Traditions and Local Rights over Genetic resources in the context of Community Biodiversity Management

E.D.Israel Oliver King and Saujanendra SwainM.S.Swaminathan Research Foundation

Malayali

ContextContext

• Role of Communities in conserving Plant genetic resourcesRole of Communities in conserving Plant genetic resources

• Customary practices and local rights of Farmers Customary practices and local rights of Farmers

• Drivers of change and its effect over PGRDrivers of change and its effect over PGR

• Dynamic Community Biodiversity Management and Dynamic Community Biodiversity Management and process of Empowermentprocess of Empowerment

Kolli Hills

Malayali Tribe

Tribal Settlement

Terraced Fields Paddy field Hut

Odukkai padal

KummipadalParambupadal

Kuravan Kurathi padal Servai padal

ThirumanapadalKomalipadal Andikolam padal

Attukattupadal

Folk lore, Folk Songs and Life of the Tribal Communities

Ancestral Worship

Ayyanappattan, Panguliappattan

Sacred Forests

Goddesses Worship

Kongayi, Pidari, Ettukkai,Kannimar, Rathathamman, Kollippavai

Sanskritzed Traditions

Perumansolai and Masiperiasamisolai

Threshing Yard Stall Feeding

Traditional Farming

Upland PaddyMixed Farming

Back yard poultry

Community Seed BankQuality Seed Selection

Seed Exchange

Manual Dehusking

Customary Practices

• Little millet (Samai) Little millet (Samai) Panicum Panicum sumatrancesumatrance

• Italian millet (Thinai) Italian millet (Thinai) Setaria italicaSetaria italica

• Common millet (Panivaragu) Common millet (Panivaragu) Panicum Panicum miliaceummiliaceum

• Kodo millet (Varagu) Kodo millet (Varagu) Paspalum Paspalum scrobiculatumscrobiculatum

Interaspecific Millet Diversity in Kolli Hills

Plant Genetic ResourcesPlant Genetic Resources

o Secondary centre of Origin of Rice (1750 landraces) (24 aromatic, 27 flood resistant, 2 deep water and 10 drought resistant and

some others are insect/ pest resistant, puffing quality, etc.)

o 8 species of minor millets,o 9 species of pulses,o 5 species of oil seeds,o 3 species of fibrous plants,o 7 species of vegetables

Some valuable rice landraces preserved by tribal farmers for religious function

Rice variety Predominant quality Festivals

Time of maturity (Month)

Kalakrishna Scented All festivals January

Tulsi Scented Chaitra Parva April

Machhakanta White slender short grins, good taste

Manabasa and Lakshmi Puja

November

Mer Black grains with medicinal properties

Annual ceremony of forefathers

November

* Kalajeera Scented Temple deities November

Haladichudi White slender long grains, good taste

Shakti puja December

Deulabhoga Bold and short grains, reddish tinge on cooking with mild scent preferred during worship at temples

Temple deities December

FactorsFactors Intensity (* - less, ** Intensity (* - less, ** - strong and ***- - strong and ***- very strong very strong influence)influence)

Introduction of commercial crops like Introduction of commercial crops like tapioca, coffee, pepper etc with good tapioca, coffee, pepper etc with good market linkages and promotion by market linkages and promotion by govt.policiesgovt.policies

******

Access to PDSAccess to PDS ******Rainfall variability especially onsetRainfall variability especially onset ****Conversion of land to agro forestryConversion of land to agro forestry **Lack of market channelsLack of market channels ******Drudgery in processingDrudgery in processing ****Culinary esteem of alternate cropsCulinary esteem of alternate crops **Land fragmentationLand fragmentation **Peer group pressure and other Peer group pressure and other constraintsconstraints

**

Limited availability of farmyard Limited availability of farmyard manuremanure

**

Factors responsible for Erosion of crops and Dwindling Customary Practices

Shift from Subsistence Economy to Cash Economy

In the Changing Socio cultural Context Will communities sustain

with their Customarymanagement practices of Biodiversity ?

