[C om m unicated to th e Council an d th e M em bers of th e League.]

Official No. : G. 12. HI. 11. 1937. XI. [O.C./A.R. 1935/53.]

(Issued in English only.)

G eneva, J a n u a ry 28th , 1937.

LEAGUE OF NATIONS

TRAFFIC IN OPIUM AND OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS

ANNUAL REPORTS BY GOVERNMENTS FOR 1935

Joint Report in respect of the Territories of

THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, PERLIS,THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES, KELANTAN,JOHORE, TRENGGANU andKEDAH, BRUNEI.

Communicated by the Government of the United Kingdom.

Note by the Secretary-General.

In accordance w ith A rticle 21 of th e C onvention for lim iting th e M anufacture and regu la ting th e D is tr ib u tio n of N arcotic D rugs of 1931, th e Secretary-G eneral has the honour to com m unica te herew ith to th e parties to th e Convention an d to o ther S ta tes th e above- m entioned report.

(F or the form of annual re-ports, see document O.C.1600.)

A. G eneral.

I. Laws and Publications.

The Straits Settlements.— T he D eleterious D rugs Ordinance, 1927, as am ended by O rdinance No. 14 of 1928, was fu r th e r am ended b y Ordinance No. 58 of 1935, so as to give effect to th e provisions of th e In te rn a tio n a l O pium Convention signed a t Geneva on J u ly 13th, 1931, an d to m ake provision for th e extension of th e ordinance to drugs capable of being converted in to drugs of addiction. The am ended ordinance perm its of the establishm ent of a m odified system of contro l in th e case of codeine an d dionine. A new section (3^) has been in serted to p ro h ib it th e m anufac tu re of, or trad in g in, any p roduct ob tained from certain alkaloids of opium or of coca leaf, unless the p roduc t was being used for medical or scientific purposes on J u ly 13th, 1931 : power has been tak e n to raise th e prohibition if the product is found to be of m edical or scientific value, or to apply any provision of the ordinance to the p roduc t if in fo rm ation is received from th e League of N ations th a t i t is capable of producing addiction or is convertib le in to a drug capable of producing addiction. The keeping or use of places for th e sm oking of deleterious drugs has been prohibited. Ih e cultivation, possession or dealing in an y p lan t of the genus Erythroxylaceæ, or any p lan t of th e species Cannabis sativa (including th e resin ex trac ted from the plant), or th e p lan t Papaver somniferurd is prohibited.

The prohibition does not ex tend to ex trac t or tinc tu re of Ind ian hem p when used for legitim ate m edical purposes, or to th e seeds of Papaver somniferum.

Five copies of O rdinance No. 58 of 1 9 3 5 are a ttach ed .1

The Federated M alay States.— There was no am endm ent to the Deleterious Drugs E n ac t­m ent, No. 16 of 1928, during the year under review.

1 K ept in the archives of the Secretariat.

S. d. N. 630. 2/37, Imp. Réunies, Chambéry.

Johore.— No am endm en t to th e D eleterious D rugs E n ac tm e n t was made.N ew rules under th e O pium an d C handu E n ac tm e n t, reducing th e m ax im u m am ount

purchasable from 4 chi to 2 chi p e r person a n d generally restric ting th e m ethods of purchase and re s tr ic ting th e recom m endation, for new perm its to purchase to G overnm ent Medical Officers, w ere published on N ovem ber 28th, 1935, an d were to ta k e effect from F eb ru a ry 1st, 1936.

Kedah.— The following legislation exists for th e contro l of th e traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs (other th a n p repared opium) :

E n ac tm e n t No. 29 (D eleterious Drugs) and rules m ade thereu n d er (see under IIbelow).

Perlis.-—No legislation affecting opium and o th er dangerous drugs was enacted during the y ea r 1935, an d no new regulations were passed.

K elantan .— No new legislation was issued during th e year. T he following legislation ex ists for the control of th e traffic in opium and o ther dangerous drugs (other th a n prepared opium) :

E n ac tm e n t No. 12 of 1930 (D eleterious D rugs), an d rules m ade thereunder.

Trengganu.— R ules for th e R eg is tra tion of C handu-sm okers, (P roc lam ation No. 1 of 1934) were passed on J u n e 4 th , 1935.

T he rules are, in all m ateria l details, iden tica l w ith th e rules in force in th e S tra its Settle ­m en ts and provide for pho tog raphs of th e reg istered sm oker to be d isp layed on the cards. T h ey also restr ic t th e sale of ch an d u to n o t m ore th a n 4 chi a d ay to each ind iv id u a l smoker.

B runei.—T here is no th ing to report.

I I . Adm inistration.

