traditional chinese medicine theories (english and chinese)

7/21/2019 Traditional Chinese Medicine Theories (English and Chinese)

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http://eng.100md.com/index/TCM/index.htm

Part One: RADITIONAL- CHINESE MEDICINE WITH A LONG HISTORY

:

Traditional Chinese medicine ( TCM) has a history of several years. Its origin can e traced

ac! to remote anti"#ity.In a long co#rse of str#ggling against diseases$ TCM evolved into a

#ni"#e and integrated theoretical systcm of TCM. It is an important part of Chinese c#lt#re.

More than %$000 years ago$ came o#t angdi's Classic on Medicine( ang i ei *ing )$

+hich is the earliest medical classic extant in China. It consists of t+o parts ,asic -#estions

( # en ) and Mirac#lo#s ivot( ing h# )$ each comprising) nine vol#mes$ each of +hich$

in t#rn$ contains nine chapters$ totaling #p to 12% chapters.The oo! gives a complete and

systematic exposition to the follo+ing vario#s s#*ects : the relationship et+een man and

nat#re$ the physiology and pathology of the h#man ody$ and the diagnosis$ treatment and

prevention ot diseases. It also #ses the theories of yin3yang and the five elements to deal f#lly

+ith the principles of treatment y differentiation of syndromes (T) according to the

climatic and seasonal conditions$ geographical localities and individ#al constit#tion.

&ence( giving expression) to the holistic concept of ta!ing the h#man ody as an organic

+hole and ta!ing the h#man ody +ith the s#rro#nding environment as the integrity. It laid a

preliminary fo#ndation for the theoretical formation of TCM. 4fter angdi's Classic on

Medicine another classic of medicine$ Classic on Medical rolems ( an 5ing )$ +as given

irth to the +orld efore the 6astern &an ynasty. The oo! deals mainly +ith the asic

theory of TCM$ s#ch as physiology$ pathology$ diagnosis and treatment of diseases and so on.

It s#pplemented +hat angdi's Classic on Medicine lac!ed. 7rom then on$ many medical

schools and vario#s classics on medicine +ere ro#ght into eing in s#ccession$ each having

its o+n strong points.

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http://eng.100md.com/index/TCM/index.htmhttp://eng.100md.com/index/TCM/index.htm


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medicinal item among +hich %% are hers$ 2; are animals$ and harmony in seven emotions ( "i "ing he he )$ fo#r properties

of medicinal hers ( si "i ) and five tastes of medicinal hers ( +# +ei ).

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medical theory$ materia medica$ gynecology and ostetrics$ pediatrics$ ac#p#nct#re and

moxi#stion$ diet$ health preservationand prescriptions for vario#s ranches of medicine.

,oth oo!s are recogni=ed as representative +or!s of medicine in the Tang ynasty. #n

imiao +as honored y later generations as @the !ing of heral medicine@.

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In the ong ynasty$ more attention +as paid to the ed#cation of TCM . The goverment set

#p@the Imperial Medical ,#rea#@ for training and ringing #p "#alified TCM +or!ers. In

10; 4$ a special organ named @,#rea# for Eevising Meidical ,oo!s@ +as set #p in order to

proofread and correct the medical oo!s from preceding ages$ and to p#lish them one after

another. The oo!s revised have een handed do+n till no+ and are still the important

classics for China and other co#ntries to st#dy TCM.

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o#tcome of differentiating syndromes. Ta!en as a +hole$ T means diagnosis and treatment

ased on overall analysis of symptoms and signs.


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nDE*

Part Four: THE APPLICATION OF THE YIN-YANG THEORY

: z{ugy

The yin3yang theory permeates all aspects of the theoretical system of TCM. The theory is

#sed to explain the organic str#ct#re$ physiological f#nction and pathological changes of the

h#man ody. It also serves as a principle to g#ide clinical diagnosis

z{FGApq*b"yd@YLHhi

U0S3Ldm*

l . 6xplaining the Tiss#es and tr#ct#re of the man ,ody 1.d@YLH

The h#man ody is an integrated +hole. 4ll its tiss#es and str#ct#res are organically

connected and may e classified as t+o opposite aspects3yin and yang. That is +hy # +en

states$@Man$ having a form$ can not deviate from yin and yang.@ In terms of the anatomical

locations$ the #pper part of the ody is yang and the lo+er part is yin> the exterior is yang and

the interior$ yin> the ac! is yang and the adomen$ yin> the lateral aspects of the extremities

are yang and the medical aspects$ yin. Concerning the =ang3f# organs$ the =ang3organs store

#t not discharge essence3"i and$ therefore$ they are yin> +hile the f#3organs transmit and

transform food into essence3"i #t not store it$ and$ for this reason$ they are yang.

7#rthermore$ each of the =ang3 or f#3organs can e redivided into yin and yang. 7or example$

heart3yin and heart3yang$ !idney3yin and !idney3yang$ stomach3yin and stomach3yang$ etc.

4s concerns yin and yang of the meridian3collateral system$ there are t+o categories: yin

meridians and yang meridians> yin collaterals and yang collaterals. 4ll of them are opposite

pairs. Th#s$ in line +ith the yin3yang theory$ the #nity of opposites et+een yin and yang exist

in the #pper and lo+er$ internal and external$ front and ac! parts of the h#man ody$ and

+ithin all the internal organs as +ell.

d@L>??@*vYLH6M+A36"z{

X*LIJFSTKuYdi73Kz{*LMA3d@{3

szk{3IzN{3OzPQR{3STz*YLA3U23z2U3{*V3Z^"z

{*)3EzUE{3WzUW{${zU{{oo*JAz{A3"

XYzJU{J3zU{*w6z{Xq*wX3z{Y

ZM+d@shIkhCUIYL*

%. 6xplaining the hysiological 7#nctions of the man ,ody %.d@i

The yin3yang theory elieves that the normal life activities of the h#man ody res#lt from

the harmonio#s relation of the #nity of opposites et+een yin and yang. Ta!e the relationship


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et+een f#nction and matter for example$ f#nction pertains to yang +hile matter$ to yin.

hysiological activities of the ody are ased on matter. itho#t matter$ there +o#ld e no

s#stentation for f#nction activities. 4nd f#nctional activities are the motive po+er for

prod#cing matter. In other +ords$ +itho#t f#nctional activities$ the metaolism of matter

+o#ld not e performed. In this +ay$ yin and yang +ithin the h#man ody depend on each

other for existence. If yin and yang can't complement each other and ecome separated from

each other$ life +ill come to an end. o # en says:@The e"#iliri#m of yin and yang ma!es

the vitality +ell3conserved> the divorce of yin and yang essence3"i exha#sted.@

z{ad@!iez{gA[~*wU

gA)3{3z*d@iw*3

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9. 6xplaining the athological Changes 9.0S

TCM considers that the imalance et+een yin and yang is one of the asic pathogenesis of

a disease. The occ#rrence and development of a disease are related to oth the vital3"i and

pathogenic factors. 4ltho#gh the pathologlical changes +hich occ#r in diseases are

complicated and changeale$ they can still e s#mmari=ed as excess or deficiency of yin or

yang. To e more concrete$ @yang excess leads to heat syndrome +hile yin excess ca#ses cold

syndrome@> @yang deficiency res#lts in cold syndrome +hile yin deficiency ca#ses heat

syndromes@> @yang deficiency affects yin +hile yin deficiency affects yang.@

az{~L/00S*/0iU.!lXpqS

g*d/00Sef3g`hz{i*:@uL {

c3z{i3zic{jjz3zjj{ *


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nat#red dr#gs in order to inhiit excessive yang$ i.e$ to cool the heat. Cold syndrome ca#sed

y preponderance of yin elongs to cold3excess syndrome. It sho#ld e treated +ith hot3

nat#red dr#gs so as to restrain excessive yin$ i.e.$ to heat the cold. 4s oth syndromes aove

are excess syndromes$ this therape#tic principle is called @treating excess syndromes +ith the

p#rgation@. eficiency3cold syndrome ca#sed y yang deficiency$ sho#ld e treated +ith the

dr#gs +arm and tonic in nat#re to relieve excessive yin. This is said in TCM$ @restraining

predominant yin y reinforcing yang$@ also !no+n as @treating yang for yin diseases.@ The

interior heat syndrome res#lting from yin deficiency elongs to eficiency3heat syndrome$

+hich sho#ld e treated +ith the dr#gs of no#rishing yin and replenishing fl#ids so as to

restrict excessive yang$ this is +hat is !no+n in TCM$ @restraining predominant yang y

strengthening (renal W) yin$@ also called @treating yin for yang diseases.@

Rz{~L/0iU!3v3BJef $

6yz{w*vwa k3lmno3w*z{ *+

3pfz{hhchi3`wz{`*z{3hch

{3hhiz*nf/0(nf*{/ic3

gqwwrs{3c*zde3gqwc3w

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gqww5z*+ tb!3wuzv 3 z0n{ *

zi3Icic3gqwzwwrs{3Lvu x

y3w{y 3 {0nz *

?hang 5ingy#e tho#ght that$ in treating deficiency of yin or yang$ dr#gs tonifying oth yin

and yang sho#ld e #sed$ eca#se yin and yang are interdependent. Therefore$ red#cing the

excessive and replenish the deficient can ad*#st excess or deficiency et+een yin or yang and

restore the alance et+een them.

za3nfzi{igbw(gyzU{3z{L

M*3i{yzi{i3Oz{


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dispersing$ ascending and floating actions pertain to yang.

A3z3c{*A3}h~h

z3hh{*A3hz3

/h={*

To s#m #p$ the principle of treatment sho#ld e estalished in the light of the excess or

deficiency of yin or yang$ and then relevant(g) hers sho#ld e selected according to the

attri#tion(h) of yin or yang and their f#nctions. o and so only can imalance of yin and

yang e p#t right$ and event#ally$ the aim of c#ring diseases is attained.

`A3nflwz{i3ghilz

{hj*vw3vz{~3N`n/0N*

pecial phrases


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Uyuv|wTUQ`gA*Qyd

m.nf*bz{A


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Ta. 1 the Classification of Things 4ccording to the 7ive 6lements 1.|sh

Eestriction means ringing #nder control or restraint.The order of restriction goes as

follo+s: +ood restricts earth$ earth does +ater$ +ater does fire$ fire does metal$ and metal$ in

t#rn$ does +ood. 4ny one of the five elements has t+o aspects3eing restricted and restricting.

