conflict Rules? 71

Conclusions 74

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2 Common Law History—United States 76Introduction 761 Substantive Trademark and Unfair Competition Law 77

I The Early Straightjacket: Equity, Passing Off, and Universality 78A TrademarkProtection in theDistortingMirror of Law andEquity 79B PassingOff: “TheWhole Law and the Prophets on the Subject” 84C Kidd/Derringer: Trademark Universality “US Style” 90

II The Right/Markets Connex: Materialization, Goodwill, andTrade Diversion 94A The Materialization of Trademark Rights 95B The Reverse Picture: Trade-Diversion Prevention 99C Tea Rose/Rectanus: The Doctrine of Market-Based Rights 102

III The Realist Attack: Much Ado about . . . Quite Little 110A The Turn-of-the-Century Crisis 110B Courts’ Adherence to “Transcendental Nonsense” 112C Frank I. Schechter: The Victory of Goodwill 117

IV Modern Theory and Practice: Economic Analysis andRepropertization 121A The 1946 Lanham Act: Monopoly Phobia Well Cured 121B The Economization of US Trademark Law 123C Modern Propertization and Repropertization 126

2 Interstate Trademark and Unfair Competition Law 127I The “Market Universality” of Trademark Rights 128A A. Bourjois & Co. v. Katzel: The One-Way Street of Trademark

Extension 128B Tea Rose/Rectanus: The Doctrine of Nonterritorial Rights 129C HolmesConcurring: A “Passive Figurehead” of State Sovereignty 132

II The Federal Common Law of Trademarks and the Erie Doctrine 134A TheTraditionalHodgepodge of State and Federal CommonLaw 135B The Erie Impact: The “Passive Figurehead” of State

Sovereignty Reloaded 138III The 1946 Lanham Act: An Innovation of Almost Territorial Rights 141

A The Common Law Foundation of Federal Statutory Rights 141B Scholarly Distortions: A Mirage of “Territorial

Extraterritoriality” 147IV Summary: Nonformalism and theNonterritoriality of Trademarks 149

3 International Trademark and Unfair Competition Law 151I The Porosity of National Borders and International GoodwillTheory 152A The Well-Known Marks Doctrine: Transnational Goodwill

Misappropriation 152B Rudolf Callmann: A Theory of International Unitary Goodwill 156

II Trademarks’Extraterritorial Scope: Steele v. BulovaWatch Co. andIts Progeny 159A The Epicenter of Extraterritoriality: Steele v. Bulova Watch Co. 159B The Steele Progeny: A Motley Crew of Circuit Court Tests 161

III Doctrinal Analysis: Use-Based Rights and Commercial Effects 164A The Common Law Roots of Lanham Act Subject-Matter

Jurisdiction 164B An Element of Modernity: The Effects-on-Commerce Factor 170

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IV ABird’s-Eye View:Taking Stock of LanhamAct Extraterritoriality 171A The Antitrust Gene: A Dominance of Effects 172B Common Law Goodwill Protection: Tea Rose/Rectanus Goes

Global 177V Summary: An Era of International Trademark Propertization 185

Conclusions 186

3 A Ragged Landscape of Theories 190Introduction 1901 Traditional Civil Law Trademark Conflicts 193

I The Principle of Territoriality 193II Analysis: The Curse of Formal Reasoning and Conduct

Orientation 2002 Modern Civil Law Unfair Competition Conflicts 203

I The Marketplace Principle, Determination of Effects, and the De

Minimis Rule 203A Collision-of-Interests and Substantive-Purpose Analysis 203B Multistate Scenarios: Determination ofMarketplace Effects and

De Minimis Limitations 209II Analysis: The Obsolescence of Tort Foundations 214

3 The New Paradigm—A Law of Market Regulation 220I Antitrust Conflicts Reloaded: The Effects Principle 220II Analysis: The Unboundedness of Unqualified Effects 223

4 Modern Soft Law—WIPO Recommendation, ALI Principles, andOthers 225I Nonbinding Suggestions of Substantive Law and ConflictsResolution 226A The Joint Recommendation Concerning Provisions on the

Protection of Marks, and Other Industrial Property Rights inSigns, on the Internet 226

B ALI Principles, CLIP Principles, and the Japanese TransparencyProposal 228

II Analysis: “Chips off the Old Block” 232A The Joint Recommendation 233B ALI Principles, CLIP Principles, and the Japanese Transparency

Proposal 2345 The American Scholarly Debate 236

I Common Law Tradition and Transnational Market Protection 237A The General Tendency of Equitable Rights Limitlessness 238B The Nintendo Transformation: From Act-of-State-Doctrine to

Substantive Dichotomy 241C The Revival of Territoriality: A Quasi Continental Choice-of-

Law Approach 244D The “Domestic Extraterritoriality” of Statutory Trademark Rights 246E Tea Rose/Rectanus “Transnationalized”: The Common Law

Cross-Border Crusade 247F The Shift to Effects Testing: An Idea of Transnational Market

Regulation 249II Analysis: Common Law Tradition Meets Extraterritorial Market

Regulation 251

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6 Substantivism and Transnational Uniform Law 256I Overview 256A Foundations 256B Modern Concepts of Substantivism in Intellectual

Property Law 258C Nonterritorial Concepts: “Cyberlaw” and the “Collision of

Rights” 262II Analysis: The Fata Morgana of Universal Policy 265

7 The Rediscovery of International Comity 268I The Comitas Approach 268II Analysis: A “Quadrature of the Circle” 269

Conclusions 270

4 Substantive Policy—Convergent Foundations 273Introduction 2731 Foundations—The Market Mechanism 275

I The Concept of “Economic Competition” 275A The Legal Framework 275B The Rediscovery of Chaos 276C The Dynamics of Competition 280

1 A Tradition of Competitor Protection 2802 The Advent of (Consumer) Decision Making 2813 The Complementary Spheres of Transactional Freedom 283