The Straits Settlements.— Im p o r ta n t m odifications in th e ad m in is tra tiv e arrangem ents for th e execution of th e in te rn a tio n a l Conventions have been m entioned under section I above. T here are no fu r th e r po in ts of in te re s t to report.

The Federated M alay States.— There were no changes in th e adm in is tra tion during 1935 a n d no difficulties have been experienced.

Johore.— No change of an y im p o rtan ce occurred in th e adm in is tra tion during the year. I t was no t found possible to close any of the existing th ir ty -n in e shops where G overnm ent ch an d u is sold. T he possib ility of th is is no t being lost sight of an d the position is being carefully watched.

Kedah.— U n d er E n a c tm e n t No. 29 (D eleterious Drugs), th e sole and exclusive r igh t of im p o rtin g an d exporting deleterious drugs is vested in th e S ta te Surgeon, K edah. I n practice, all im ports are for m edicinal, surgical a n d scientific purposes only, an d th ere is no evidence of a n y add ic tion in th e S ta te to th e use of m an u fac tu re d deleterious drugs. There are no exports.

Perlis.— T here have been no changes in th e ad m in is tra tiv e arrangem ents , a n d no difficulties were experienced. No new developm ents have arisen.

K elantan .—T h ere was no export of drugs from K e lan tan . The im p o rt of drugs is vested in th e Chief Medical Officer un d er the contro l of th e S ta te Council. E x cep t for m edical purposes, th e im p o rt of raw op ium is proh ib ited . The im p o rt of p repared opium is confined to the G overnm ent Monopoly.

Trengganu.— No changes in th e ad m in is tra tiv e a rrangem en ts were m ade. A m em orandum b y th e B ritish A dviser is a t ta c h e d (see A ppendix).

There is no in fo rm ation available as to new developm ents regard ing addic tion in th is S ta te .

B runei.— There were no ad m in is tra tiv e changes during th e year. There is no reason to believe th a t th e re exists any d ru g h a b it a p a r t from opium -sm oking.

I I I . Control of In ternational Trade.

The Straits Settlements.— The sy s tem of im p o rt certificates a n d export au th o risa tio n s has w orked satisfac torily . O utside M alaya, ex p o r t does no t, in practice, ex ten d b eyond Saraw ak an d B ritish N o rth Borneo.

The D irecto r of Medical Services is th e a u th o r i ty responsible for issuing im p o rt certificates, export au thorisa tions, d iversion certificates a n d licences for th e rem oval of deleterious drugs in transit. There has been no change in th e conditions of issue of these certificates, au tho risa ­tions an d licences.

Copies of ex p o rt au th o risa tio n s sen t to th e G overnm ents of im porting countries have been duly re tu rn e d in accordance w ith th e provisions of A rticle 13 of th e G eneva Convention of 1925.

There have been no difficulties in regard to tran s it , tran sh ip m en t and diversion of consignm ents of deleterious drugs in th e Colony.

There has been no tra d e in deleterious drugs w ith countries which have no t adop ted th e im port-certifica te system .

The im p o rta tio n of In d ian hem p is en tire ly p rohib ited .

The Federated M alay States.— The im port-certifica te system has worked satisfactorily during th e year. T here has been no ex p o r ta tio n of deleterious drugs.

There has been no change in th e a u th o r i ty responsible for issuing im port certificates and no m odifications in th e conditions governing th e ir issue.

Deleterious drugs have been im p o rted only from countries which have adop ted this system.The im p o rta tio n of In d ian hem p is prohibited .

Johore .—The im port-ce rtifica te system continues to work satisfactorily.

K edah.— The im port-certifica te system has always w orked satisfactorily. No drugs are im ported from countries which h av e n o t adop ted th is system .

Perlis .— No difficulties were experienced in th e w orking of th e system of im port certificates. There is no th ing fu r th e r of in te re s t to report.

K elan tan .— The p resen t im port-certifica te system is w orking satisfactorily.

Trengganu .— P riv a te practitioners an d o thers are allowed to im port drugs for medicinal use under a p erm it issued by th e G overnm ent Medical Officer, to whom such drugs are first forw arded for exam ination . D uring th e year, perm its were issued to th ree m ining companies, of w hich one em ploys a qualified medical p rac titione r and th e o ther two em ploy dressers.

The drugs cam e from Singapore an d were accom panied by an export perm it under the Deleterious Drugs O rdinance, 1927, of th e S tra its Settlem ents.

The deleterious drugs used b y th e Medical D ep artm en t, Trengganu, were m ostly purchased th ro u g h th e Crown A gents for th e Colonies, b u t sm all quan tities were purchased from Singapore and were covered by export perm its.