7or example$ the element restricting +ood is metal$ and the element that is restricted y +ood

is earth. r*sYhhbhbh

*|s6UXpq*)33

*

Aeneration and restriction have the correlations inseparale in the five elements.4nd they

oppose each other and yet also complement each other.itho#t generation$there +o#ld e no

gro+th and development of things>+itho#t interrestriction there +o#ld e no alance and

coordination d#ring development and change$and excessive gro+th +o#ld ring ao#t

harm.7or example$on the one hand$+ood generates fire$and$on the other hand$it restrains

earth>+hile earth$ in t#rn$generates metal and restricts +ater.recisely eca#se generation

resides in restriction and restriction resides in generation$the nat#ral +orld and life processes

are f#ll of vitality$on the one hand and excessive gro+th +ill not ring ao#t harm on the

other hand.Th#s$the relative alance maintained et+een generation and restriction ens#res

normal gro+th and development of things. |sigAL"K*Q`

3* i8,U+5[~

|3Ti,.8*)3pq3ibpq3w(^ij*!iUi3ef#Uii$Lpq

pq3Ti,.8*3i\|Li,U

*

That is$ ecological e"#iliri#m in nat#re and physiological alance in the h#man ody

res#lt from s#ch relationships of generation and restriction. These relationships are ill#strated

in the follo+ing fig#re. Lef#i^|3d@i|eigA

|*gA+ws}~*

7ig. % Eelationship of generation and restriction (or s#*#gation) of the 7ive 6lements %.

|sigA

&o+ever$ once any one of the five elements ecomes excessive or ins#fficient$ there +o#ld

appear anormal intergeneration and co#nter3restriction !no+n as s#*#gation and co#nter3

restriction (or reverse restriction). ,y s#*#gation is meant that one of the five elements

overacts #pon another one +hen the latter is +ea!. Therefore$ it is also called @do#le

restriction@. 7or instance$ excessive +ood may over3restrict earth$ res#lting in ins#fficiency of

earth$ so called +ood s#*#gates earth. This is the anormal manifestation of disorder of inter3


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restriction among things. f3|ssT3DE

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3


15/71


16/71

the heart3lood$ and heart3yang$ the f#nctional activities.4s for physiological f#nctions$ the

heart is tho#ght to$ first$ dominate lood and vessels since it is the motive force for lood

circ#lation. The lood vessels are the physical str#ct#res containing the lood. The lood

vessels are lin!ed +ith the heart to form a closed system$ and lood circ#lation is performed

y the cooperation of the heart and the lood vessels. Jnder the imp#lse of heart3"i$ lood is

transported to all parts of the ody for n#tritive pr#pose. Therey the condition of heart3"i and

the lood vol#me may e sho+n in oth the p#lse condition and the complexion. That's +hy

,asis -#estions (# en ) says$ @The heart has its o#t+ard manifestation in the face or

complexion@. 4s a res#lt$ +hether heart3"i and heart3lood are s#fficient or not can affect the

strength$ rate and rhythm of the heart.

E3p3kE[v[*aEnvYL3L

y *E+|sb3REzUE{Y8*Ez[EH3E{

*iA3Lw3aEyU*L

wH*UE78A3w+EUHs

>8*+Es3wxd@4y*3EU

w"wOoUq@E*LFSTKIJu E+q *vw3LE

LE.@6EhhU&*

The heart ho#ses the mind$ also !no+n as the heart dominating the mental activities. The

mind$ in its road meaning$ refers to the o#t+ard manifestations of the life activities of the

+hole ody$ and$ in its narro+ sense$ to mental activities controlled y the heart$ incl#ding

conscio#sness$ spirit$ thin!ing$ etc. The =ang3f# theory holds that mental activities and

thin!ing are to ta!e the heart's f#nctions as their asis. pirit$ conscio#sness$ thin!ing$

memory and sleep are all related to the f#nction of the heart in ho#sing the mind. Therefore$

Mirac#lo#s ivot (ing h# ) says$ @The heart is the residence of the mind@ and also$ @The

heart ta!es on the performance of activities.@ The heart opens into(have one's specific ody

opening ...e reflected on ...) the tong#e. @Ees#scitation@$ in TCM$ means the close

relationship et+een a partic#lar =ang3organ and one of the sense organs in the str#ct#re$

physiology and pathology. o the heart$ tho#gh eing in the ody$ is connected +ith the

tong#e y the heart3meridians. Thro#gh s#ch a connection$ +hether the heart f#nctions

normally or not can e clearly learnt from the tong#e condition. In other +ords$ the tong#e

condition may sho+ the physiological and pathological changes of the heart. o TCM holds:

@The tong#e serves as the mirror( or ody opening ) of the heart@. In addition$ the heart has its

o#t+ard manifestations in the face. The heart corresponds to *oy in the emotions. (open into

have one's specific ody opening ...e reflected on...)4nd its meridians connect +ith

associate +ith$ e related to)the small intestine +ith +hich they are internally3externally

related.

Ey3Ey'*3L?d@k+E

LEv'[h'ho*a'U6


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wE*'hhhU6wEyg*3FV

WKaY E = vwE *E* +LU

+HhiU0A*[email protected]*T

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U0S*vw3aYE*k3E+q3+3=T

Jo.*

4ppendix: ericardi#m ;YE[

The pericardi#m$ serving as the peripheral tiss#e s#rro#nding the heart$ plays a part in

protecting the heart hen exogeno#s pathogenic factors attac! the heart$ the pericardi#m is

al+ays the first to e attac!ed. The heart$ if invaded y the pathogens$ +ill e impaired and

diseases +ill ens#e. 7or example$ high fever$ coma and red tong#e are descried as @heat3

pathogen attac!ing the pericardi#m$@ and$ in fact$ the clinical manifestations of the

pericardi#m invaded y exogeno#s pathogens are the same as those of the heart. 7or this

reason$ the pericardi#m is #s#ally regarded as an attachment to the heart.

E[L[EkYL3klnE(mE[3Ey*E

lvj3/0i9*)3chh~

cE[ E33klmnE[E.klnEL*3E

[aLE*

%. #ngs %.

The l#ngs$ incl#ding the t+o loes$ one on the left and right separately$ are sit#ate in the

thorax. They are compared to the @canopy@ eca#sea of its #ppermost position among all the

=ang3f# organs. They are also termed @delicate =ang organs@.

X33K*M+v3vw

3 *

The l#ngs dominate "i and respiration. They are the place of exchange et+een the gases

inside and o#tside the ody. ,asic -#estion ( # en ) says$ @atmosphere comm#nicating to

the l#ngs@. The l#ngs also govern dispersing and descending$ and reg#lates +ater passage$ and

comm#nicate +ith n#mero#s vessels to coordinate f#nctional activities of the +hole ody$

assisting the heart to ad*#st normal circ#lation of "i and lood. The l#ngs corresponds to

melancholy in the emotions and are related to the s!in and hair externally. They open into the

nose and their conditions are reflected on vell#m( ) hairs. In the meridian3collnteral

relation$the l#ngs and the large intestine are exteriorly3interiorly related eca#se of

interconnecting3interpertaining of the #ng Meridianof &and3Taiyin and the arge Intestine

Meridian of &and3angming.


18/71

y*QL@@Ik]v*FSTKaY..w(3y=

h~3|oE~&j!*+$y*3

`6Lk+E*+JgA3CzJ.{vJAh

3.*

9. pleen 9.z

The spleen is located in the middle energi=er$ elo+ the diaphragm. The spleen's meridians

connect +ith the stomach$ +ith +hich it is exteriorly3interiorly related. TCM is +idely

divergent from estern medicine in the #nderstanding of the spleen. TCM holds it tr#e that

the spleen is divided into spleen3yin$ its material str#ct#res> spleen3yang$ its f#nctions> and

spleen3"i +hich merely refers to its f#nctions$ and that the spleen may e the main organ of

the digestive system. The spleen is of great importance eca#se$ for one thing$ it controls

transporting and transforming food and +ater and$ for another$ it controls the lood of the

+hole ody. Therey$ !eeping the lood circ#lating normally +ithin the vessels to prevent it

from extravasating. The spleen is also vie+ed as the so#rce for the prod#ction and

transformation of "i and lood$ as is said in TCM$ @ The spleen is the fo#ndation of postnatal

life@.

z93s3TJ.{3.{*+za3.

w*azzzUz{3zzH3z{3zu

5Ay*z


19/71

important lin! in reg#lating "i movement$ promoting the circ#lation of lood and ody$ as

+ell as harmoni=ing emotional activities. The liver's another f#nction is incarnated in its

reg#lating emotional activities$ promoting digestion and asorption and !eeping "i and lood

flo+ing normally. ,esides the aove$ the liver are also closely related to the tendons$ nails and

the eyes. It has its specific ody opening in the eyes and its o#t+ard manifestation on the

nails.

d`>.UUA+*C.UwU~&g*

IU"wl{sO\!xs*U

3iDo0S*w~&y3 reg#lating +ater metaolism and receiving "i. The !idneys also ta!e charge of

the one and man#fact#rc marro+. Mean+hile$ the !idneys have their conditioias revealed on

hairs and open into the ears and$ the t+o@private parts@3#rethra and an#s. The !idneys'

meridians connect +ith the #rinary ladder$ +ith +hich they are internally3externally related.

W3X3U'3aL *Wyi

YU'hi,hyh*Wh*w(3W+3.jX

b Cz*WJ.!"JA3H8gA*

Part Seen: THE SI% FU-ORGANS AND THE E%TRAORDINARY FU-ORGANS

:U#$

TCM refers the gallladder$ the stomach$ the large intestine$ the small intestine$ the #rinary

ladder and the triple energi=er to the six f#3organs. it is not only that$ esides the f#nctions of

their o+n$ they are characteri=ed y their common role ofdecomposing and digesting +ater

and food$ and discharging the +astes$ #t that$ in the process of digesting and asoring food

and excreting the +astes$ they are closely related to each other oth physiologically and

pathologically. Their f#nctional feather is excretion +itho#t storage and ta!ing descending

and #nostr#ction as their normal f#nctional state. TCM's rational !no+ledge of the

interrelationship of the six f#3organs is +ell gro#nded on ancient anatomical !no+ledge$ the

oservation of the physiological and pathological changes of the six f#3organs and the

s#mmari=ation of long3term and rich medical experience.


20/71

Lh{h hh!"U9*L9e%k3

Q`&hu5U5'(w


21/71

l#ngs and head as +ell. Its main physiological f#nction is to distri#te essence3"i thro#gho#t

the ody. In other +ords$ in comination +ith the heart and the l#ng$ the #pper energi=er

distri#tes essence3"i to the +hole ody to +arm and no#rish the s!in and m#scles$ tendons

and ones. This f#nction is descried in Mirac#lo#s ivot @The #pper energi=er resemles a

sprayer.@ This is a metaphor$ +hich is #sed to descrie the f#nction of the #pper energi=er to

sprin!le fog3li!e cereal essence.