II The “Triangular” Structure of the Market Mechanism 285III The Stages of Consumer Decision Making and Transacting 287

A Information Transmission 288B Information Processing 290C Implementation of the Consumer’s Decision 291D Caveat: Limitations of Consumer Decision Making 293

IV Summary 2942 Implementation—Substantive Law 295

I Tort and Unfair Competition Law 295A The Mirage of Practical and Formal Differences 296B The Relativity of Protection Levels 300

1 Early Starting Point: Claims “against the World at Large” 3002 United States: From Property to Policy and Back Again 3013 Germany: The Eternal Dichotomy of Rights

and Competition 305C The Heterogeneity of Policies: Vertical and Horizontal

Competition 3091 Two Types of Unfair Competition Cases and Regulatory

Policies 3102 Clarification: The Horizontality of Neminem Laedere 313

D Summary 314II Antitrust and Unfair Competition Law 315III The Intellectual Property Dichotomy: Innovation vs. Competition 317

A The Mistaken Concept of Intellectual Property Uniformity 3181 Historical Remnants: The “Immaterialization” of

Trademarks 3182 Current Doctrine: Intellectual Property Homogeneity 319

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B Rectification: A Grounded Intangibility of Trademarks 3211 The Difference in Intellectual Property Incentive Structures 3212 An Apparent Exception: The Trademark Register 323

C Summary 325IV Trademark and Unfair Competition Law: Framing the

Information Infrastructure 325A The Illusion of a Formal Divergence 326

1 Recapitulation: Trademark Property vs. ConsumerProtection 326

2 Cracks in the Foundation: A Remerger of the Fields 328(a) The Statutory Framework: Unfair Commercial

Practices Directive 328(b) The Consolidation of Interests: Depropertization and

Desocialization 329(c) The Practical Picture: A Subtle Recapture 331(d) The Relicts of Antiquity: Pockets of Resistance 333(e) The Myth of the Public Samaritan 337

3 Summary 338B The Structural Congruency of Trademark and Unfair

Competition Law 3391 The Common Core: Information Economization 3392 Beyond Confusion: Alternative Theories of Trademark

Protection 3413 Two Sides of the Coin: Law and Equity in Market

Communication 344C Summary 347

3 Application—Functional Structures in Trademark and UnfairCompetition Doctrine 348I Trademark Protection 349A Navigation Goodwill: Confusion-Based Infringement Theory 349B Surplus Goodwill: Non-Confusion-Based and Time-Shifted

Infringement Theories 3501 Antidilution Doctrine 3502 Temporal Extensions of Goodwill Protection 353

(a) Postsale Confusion 353(b) Initial-Interest Confusion 357

3 The Common Denominator 358II Unfair Competition Prevention 359

A Recapitulation: Stages of Decision Making and PolicyDifferences 360

B An Integrated Model of Unfair Competition Law (IncludingPassing Off) 361

C An Amalgam of Policies: Harassment, Privacy, and DecisionMaking 366

D Beware of the Consumer’s “Economic Personality Right” 367E Quasi IP Rights: The Gray Zone of Product Imitation 370F The Continental Dark Horse: Breach of Statutory Duties as

Unfair Competition 374III A Hybrid Category: Geographical Indications 375

Conclusions 378

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5 International Comity—A Doctrine of Self-Restraint 381Introduction 3811 From Comitas Gentium to Transnational Law 383

I The Status Quo: A Publicization of Private International Law 384A The (Non)Historical Dichotomy: Private and Public

International Law 385B The Duality of Methods 388C A Blurring of Boundaries 391

II In the Shadows: The Creeping Deformation of Comity 395A Transnationalization: A Resurrection of the Ius Cosmopoliticum 396B The Historical Leitmotif: Convenience of International

Transacting 3981 Joseph Story: The Consensual Administration of Conflicts 4002 Friedrich Carl von Savigny: A Legal Community In Statu

Nascendi 4023 Ernst Zitelmann: The Weltrecht of Uniform Policy 4064 Summary 407

C The Modernity of Transnational Law: An Apotheosis ofSubstantive Uniformity 4081 Philip C. Jessup: The Hybridity and Universality of

Transnational Law 4092 Twentieth Century: Conflicts Doctrine Internationalized 410

(a) Maritime Internationalism: The Lauritzen Doctrine 411(b) Savigny Diluted: A Theory of Separate Attachment 413(c) Public International Law Osmosis: The Ordre Public

International 4153 Turn of the Century: The Unearthly Detachment of

Transnationalization 417(a) The Odyssey of Interest Analysis: Currie’s Game-

Theoretical Return to Savigny 418(b) Law and Economics: The Super-Value of Welfare

Maximization 421(c) Global Legal Pluralism: Fragmentation, Functionality,

and Universality 425III Summary 431

2 Transnationalization Exhausted 432I International Antitrust: A History of Effects, Public InternationalLaw, and Comity 433A Lotus Isolationism: A Lacuna of Nation-State Sovereignty 434B General Principles: TheDroit Idéal of Public International Law 435C The Practical Proxy: Interest Balancing 437

1 Theoretical Approaches 4382 The Practice: Timberlane and Mannington Mills 4403 The Rule of Reason 442

D The Effects Principle: From Unboundedness to Self-Restraint 4451 Europe: A Theory of Public International Law Limitations 4462 Alcoa toHartford Fire: FromUnlimited to Substantial Effects 4483 Empagran: The About-Face toward Comity 4534 The Empagran Critique: Capitulation, Isolationism, and

Imperialism 456

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5 The Comity of Self-Defense: Ostracizing the PrivateAttorney General 457

E Summary 463II The Zenith of Transnationalization: A Story of Alien Tort Statute

Contraction 464A The “Legal Lohengrin”: From Comity to Settled

International Law 464B The Sosa Transnationalization: Hybridity, Universality, and