N o deleterious drugs were exported .

B ru n e i .— D eleterious drugs are generally im p o rted from th e S tra its Settlem ents under the system of certificate of official approval. The im port-certifica te system continued to work satisfactorily .

There is no export.There is no th ing of in terest to report.

IV. International Co-operation.

The Straits Settlements.— There is no th ing to report. There is close co-operation between the Colony and th e o th er adm in is tra tions in M alaya in all m a tte rs arising in connection with the contro l of th e traffic in op ium an d dangerous drugs.

The Federated M a la y States.— There is no th ing to report. Co-operation is m aintained betw een th e F ed e ra ted M alay S ta tes a n d o ther adm in istra tions in Malaya.

Johore.— Jo h o re follows th e laws and rules m ade by o ther S ta tes and adm inistrations which com prise “ M alaya ” ; i t does not w ork independen tly of th em in this respect.

K edah .— T here is close co-operation and liaison w ith th e o ther adm inistrations in Malaya in all m a tte rs concerning th e contro l of th e traffic in opium and o ther dangerous drugs.

Perlis .— There are no po in ts of in tere st to record. There is no m anufactu re of drugs in Perlis an d perm its are g ra n te d only to th e officer-in-charge of the G overnm ent Hospital, K angar, an d to th e S u perin tenden t of Chandu.

K elan tan .— T here is no th in g to repo rt, b u t close co-operation is m ain ta ined w ith other adm in is tra tions in M alaya in all m a tte rs concerning th e control of the traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs.

Facilities ex is t for th e tre a tm e n t of opium addicts, b u t so far none has sought such tre a t ­m ent.

Trengganu .— There is no th ing to report.

B ru n e i .— N o in te rn a tio n a l trea ties or agreem ents were concluded w ith o ther Governm ents during th e year.

V. Illicit Traffic.

Straits Settlements.

i — (a ) Raw O fi iu m — T h e raw opium seized cam e m ainly from China ports, b u t the g reater proportion is b e l ie 'e d to be of P ers ian origin. The prepared opium seized was invariab ly the well-known “ R ed Lion ” b ran d from Macao.

— 4 —

(b) Cocaine.— All th e cocaine seized is believed to h ave been sh ipped from Ja p a n , b u t in several instances th e tins in which it was packed bore th e label (possibly forged) of “ C. F. B oehringer an d Soehne, M annheim

(c) In d ia n H em p .— The im p o rta tio n of In d ia n h em p in to S ingapore is a lm ost en tire ly from Siam, a lthough sm all quan tities are occasionally im p o rted from Ind ia . The drug from Siam is b rough t from B angkok b y sea in packing-cases an d bags an d lan d ed in th e Tanjong R h u a n d K allang R iver areas on the so u th -east coast. The land ing is usually effected by Chinese boatm en , who are well paid. T he drug from In d ia is m ostly b rough t b y natives of th a t co u n try re tu rn in g to Singapore, concealed in th e ir baggage. T he na tiv e cap ta ins and crews of th e sm aller steam ers are a t tim es engaged in th e traffic.

T he traffic is su p p o rted b y P u n jab i H indus who have form ed a ring to engage in th is p ro fitab le business. Tamils, Sikhs, and , of la te , Chinese h av e to a lesser ex ten t engaged in the traffic. The P u n jab i H indus concerned, who are m ostly shop-keepers an d sm all dairy-farm ers, dispose of the d rug to P u n jab i H in d u an d S ikh w atchm en , an d to Tam ils who are small shop-keepers for resale. The Chinese im porters are m ostly t im b e r m erchan ts an d general im porters .

T he principal consum ers of In d ian hem p are P u n jab i H indus, Tam ils, an d some Sikhs, b u t a few Jav an ese , M alays an d Chinese have becom e addicts.

Federated M alay Stales.

Illicit traffic h as been d e tec ted only in connection w ith In d ian hem p an d seventeen prosecutions were m ade for illegal possession of th e drug.

Unfederated M alay States.

I t is no t th o u g h t t h a t illicit traffic exists in Johore on an y considerable scale. Very occasionally sm all seizures of n o n-G overnm en t ch an d u an d of In d ia n h em p are m ade, b u t there is no th in g to show th a t the traffic in these drugs is e ither h igh ly organised, w idespread or menacing.

Small q u an titie s of p rep a red opium were sm uggled in to K edah from th e S tra its S ettlem ents, th e d rug being b ro u g h t in to th e S ta te e ither on th e person, or sec re ted in personal luggage. In th ree cases, th e p rep a red op ium was of S tra its S e ttlem en ts G overnm ent m anufac tu re , in an o th e r case, i t was of Chinese origin. In d ia n h em p was sm uggled in to th e S ta te ; in one case, from P enang ; in an o th e r case, from Perlis ; a n d in four cases (including th e largest seizure), from Siam. In one in stance , th e d rug was found h idden in a m otor-vehicle, a n d the rem ain ing five seizures were m ade from personal luggage.