9Lw[EhU3*QyiL/'%%@

*]A3TEH39/'%t@w445*+FVWK

96@3Lt3y~9/'*

The middle energi=er refers mainly to the adorminal part et+een the diaphragm and

#milic#s$ and incl#des s#ch =ang3f# organs as the spleen$ stomach$ liver and gallladder. Its

main physiological f#nctions are to decompose food and transform n#trient s#stances into "i

and lood$ and to discharge the +astes and steam ody fl#id. This f#nction is mentioned in

Mirac#lo#s ivot: @The middle energi=er is li!ened to a fermentation t#n.@ ,y @fermentation

t#n@ is meant the place +here food is decomposed and digested.

9yLU7O3[zh{hh*Qyi

L&'8,5{39'(h:;w*+FVWK 9

< * < L3&u5p*

The lo+er energi=er refers$ generally$ to the portion located elo+ the stomach$ incl#ding

the small intestine$ large intestine$ !idneys$ #rinary ladder. etc. Its main f#nction is to

discharge food resid#ces and #rine. o there is also a saying in Mirac#lo#s ivot$ @The lo+er

energi=er +or!s li!e a se+er.@ &ere @se+er@ is #sed to descrie the f#nction to excrete the

+astes. &o+ever$ +ith the development of visceral manifestations (=ang xiang)$ essence and

lood of the liver and !idney as +ell as primordial "i are generally attri#ted to the lo+er

energi=er y later generations.

`u3s9L{ws[h hWh!"o*Qyi

L2'(U/w*vwFVWK s9= *= Ly~2*f3u3dBaW'Ues9*

In short$ the triple energi=er dominates all !inds of "i and "i transformation of the h#man

ody$ and serves as the path+ay for +ater. Therefore$ ,asic -#estions says: @The triple

energi=er$ as the +ater+ays$ is an organ in charge of the +ater circ#lation$ flo+ing along the

+ater+ays.@

A39y@~&@I@x56Lxs*3FSTK

aY93=3D>*


22/71

hile the six f#3organs transport and tranform +ater and food$ the process of reception$

digestion$ transportation and excretion are also in progress. The six f#3organs are #s#ally in a

state of the alternations et+een emptiness and f#llness. 4nd they transform food into essence

#t not store it. That's +hy TCM elieves: @ the six f#3organs f#nction +ell +hen they are

#nostr#ctr#ction$ the #nostr#cted is the normal f#nctional state for the six f#3organs> +here

the reg#lar descent is their normal f#nctional activities.@athologically$ disorders among the

six f#3organs often affect each other. 7or instance$ +hen ody fl#id is cons#med eca#se of

excessive heat in the stomach$ the large intestine is o#nd to have tro#le in transportation$

and$ in conse"#ence$ constipation occ#rs. 4 dist#rance of the large intestine in transmission

and transformation not only leads to the ostr#ction of the large intestine itself$ #t also

affects the reg#lar descent of stomach3"i$ ca#sing repeated vomiting. 4 dominant gallladder

fire often interferes +ith the stomach and res#lts in vomiting itter fl#id.ampness and heat

acc#m#lated in the stomach and spleen #rn and steam the liver and the gallladder. This may

ca#se the ile to overflo+$ and give rise to *a#ndice.

+x53?rshu5h@h2T*::i

$5U*LIJawy3wU*0

~*)3{c(3@wuA3@DET

debi* @deB3{d

efCr*bD3nj{.8Cr~*z{cE:3de

-kFU*

4part from the six f#3organs$ there are the rain$ marro+$ ones$ vessels$ gallladder and

#ter#s termed the @extraordinary f#3organs@. i!e the f# organs morphology$ the extraordinary

f#3organs are mostly hollo+ #t not the path+ays for the digestion and excretion of cereal

food and$ li!e the =ang argans f#nctionally$ they also store essence3"i. ith the exception of

the gallladder$ they have no exterior3interior relationships.

k3GhhhohhH6I #$ *Q+7^.?3

BJ3Lu5U2+.?3Q`"U'*93

6gA*

The rain is located in the s!#ll and connects +ith the spinal marro+. It is the organ of

spirit$ conscio#sness and thin!ing. ,asic -#estion says: @The head is the ho#se of

intelligence@.( 3 the head is the residence of intelligence)i hi=hen of the Ming ynasty

pointee o#t$ @The rain is the seat of the mind@$ and the heart governs all f#ncctions of the

+hole ody$ incl#ding mental activities. In the -ing ynasty$ ang -ingren stated: @The

intelligence and memory onginate from the rain #t not from the heart.@ 4nd he also

considered: @Thin!ing$ memory$ vision$ hearing$ smelling and spea!ing are all controlled y

the rain.@ 4ltho#gh TCM has some !no+ledge of the rain's physiology and pathology$ it


23/71

still ascries the f#nctions of the rain to the heart$ the liver and respectively to the five =ang3

organs$ and holds that spirit$ conscio#sness and thin!ing are related to the five =ang3organs.

G3K3.A*QL'hh*FSTKaY33'v@*

v)[(DYG@*Et%['*1)L1D M

UeGE *ahhhNhOPUAQ6RG*pf

GiU09a3g`hEhU|3a

Rhh|g

The #ter#s$ or +om(+# Y m)$ sit#ated in the lo+er adomen posterior to the #rinary

ladder in +omen$ is an inverted pear3shaped organ +here menstr#ation occ#rs and the foet#s

is red. They are t+o complex physiological processes in +hich tiang#i$ a !ind of refined

n#tritio#s s#stance transformed from the !idney3essence$ plays the most important role. ,oth

Chong and Een meridians originate from the #ter#s. The #ter#s is also closely related to the

heart$ liver and spleen$ eca#se normal menstr#ation and the no#rishment of the foet#s rely on

the lood dominated y the heart$ stored y the liver and controlledy the spleen. Therefore

the dysf#nction of the aove organs +ill affect the normal f#nctions of the #ter#s$ ring ao#t

menstr#al disorder and sterility.

H6ILHsO!"3LSMT73LUJiU>

V1v*Q`LXfiT3RWJ5i'83W+9


24/71

connections of their meridians. This relationship as +ell as their physiological cooperation

and pathological interaction can e clearly seen in the interrelations et+een the heart and the

small intestine$ the l#ng and the large intestine 3the spleen and the stomach$ the liver and the

gallladder and the !idney and the #rinary ladder.

d|.gAf3[_`w~R'a

3gAW"w~s*a3zh3{h*

Q`gAwJo*Q`gAj+i[~U0

"w1b@EEUhUhzU{hUjWU!"

gA*

The heart and the small intestine are connected y the heart meridian and the small intestine

meridian to form an exterior3interior relationship. Th#s ma!ing the t+o pathologically related

to each other. The excessive heart3fire tends to go into the small intestine res#litng in olig#ria$

#rning pains d#ring #rination$etc. Conversely$ the excessive heat in the small intestine may

go #p+ard along the meridian to the heart and ca#se internal hyperactivity of heart3fire.

eading to dysphoria$ crimson tong#e$ oral #lceration and so on.

EUREJUJ78gA*3Q`+0g*E

b3"cc33/3/do*3c3"JE3

EbID33Ee3f3giho*

The l#ng and the large intestine form an exterior3interior relationship y m#t#al

connections of their meridians. The dispersing and deseending f#nctions of the l#ng help the

large intestine to perform its transporting tas!. hen the l#ng f#nctions normally$ the large

intestine does +ell. Conversely +hen the descending f#nction of the l#ng "i do not +or! +ell$

it +ill affect the f#nctionof the large intestine in transportation$ ca#sing diffic#lt o+el

movements. Hn the other hand$ loose stools and the stoppage of f#3"i may affect the descent

of l#ng3"i$ giving rise to asthmatic co#gh and chest distress.

UTQ`JoA78gA*iUj>8

@k*!!*3j(353xl*pq3mUB"wj

.8noUp*

,oth the stomach and the spleen lie in the middle energi=erand are connected y their

meridians to form an exterior3interior relationship. The stomach governs the reception$ +hile

the spleen governs the transportation and transformation. The relationship et+een the t+o is

that @the spleen conveys the ooy fl#id for the stomach@. If pathogenic damp attac!s the

spleen$ it +ill in*#re the transporting and transforming f#nctions of the spleen and affect the

reception and the descending action of the stomach$ res#lting in poor appetite$ vomiting$


25/71

na#sea and gastric distention. o the spleen and the stomach share o#t the +or! and cooperate

+ith each other to *ointly accomplish the tas! of the digestion$ asorption and distri#tion of

food. Hn the contrary$ intemperance of food inta!e (improper diet)and dyspeptic retention of

the stomach +ill ring ao#t oth the dysf#nction of the stomach in descent #t that of the

spleen's transportation and transformation$ ca#sing s#ch symptoms as adominal distention$

diarrhea.

z{93TQ`Jo78gA*{y3zyx5*Xg

A z{;w *-lnz(3zx5j{U3de

qhCrhrEUB*3z{w[~>823u5hU/sk*3

23&h3B{{3zx53/iOth

O*

The gallladder is attached to the liver$ and they are connected y their meridians to form

an exterior3interior relationship. ,ile derives from s#rpl#s "i of the liver. It is stored and

excreted y the gallladder located #nder the liver. Hnly +hen the liver performs its f#nction

s#ccessf#lly can ile e secreted$ stored and excreted normally. Hn the other hand$ +hen ile

is excreted properly$ the liver can give f#ll play to its f#nction in reg#lating the normal flo+ of

"i. Conversely$ +hen ile fails to e excreted normally$ the liver f#nction +ill e affected$ too.

Therefore$ the liver and gallladder are closely related physiologically and pathologically. The

diseases of liver often involve the gallladder and the contrary is also tr#e. Therefore$ the liver

and gallladder cannot e completely separated physiologically and pathologically. 7or

example$ excessive fire of oth the liver and the gallladder may present s#ch symptoms as

"i3stagnation and heat3dampness.