Specificity 466C Pandora’s Box: Politics and Economics 469D Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co.: The Swan Song of

Transnationalization? 474III Summary 478

3 The Shadowy Existence of Trademark and Unfair CompetitionConflicts 480I The Mirage of Extraterritorial Enforcement Efficiency 481II The Reality of International Trademark Rights Protection 483

A International Intellectual Property Rights Segmentation 484B The International Vacuum of Nation-State Capacities 486C Trademark Extraterritoriality: Individual Propertization and

Overall Taxation 487III Summary 488

Conclusions 489

6 Reconceptualization, Reinterpretation, and Typology 491Introduction 4911 The New Conflicts Resolution Structure 492

I Trademark/Unfair Competition Uniformity: Core Policies 493II Quality of Effects: A Rule of Alternatives 494III Quantity of Effects: Jurisdictional Self-Restraint 497

A A Word in Advance: Practical Relativity 498B Objective Foreseeability 501

1 Party Expectations and the International Private Law Order 5012 Technique and Factors of Market Analysis 5043 Clarification: Defendant’s Intent and Actual Effects 505

C International Comity 5071 Current De Minimis Standards 508

(a) The Paradigm of “Shields” and “Swords” 508(b) Analysis: An Ad Hoc Rule of “International-Individual

Equity” 5102 Reconceptualization 512

(a) Structural Underpinning and Relevant Interests 513(b) Practical Rules and Presumptions 515

(i) Starting Point: Fact-Based Crafting of Remedies 515(ii) Prima Facie “Effects Sufficiency”: Defendant’s

Intent 517(iii) Caveat: “Effects Unavoidability” 518

IV Summary 5202 The Reinterpretation of Steele and Rome II 521

I US Lanham Act Subject-Matter Jurisdiction 521

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A Modification: A Qualitative Reformulation of “Effects onUS Commerce” 522

B Reinterpretation: Dusting Off “Nationality” and “Conflicts withForeign Law” 5251 Nationality, Citizenship, and What Else—or Nothing at All? 5252 Conflicts with Foreign Law: Another Shell of Formalities 5283 A New Paradigm 529

(a) The Neutralization of Nationality and Citizenship 529(b) The Deformalization and Depropertization of “Conflicts

with Foreign Law” 531II European Trademark and Unfair Competition Choice of Law 533

A Clarification: Characterization of Trademark and UnfairCompetition Conflicts 533

B Foundation: Marketplace Effects Rule and the Lex LociProtectionis 538

C Application: Marketplace Effects and the Gran Canaria

Conundrum 5391 Recapitulation: The Gran Canaria Scenario 5392 Problem: Economic Concepts and Legal Terminology 5413 Analysis: The Chronology of Consumer Decision Making 5424 Implementation: Alternative Transactions and the Merger of

Markets 5455 Conclusion 548

3 The Typology of Trademark and Unfair Competition Conflicts 548I Consumer Decision Making: Protecting the Market InformationInfrastructure 549A The Common Core of Trademark and Unfair Competition

Policies 5491 Advertising Communication: A General “Rule of

Alternatives” 5492 No Exceptions: Trademarks, Trade Names, Geographical

Indications, and Designations of Origin 551B Implementation of Decision-Making Results: Transacting 553

1 The Core Policy 5532 Policies Beyond 555

II Theories of Misappropriation and Other Impact on Competition 556A Modern Extensions of Trademark-Infringement Theory 556B Product Imitation 560C The Antitrust Concurrence 563D Breach of Statutory Duties as Unfair Competition 565

III Competitor-Related and Bilateral Commercial Torts 566

Appendix A 572Appendix B 576Bibliography 583Index 637

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Acknowledgments

Mywork in this field commenced almost ten years ago. At that time, I wassitting on the bench as a judge at the Regional Court of Stuttgart inGermany. In the beginning, it was little more than curiosity about thevexing problems in international trademark and unfair competition con-flicts. However, it quickly became obvious that the complexity of the topicinvited—indeed, required—an extensive scholarly endeavor and that myfascination (not to say obsession) strongly suggested a return to full-timeacademia. This is the path I tookwhen I decided to transformmy ideas intoa book. In 2014, themanuscript was approved by the Faculty of Law at theUniversity of Zurich (Switzerland) as a postdoctoral habilitation thesis.The text that was submitted for print is current as of December 2015.

I have presented ideas, concepts, and excerpts from this book ata number of conferences and other academic fora, including the 2008and 2009 fellows’ sessions at the Stanford Program in International LegalStudies, the 2009 Stanford JSD colloquium, the 2009 Bay Area Fellows’Intellectual Property and Technology Law Workshop at BerkeleyUniversity School of Law, the 2011 Habilitationskolloquium at the MaxPlanck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law, and the2011 Global Fellow Forum sessions that I attended as a Global Fellowfrom Practice and Government at New York University School of Law.I am grateful for all the helpful comments I received on these and otheroccasions. In addition, I am indebted to my many colleagues and friendsfor enduring the discussions that I forced on them in recent years. I havebenefited immensely from your collegiality, patience, and ideas.

My research abroad, notably as a fellow at the Stanford Program inInternational Legal Studies, was funded by the Deutsche Forschungs-gemeinschaft with a full research scholarship. The Swiss NationalScience Foundation has generously supported an open-accesspublication of this book with a grant for the promotion of scholarlyresearch.

In addition to these institutions, I owe particular thanks to my habilita-tion adviser, Andreas Heinemann (University of Zurich). First of all,

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I must thank him for giving me the chance to embark on such an ambi-tious project at a time when expectations were rather humble. He alsoserved as an excellent mentor while providing me with the academicfreedom necessary to develop my own ideas. Furthermore, I wish tothank Wolfgang Ernst (Oxford University), Franco Ferrari (New YorkUniversity), and Beate Gsell (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität ofMunich) not only for being my role models from the time I was a youngscholar but also for granting me valuable advice and words of encourage-ment along the way. Two other individuals who made an iconic imprinton me when I was their student are Barton Beebe (New York University)and Mark A. Lemley (Stanford University). They played a tremendousrole in fostering and enhancing my modest understanding of intellectualproperty law in all its beauty.