There were th ree prosecutions in Perlis : tw o for offences in connection w ith possession of G overnm ent ch an d u an d one for th e illicit im p o rt of K ed ah chandu . T here were no ind ications of any illicit traffic in drugs o th er th a n p rep a red opium .

So far as could be ascertained , th e re was no sm uggling of op ium or ch an d u in to Kelantan. T here were four prosecutions for possession of In d ia n hem p, w hich was believed to have been sm uggled in to th e S ta te from Siam. T here were six prosecutions under th e O pium a n d C handu E n a c tm e n t , for th e illicit sale of G overnm ent ch a n d u an d for rep rep a rin g dross derived from G overnm ent chandu . There has been no in fo rm a tio n to in d ica te th a t th e re is a n y traffic in o th e r dangerous drugs.

T here was one a t te m p t to im p o rt dangerous drugs in to Trengganu w ith o u t th e necessary perm it, w hich re su lted in th e confiscation of ab o u t 2 c.c. of t in c tu re of op ium an d of six am poules, each con ta in ing 2 c.c. of a 1 % so lu tion of m orph ine an d chloral h y dra te . These d rugs were found am ong th e p ro p e r ty of a Chinese m idwife arriv ing from Singapore.

N o illicit traffic in an y dangerous drugs o th er th a n p rep a red opium was d e tec ted in Brunei. T here were eleven prosecutions of v e ry m inor im p o rtan ce in connection w ith p rep ared opium .

2. T here is no cu lt iv a tio n of th e op ium poppy, th e coca p lan t, or In d ia n hem p in M alaya. A p la n t w hich appeared to be re la ted to coca was found grow ing in Trengganu, b u t , on ex am in a ­t io n an d analysis, i t p roved to be harm less.

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PR O SE C U T IO N S.

Territory Name of drug

The S tr a i t s S e t t le m e n ts

The F e d e ra te d M alay S tates .........................I n d i a n h e m p

Number of persons

Prosecu­ted Convicted Acquitted

P r e p a r e d o p iu m

A n ti-o p iu m pills (c o n ta in in g 1 .9 % ap p ro x i m a te ly of dico dide)

I n d i a n h e m p

*1 062

14

Kedah P r e p a r e d o p iu m

Perlis

17

38

H

33

I n d i a n h e m p

P r e p a r e d o p iu m

K elantan P r e p a r e d o p iu m

Brunei

I n d i a n h e m p

P r e p a r e d o p iu m

Sentences imposed Remarks (as to nature of ofience, etc.

86 * One p e rso n ab sco n d ed I All p ro secu tio n s were I u n d e r t h e C han d u R ev e ­

n u e O rd inance ; of these , 559 persons w ere p ro se ­c u te d a n d 533 persons c o n v ic te d for oSences a g a in s t th e R u les for th e R e g is t r a t io n o f C handu- sm o kers .

T h e re w ere no p ro secu ­t io n s fo r possession of cocaine or m orph ine . T h e re w ere five cocaine seizures, one m orph ine seizure, a n d tw o In d ia n h e m p seizures w i th o u t a rres ts .

F ro m 8 m onths" r ig o ­ro u s im p r i s o n m e n t in t h e m o re serious cases ; to 10 an d 5 S t r a i t s d o lla rs fines in

Of th e th i r ty - e ig h t p ro se ­cu tions , th i r ty - fo u r were fo r cases of illegal posses­sion of K e d a h G overn ­m e n t p re p a re d o p iu m by C hinese who w ere n o t reg is te red sm okers. I ntw e n ty -n in e of these ca ­ses, conv ic tions were o b ­ta in ed , a n d fines to ta l l in g 277.70 S tr a i t s do llars w ere im posed . T he re ­m a in in g four p ro secu ­t io n s w ere for sm uggling p re p a re d o p iu m from th e S tr a i t s S e t t le m e n ts in to K edah . T he a m o u n ts in each case were small.

m in o r cases

589.60 S tr a i t sfines

527.70 S tr a i t sfines

938 S t r a i t s do llars fines

,1) 25 S tr a i t s "dollars, or one m o n th s ' r ig o ­rous im p r iso n m e n t

(2) 50 S t r a i t s dollars, • o r tw o m o n th s ’ rigo- i r o u s im p r iso n m e n t(3) 20 S t r a i t s dollars, o r one m o n t h ’s rigo rous im p r iso n m e n t

265 S t r a i t s do llars fines (31.64 S tra i t s do llars paid)

120 S tr a i t s dollarsfines (25 S tra i ts do llars pa id)

465 S t r a i t s do llarsfines

T h e p rosecu tions were for possession of G overn-

|m e n t chandu . The accu ­sed w ere Chinese coolies. T h e first tw o oSences w ere in connection w ith possession of Perlis c h a n ­du ; th e th i rd offence was im p o r t in g K e d a h ch an d u .