3Q`TJo78gA*-eT*QUh2e

s*!3-9hUU2!*pq3-

2!32s!*3-2(3

*3+iU0A*0j3f*3

+iU0>tK*)3b6DEBh-c*

The !idney and #rinary ladder$ li!e the other =ang3f# organs$ form an exterior3interior

relationship thro#gh their meridians. The !idneys control opening and closing$ +hile the

#rinaryladder governs storing and excreting #rine. ,oth are related to +ater metalism.

hether the f#nction of the #rinary ladder is normal or not depends on the s#fficiency or

deficiency of !idney3"i. hen !idney3"i is s#fficient and its astringency is right$ the #rinary

ladder +ill open and close reg#larly$ th#s maintaining normal +ater metaolism. In case

!idney3"i is deficient$ there +ill e the dist#rance of its "i transformation and astrictive

action$ ca#sing the irreg#lar opening and closing of the #rinary ladder$ manifested as dys#ria$

incontinence of #rine$ en#resis and fre"#ency of mict#rition.


26/71

WU!".QTJo78gA*WyH3!"LUU2

/w*X6.w)ug*!"!.@W.@*W3

vZw3!"H3O\w!)u*3W3pq"W

53vZw3!"H3"DE3x3/3/yo0

*

o far the text has *#st riefly disc#ssed the relationship et+een the five =ang3and the six

f#3organs. To have a thoro#gh #nderstanding of their interrelations and the =ang3f# theory$ it

is also important to !no+ the relationship et+een the five =ang3organs and that et+een the

six f#3organs as +ell$ +hich$ as space is limited$ have to e rel#ctantly parted +ith here.

%3b_z9|gA*{|Q`gAj3


27/71

i*3zuY di3t *FJKDY 3d

c *FSTKDY H3ad *

-i in the h#man ody is composed of congenital "i and ac"#ired "i. The former is inherited

from one's parents efore irth$the latter is derived from cereal essence transformed y the

spleen and stomach and fresh air inhaled from the nat#ral +orld y the l#ng. Therefore$ "i is a

comination of three !inds of factors. It is easy to see that the so#rce or prod#ction of "i is

related to innate endo+ment$ ac"#ired n#trition and environmental conditions$ and the actions

of the !idney$ spleen$ stomach$ l#ng as +ell.

d@RUY8*CDiC3e.z

{i5'8jOef#1*3LwSH*"f

!./i.h4Ug3.Whzh{hw

g*

Congenital "i and ac"#ired "i complement each other. Congenital "i is the material

fo#ndation for the prod#ction of ac"#ired "i$ and ac"#ired "i contin#o#sly s#pplements

congenital "i +ith no#rishments. ,oth of them are$ therefore$ descried as an interdependent

relation3congenital "i promoting ac"#ired "i$+hich$ in t#rn$ no#rishing congenital "i. There

are all !inds of "i and$ their f#nctions are too intricate to e expo#nded in a fe+ +ords .To

provide a precise exposition$ let's disc#ss them #nder six heads.

.*L/i3

U4*3XLgA L3

4*UQ`f3LAXQ"w1*

`ywsz3wo'*

1 . romoting 4ction of -i 1.

-i$ as a sort of refined s#stance f#ll of vigo#r$ plays a promoting and activating role in the

gro+th and development of the h#man ody$ the physiological activities of the =ang3f# organs

and meridians$ the prod#ction and circ#lation of lood$ as +ell as the prod#ction$ distri#tion

and excretion of ody fl#id. If the aove f#nctions are +ea!ened d#e to "i3deficiency$ the

follo+ing pathologic changes +ill occ#r: tardy gro+th and development of the h#man ody$

hypof#nction of the =ang3f# organs and meridians$ stagnation of lood$ fl#id retention$ etc.

3'83d@i,>hJihw/

iUh;w/ih/sU26rUy*iw

3iws0SYd@i,>BhJhw

BU;wBo*


28/71

%. arming 4ction of -i %.

hether man's ody temperat#re is normal or not depends on the +arming action of "i.

Classic on Medical rolerns says:@ -i is responsile for +arming.@ Hnly thro#gh the

+arming action of "i can all =ang3f# organs 3meridiarns and other str#ct#res perform their

normal f#nctional activities$ and can s#ch li"#id s#stances as lood and ody fl#id circ#late

normally. 4s the saying goes: @ ,lood flo+s in +armth$ +hile it coag#lates in cold.@7or

example$ the ins#fficiency of yang3"i may impair the +arming action of "i$ ca#sing an

aversion to cold$ cold lims. o+ered ody temperat#re and so on. Conversely$ "i excess may

res#lt in the fail#re of "i to disperse heat$ mar!ed y preference for cold$ fever$ etc. ,asic

-#estions states$ @-i excess pred#ces heat$ +hile "i deficiency prod#ces cold.@

d@@!.@y*FJKaY3*T

y3JUQYLHs!3wU@wo;w

!*QY x3* )Y{dey

33rhPh@oo*3Tdet/c33

hco*FSTKDY 3ci3 *

9. efending 4ction of -i 9.l

-i has defending f#nction to defend the ody s#rface against the exogeno#s pathogens and

to comat +ith the invaded exogeno#s pathogens to drive them o#t of the ody. The oo!

,asic -#estions$ therefore$ states:@ hen vital "i exists in the ody$ the exogeno#s pathogens

can not attac! the ody.@ 4nd @ If the pathogens invade and occ#py the ody$ "i3deficiency is

o#nd to ens#e.@ Therey leading to illness.

llkl6klu%@k*3FSTKDY !MI3

l"T U lv3li /0/i*


29/71

(9) 7irming the internal organs in their normal positions +itho#t prolapse.

vZy3vZw@Ud@I*"wOws

pq@EY

(1)\w+oxs3lk*

(%)U~&qwh/wh'whwh-oMU23w\w)u

|*

(9)\I+!M%s8*

If this action is impaired$ hemorrhage$ premat#re e*ac#lation$ spontaneo#s s+eating$

#rinary incontinence$ and spermatorrhea +ill occ#r. If this action fails to +or! normally$s#ch

prolapses as gastroptosis$ nephroptosis$ hysteroptosis +ill e ro#ght ao#t.

j3DEDhO2heqh/U'*b!xs3

DE{s8hWs8h67s8os8*

The promoting and controlling actions of "i are the t+o aspects of m#t#al opposition and

m#t#al complement. rovided these t+o actions +or! harmonio#sly$ lood circ#lation and

+ater metaolism can e normally carried on.

rUvZLhXpq*X[~xs3

wUw)u!*

. 4ction of -i Transformation

.5

-i transformation may e defined as vario#s !inds of changes ro#ght ao#t y the

movement of "i. Concretely spea!ing$ it refers to the respective metaolism of essence$ "i$

lood and ody fl#id and their reciprocal transformation. 7or instance$ food is transformed

into "i$ lood and ody fl#id> ody fl#id are converted into s+eat and #rine y metaoli=ing$

and the resid#es of food$after digestion and asorption$ are t#rned into feces to e discharged

from the ody. 4ll these processes are all the specific manifeatations of the action of "i

transformation. If "i transformation is o#t of order$ it +ill affect the digestion$ asorpiion of

food$ the metaolism and transformation of essence$ lood and ody fl#id$ the excretion of

s+eat$ #rine and feces and so on .To p#t it riefly$ "i transformation is act#ally the process in

+hich the s#stances in the ody are metaoli=ed and intertransformed. 4ltho#gh the aove


30/71

five actions of "i differ from one another$ they are indispensale to maintaining h#man life.

Their harmonio#s cooperation and m#t#al s#pport ens#re that the physiological activities are

completed smoothly.

5"ww5ex*@u3QL'h

hU@w;)uUQ`,5*)33,58hU@w@w

T)u,58qU/w33)*JTu5U,580@k*v

T6L5


31/71

!hUs3"wYhhhU*

l . rimordial "i$ also !no+n as gen#ine "i (=hen "i) is the most important of the fo#r !inds

of "i. It is the primary motive force of life activities. rimordial "i derives from the congenital

essence stored in the !idney$ and depends on the ac"#ired essence regenerated y the spleen

and stomach. The oo! Mirac#lo#s ivot ma!es it clear y saying$ @Aen#ine "i (?hen "i) is

inherited from heaven ( the parents) and comined +ith cereal essence to replenish the ody.@

1.3LN


32/71

Qkl*{3vw* { $!~.wojz78

v*

T&6 T6 H7 -I 4 T&6IE MHG6M6T

.x

Types of -i

Movement

x

#an -i(rimordial -i) starting from et+een the t+o !idneys$ passing thro#gh tri3

energi=er and circ#lating thro#gh the +hile ody$ in+ard to =ang3 and f#3organs and o#t+ard

to the m#scles and s!in.

gXW3s93st%3I%3k45*

?ong -i(ectoral -i) stored in the chest and po#red into the meridians of the heart and the

l#ng.

U3;EXJ*

ing -i(#tritive -i) originating from tri3energi=er$ entering the meridians y +ay of the

l#ng$ and circ#lating all over the ody.

!93Ro3st%*

ei -i(efensive -i circ#lating o#tside #t leaning against the meridians$ vapori=ed to the

diaphragm and scattered in the chest$ travelling et+een the s!in and flesh.

sok3s%3/3s4*

pecial phrases


33/71

as the case may e

as things are

as things r#n h7ho

art Ten:,HH 4 ,H 7JI3T&6 M4T6EI4 ,4I H7 I76 4CTIGITI6

:h;wd@i

,lood$ circ#lating in the vessels$ is a red li"#id s#stance rich in n#trients. It is one of the

indispensale s#stances that constit#te the h#man ody and maintain its life activities. ,lood

originates from cereal essence transformed y the spleen and stomach$ and has the f#nctions

of no#rishing and moistening the +hole ody.

wso3L\4w@*QLH8d@U\i

"*!z{5i'834Ut%*

#tritive "i and ody fl#id are tho#ght of as the material asis of lood formation. 4s oth

of them derive from cereal essence$ the "#ality of the food inta!e and the conditions of the

spleen and the stomach are o#nd to have a direct earing on lood formation. 6ither a long3

term maln#trition or a lasting hypof#nction of the spleen and stomach may ca#se ins#fficient

lood formation$ res#lting in lood deficiency. That's +hy TCM states@ Eeinforcing the

spleen and the stomach enales lood to develop spontaneo#sly.@

U;waL78w*Q`6e'83vwZ23

Uz{^.w78g*L,-4z{j6

w/i3dei*LIJa zW3ei *

ormal lood circ#lation comes of the *oint action of the heart$ the l#ng$ the spleen and the

liver. The heart3"i is the f#ndamental motive po+er to propel lood circ#lation. The l#ng is in

charge of "i of the +hole ody and$ therefore$ has an important earing on the formation of

=ong "i. hen =ong "i gets in the heart meridian$ it may promote the movement of "i and

lood. The spleen may !eep lood flo+ing +ithin the vessels and prevent it from

extravasating. 4nd the liver$ esides its f#nction of storing lood$ ad*#sts the vol#me of lood

flo+ and maintain the normal flo+ of "i and lood. In case any one of the aove organs fails

to +or! properly$ anormal lood circ#lation is certain to occ#r. The heart3"i deficiency$ for

instance$ may lead to heart3lood stagnation. The spleen3"i deficiency fails to control lood$

leading to leeding$ etc. The dist#rance of "i flo+ of the liver and lood circ#lation may

ring ao#t s#ch pathological changes as lood stasis or s+elling$ anormal menstr#ation$

dysmenorrhea or amenorrhea in +omen.