I would also like to thankMatt Gallaway (Cambridge University Press)for his swift and professional handling of my manuscript submission,several anonymous peers for their helpful remarks during the reviewprocess, and the editors for accepting my book into the Cambridge

Intellectual Property and Information Law Series. Furthermore, withoutMorgan Stoffregen’s editing and her most professional support through-out all stages of writing, this book would not have been possible. It goeswithout saying that anymistakes or oversights that remain aremine alone.

Finally, more than I can say, I am grateful to my wife, Christina, andour children, Josephine, Frederick, and Benedikt. Your love, patience,and understanding during the many times that I was away in the library(or present but still absent-minded) have been a miracle and the greatestgift of all.

xvi Acknowledgments


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Abbreviations

A.B.A.J. American Bar Association JournalA.C. The Law Reports, Appeal CasesAcP Archiv für die civilistische PraxisADHGB Allgemeines Deutsches HandelsgesetzbuchAfP Archiv für PresserechtAG Aktiengesellschaft or AmtsgerichtAIDA Annali italiani de diritto d’autore, della

cultura e dello spettaculoAIPLA Q.J. AIPLA Quarterly JournalAIPPI Association Internationale pour la

Protection de la Propriété Intellectuelle/International Association for the Protectionof Intellectual Property

ALI American Law InstituteAll ER The All England Law ReportsAm. Econ. Rev. American Economic ReviewAm. J.Comp. L. American Journal of Comparative LawAm. J.Int’l L. American Journal of International LawAm. J.Leg. Hist. American Journal of Legal HistoryAm. L.Reg. American Law RegisterAm. U.L.Rev. American University Law ReviewAnn. Inst. Dr.Int. Annuaire de L’Institut de Droit

InternationalAntitrust L.J. Antitrust Law JournalAnwBl AnwaltsblattAöR Archiv des öffentlichen RechtsArchVölkR Archiv des Völkerrechtsart. ArticleASCAP American Society of Composers, Authors

and Publishersass’n AssociationATS Alien Tort Statute

xvii


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AWD Außenwirtschaftsdienst desBetriebsberaters

BB Betriebs-BeraterBerDGesVölkR Berichte der Deutschen Gesellschaft für

VölkerrechtBerkeley J.Int’l L. Berkeley Journal of International LawBerkeley Tech. L.J. Berkeley Technology Law JournalBG Schweizer BundesgerichtBGB Bürgerliches GesetzbuchBGBl. BundesgesetzblattBGE Entscheidungen des Schweizerischen

Bundesgerichts—Amtliche SammlungBGH BundesgerichtshofBGHZ Amtliche Sammlung der Entscheidungen

des Bundesgerichtshofs in ZivilsachenBIRPI United International Bureaux for the

Protection of Intellectual PropertyBl. BlattBlPMZ Blatt für Patent-, Muster- und

ZeichenwesenBR-Drs. Deutscher Bundesrat—DrucksachenBrit. Y.B. Int’l L. British Yearbook of International LawBrook. J. Int’l L. Brooklyn Journal of International LawBrook. L. Rev. Brooklyn Law ReviewBT-Drs. Deutscher Bundestag—DrucksachenBuff. L. Rev. Buffalo Law ReviewB.U. L. Rev. Boston University Law ReviewBus. Hist. Business HistoryBVerfG BundesverfassungsgerichtBVerfGE Amtliche Sammlung der Entscheidungen

des BundesverfassungsgerichtsBVerwG BundesverwaltungsgerichtCal. L. Rev. California Law ReviewCambridge L.J. Cambridge Law JournalCambridge Yb. Eur. L. Cambridge Yearbook of European LawCardozo Arts & Ent. L.J. Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law JournalCardozo L. Rev. Cardozo Law ReviewCf. ConferCh. ChapterCh. D. Chancery DivisionChi. J. Int’l L. Chicago Journal of International LawChi.-Kent L. Rev. Chicago-Kent Law Review

xviii List of Abbreviations


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Cir. CircuitCISG United Nations Convention on the

International Sale of GoodsC.J. Chief Justicecl. ClauseCLIP Principles on Conflict of Laws in

Intellectual PropertyClunet Journal du droit international, fondée par

E. ClunetC.M.L. Rev. Common Market Law ReviewCo. CompanyColum. J. Eur. L. Columbia Journal of European LawColum. J.L. & Arts Columbia Journal of Law & the ArtsColum. J. Transnat’l L. Columbia Journal of Transnational LawColum. L. Rev. Columbia Law ReviewColum. Sci. &Tech. L. Rev.

Columbia Science and Technology LawReview

Colum.-VLA J. L. & Arts The Columbia Journal of Law & the ArtsCOM Document of the European CommissionConn. L. Rev. Connecticut Law ReviewCopyright L. Symp. Copyright Law SymposiumCornell L.Q. Cornell Law QuarterlyCornell L. Rev. Cornell Law ReviewCR Computer und RechtCRi Computer und Recht internationalCt. CourtDuke J. Comp. & Int’l L. Duke Journal of Comparative and

International LawDuke L.J. Duke Law JournalDZWir Deutsche Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und

InsolvenzrechtEC European Communityed. Edition or editoreds. EditorsEG Europäische Gemeinschaft/European

CommunityEGBGB Einführungsgesetz zum Bürgerlichen

GesetzbuchEIPR European Intellectual Property ReviewEmory Int’l L. Rev. Emory International Law ReviewEmory L.J. Emory Law JournalERCL European Review of Contract Law

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ERPL European Review of Private Lawet al. et aliiet seq. et sequensEU European UnionEuGH Europäischer GerichtshofEuGVÜ Brussels ConventionEuLF European Legal ForumEuZW Europäische Zeitschrift für

Wirtschaftsrechte.V. Eingetragener VereinEWG Europäische WirtschaftsgemeinschaftEWiR Entscheidungen zum WirtschaftsrechtFG FestgabeFla. J. Int’l L. Florida Journal of International LawFla. L. Rev. Florida Law Reviewfn. FootnoteFordham Intell. Prop.Media & Ent. L.J.