T he p ro secu tions were u n ­d e r th e O p ium a n d C h an ­d u E n a c tm e n t . Tw o of t h e p ro secu tion s (and convic tions) w ere for illi­c i t sale of G o v e rn m en t ch an d u , a n d tw o w ere fo r th e re -p rep a ra t io n for use of ch a n d u d ross de rived from G o v ern ­m e n t chandu .

T he p ro secu tions w ere for possession of In d ia n hem p.

T he persons p ro secu ted belonged to th e la b o u re r class.

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S t a t i s t i c s o f C o n f i s c a t i o n s o f O p i u m a n d O t h e r D a n g e r o u s D r u g s .

(All im p o r t a n t cases o f i l l ic i t traffic h a v e been s e p a ra te ly r e p o r te d to th e L eag u e o f N ations.)

Terri tory Name of drug

Quantities confiscated on account

of illicit im port

Kg.

Quantities confiscated on account

of illegal possession

Kg.

Totalconfiscations

Kg.

T h e S t r a i t s S e t t le m e n ts R a w o p iu m 233 N il 233P r e p a r e d o p iu m 753 N il 753I n d i a n h e m p 2 N il 2C ocaine 21 Nil 21

T h e F e d e ra te d M a lay S ta te s I n d i a n h e m p Nil 7.198 7.198

J o h o r e ................................................... P r e p a re d o p iu m 0.18 Nil 0 .18I n d i a n h e m p 0.60 Nil 0.60

K e d a h ................................................... P r e p a r e d o p iu m Nil 0-377 0-377I n d i a n h e m p 35-796 N il 35-796

P erl is ................................................... P r e p a r e d o p iu m 0.003 0.003 0.006

K e la n ta n .......................................... I n d i a n h e m p 4 N il 4

Illicit Market Prices :Straits dollars

R aw o p iu m ......................................................................... 3.60 per ta h i l (m in im um )9 p e r ta h i l (m ax im u m )

P r e p a r e d o p iu m ............................................................... 4.70 per t a h i l (m in im um )11 p e r t a h i l (m ax im u m )

T here is no local i l lic it sa le of m o rp h in e a n d cocaine, b u t cocaine h a s been offered a t a b o u t 25 S t r a i t s do llars p e r ounce.

T h e local il lic it p rice of I n d ia n h e m p is 40 S t r a i t s do lla rs p e r p o u n d ; th i s p rice h a s re m a in e d s te a d y d u r in g th e p a s t few years .

VI. Other Information.

There is no th ing to report.

B. R a w M a ter ia ls .

V II. Raw Opium.

There is no production of op ium in Malaya.

V III . Coca Leaf.

The coca sh rub is no t cu ltiv a ted in M alaya.The cu ltivation, purchase, sale or dealing in the coca p lan t is en tire ly p roh ib ited in the

S tra its S ettlem ents (section 22 of th e Deleterious Drugs Ordinance).

IX . In d ia n Hemp.

The Straits Settlements.— The In d ian hem p p lan t does n o t grow wild in th e Colony and its cu ltiva tion is p rohibited . No illicit cu ltivation has been detected .

The p roduction of th e resin of Cannabis sativa an d th e m anufactu re of any p repara tion of which the resin forms the base are prohibited . T he trad e in th e resin an d its p reparations is prohibited . A s tr ic t control of illicit traffic in In d ian hem p is m ain ta in ed b y the D ep artm en t of Customs an d Excise. There are no new developm ents to report.

The Federated M alay States.— The p lan t Cannabis sativa does n o t grow wild an d its cu ltivation is no t p e rm itted in th e F ed era ted M alay S ta tes. The ex trac tion of th e resin from th e p lan t and its use in th e m an u fac tu re of p repara tions are prohib ited . T rade in th e resin and its p repara tions is no t p erm itted . Control of illicit traffic in In d ian hem p is exercised b y the D epartm en t of Customs and Excise.

