Traffic Flow

Nora Shora

Laura Tatsch

Traffic Flow

Exploring dynamic vs. static toll pricing

in a traffic

network simulation model

Presentation Overview

• Background

• Problem

• How we did it

• Results

• Conclusion

• Recommendations

Background

• Traffic congestion in major cities worldwide

• Capacity-limited transportation network

• All of the following increase due to traffic:Travel timeNumber of stopsTravel costsDelaysAir pollutionAccidentsNoise level

Problem

• Initially

Examine how dynamic toll pricing will affect the flow of traffic of a Knoxville, TN simulation model.

Examine how multiple organizations controlling the toll booths in a city would affect traffic flow.

• Realistically

Examine the effects of dynamic vs. static toll pricing in the network simulation model of Knoxville, TN

How We Did It

• Acquired simulation code and downloaded JBuilder

• New Direction of Problem• Modified Code• Found freeway arcs and demographic

zones• Added code to apply tolls on some

freeway arcs• Added time and cost weights to each of

the 9 zones

How We Did It

• Acquired simulation code and downloaded JBuilder

• New Direction of Problem• Modified Code• Found freeway arcs and demographic

zones• Added code to apply tolls on some

freeway arcs• Added time and cost weights to each of

the 9 zones

Blah blah

How We Did It

• Acquired simulation code and downloaded JBuilder

• New Direction of Problem• Modified Code• Found freeway arcs and demographic

zones• Added code to apply tolls on some

freeway arcs• Added time and cost weights to each of

the 9 zones

How We Did It

//BEGINNING OF PRICING OF ARCS //TOP Freeway // pricing scheme for link 396 - 428 if(this.getUpstreamIntersection().getIntersectionName().equalsIgnoreCase("n396")

&& this.getDownstreamIntersection().getIntersectionName().equalsIgnoreCase("n428")){

if( Master.timeNow <= 60){ travelCostCar = travelCostCar + (new Float(150)).floatValue()/100 ; } else if(Master.timeNow > 60 && Master.timeNow > 90){ travelCostCar = travelCostCar + (new Float(150)).floatValue()/100 ; } else if(Master.timeNow > 90 && Master.timeNow > 120){ travelCostCar = travelCostCar + (new Float(150)).floatValue()/100 ; } else if(Master.timeNow > 120 && Master.timeNow > 180){ travelCostCar = travelCostCar + (new Float(150)).floatValue()/100 ; } else if(Master.timeNow > 180 && Master.timeNow > 210){ travelCostCar = travelCostCar + (new Float(150)).floatValue()/100 ; }

How We Did It

• Acquired simulation code and downloaded JBuilder

• New Direction of Problem• Modified Code• Found freeway arcs and demographic

zones• Added code to apply tolls on some

freeway arcs• Added time and cost weights to each of

the 9 zones

How We Did It

Zone Data===========ZoneKeyID: 1Centroid: 93CarOwnershipPercent: 100BikeOwnershipPercent: 50ActivityPercents: 100 0 0travelTimeWeight: 90travelCostWeight: 10travelDistanceWeight: 1waitingTimeWeight: 1walkingDistanceWeight: 1comfortWeight: 1safetyWeight: 1transferWeight: 1

How We Did It

• Ran simulation with various static tolls• Added demand between zone 3 and

zone 1 and ran simulation with static and dynamic tolls

• Changed demand to be from zones 8 to 1 and 1 to 8

• Ran simulation again with static and dynamic toll prices with new demand

• Analyzed the results

How We Did It

• Demand Data• ===========• StartInterval: 0 EndInterval: 300 Multiplier: 8• From/To 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9• 1 24 15 13 13 13 12 14 200 13• 2 42 15 13 14 13 13 12 12 13• 3 29 15 14 14 12 14 12 12 12• 4 23 14 16 12 13 12 13 13 13• 5 23 13 15 13 13 14 15 12 14• 6 29 13 15 13 12 13 14 13 14• 7 23 14 14 13 14 13 12 14 14• 8 200 15 14 13 13 13 13 13 12• 9 21 13 13 14 13 13 13 12 11

How We Did It

• Ran simulation with various static tolls• Added demand between zone 3 and

zone 1 and ran simulation with static and dynamic tolls

• Changed demand to be from zones 8 to 1 and 1 to 8

• Ran simulation again with static and dynamic toll prices with new demand

• Analyzed the results

Results

Static Pricing with Demand from Zone 3 to Zone 1 - Times

40

60

80

Toll Price (in Hundredths of a Dollar)

Ave

rag

e T

ime

(in

M

inu

tes)