Fordham Intellectual Property, Media &Entertainment Law Journal

Fordham Int’l L.J. Fordham International Law JournalFordham L. Rev. Fordham Law ReviewFS FestschriftF.S.R. Fleet Street ReportsGa. J. Int’l & Comp. L. Georgia Journal of International and

Comparative LawGATS General Agreement on Trade in ServicesGemS-OGB Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten

Gerichtshöfe des BundesGeo. J. Int’l L. Georgetown Journal of International LawGeo. L.J. Georgetown Law JournalGeo. Wash. L. Rev. George Washington Law ReviewGerman Y.B. Int’l L. German Yearbook of International LawGmbH Gesellschaft mit beschränkter HaftungGPR Zeitschrift für GemeinschaftsprivatrechtGRUR Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz und

UrheberrechtGRUR Ausl. Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz und

Urheberrecht, Auslands- und internationa-ler Teil

GRUR Int. Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz undUrheberrecht, Internationaler Teil

GRUR-RR Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz undUrheberrecht, Rechtsprechungs-Report

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GS GedächtnisschriftGWB Gesetz gegenWettbewerbsbeschrankungenHarv. Int’l L.J. Harvard International Law JournalHarv. J. L. & Pub. Pol’y Harvard Journal of Law &

Public PolicyHarv. L. Rev. Harvard Law ReviewHarv. L. Rev. F. Harvard Law Review ForumHastings Int’l &Comp. L. Rev.

Hastings International & Comparative LawReview

Hastings L.J. Hastings Law JournalHG HandelsgerichtHGB HandelsgesetzbuchH.L. House of LordsHofstra L. Rev. Hofstra Law ReviewHous. L. Rev. Houston Law ReviewHWR Handel, Wirtschaft, Rechtibid. IbidemI.C.J. International Court of JusticeI.C.L.Q. International and Comparative Law

Quarterlyid. IdemIdaho L.J. Idaho Law JournalIHR Internationales HandelsrechtIIC International Review of Industrial Property

and Copyright LawILM International Legal MaterialsInc. IncorporatedInd. J. Glob. Leg. Stud. Indiana Journal of Global Legal StudiesInd. L.J. Indiana Law JournalInd. L. Rev. Indiana Law ReviewIJGLS Indiana Journal of Global Legal StudiesIll. L. Rev. University of Illinois Law ReviewInt. & Comp. L.Q. International & Comparative Law

QuarterlyInt. J. L. & Info. Tech. International Journal of Law and

Information TechnologyInt’l Bus. Law. The International Business LawyerInt’l Soc. International SociologyIowa L. Rev. Iowa Law ReviewIP Intellectual propertyIPJ Intellectual Property JournalI.P.Q. Intellectual Property Quarterly

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IPR Internationales PrivatrechtIPRax Praxis des Internationalen Privat- und

VerfahrensrechtsIPRG Bundesgesetz über das Internationale

Privatrecht (Schweiz)IPRspr. Deutsche Rechtsprechung auf demGebiete

des Internationalen PrivatrechtsJBL Journal of Business LawJBl Juristische BlätterJBNSt Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und

StatistikJ. Copyright Soc’yU.S.A.

Journal of the Copyright Society of theU.S.A.

JherJB Jherings JahrbücherJ. Intell. Prop. L. Journal of International Property LawJ. Intell. Prop. L. &Pract.

Journal of International Property Law &Practice

J. Int’l Econ. L. Journal of International Economic LawJ. L. & Com. Journal of Law and CommerceJ. L. & Econ. Journal of Law and EconomicsJ. L., Econ. & Org. Journal of Law, Economics, and

OrganizationJ. Legal Stud. Journal of Legal StudiesJ. Libertarian Stud. Journal of Libertarian StudiesJ. Pat. Off. Soc’y Journal of the Patent and Trademark Office

SocietyJ. Pol. Econ. Journal of Political EconomyJ. Priv. Int’l L. Journal of Private International LawJ. Publ. L. Journal of Public LawJR Juristische RundschauJurid. Rev. Juridical ReviewJuS Juristische SchulungJW Juristische WochenschriftJZ JuristenzeitungKantonsG KantonsgerichtKartellR KartellrechtKG KammergerichtK&R Kommunikation und RechtLaw & Contemp. Probs. Law & Contemporary ProblemsLaw & Pol’y Int’l Bus. Law and Policy in International BusinessLaw & Society Rev. Law & Society Review

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Law & Soc. Inquiry Law & Social Inquiry: Journal of theAmerican Bar Foundation

LG Landgerichtlit. LitteraL.J. Lord JusticeLloyd’s Rep. Lloyd’s Law ReportsLLP Limited Liability PartnershipLMCLQ Lloyd’s Maritime and Commercial Law

Quarterlyloc. cit. loco citatoLoy. Consumer L. Rev. Loyola Consumer Law ReviewL. Q. Rev. Law Quarterly ReviewLtd. LimitedMarkenR MarkenrechtMarq. Intell.Prop. L. Rev.