Johore.— Johore is no t a producing co u n try ; 0.60 kg. of In d ia n hem p was seized and confiscated during th e year. The traffic in th is drug is on a very m inu te scale,

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K edah.— Cannabis indica does no t grow w ild in K edah an d its cu ltiva tion is p roh ib ited by section 21 of E n a c tm e n t No. 29 (Deleterious Drugs). No illicit cu ltiva tion has been detected . P rev en tiv e an d Custom s officers keep a careful w a tch to p reven t illicit im porta tion .

P erlis.— In d ian hem p is n o t indigenous n o r is i t cu ltiv a ted . I t is t r e a te d as a dangerous drug an d i ts im p o rta tio n and possession are p roh ib ited under th e D eleterious D rugs E n ac tm en t, I35I.

K elantan.— There is no p roduc tion in the S ta te . Im p o rt is controlled b y th e D eleterious D rugs E n ac tm e n t (No. 12 of 1930) a n d the d ru g is p e rm itted to be im p o rted only for m edicinal purposes. Smuggling of g an ja in th e form of dried leaves occasionally occurs. There were four prosecutions for the possession of th e drug, tw o of w hich resu lted in convictions. F ines am ounting to 120 S tra its dollars were imposed.

Trengganu.— The In d ian hem p p lan t does no t grow wild, nor is i t cu ltiva ted . D uring the year, th ree seizures were m ade, th e to ta l weight of w hich was less th a n 1 kg. T hey were reported to have been im p o rted from Siamese territo ry .

B ru n ei.— No In d ian hem p is produced, n o r is i t im ported . Im p o rta tio n no t covered by a certificate of official app roval is sub ject to d u ty under th e Custom s R egu la tions of 500 S tra its dollars per ounce, w hich is, in p ractice, prohib itive.

C. M a n u fa ctu red D r u g s .

X. Internal Control of M anufactured Drugs.

The Straits Settlements and Federated M alay States.—T here is no m anufactu re of deleterious drugs in th e Colony an d th e F ed era ted M alay S ta tes an d no licences have been g ran ted for th is purpose.

The im porta tion , possession, use and sale of deleterious drugs are regu la ted b y th e p ro v i­sions of the D eleterious D rugs O rdinance in th e Colony and b y th e provisions of th e D eleterious Drugs E n ac tm e n t in th e F ed era ted M alay S tates.

The exclusive r igh t of im porting and exporting deleterious drugs is vested in th e D irector of Medical Services.

Licences are issued :

(a ) To den tis ts and v e te rinary surgeons, to possess an d use deleterious drugs ; and(b ) To pharm acis ts and m edical p ractitioners, to possess and sell deleterious drugs.

R egistered m edical p rac titioners , m unicipal v e te rinary surgeons and analysts , an d persons engaged in scientific research or in s tru c tio n are au thorised to possess an d use deleterious drugs under ce rta in conditions.

E xceptions are m ade in favour of :

(a ) Medical officers of His M ajesty ’s naval, m ilita ry or air forces, resident in the colony on full pay , who m ay im port, export, possess or use deleterious drugs in the course of th e ir d u ty ;

(b ) A sh ip ’s surgeon or a sh ip ’s m aster, who m ay im port, export, possess or use reasonable q u an tit ie s of deleterious drugs in th e course of his d u ty ;

(c) A m edical officer, v e te rinary surgeon or ana lyst in G overnm ent service, or a person em ployed in d ispensing medicines a t a G overnm ent in stitu tion , who m ay possess or use deleterious drugs in the course of his d u ty ;

(d ) A person in charge of a lab o ra to ry a ttach ed to th e King E d w ard V II College of Medicine or to Raffles College, who m ay possess and use deleterious drugs in th e course of his d u ty ;

(e ) The sm oking of G overnm ent chan d u by a registered sm oker or th e doing of an y th in g w hich is law ful under O rdinance No. 117 (C handu Revenue).

There are tw en ty -one pharm aceu tica l firms who are licensed wholesalers and who are engaged in th e m an u fac tu re of p repara tions for th e wholesale trade.

D eleterious drugs are requ ired to be kep t locked up in a cupboard or room set aside for th a t purpose, an d under th e personal contro l of a licensed or au thorised person. Licensed and au tho rised persons are requ ired to keep records of the purchase and sale or consum ption of deleterious drugs, a n d periodical inspections are m ade of stocks and records. Inspectors have th e pow er to en te r th e premises of any licensed or authorised person and to inspect all books and stocks of deleterious drugs. They m ay app ly to purchase samples for analysis.

Johore.— Jo h o re is no t a cou n try which produces drugs. Such as are im ported under licence are used for m edicinal an d scientific purposes, and the ir sale or d istribu tion is regula ted by licences issued b y th e Medical D epartm ent.