Avg. Travel Time 73.66 73.42 74.46 74.1 74.05 75.86 73.7

Avg. Stop Time 43.88 43.11 44.64 43.12 44.35 45.45 43.26

0.1 1 50 60 80 110 150

Static Pricing with Demand from Zone 3 to Zone 1 - Distances

14.24

14.26

14.28

14.3

14.32

14.34

Toll Price (in Hundredths of a Dollar)

Ave

rag

e D

ista

nce

(in

M

iles

)

Avg. Distance 14.299 14.286 14.302 14.273 14.333 14.276 14.297

0.1 1 50 60 80 110 150

Dynamic Pricing with Demand from Zone 3 to Zone 1 - Times

40

60

80

Toll Price (in Hundredths of a Dollar)

Ave

rag

e T

ime

(in

M

inu

tes)

Avg. Travel Time 73.37861 73.17501 72.99491 73.88271 74.87621

Avg. Stop Time 42.97316 41.95131 42.79571 43.6482 44.18357

50 60 80 110 150

Dynamic Pricing with Demand from Zone 3 to Zone 1 - Distances

14.2414.26

14.2814.3

14.32

14.3414.36

Toll Price (in Hundredths of a Dollar)

Ave

rag

e D

ista

nce

(in

M

iles

)

Avg. Distance 14.33687 14.27729 14.30664 14.32155 14.33778

50 60 80 110 150

Results

Static v. Dynamic Toll Pricing with Demand from Zone 3 to Zone 1 - Avg. Travel Time

70

75

80

Toll Price (Static) or Starting Toll Price (Dynamic) in Hundredths of a Dollar

Avg

erag

e T

ime

(in

M

inu

tes)

Static 74.45962 74.09804 74.048225 75.85853 73.70354

Dynamic 73.37861 73.17501 72.99491 73.882706 74.876205

50 60 80 110 150

Static v. Dynamic Toll Pricing with Demand from Zone 3 to Zone 1 - Avg. Stop Time

40

45

50

Toll Price (Static) or Starting Toll Price (Dynamic) in Hundredths of a Dollar

Ave

rag

e T

ime

(in

M

inu

tes)

Static 44.643955 43.118484 44.3483 45.45195 43.26306

Dynamic 42.973156 41.951313 42.79571 43.648197 44.183567

50 60 80 110 150

Static v. Dynamic Toll Pricing with Demand from Zone 3 to Zone 1 - Avg. Distance

14.2

14.3

14.4

Toll Price (Static) or Starting Toll Price (Dynamic) in Hundredths of a Dollar

Ave

rag

e D

ista

nce

(in

M

iles

)

Static 14.301645 14.272886 14.332648 14.276271 14.29702

Dynamic 14.336871 14.277291 14.30664 14.321548 14.337778

50 60 80 110 150

Results

Static v. Dynamic with Demand from Zone 8 to Zone 1 and Zone 1 to Zone 8 - Avg. Travel Time

55

57

59

Toll Price (Static) or Beginning Toll Price (Dynamic) in Hundredths of a Dollar

Ave

rag

e T

ime

(in

M

inu

tes)

Static 57.790466 55.90356 56.88374 57.196926 56.685547

Dynamic 57.343204 56.042953 56.369823 57.17043 57.499012

50 60 80 110 150

Static v. Dynamic Toll Pricing with Demand from Zone 8 to Zone 1 and Zone 1 to Zone 8 - Avg. Stop Time

25

26

27

28

Toll Price (Static) or Beginning Toll Price (Dynamic) in Hundredths of a Dollar

Ave

rag

e T

ime

(in

M

inu

tes)

Static 27.445251 26.664 27.504284 27.358969 26.977139

Dynamic 27.817442 26.307384 26.665627 27.304375 27.795376

50 60 80 110 150

Static v. Dynamic Toll Pricing with Demand from Zone 8 to Zone 1 - Avg. Distance

15.6

15.8

Toll Price (Static) or Beginning Toll Price (Dynamic) in Hundredths of a Dollar

Ave

rag

e D

ista

nce

(in

M

iles

)

Static 15.654643 15.634582 15.640053 15.682791 15.689431

Dynamic 15.634582 15.654067 15.686482 15.666563 15.733408

50 60 80 110 150

Conclusion

• Increase in toll prices did not change average travel and stop times

• Dynamic vs. static pricingDynamic helped reduce average travel and stop

times when compared to static pricingDynamic pricing has this effect up to a specific initial

toll price

Recommendations

• More simulation runs should be completed for more complete results

• Larger and smaller increases in tolls Increase by 20 per time segment Increase by 50 per time segment

• Different time segments

• Look at different organizational objectives