34/71

!wseEhhzUwy*ELws*

y%33.78


35/71

,ody fl#id is called *inye in TCM$ incl#ding all !inds of fl#ids in the organs and tiss#es and

their secretions$ s#ch as gastric*#ice$ intestinal *#ice$ nasal discharge$ tears$ s+eat$ #rine and

so on. 5#st li!e "i and lood$ ody fl#id is also one of the essential s#stances constit#ting the

h#man ody and maintaining its life

@w+;w3[M+YLUQ`w@-hwh

hhqwh/woo*.3;wLH8d@U\il

*

*in and ye are al+ays mentioned in the same reath eca#se of the fact that$ for one thing$

oth of them derive from food and +ater transported and transformed y the spleen and

stomach. and for another$ they can transform into each other. ,#t they are act#ally different in

thic!ness$ property$ f#nction and distri#tion. ,y and large$ *in is the fl#id +hich is clear and

thin and flo+s easily. It is distri#ted in the s!in$ m#scles and orifices$ f#rthermore$ it

permeates the lood vessels to !eep them moistened. e$ on the contrary$ is thic! fl#id +ith

flo+ing less easily. It is distri#ted in the *oints$ rain$ marro+ and internal organs to no#rish

them. 5in and ye may transform into each other. These t+o fl#ids are hard to e separated

completely and$ for this reason$ they are *ointly referred to as @*inye@ (ody fl#id) . In case of

the impairment of *in or exha#stion of ye$ the t+o m#st e identified in T.

;.w`Lo63pq3Q`6!z{5i'8pq

LRQ`"w,5*L3Q`+hhUsLw*u3;L1hh>Uw@*Qs453"wrFGo

-*3wLh>Uw@*Qsg&hGUI3

4*;Uw"w,5*Xw@>t33Q`H ;w *

+;w3Xl*

The formation$ distri#tion and excretion of ody fl#id are the complex physiological

process in +hich they are accomplished y the *oint action of many organs. 4s is pointed o#t

in ,asic -#estions : @4fter food and drin! enter the stomach$ they are digested and

transformed into food essence and then$ transmitted #p+ard to the spleen$ +hich disperses the

essence #p+ard to the l#ng and the l#ng reg#lates +ater path+ays do+n+ard to the #rinary

ladder. 4nd y doing so ody fl#id is finally disseminated to all parts of the ody along all

the meridians and collaterals. @ This description s#ggests that$ 1) ody fl#id is formed from

food and +ater y digestion and asorption of the stomach$ separating the clarity from the

t#ridity of the small intestine and tramformation of the spleen> %) the distri#tion and

excretion of ody fl#id are accomplished y the *oint action of many =ang3f# organ$ s#ch as

the transforming f#nction of the spleen$ the dispersing and descending f#nction of the l#ng$

the steaming and ascending f#nction of the !idney> and 9) ody fl#id ta!es triple energi=er as

its passage+ay for distri#tion and excretion.


36/71

;w78hsU2LRBYLw>8fT*!FSTKv

DY 2{3'3@z3z/'3h3~3s@!

"3's3|J6s*!~o#9Y(1);wR{u5hrs1*

.hzx578*(%);wsU2RBYLw>83zx5

hijhW:*(9);ww9rssU2*

,ody fl#id ears t+o physiological f#nctions: moistening and no#rishing Yody fl#id

distri#ted to the ody s#rface moistens and no#rishes the m#scles and s!in +ith hairs> ody

fl#id permeated thro#gh the ody orifices moistens and protects the eyes$ nose3mo#th and

other openings> ody fl#id infiltrated into the lood vessels no#rishes and smooths them and

is also the asic component of lood> ody fl#id po#red into the internal organs no#rishes and

moistens them$ and ody fl#id in the one no#rishes and moistens the one marro+$ spinal

cord and rain marro+.

;wXiYU4*;ws4445FG@

UhhUQ;wFG%o4Uy3Lw

Y88;w;I4;whUG4

y*

art 6leven:-I$ ,HH 4 ,H 7JI H7 MJTJ4 C4J4IT

:hh;wgAespite their differences in nat#re$ form and f#nction$ "i$ lood and ody fl#id have

something in common +ith each other. They are the asic materials that constit#te the h#man

ody and maintain life activities> they all derive from cereal essence> they$ physiologically$

depend on each other for existence and restrain and #tili=e each other> they$ pathologically$ act

#pon each other and have ca#sality et+een them.

dhh;wjw3Q`]Bw*H8

d@U\d@i*Q`e'*+i3Q`Mh

hy+03Q`3*

-i and lood are closely related. -i is the @commander@ of lood$ and lood is the @mother@

of "i. 4s the commander of lood$ for one thing$ "i is the motive po+er for lood formation$

or rather$ it prod#ces lood. ,lood is formed from m#tritive "i and ody fl#id$ oth of +hich

come from food and +ater. 4ll these cannot e separated from the f#nctions of "i. ,lood

circ#lation depends on the propelling f#nction of heart3"i. 7or another$ "i controls lood and

!eep it flo+iing in the lood vessels +itho#t extravasation. This f#nction of "i is performed

y spleen3"i. hen "i is deficient$ it fails to control lood$ th#s leading to hemorrhage. ,lood

is referred to as the mother of "i eca#se$ on the one hand$ lood is a carrier of "i> and on the


37/71

other$ lood provides ade"#ate n#trients for "i. Therefore$ it is impossile for "i to exist

+itho#t its@mother@$ lood.

g*3*3pqLw78

pqLR"i*RU;w783X6!*w

6Ky*ws3pq3Z3\so

ek*Rz2s*iZ"deD*v 3

L33w3o4*333

"M+*

The relationship et+een "i and ody fl#id is rather similar to that et+een "i and lood.

This is sho+n in the follo+ing fo#r aspects. 7irst$ "i prod#ces ody fl#id. The formation$

distri#tion and excretion of ody fl#id depend #pon all the movements of "i and its +arming$

promoting and controlling f#nctions. The existence of "i in the ody not only depends #pon

lood$ #t on ody fl#id +hich is formed from food essence y the f#nctions of the stomach

and spleen. o$ +hether ody fl#id is ade"#ate or inade"#ate depends #pon the conditions of

spleen3"i and stomach3"i. econd$ "i promotes the transportation of ody fl#id. The

movements of "i are the motivity for the transportation$ and distri#tion of ody fl#id$ and the

excretion of s+eat and #rine. Therefore$ In case of deficiency of "i or dysf#nction of "i$

dist#rance of ody fl#id in transportation$ distri#tion and excretion +ill occ#r. Therey

leading to the stagnation of ody fl#id. Third$ "i controls ody fl#id. -i may control the

excretion of ody fl#id and maintain the alance of the metaolism of ody fl#id$ In case "i

fails to control the excretion of ody fl#id some of ody fl#id +ill r#n off. 7o#rth$ ody fl#id

is a carrier of "i.(-i resides in ody fl#id$ ,ody fl#id serves as a carrier of "i) That is$ ody

fl#id carries "i. -i cannot exist +itho#t ody fl#id. This is the reason +hy the loss of ody

fl#id often damages "i. If "i fails to attach to ody fl#id$ "i3deficiency and even "i prostration

+ill ens#e. o the medical oo! rescriptions of the Aolden Cainet says:@o one has perfect

"i after hidrosis$ vomiting etc.@ 6xamples in point are:hidrosis$ poly#ria$ enormo#s vomiting

and diarrhea ca#se great loss of ody fl#id$ +hich$ in t#rn$ gives rise to "i colapse.

U;wgA.UgA?*"wOwspqv*3i;*

;w78hsU2xUh UvZ*d@M+3zx5'8v78;w*3;w.@z{

^*3;wxs*xL;wxssUq/w2*3

i3i;wxshsU23;wB*3

vZ;w*"w;w23\@w)u|*t;w23

de;w*3;wL@*L;*;w3t

M+*LIJ;A*t;w3i:

i*LF-pKvuY qr>* Tqh qh ;wOd

e4L)6*


38/71

,lood and ody fl#id are li"#ids and$ +hat's more$ they oth perform the no#rishing and

moistening f#nctions. ,ody fl#id +ill ecome and important component of lood +hen

infiltrating into the lood vessels. 4s lood and ody fl#id originate from the essence of food

and +ater$ they are !no+n as @ody fl#id and lood are derived from a common so#rce.@

Eec#rrent or severe leeding may do damage to ody fl#id$ res#lting in thirst$ scanty #rine

and dry s!in. 4nd severe cons#mption or loss of ody fl#id +ill affect the so#rce of lood$

leading to the exha#stion of oth lood and ody fl#id. 7or this reason$ it is not advisale to

#se diaphoretics for haemorrhagic patients$ and the methods of rea!ing lood or pric!ing

lood sho#ld e avoided in treating patients +ith the inade"#ate of ody fl#id and hidrosis.

Mirac#lo#s ivot states:@ The patients lost olld sho#ld avoid perspiring> +hile the patients

lost perspiration sho#ld avoid osing lood.@ 4nd @the first contraindication refers to

emaciated patients> the second to patients lost lood> the third to patients after severe

perspirationl>the fo#rth to patients after severe diarrheal and the fifth to patients of postpart#m

hemorrhage. #rgation is contraindicated in all these cases.@

U;w6Lw@3=Q`64*;wro8w


39/71

A


40/71

*Q`.g*#JoRhhXhhzh{hz\

U{\oY8*Q`.!JA36shAU~&!J*

k3Q`.g*J*L!J*Q`P33

D*Q`yL}!JXJA36!Jv

U%@*

The collaterals are the ranches of the meridians. They are divided into three gro#ps: the

divergent collaterals$ s#perficial collaterals and tertiary collaterals. The divergent collaterals

are the larger and main collaterals. The divergent collaterals originate from the t+elve

meridians as +ell as # and Een meridians respectively. Together +ith a large splenic

collateral$ they are altogether @fifteen divergent collaterals@. Their chief tas! is to strengthen

the lin!s et+een every pair of meridians exteriorly3interiorly related on the ody s#rface.