K edah.— There is no m anufac tu re of drugs in th e State.Licences are g ra n te d as follows :

(a ) To a d en tis t, a licence to possess and use deleterious drugs in th e course of his profession ;

(b ) To m edical p rac titioners a n d e s ta te m edical officers, licences to possess, use and sell deleterious drugs ;

(c) To h ighly qualified dressers un d er th e supervision of es ta te m edical officers, licences to possess an d use deleterious drugs ;

(d ) To ce rta in chem ists, licences to possess an d sell deleterious drugs ;(e) To others, licences to possess an d sell p a te n t medicines conta in ing deleterious

drugs.

A uthorisa tions to possess and use deleterious drugs under specified conditions are g ra n te d to th e following :

(a ) Medical p rac titioners ;(b ) A ny m edical officer, patho logist, v e te r in a ry surgeon or ana lyst in th e service

of th e G overnm ent, or an y person em ployed in d ispensing medicines a t any G overnm ent hosp ital or dispensary.

Supervision an d inspections are carried ou t b y the S ta te Surgeon and th e officers of the Medical D ep artm en t under his direction.

There were no prosecutions.

Perlis.—T here is no m an u fac tu re of drugs in Perlis. An au tho risa tio n for th e possession an d use of deleterious drugs is g ran ted to th e officer-in-charge of th e H osp ita l a t K angar only. There are no p riv a te m edical p rac titioners in th e S ta te a n d no chem ists.

K elantan .— T here is no m an u fac tu re of drugs in th e S ta te .

Licences are g ra n te d as follows :

(a ) To a v e te rin ary surgeon or den tis t, a licence to possess an d use deleterious drugs in th e course of his profession ;

(b ) To a m edical p rac titio n e r or chem ist, a licence to possess and sell deleterious drugs ;

(c) To a dresser em ployed in a p riv a te hospital, who has satisfied th e Chief Medical Officer of his fitness to possess th e sam e, a licence to possess a n d use deleterious drugs in th e course of his em ploym ent.

(Medical officers of His M ajesty ’s naval, m ilita ry or air forces residen t in K e la n tan on full pay , an d th e surgeon or m aster of an y ship, are exem pt from such licence, as fa r as possession or use of th e drugs in course of d u ty is concerned.)

There are no licensed wholesalers.Supervision and inspections are carried out b y the Chief Medical Officer an d th e officers

of th e Medical D e p artm en t u n d e r his direction. T here were no prosecutions.

Trengganu.—-No drugs were m an u fac tu red a n d th e re is no trad e in deleterious drugs.

B runei.—-There is no m an u fac tu re in th e S ta te of an y drug to which th e H ague an d Geneva Conventions apply.

There is no tra d e in deleterious drugs. C ertificates of official app ro v a l are g ra n te d to m anagers of ru b b e r es ta tes and to large em ployers of labour who keep dispensaries for the benefit of th e ir labour forces. There was no licensed w holesaler or dealer.

D. O th er Q u e st io n s .

X I. Cha-pter I V of the Hague O pium Convention of 1912.

There is no th ing to report.

X I I . Prepared Opium.

A sep ara te rep o rt on p rep a red opium has been su b m itte d b y th e D e p a rtm en t of Customs an d Excise.1

X I I I . Other Drugs.

There is no th in g to report.

1 Document O.C./A. R .i 935/53 f «).

Appendix.

M E M O R A N D U M O N S O C IA L A N D M E D IC A L S E R V IC E S E X I S T I N G I N T R E N G G A N U

T O E L I M I N A T E T H E C A U S E S W H I C H L E A D T O O P I U M A D D IC T IO N .