Grass root institution building

Seed multiplication & distribution

Technology appraisal

Skill enhancement

Processing & Value Addition

Marketing Linkage

System management

Role Change

Integrated Approaches in CBM – Formal

Participatory Research

Seed DistributionSeed Distribution

CultivationCultivation

Seed MultiplicationSeed Multiplication Seed StorageSeed Storage– – Thombai Thombai

Seed exchangeSeed exchange

Conservation

Participatory Plant Improvement to achieve higher productivity

Traditional method Traditional method of cultivationof cultivation Modified method

of Cultivation

Between Row spacing 20 cm

Between Plant spacing 10 cm

Cultivation

Drudgery in Pounding

Drudgery Reduction and Consumption

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LITTLE MILLET

ITALAN MILLETFINGER MILLET

Traditional Recipes of Millet Foods

Value addition Training

Capacity Building on Processing Millets

Samai Rice Thinai Rice Samai Uppuma Thinai Uppuma Samai Poorna Kozhukkatai Samai Kara Kozhukkatai Thinai Poorna Kozhukkatai Thinai Kara Kozhukkatai

Samai Sweet Puttu Thinai Sweet Puttu Samai Sweet Pongal Thinai Sweet Pongal Samai Sweet Idiappam Samai Thinai Kara Idiappam Thinai Sweet Idiappam Samai Thinai Sweet

Paniyaram

Samai Kara Paniyaram Thinai Kara Paniyaram Samai Payasam Thinai Payasam Samai Idli Thinai Idli Samai Dosai Thinai Dosai

Samai Wheat Flour Dosai Thinai Wheat Flour Dosai Samai Kara Pongal Thinai Kara Pongal Samai Thinai Keera Roti Samai Bonda Samai Pakoda Thinai Bonda

Thinai Pakoda Samai Thinai Ribbon Pakoda Samai Thinai Omapodi Samai Thinai Adai Samai Thinai Vadai Samai Thinai Murukku Thinai Adhirasam Samai Thinai Kachayam

VALUE ADDED RECIPES OF SAMAI (Little Millet) & THINAI (Italian Millet)

(Photograph: Dr. E. D. Israel Oliver King)

Campaign for Conservation and Promotion of millets

Folk Theatre Road Show

Exhibitions

Niche Market Linkages

Local Market

City Market

Coimbatore (3)

Trichy (1)

Tanjavur (1)

Ooty (1)

Madurai (1)

Kolli Hills (2)

Tiruvannamalai (2)

Chennai (2)

Namakkal (5)PeriUrban Market

Infrastructure Development of Millet Processing Mills

Sale Deed

Dhan Settlement

Legal Processes of Empowerment

• MOU with the Block development Office MOU with the Block development Office • Partnership deed for Nanbargal SHG Partnership deed for Nanbargal SHG • Tax Payer’s Identification Number certificate (TIN) Tax Payer’s Identification Number certificate (TIN) • Sales Tax Certificate (CTC)Sales Tax Certificate (CTC)• Small scale industry certificate (SSI)Small scale industry certificate (SSI)

Sales Deed Partnership Deed

TIN Cert Sales Tax Cert SSIC Cert

KHABCOFED KHABCOFED (Kolli Hills Agro biodiversity Conservers (Kolli Hills Agro biodiversity Conservers federation) in the Empowerment processfederation) in the Empowerment process

• Tribal Farmer collectives Tribal Farmer collectives

• Access to informationAccess to information

• Access to CreditsAccess to Credits

• Increased mobilityIncreased mobility

• Public participationPublic participation

• Governorship over common property resourcesGovernorship over common property resources

• Collective Decision Making processesCollective Decision Making processes

• Awareness about the PGR and policy related Awareness about the PGR and policy related issuesissues

Kalajeera (An aromatic Rice for Promotion)

• Formation of Kalinga Kalajeera Rice Growers Cooperative Society (KKRGCS)

• 500 acres , involving more than 700 farm families

• Procurement by NAFED• One & half times more price than

other rice• GI trial of Kalajeera in 5district

Community Recognition & Reward

Genome Savior AwardPPV&FR Authority, Govt. of India, 2006

Equator Initiative AwardUNDP, Johansburg, 2002

Krishi Bisharad Sanman ICAR, New Delhi, 2002

Felicitation by Hon’ble Chief Minister of Orissa, 2004

Thank YouThank You