Marquette Intellectual Property LawReview

Md. J. Int’l L. Maryland Journal of International LawMd. L. Rev. Maryland Law ReviewMDR Monatsschrift für deutsches RechtMem. St. U. L. Rev. Memphis State University Law ReviewMercer L. Rev. Mercer Law ReviewMMR Multimedia und Rechtmn. margin numberMich. J. Int’l L. Michigan Journal of International LawMich. L. Rev. Michigan Law ReviewMinn. L. Rev. Minnesota Law ReviewMittPat Mitteilungen der Deutschen PatentanwälteMMR Multimedia und RechtMod. L. Rev. Modern Law ReviewMo. L. Rev. Missouri Law ReviewM.R. Master of the RollsMuW Markenschutz und WettbewerbN.C. L. Rev. North Carolina Law ReviewNebr. L. Rev. Nebraska Law ReviewNILR Netherlands International Law ReviewNIPR Nederlands Internationaal PrivaatrechtNJW Neue Juristische WochenschriftNJW-RR NJW-Rechtsprechungsreport Zivilrechtno. Number or numéronos Numbers or numérosNotre Dame L. Rev. Notre Dame Law Reviewn. r. not reported

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Nr. NummerNTIR Nordisk Tidskrift for International RetNw. U. L. Rev. Northwestern University Law Reviewn. y. r. not yet reportedN.Y.U. J.Int’l L. & Pol.

New York University Journal ofInternational Law and Politics

N.Y.U. L. Rev. New York University Law ReviewObG ObergerichtÖBA Österreichisches Bank-ArchivÖBl Österreichische Blätter für gewerblichen

Rechtsschutz und UrheberrechtÖJZ Österreichische JuristenzeitungOGH Österreichischer Oberster GerichtshofO.J. EU Official Journal of the European

Community (or, since 2003, EuropeanUnion)

OLG Oberlandesgerichtop. cit. opere citatoORDO Jahrbuch für die Ordnung von Wirtschaft

und GesellschaftOr. L. Rev. Oregon Law ReviewOx. J. Leg. Stud. Oxford Journal of Legal Studiesp. PagePac. L.J. Pacific Law JournalPAngV Preisangabenverordnungpara. Paragraphparas. ParagraphsPatentR PatentrechtPat. & TrademarkOff. Soc’y

Patent & Trademark Office Society

P.C.I.J. Permanent Court of International JusticePenn. St. Int’l L. Rev. Penn State International Law ReviewPIL Private International LawQuarterly J. Econ. Quarterly Journal of EconomicsQ.B. The Law Reports, Queen’s Bench DivisionQ.C. Queen’s CounselRabelsZ Rabels Zeitschrift für ausländisches und

internationales PrivatrechtRCDIP Revue critique de droit international privéRDIPP Rivista di diritto internazionale privato

e processualeRdW Recht der Wirtschaft (Austria)

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Recueil des Cours Recueil des Cours de l’Académie de DroitInternational de La Haye

Rev. crit. dr. int. priv. Revue critique de droit international privéRev. dr. int. comp. Revue de droit international et de droit

comparéRev. Econ. & Stat. Review of Economics and StatisticsRev. Econ. Stud. Review of Economic StudiesRG ReichsgerichtRGBl. ReichsgesetzblattRGSt Amtliche Sammlung der Entscheidungen

des Reichsgerichts in StrafsachenRGZ Amtliche Sammlung der Entscheidungen

des Reichsgerichts in ZivilsachenRiv. dir. int. priv. proc. Rivista di diritto internazionale privato

e processualeRIW Recht der Internationalen WirtschaftRome I Regulation Regulation 593/2008/EC on the Law

Applicable to Contractual ObligationsRome II Regulation Regulation 846/2007/EC on the Law

Applicable to Non-Contractual ObligationsRutgers L.J. Rutgers Law JournalRutgers L. Rev. Rutgers Law Reviews. section (in a paragraph)Santa Clara Computer &High Tech. L.J.

Santa Clara Computer & High TechnologyLaw Journal

S. Cal. L. Rev. Southern California Law ReviewSchwJbIntR Schweizerisches Jahrbuch für

Internationales RechtS.C. L. Rev. South Carolina Law Reviewsec. Sectionseq. Sequens (or sequentes)sess. SessionSeuffArch J.A. Seuffert’s Archiv für Entscheidungen der

obersten Gerichte in den Deutschen Staatensic! Zeitschrift für Immaterialgüter-,

Informations- und Wettbewerbsrecht/Revue du droit de la propriété intellectuelle,de l’information et de la concurrence

SJZ Schweizerische Juristen-ZeitungSMU L. Rev. SMU Law ReviewStan. J. Int’l L. Stanford Journal of International LawStan. L. Rev. Stanford Law Review

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St. Thomas L. Rev. St. Thomas Law ReviewSuffolk Transnat’l L. Rev. Suffolk Transnational Law ReviewSup. Ct. Supreme Court (USA)Sup. Ct. Rev. Supreme Court ReviewSw. L. Rev. Southwestern Law ReviewSZIER Schweizerische Zeitschrift für internatio-

nales und europäisches RechtTex. Int’l L.J. Texas International Law JournalTex. L. Rev. Texas Law ReviewTheoretical Inq. L. Theoretical Inquiries in LawTrademark Rep. Trademark ReporterTransnat’l L. &Contemp. Probs.