The s#perficial collaterals are ones that r#n thro#gh the s#rface layer of the h#man ody$ and

often emerge on the s#rface. 4nd the tertiary collaterals refer to the smallest and the thinnest

ones of the +hole ody.

LJ53"Y*hU$*!!JUo*

Uz |* *Q`yL}XJ+@A*s

d@6D@*$L?d@No*

In addition$ there are the s#sidiary parts of the meridian system$ incl#ding the t+elve s!in

=ones and t+elve m#sc#lat#re =ones. Therefore$ they are the parts that connect the t+elve

meridians +ith the

s#perficial portions and the m#sc#lar portions of the ody respectively. Considering the

important place of the t+elve meridians and the eight extra meridians in the meridian3

collateral system. +e are going to ta!e them as the main s#*ect for disc#ssion.

k3JA[UJ*3Q`L*d

@U4*!JU#JoLJA


41/71

The meridians starting or terminating at the hand are named @&and@$ +hile those starting or

terminating at the foot are named @7oot@. o the t+elve meridians are divided into fo#r

gro#ps: three yin meridians of hand$ three yang meridians of hand$ three yin meridians of

foot$ and three yang3meridians of foot. 6ach of the meridian is named according to the medial

or the lateral aspect of hand or foot$ the names to +hich =ang and f# pertain$ and the nat#re of

yin or yang.

Jo 3 *vw3!J"

YYzJ3{J3zJ3{J*ZJ6Lv+I

kqMhhUz{*

% ) in or yang:

(%)z{

The meridians going in the medial aspect of the lims are named @yin@$ +hereas those in

the lateral aspects are named @yang@. The medial aspect of the lims is s#divided into the

anterior order$ midline and the posterior order. 4nd the yin meridians r#nning thro#gh these

parts are named Taiyin$5#eyin and haoyin respectively. The lateral s#rface of the lims is

also s#divided into the anterior order$ the midline and the posterior order. 4nd yang

meridians are termed @angming@$@haoyang@$ and @Taiyang@.

sPIJo z 3sk { *PI^"Ch

h3zJsb*CzhzUz*Pkw"wCh

h*{J*{vh{UC{*

9) ?ang or f#:

(9)

The nomenclat#re of =ang or f# is determined in the light of the nat#re to +hich =ang or f#

pertains. 7or example$ the meridian pertaining to the !idney is named the !idney meridian$

and the rest may e ded#ced y analogy.

Lh*)3WJoWJ3R

*

To s#m #p$ it is "#ite evident that there is no name that does not involve hand or foot$ yin

or yang$ =ang3organ or f#3organ in the t+elve meridian.(To ,e Contin#ed)


42/71

`3"f!Jwhz{h*

Part T'irteen:MERIDIANS AND COLLATERALS-THE PATHWAYS TO LIN* THE

WHOLE (ODY +.

:Jd@.

Co#rses$ Connections$ istri#tions$ 6xterior3lnterior Eelations and 7lo+ing Hrder of the

T+elve Meridians

!J!hhshgAUs

1. The Co#rsing and Connecting a+ of the T+elve Meridians

1.!J!U

The co#rsing and connecting la+ of the t+elve meridians is: the three yin meridians of the

hand travel from the chest to the end of the fingers +here they connect +ith the three yang

meridians of the hand> the three yang meridians of the hand go #p from the end of the fingers

to the head on +hich they connect +ith the three yang meridians of the foot> the three yang

meridians of the foot descend from the head to the the end of toes +here they *oin the three

yin meridians of the foot> the three yin meridians of the foot ascend from the toes to the

adomen and chest in +hich they meet the three yin meridians of the hand. Th#s$ the t+elve

meridians are connected +ith each other$ forming a circle li!e path+ay along +hich yin and

yang smoothly circ#late +itho#t termin#s. ee the follo+ing diagram.

!J!ULYzJs%R3+.{J

{JRRs%33+.{J{JR3ss%

33+.zJzJR3s%O3+.z

J*3!JA3789z{s3R*

s*

7ig. 7lo+ing direction and Connecting a+ of the T+elve Meridians .!Jspj

It is clearly seen from fig. that the three yang meridians of the hand terminate at the head

from +hich the three yang meridians of the foot start. The three yang meridians of the hand

and the foot meet at the head o$ TCM says:@The head is the *#nction of all yang meridians@

O "w1bX{J3{J33{J+3*

3Y 3{ *


43/71

%. istri#tions and 6xterior3Interior Eelations of the T+elve Eeg#lar Meridians1)

istri#tions %.!JsUgA

The t+elve meridians are distri#ted symmetrically on the left and right sides of the ody

and r#n along their fixed co#rses. istri#tion in the lims: The medial aspect of the lims

attri#tes to yin$ the lateral to yang. 6ach lim is distri#ted y Taiyin and angming

meridians are on the anterior order$ haoyin and Taiyang meridians are on the posterior

order$ and 5#eyin and haoyang meridians are on the midline.

!Jsd@X36ns*+PsLYz

JsPIq3{JsPkq*CzU{vsP@C3

zUC{s3zU{s*

istri#tion on the head and face: angming meridians r#n thro#gh the face and forehead$

Taiyang meridians r#n thro#gh the chee!$ vertex and occip#t of the head and haoyang

meridians r#n thro#gh oth sides of the head.

3qsY{vJsq3C{Jsh3j3{s3X*

istri#tion in the ody tr#n!: The three yang meridians of hand r#n thro#gh the scap#lar

part. 4mong the three yang meridians of foot$ angming meridians r#n in the front of the

tr#n! (thoracico3adominal aspect)$ Taiyang meridians along the ac! (the dorsal aspect) $ and

haoyang meridians along the sides. 4ll the three yin meridians of the hand come o#t of the

axillae +itho#t exception$ all the three yin meridians of foot r#n along the ventral aspect. The

meridians r#nning thro#gh the ventral aspect from the medial to the lateral are$ in t#rn$ termed

7oot3haoyin$ 7oot3yangming$ 7oot3Taiyin and 7oot35#eyin(note: as regards the medial sides

of the t+o lo+er lims$ at Dc#n (%


44/71

divergent collaterals$ form six pairs of exterior3interior relationships. Their exterior3interior

relationships are as follo+s: the arge Intestine Meridian of &and3yangming and the #ng

Meridian of &and3Taiyin> the Tri3energi=er Meridian of &and3haoyang and the ericardi#m

Meridian of &and35#eyin> the mall intestine Meridian of &and3Taiyang and the &eart

Meridian of &and3haoyin> the tomach Meridian of 7oot3yangming and the spleen Meridian

of 7oot3Taiyin> the Aallladder Meridian of foot3haoyang and the iver Meridian of 7oot3

5#eyin> and the Jrinary ,ladder Meridian of 7oot3Taiyang and the Bidney meridian of 7oot3

haoyin. The Taiyang meridianand haoyin meridian of foot are exteriorly3interiorly related$

and so are the haoyang meridian and the 5#eyin meridian of foot$and the angming meridian

and Taiyin meridian of foot. These are called the@yin and yang of foot@> +hile the Taiyang

meridian and the haoyin meridian of hand are exteriorly3interiorly related$ and so are the

haoyang and the 5#eyin meridians$ and the angming and the Taiyin meridians of hand.

These are called the@yin and yang of hand@.

!JTJ*U*A3789gA*Q`gAsY

{vJUCzJ{9JUzE[JC{JUzE

J{v{JUCzzJ{JUzJC{!"JUzW

J* C{UzJ3{UzJ3{vJUCzJ*

z{J *C{JUzJ3{UzJ3{

vJUCzJ* z{J *

The exterior3interior relationship of the t+elve meridians not only strengthen the

connection et+een each specific pair of meridians +ith exterion3interior relationship$ #t

also promote each pair of =ang3f# +ith the exterior3interior relationship to coordinate each

other physiologically and infl#ence each other pathologically. In treatment$ ac#points of the

t+o meridians +ith the exterior3interior relationship may e alternatively #sed.

!JgA}9XJA3=}9Z

AQ`+i[~3+0*+nf3XJ"w

y*

9) The 7lo+ing Hrder of the T+elve Meridians

!Js

The circ#lation of "i and lood inside the T+elve meridians is li!e the circ#lar movement

endlessly. Their circ#lation starts from the l#ng meridian of &and3Taiyin$ r#ns to the liver

meridian.

!JsR*Q`JJ*


45/71

Part Fourteen:THE CAUSES TO INDUCE DISEASES

ETIOLOGY

:/i/00

6tiology is defined as vario#s !inds of factors that ca#se diseases. 4s TCM sees it$ etiology

mainly incl#ds the six exogeno#s pathogens$ pestilence$(epidemic pathogenc factors ) the

seven emotions$ emotional fr#stration$ improper diet$ over+or!$ malad*#stment et+een +or!

and rest$ tra#matic in*#ries$ insect or animal ites$ phlegm retention$ lood stasis$ etc. ?hang

?hong5ing of the 6astern &an ynasty pointed o#t: @espite n#mero#s diseases$ they +o#ld

not exceed three categories@. Jp to the ong ynasty$ Chen #=e p#t for+ard the theory of

the three categories of etiologic factors i. e.$ exogeno#s pathogenic factors$

endogeno#spathogenic factors and non3endo3exogeno#s pathogenic factors. To e more

specific$ six pathogenic factors invading the ody from the o#tside pertain to exogeno#s

pathogenic factors> the seven emotions directly involving the internal organs are attri#ted to

endogeno#s pathogenic factors> other pathogenic factors$ s#ch as improper diet$ over+or!$

tra#matic in*#ry$ insect and animal ites$ etc. $ are said to e non3endo3exogeno#s pathogenic

factors. @The theory of the three categories of etiologic factors@ ca#sed strong reperc#ssions in

later ages and promoted the research into the etiology.

0L.8/0*+30yhhh2

3&hhkh2ho*(-DY 3

9)3ioDu3YkhIhIk*:@u3ekmn

d@kjIIQ23&hT3kho

Ik*u+/i9}6r90*

In discerning etiology$ esides having a so#nd !no+ledge of the o*ective conditions that

possily lead to illness$ TCM centers attention on the clinical manifestations of diseases$ and

in"#ires into the etiology thro#gh analy=ing the symptoms and signs so that a asis for

treatment and medications may e is provided. This method is called @see!ing ca#se of

disease thro#gh differentiation of syndromes.@The six exogeno#s factors are a general term

for +ind$ cold$ s#mmer3heat$ damp$ dryness and fire. Jnder normal conditions$ they are six

climatic factors. TCM calls them the @six "i.@ They are not harmf#l to h#man eings #t

rather are the essential conditions of the gro+th of all living things in nat#re. Th#s$ the six "i

+ill not ca#se diseases normally. &o+ever$ +hen the six "i ecome too excessive or deficient$

or +hen the ody's resistance is too +ea! to adapt itself to the anormal changes$ the six "i

+ill e changed into the pathogenic factors to attac! the h#man ody and ca#se diseases.

They$ as s#ch$ are !no+n as @six exogeno#s pathogens@ (li# yin). Hf the six exogeno#s

pathogens the five res#lt from the dysf#nction of the =ang3f# organs rather than the

exogerno#s factors invading the ody from the o#tside tho#gh they also have the symptoms

similar to +ind$ cold$ dampness$ dryness and fire.(Hf...LQoC*CMwSo

L}5


46/71

i.e.$ the endogeno#s +ind$endogeno#s cold$ endogeno#s dampness$ endogeno#s dryness and

endogeno#s fire.

*09"de/0tqak3;/0

E3O03Onfo*pt *

L+hh,h-hhb`*!s3Q`LS3 *

Q`d@3Lef#i,l*3!sde/0*

f3CThd@C{g5(380

mnd@3de/0*+3|LRI~v336klekm

nd@3pfQ`?+hh-hhb* 9Q`.*3Q`

Ii|l I+hIhI-hIhIb*

The pathogenic feat#res of the six exogeno#s pathogens are as follo+s. 0

s#mmer3heat diseascs #s#ally appear in s#mmer> damp diseases often happen in later s#mmer$

dry diseases arise most often in a#t#mn and cold diseases are often seen in +inter. 4nd the

people +ho live in damp circ#mstances are s#sceptile to damp diseases$ +hile the people

living #nder a high temperat#re are liale to contract fire or dryness diseases. (1) .%&

5UigA*)3+le0B+%,le0+%,le

0i+%le0B+%le0%*i+-d>

*-l3i+sd>*bll*

(%) The six exogeno#s pathogens may singly invade the ody y a single pathogen and

sim#ltaneo#sly and invade the ody y more than t+o pathogen. 7or example$ common cold

res#lts fre"#ently from pathogenic +ind and cold> diarrhea is ca#sed y pathogenic dampnese

and heat> i3syndrome (arthralgia) is ca#scd y pathogenic +ind$ cold and dampness and so

on. (%)"w;mnd@"Xww(mnd@*)3*R+

lve2R-clve+-eo*

(9) They may e transformed into each other. 6xamples are: pathogenic cold in the ody

may e transformed into heat and prolonged s#mmer3heat dampness may ring ao#t dryness

and fire to impair yin. (9)"w,5*)3@Il"5c3,-"w5b

5z*

(


47/71

The seven emotions refer to the h#man mental activities. In TCM$ they are classified into

seven classes: *oy$ anger$ melancholy$ anxiety$ grief$ fear and terror.They are the different

responses to the environmental stim#li in the h#man ody in general circ#mstances$ they

elong to the normal physiological activities and +ill not ca#se diseases. hen s#dden$

strong$long or protracted (prolonged)emotional stim#li go eyond the ody's adaptaility and

end#rance$ the emotional stim#li +ill ecome pathogenic factors$ +hich ca#se dysf#nction of

"i$ lood and the =ang3f# organs and imalance of yin and yang$ hence leading to diseases.

This is !no+n as @internal in*#ry ca#sed y the seven@.

Ld'*Q`hYhhhhhh*+!

s3Q`Ld@wg3!i3e0*!fh

}h'"D9d@{gU#3*8e0S33

hU~Uz{|3Ode/0*L I *

The seven emotions are different from the six exogeno#s pathogens in ca#sing diseases.

The six exogeno#s pathogens$ as mentioned ahove$ #s#ally invade the ody thro#gh the s!in$

mo#th and nose$ and it is mostly exterior syndromes at the early stage of the onset. The seven

emotions$ ho+ever$ directly affect the corresponding =ang3f# organs to ring on diseases

eca#se a certain =ang3f# organ is closely related to a certain emotional activity. ("Q

to ring on ... +$Q*^Ya. 4rth#r ret#rned home to e str#c! y another

lo+. . hat have I done to deserve so m#chL c. &e made a long speech only to sho+ his

ignorance of the s#*ect. )o TCM says$ @4nger impairs the liver> excessive *oy impairs the

heart> grief or melancholy impairs the l#ng$ anxiety impairs te spleen$ and fright or fear

impairs the !idney@$ The anormal emotions mainly infl#ence "i activity of the internal

organs$ so as to ca#se the dysf#nction in ascending and descending of "i. Concretely

spea!ing$ @4nger ca#ses the "i (to the liver)to ascend: *oy ma!es the "i (of the heart) sl#ggish>

sorro+ ma!es the "i (of the l#ng) cons#med> fear ind#ces the "i (ofthe !idney) to dissipate>

fright ca#ses the disorder of the "i (of the heart) > and anxiety rings ao#t the depression of

the "i (of the spleen).@ 4s concerns other pathogenic factors s#ch as pestilence$ improper diet$

malad*#stment of +or! and rest$ parasites$ s#rgical tra#ma$ phlegm retention$ lood stasis$

etc$+e have to$ tho#gh they are of e"#al importance$ give them #pon acco#nt of limited space.

e0.w*!wvoj3R45gmnd@3+O-B

*e03Lg0*%.%

gA*vwY EzW *

&yI3de=*@u '

us *%Q0h23&hh(

ihkhho3pfw


48/71

1.athogenic factors> pathogens 1.l

%.exogeno#s pathogenic factors> (exogeno#s pathogenic) %.kl

9.seasonal pathogenic factors (seasonal pathogens) 9.(l


49/71

0-0L/0ihU,h*/0ihU,h.d@

!U0l


50/71

ins#fficient manifestations arise$ so called deficiency syndrome. This types of syndrome is

mostly seen in patients +ith +ea! constit#tions or in the later stage of a disease and in

different !inds of chronic cases$ mar!ed y lassit#de$ pallid complexion$ palpitation$ short

reath$ spontaneo#s perspiration$ night s+eat feverish sensation in the chest$ palms and soles

or aversion to cold$ cold extremities$ feele p#lse$ etc.

iLR!33Lw!0gBCypq*

Lhh;whJ~de!Til*3!l2

6.810g3vwdeAi3Lvi*

BDE@0dh/06-U7038@93q:;

P3oio*

The rise and fall of vital "i and pathogens can ring ao#t mixed syndromes of excess and

deficiency in protracted and complicated diseases. #ch syndromes have mainly t+o !inds of

pathological changes: deficiency syndromes mixed +ith excess ones and excess syndromes

mixed +ith deficiency ones. &o+ever$ #nder some partic#lar circ#mstances$ there +ill e t+o

types of pathological changes: tr#e excess syndrom +ith pse#do3deficiency symptoms and

tr#e deficiency +ith pse#do3excess symptoms. The former is said to e @symptoms of pse#do3

excess in extreme deficiency@$ +hile the latter is said to e @symptoms of pse#do3deficiency

in extreme excess@. 7rom the aove$ to identify a deficiency or excess syndrome of

pathogenesis +e m#st see thro#gh the appearance to get at the essence and

so only can +e not e misted y false phenomena and acc#rately grasp the changes of

excess or deficiency syndrome .

+,-f/03!l03i*yX0

5YiUi*f3+


51/71

and yang +ill occ#r #nder the action of pathogens$ res#lting in s#ch pathological

manifestations as relative excess or deficiency of either yin or yang$ m#t#al impairment$

repellence and depletion of yin and yang.

+/0ihU,hT3+0lys3z{~/i3dez

{EiEUz{j*

The ist#rance of "i and lood refers to a morid state ca#sed y deficiency and

dysf#nction of "i and lood$ and the rea!do+n of their interdependent relationship. -i and

lood in the ody are the material asis for the physiological activities of the =ang3f# and

meridians. Therefore$ their dist#rance +ill inevitaly affect the ody's f#nction to ca#se

diseases. ,asic -#estions states: @The disharmony et+een "i and lood +ill res#lt in vario#s

diseases@. &o+ever$ "i and lood are the prod#cts of the f#nctions of the =ang3f# organs.

athological changes of the =ang3f# organs may not only lead to "i3lood dist#rance$ #t

also affect "i and lood of the +hole ody. Th#s$ the pathogenesis of "i3lood dist#rance$

li!e that of the rise and decline of vital "i and pathogens and the imalance of yin and yang$ is

not only the root ca#se of pathological changes of the =ang3f# organs and meridians$ #t also

the asis for the analysis and research of the pathogenesis of vario#s diseases.

LFih~UgAGHde0^*d@

LJi*3ld@3de/0*

FSTKDY U3|05i* f3L/*

0Sde3t%*30S3!l0hz{|3LJ0S!3LUw/

00*

The fail#re of "i activity refers to s#ch pathological changes as "i stagnation$ adverse flo+

of "i$ "i sin!ing$ "i loc!age and "i exha#stion d#e to dist#rance in its ascending$

descending$ exiting and entering. 4scending$ descending$ exiting and entering are the asic

form of "i movement$ on +hich f#nctional activities of the =ang3f# organs and meridians as

+ell as the relation ships et+een the =ang3f# organs and meridians$ "i and lood$ and yin and

yang depend to maintain their relative alance. 7ort his reason$ the disorder of "i activity may

ring ao#t vario#s morid conditions involving the =ang3f# organs$ "i and lood$ yin and

yang$ exterior and interior$ fo#r lims and nine orifices.

~LR=D3BhIh:hh40S*

=DLx7"*J3UJhhz{g

A6w\|*R3~"w3jhhz{h

hPhw0S*

The disorder of lood incl#des deficient lood prod#ction$ lood deficiency ca#sed y


52/71

massive hemorrhage$ over cons#mption of lood ca#sed y prolonged illness$ or dysf#nction

of lood no#rishment> it also incl#des the accelerated lood circ#lation ca#sed y lood heat

and lood stasis ca#sed y sl#ggish lood circ#lation.

w[i533i3,-/03TwjA

Lw4~[c+JsUw'73*

The metaolism of ody fl#id is essentially the processes of contin#o#s prod#ction$

distri#tion and excretion of ody fl#id. The dist#rance of the metaolism means the

dist#rance of distri#tion and the imalance et+een prod#ction and excretion$ th#s ca#sing

deficiency prod#ction of ody fl#id to form fl#id retention in the ody$ o$ normal

metaolism of ody fl#id is the asic condition maintaining normal distri#tion$ prod#ction

and excretion. ormal prod#ction$ distri#tion and excretion of ody fl#id are inseparale

from ascending$ descending$ exiting and entering movement of "i and its transforming

f#nction. 4nd also. they cannot e separated from the f#nctions of the l#ng$ spleen$ liver$

!idney and the triple energi=er.