Transnational Law & ContemporaryProblems

TRIPS Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects ofIntellectual Property Rights

Tul. L. Rev. Tulane Law ReviewU. C. Davis L. Rev. U. C. Davis Law ReviewU. Chi. L. Rev. University of Chicago Law ReviewU. Cin. L. Rev. University of Cincinnati Law ReviewUCLA L. Rev. UCLA Law ReviewUFITA Archiv für Urheber- und MedienrechtUGP Unlautere Geschäftspraktiken (Richtlinie)U. Miami L. Rev. University of Miami Law ReviewUMKC L. Rev. University of Missouri at Kansas City Law

ReviewUN United NationsUNIDROIT International Institute for the Unification of

Private LawU. Pa. L. Rev. University of Pennsylvania Law ReviewU. Pitt. L. Rev. University of Pittsburgh Law ReviewUrheberR UrheberrechtU.S./US/USA United States of AmericaUtah L. Rev. Utah Law ReviewUWG Gesetz gegen den unlauteren Wettbewerbv. versusVa. J. Int’l L. Virginia Journal of International LawVa. L. Rev. Virginia Law ReviewVal. U. L. Rev. Valparaiso University Law ReviewVand. J. Transnat’l L. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational LawVand. L. Rev. Vanderbilt Law ReviewVersR VersicherungsrechtVO Verordnung

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vol. volumeWake Forest L. Rev. Wake Forest Law ReviewWash. L. Rev. Washington Law ReviewWillamette L. Rev. Willamette Law ReviewWIPO World Intellectual Property OrganizationWis. L. Rev. Wisconsin Law ReviewWM Wertpapier-MitteilungenWm. & Mary L. Rev. William & Mary Law ReviewW. New Eng. L. Rev. Western New England Law ReviewWRP Wettbewerb in Recht und PraxisWTO World Trade OrganizationWuB Entscheidungen zum Wirtschafts- und

BankrechtWuW Wirtschaft und WettbewerbWZG WarenzeichengesetzYale Hum. Rts. &Dev. L.J.

Yale Human Rights and Development LawJournal

Yale J. Int’l L. Yale Journal of International LawYale L.J. Yale Law JournalYearb. P.I.L. Yearbook of Private International LawZaöRV Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches

Recht und VölkerrechtZBJV Zeitschrift des Bernischen JuristenvereinsZEuP Zeitschrift für Europäisches PrivatrechtZfGewRS Zeitschrift für gewerblichen RechtsschutzZfPW Zeitschrift für die gesamte

PrivatrechtswissenschaftZfRV Zeitschrift für RechtsvergleichungZfSchwR Zeitschrift für Schweizerisches RechtZGE Zeitschrift für Geistiges EigentumZHR Zeitschrift für das gesamte Handels- und

WirtschaftsrechtZIP Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht und

InsolvenzpraxisZPO ZivilprozessordnungZR Blätter für Zürcherische RechtsprechungZUM Zeitschrift für Urheber- und MedienrechtZVglRWiss Zeitschrift für vergleichende

Rechtswissenschaft

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Table of Cases

I International CourtsII Court of Justice of the European UnionIII National Courts

1 Austria2 Germany3 Switzerland4 United Kingdom5 United States

I International Courts

Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain),Judgment of 5 February 1970, I.C.J. Reports 1970, 3 – p. 436.

Nottebohm Case (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala), Judgment of 6 April 1955,I.C.J. Reports 1955, 4 – p. 436.

The Case of the S.S. “Lotus” (France v. Turkey), Judgment of 7 September1927, P.C.I.J. Series A.—No. 10 – pp. 434–435, 479.

II Court of Justice of the European Union

Ahlström Osakeyhtiö et al. v. Commission, C-89/85 (27 September 1988),[1988] E.C.R. 5193 – p. 448.

Arsenal Football Club plc v.MatthewReed, C-206/01 (12November 2002),[2002] E.C.R. I-10273 – pp. 48, 353.

BergSpechte, C-278/08 (25March 2010), [2010] E.C.R. I-2517 – p. 332.Centrafarm BV and Others v. Sterling Drug, C-15/74 (31 October 1974),

[1974] E.C.R. 1147 – p. 322.CNL-SUCAL v. HAG (“HAG II”), C-10/89 (17 October 1990), [1990]

E.C.R. I-3711 – pp. 320, 345.Consorzio del Prosciutto di Parma and Salumificio S. Rita, C-108/01

(20 May 2003), [2003] E.C.R. I-5121 – p. 377.

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Courage and Crehan, C-453/99 (20 September 2001), [2001] E.C.R.I-6297 – p. 316.

Davidoff, C-292/00 (9 January 2003), [2003] E.C.R. I-389 – p. 351.Deutsche Renault v. AUDI, C-317/91 (30 November 1993), [1993]

E.C.R. I-6227 – p. 345.eDate Advertising and Others, C-509/09 andC-161/10 (25October 2011),

[2011] E.C.R. I-10269 – p. 503.Exportur v. LOR and Confiserie du Tech, C-3/91 (10 November 1992),

[1992] E.C.R. I-5529 – p. 377.GB-INNO-BM v. Confédération du Commerce Luxembourgeois, C-362/88

(7 March 1990), [1990] E.C.R. I-667 – p. 283.Gencor v. Commission, T-102/96 (25March 1999), [1999] E.C.R. II-753 –

p. 448.Google France and Google, C-236/08, 237/08, and 238/08 (23 March

2010), [2010] E.C.R. I-2417 – pp. 48, 50, 332, 346.IHT Internationale Heiztechnik v. Ideal-Standard, C-9/93 (22 June 1994),

[1994] E.C.R. I-2789 – pp. 195, 196, 485.Intel Corporation,C-252/07 (27 November 2008), [2008] E.C.R. I-8823 –

pp. 351, 557.Interflora and Interflora British Unit, C-323/09 (22 September 2011),

[2012] E.T.M.R. 1 – pp. 333, 346, 351, 352.L’Oréal and Others, C-487/07 (18 June 2009), [2009] E.C.R. I-5185 –

pp. 48, 50, 332, 346, 351, 352, 533, 549.Manfredi, C-295/04 to 298/04 (13 July 2006), [2006] E.C.R. I-6619 –

p. 316.Marinari v. Lloyd’s Bank,C-364/93 (19 September 1995), [1995] E.C.R.

I-2719 – p. 538.O2 Holdings and O2 (UK), C-533/06 (12 June 2008), [2008] E.C.R.