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i2|3O/i;w/i378@IwB33!;w)uL

\!sh/iU2K*!;w/ihsU2K=

DU53w(KhzhhWU9*

The five endogeno#s pathogens refer to the pathological changes ca#sed y the dysf#nction

of "i$ lood$ ody fl#id and the =ang3f# organs$ namely endogeno#s +ind$ endogeno#s cold$

endogeno#s dryness 3endogeno#s fire and endogeno#s dampness. They are not pathogenic

factors> they are five comprehensive changes of pathogenesis.

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pecial phrases


53/71


54/71

lood$ yin and yang$ or the =ang3f# organs. The vitality is manifested in manifold aspects$

s#ch as eyesight$ complexion$ facial expressions$ physical #ild$ ehavior and so on$ among

+hich the expression of the eyes is the most important. This is eca#se @all the vital essence

from the five =ang and six f# organs converges into the eyes.@ 7rom the oservation of vitality

the physician may infer the a#ndance or inade"#acy of the vital essence$ analy=e mildness or

the severeness of the disease and predict the prognosis of disease. It is "#ite evident that the

oservation of vitality is of an important significance in diagnosing a disease. The

manifestations of vitality are as follo+s> eing of vitality$ pse#do3vitality$ and loss of vitality.

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hso33LN


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4nother diagnostic method is a#sc#ltation and olfaction. 4#sc#ltation means listening to

the patient's voice$ spea!ing$ respiration$ co#ghing and moaning. ,y a#sc#ltation$ the doctor

can not only learn ao#t the changes of the phonatory organ$ #t also infer the pathological

changes of the internal organs. hile olfaction means smelling the patient's odor of the

secretion and excretion. ,y and large$ stench odor #s#ally indicates heat syndromes of excess>

stin!ing(de) odor s#ggests cold syndromes of deficiency> and fo#l and so#r odor implies

retention of food.

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i"w953"wI0S*O-0d

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k#3B*

9. In"#iry

9.T

This is a diagnostic method in +hich the patient or his companion are in"#ired to collect

the information concerning a disease. The content of in"#iry incl#des the chief complaints$

present case history past history$ life history$ family history$ as +ell as age$ sex$ native place$

occ#pation$ address and so forth in"#iry$ tho#gh covering a +ide range of topics$ sho#ld e

cond#cted step y step in a planned +ay$ +ith "#estions foc#sed on the chief complaint and

the history of present disease. Therefore$ +hen as!ing a patient. the physician sho#ld foc#s his

attention on the chief complaint to #nderstand oth the main reasons for the disease and

clearest$ the most s#ffered symptoms of the patient. ,esides$ the physician sho#ld #nderstand

the occ#rrence$ progress$ diagnosis and treatment of a disease thro#gh as!ing. &ere is an

o#tline of in"#iring ao#t the present illness:

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r3lynUE0asrs*3i+mT0d(g;0dynw9/0yU0dN*k3ig

TmT9/0ihThmUnf*wsLE0mTY

4. 4s!ing ao#t Chills and 7ever 4.Tc

(a) . aversion to cold and heat

(a)rc


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It means that the patient feels cold +ith a high temperat#re.

Qo#0dc(r*P*

() . 4lternate spell of chills and fever ()cV

They are the manifestations of half exterior and half interior seen in shaoyang disease or

malaria.

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(c). Chills +itho#t fever (c)vc

It implies that the patient only has an aversion to cold #t no heat sensation or fever$ +hich

is a sign of the deficiency and cold syndrome.

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(d) 7ever +itho#t chills (d)cv

This s#ggests that the patient +ith fever has a aversion to heat #t not to cold$ +hich

pertains to interior heat syndrome.

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,. 4s!ing ao#t erspiration

,.Tq

This is a proced#re for the physician to differentiate the conditions of interior and exterior$

heat and cold$ deficiency and excess of a disease. 4s!ing ao#t perspiration incl#des the

presence of s+eating$ the location of s+eating$ the time of s+eating and the amo#nt of

s+eating.

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C. 4s!ing ao#t iet and 4ppetite

C.T23


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4s!ing diet and appetite may !no+ the conditions of the spleen and stomach. It incl#des:

thirst and drin!ing appetite and amo#nt of food taste.

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. 4s!ing ao#t efecation and Jrination .T

This is also a proced#re in +hich the physician may learn +hether the digestion and

asorption as +ell as fl#id metaolism are normal or not$ and also learn ao#t fre"#ency$

time$ amo#nt$ "#ality$ color$ odor of defecation and #rination and accompanied syndromes.

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?h(hhhYhUl*

6. -#estioning ao#t ain 6.Td

(a) 4s!ing ao#t nat#re of the pain helps tell the ca#se and pathogenesis> (a)Txd

"wy90U0

() 4s!ing ao#t locality of the pain helps #nderstand pathological changes of internal

organs and meridians> ()Txd"wy9J0S*

7. -#estioning aho#t leep 7.T

It refers to in"#iring ao#t insomnia$ dreaminess and lethargy to !no+ excess and

deficiency of yin and yang.

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,esides$ chest and adomen$ ears and eyes$ +omen's diseases3pediatric diseases may e

as!ed.

k3"wmTOhh.0U10/0*


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feel the patient's radial arteries +ith the finger3tips to *#dge p#lse condition$ th#s learning and

inferring the condition of illness. The latter is also a proced#re y +hich the physician may

to#ch$ feel$ p#sh and press certain parts of the ody to detect local anormal changes$ therey

determining the location and nat#re of the disease.

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${|ow}omL3O9U/0*

LiT~h*PhUn%@3STDSL3

3"w/0U*

The location for feeling the p#lse at present time is the patient's @c#n!o#@$ also named

@"i!o#@$ or @mai!o#@. C#n!o# refers to ovio#s p#lsative place of the radial artery on oth

sides of the +rist$ and is divided into three regions: c#n$ g#an and chi (inch$ ar and c#it)$

+hich$ on the left hand$ reflect respectively the conditions of the heart$ liver and !idney and$

on the right hand$ the conditions of the l#ng$ the spleen$ the stomach and the !idney. TCM

holds that each of the six regions for p#lse3feeling corresponds to one of the internal organs

and reveals the pathologic changes of the relevant organ. 7or this reason$ c#n!o# p#lse3ta!ing

is commonly accepted y practitioners thro#gh the ages and still #sed today. The p#lse is

differentiated in terms of depth (s#perficial or deep)$ speed ( rapid or slo+)$ strength (forcef#l

or +ea!)$ shape ( thic! or thready$ soft or hard) and rhythm. ifferent p#lse condition indicate

different syndromes. 7or example$ s#perficial p#lse (f# mai)$ +hich is easily felt +ith gentle

to#ch$ indicates exterior syndromes and is present at the early stage of exogeno#s diseases>

+hile deep p#lse( chen mai)$ +hich is felt only y heavy press#re$ indicates interior

syndromes$ and so on.

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gLhz{UW*aoZ6.Ig3

"w#g05*3g(o(y%V3J

a*ogh7h}h7U&*woo#w*)3

on3o#UO-Eo stro!ing refers to examining

the patient's some parts of the ody +ith the hands$ e.g.$ a s+elling$ to learn the shape$ si=e

and sensation of the s+elling pressing means p#shing and pressing over some parts of the

ody +ith the hands$ e. g. $ the chest or adomen$ to ma!e s#re if they are tenderness$ or have

any ca!ings +hen pressed.

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59/71

P3X@h-LyST0d%@3D

"w*PD7UnLyUn%@3)3n

O"wQ`L@3*

Inspection$ a#sc#ltation and olfaction$ in"#iry and p#lse3ta!ing and palpation are the fo#r

diagnostic methods to #nderstand the pathological conditions. They can not e separated$ #t

are related to and complement one another. In clinical practice only y comining the fo#r can

a comprehensive and systematic #nderstanding of the condition of a disease e gained$

therey$ ma!ing a correct diagnosis.

hhThL90mpt*Q`K3LAh

*3mH3HhA9/03

OD!m*

Part Seenteen: DIFFERENTIAT)ON OF SYNDROMES

THE PRECONDITION

FOR TREATMENT

:nfCo

ifferentiation of syndromes (ian =heng) in TCM is a method to analyse and recogni=e the

syndrome of disease. In other+ords$ it is also a process in +hich the location$ nat#re$

occ#rrence and development of a disease as +ell as the condition of vital "i and pathogenic

factors are identified according to the clinical data otained from the fo#r diagnostic methods.

7rom the aove it ecomes ovio#s that differentiation of syndromes is the premise and

fo#ndation of treatment. Correct differentiation and appropriate treatment are the prere"#isite

for achieving the hoped3for res#lts. There are a n#mer of methods to differentiate syndromes

in TCM$ s#ch as differentiation of syndromes according to the eight principles> differentiation

of syndromes according to the theory of "i$ lood and ody fl#id> differentiation of syndromes

according to te =ang3f# theory> differentiation of syndromes according to the theory of six

meridians> differentiation of syndromes according to the theory of +ei$ "i$ ying and x#e$ and

differentiation of syndromes according to the theory of triple energi=er. 6ach method$ +hile

having its o+n feat#res and laying stress They sho#ld e applied flexily and acc#rately so as

to #nderstand a disease comprehensively$ therey providing the asis for treatment.

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60/71

according to the eight principles is the general g#ideline of T and important components of

TCM diagnostics. Complicated as the clinical manifestations of diseases may e$ they are

classified #nder the eight principles. 7or example$ the classification of syndromes3yin or

yang> the location of disease3exterior or interior> the nat#re of disease3cold or heat> and the

preponderance or discomfit#re of vital "i and pathogens3deficiency of vital "i or excess of

pathogen. ifferentiation of syndromes according to the eight principles generali=es the

intricate and volatile syndromes into fo#r pairs: exterior and interior$ cold and heat$ deficiency

and excess$ and yin and yang. Therefore$ in the diagnostic process$ the eight principles can

play a role in ring o#t the essentials.

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d3Lm

7/21/2019 Traditional Chinese Medicin

traditional chinese medicine theories (english and chinese)

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