I-4231 – pp. 333, 345.Pall v. Dahlhausen, C-238/89 (13 December 1990), [1990] E.C.R.

I-4827 – p. 283.Philips, C-299/99 (18 June 2002), [2002] E.C.R. I-5475 – p. 345.Plus Warenhandelsgesellschaft, C-304/08 (14 January 2010), [2010]

E.C.R. I-217 – p. 554.Portakabin, C-558/08 (8 July 2010), [2010] E.C.R. I-6963 – p. 332.Ravil (“Grana Padano”), C-469/00 (20 May 2003), [2003] E.C.R.

I-5053 – p. 377.Rewe v. Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein, C-120/78 (20 February

1979), [1979] E.C.R. 649 – p. 283.Schutzverband gegen Unwesen i.d. Wirtschaft v. Rocher, C-126/91 (18 May

1993), [1993] E.C.R. I-2361 – p. 283.

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Sirena v. Eda, C-40/70 (11 February 1971), [1971] E.C.R. 69 –

pp. 320, 321.T-Mobile Netherlands and Others, C-8/08 (4 June 2009), [2009] E.C.R.

I-4529 – p. 224.Tod’s and Tod’s France, C-28/04 (30 June 2005), [2005] E.C.R. I-5781 –

p. 194.Van Gend en Loos v. Administratie der Belastingen, C-26/62 (5 February

1963), [1963] E.C.R. 1 – p. 316.Verband Sozialer Wettbewerb v. Clinique Laboratoires and Estée Lauder,

C-315/92 (2 February 1994), [1994] E.C.R. I-317 – p. 283.Wintersteiger, C-523/10 (19 April 2012), [2012] E.T.M.R. 31 – p. 503.

III National Courts

1 Austria

(a) Oberster Gerichtshof (OGH)

OGH 1981 GRUR Int. 401—Fremdenverkehrsverband (8 July 1980) –p. 208.

OGH 1986 GRUR Int. 735—Hotel Sacher (14 January 1986) – p. 552.OGH 2001 GRUR Int. 793—Lego-Klemmbausteine (24 October 2000) –

p. 356.OGH 2002 GRUR Int. 344—BOSS-Zigaretten (29 May 2001) – p. 557.OGH 2012 GRUR Int. 464—alcom-international.at (9 August 2011) –

pp. 519, 552.OGH 2012 GRUR Int. 468—Rohrprodukte (20 September 2011) –

p. 498.

(b) Appellate Courts (OLG)

OLG Innsbruck, 1986 HWR 34—Skizugaben (24March 1986) – p. 495.

2 Germany

(a) Bundesverfassungsgericht (BVerfG)

BVerfGE vol. 4, 7—Investitionshilfe (20 July 1954) – p. 276.BVerfG 1972 NJW 573—Grabsteinwerbung (8 February 1972) – p. 276.BVerfGE vol. 51, 193—Weinbergsrolle (22 May 1979) – p. 47.BVerfG 1988 GRUR 610—Esslinger Neckarhalde II (8 March 1988) –

p. 47.

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(b) Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten Gerichtshöfe

des Bundes (GemS-OGB)

GemS-OGB 2013 GRUR 417—Medikamentenkauf im Versandhandel

(22 August 2012) – pp. 204, 208, 216.

(c) Bundesverwaltungsgericht (BVerwG)

BVerwG 1984 GRUR 350—Esslinger Neckarhalde (9 August 1983) –p. 47.

(d) Bundesgerichtshof (BGH)

BGHZ vol. 11, 214—KfA (8 December 1953) – p. 552.BGHZ vol. 13, 244—Cupresa-Seide (11 May 1954) – p. 282.BGH 1955 GRUR 150—Farina (13 July 1954) – p. 68.BGH 1955 GRUR 411—Zahl 55 (11 January 1955) – pp. 64, 68.BGH 1955 GRUR 541—Bestattungswerbung (8 July 1955) –

pp. 361, 366.BGHZ vol. 19, 392—Freiburger Wochenbericht (27 January 1956) –

p. 281.BGHZ vol. 21, 266—Uhrenrohwerke (13 July 1956) – pp. 68, 69.BGHZ vol. 22, 1—Flava Erdgold (2 October 1956) – pp. 68, 196, 485.BGH 1957 GRUR 231—Taeschner (15 January 1957) – pp. 68–69.BGH 1957 GRUR 358—Kölnisch Eis (8 February 1957) – p. 47.BGHZ vol. 23, 365—SUWA (22 February 1957) – p. 281.BGH 1957 GRUR 499—Wipp (10 May 1957) – p. 48.BGH 1958 GRUR 189—Zeiß (24 July 1957) – p. 69.BGH 1958 GRUR 444—Emaillelack (28 February 1958) – p. 335.BGH 1959 GRUR 277—Künstlerpostkarten (11 November 1958) –

p. 367.BGH 1959 GRUR 143—Blindenseife (14 November 1958) – p. 367.BGH 1959 GRUR 285—Bienenhonig (23 January 1959) – p. 361.BGH 1960 GRUR 372—Kodak (18 December 1959) – p. 69.BGHZ vol. 32, 133—Dreitannen (29 March 1960) – p. 44.BGHZ vol. 34, 169 (21 December 1960) – p. 416.BGH 1962 GRUR 243—Kindersaugflaschen (30 June 1961) – pp. 68–71,

203, 207, 216, 543, 561–562.BGH 1963 GRUR 36—Fichtennadelextrakt (13 July 1962) – p. 335.BGHZ vol. 40, 391—Stahlexport (20 December 1963) – pp. 70–71,

482, 540.BGHZ vol. 41, 84—Maja (22 January 1964) – pp. 48, 196, 485.BGH 1965 GRUR 315—Werbewagen (4 December 1964) – p. 361.BGH 1968 GRUR 591—Pulverbehälter (3 May 1968) – p. 372.

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