F ro m th e reco rd s of sa les of c h a n d u in T re n g g a n u in 1935, i t c an sa fe ly be s t a t e d t h a t a t le a s t 7 5 % of th e c h a n d u sold is co n su m ed o u ts id e th e l im i ts of th e to w n s of th e S ta te . T h a t is t o say , n o t less th a n th r e e -q u a r te r s of t h e c h a n d u -s m o k e rs c a n a lm o s t c e r ta in ly be d esc r ib ed as coolies w o rk in g in ou t-o f- th e -w ay p laces— viz., o n m in es a n d r u b b e r e s ta te s , w here social se rv ices su ch as ch i ld w elfare, p u b lic p a rk s a n d re c re a t io n fac ili t ies cou ld n o t well be p ro v id e d b y th e G o v e rn m en t . If , th e re fo re , o p iu m -sm o k in g is to be c o m b a te d in th e m a n n e r p ro p o sed a t th e B an g k o k C o nference— viz., b y th e p ro v is io n of c o u n te r -a t t r a c t io n s in th e fo rm of gam es, c in e m a to g ra p h s , e t c .— th e p ro b le m fo r th is S ta t e is to im p ro v e co m m u n ic a t io n s so as to m a k e i t eas ie r fo r t h e o p iu m -sm o k e r o n a r e m o te m in e o r r u b b e r e s ta te to g e t to th o se cen tre s w here such c o u n te r - a t t r a c t io n s a re o b ta in a b le (on th e v e ry l im i te d scale on w hich a m e n i t ie s of t h a t k in d e x is t a n y ­w here in T re n g g a n u a t th e m o m en t) . T h is p ro b le m is b e in g t a c k le d as f inances p e rm it . T h e l ig h t ro ad p ro g ra m m e is b e in g p ressed fo rw a rd w h ich l in k s u p K u a la T re n g g a n u w i th th e sm all p o r t s do w n th e coas t a n d e n ab le s a t r a v e l l e r a t a n y t im e of th e y e a r to g e t f ro m o ne p lace to a n o th e r b y m o to r-ca r , even th o u g h , p ro b a b ly , th e jo u r n e y will n o t be a l to g e th e r com fo r tab le . A p a t h is b e in g o p e n e d f ro m th e D u n g u n r iver u p to B u k i t Besi, t h e la rg e iro n -m in e o n w h ich o v e r a q u a r t e r of th e c h a n d u so ld in th e w hole S ta te is consum ed , a n d th i s s h o u ld e n a b le coolies to g e t a w a y fro m th e m in e fo r a m u s e m e n t a n d ch an g e of scene m ore easily t h a n th e y c a n a t p resen t. One of th e l ig h t ro a d s ab o v e m e n t io n e d w ill l in k u p U lu K em asek , w here th e re a re a n u m b e r of C hinese o p iu m -sm o k e rs l iv in g o n sm all r e m o te p la n ta t io n s , w i th K em asek on th e c o a s t a n d th e n c e w i th o th e r p laces b y m o to r - c a r o r m o to r - la u n c h .

2. I t w ou ld , of course, be id le to p re te n d t h a t th e se m o d e s t e fforts will speed ily re su l t in an y a p p re ­c iab le d im in u t io n o f th e q u a n t i t y of c h a n d u con su m ed . T ra n s p o r t will be s low a n d c o m p a ra t iv e ly costly , an d th e am en it ie s to w h ich i t will g ive access a re n o t su ch a t p re s e n t as to fo rm a n y pow erfu l co u n te r- a t t r a c t io n to th e o p iu m -sm o k e r . T h e re is, too , th e co n s id e ra t io n t h a t th e p laces of e m p lo y m e n t of th e g rea t m a jo r i ty of th e o p iu m -sm o k e rs in T re n g g a n u are e i th e r defin ite ly o r p o te n t ia l ly m a larious, a n d th e belief am o n g C hinese t h a t o p iu m is a p re v e n t iv e of fever dies h a rd .

J . E . K e m p e ,

Acting British Adviser, Trengganu.

0.12 M -ll-1.^37«51

0 0 / A R 183 5 / 53

JOINT REPORT ON THE

TRAFFIC IN OPIUM AND OTHER

DANGEROUS DRUGS FOR THE

CALENDAR YEAR 1935

If- RESPECT OF THE TERRITORIES OF THE STRAITS

SETTLEMENTS, THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES,

JOHORE, KEDAH, PE R LIS , KELANTAN,

TRENGGANU AND BRUNEI

Published by Authority

SINGAPORE :P r i n t e d a t t h e G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , S i n g a p o r e ,

b y W. T. C h e r r y , G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t e r .

1936

OINT REPORT ON THE

RAFFIC IN OPIUM AND OTHER

ANGEROUS DRUGS FOR THE

CALENDAR YEAR 1935

RESPECT OF THE TERRITORIES OF THE STRAITS

SETTLEMENTS, THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES,

JOHORE, KEDAH, PER LIS , KELANTAN,

TRENGGANU AND BRUNEI

Published by Authority

SINGAPORE :P r i n t e d a t t h e G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , S i n g a p o r e ,

by W . T . C h e r r y , G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t e r .

1136

A.—GENERAL

( I ) L a w s a n d P u b l i c a t i o n s

The Straits Settlements.—The Deleterious Drugs Ordinance, 1927, as amended by Ordinance No. 14 of 1928, was further amended by Ordinance No. 58 of 1935 so as to give effect to the provisions of the International Opium Convention signed at Geneva on 13th July, 1931, and to make provision fo r the extension of the Ordinance to drugs capable of being converted into drugs of addiction. The amended Ordinance permits of the establishment of a modified system of control in the case of codein and dionin. A new section (3A) has been inserted to prohibit the manufacture of, or trading in any product obtained from certain alkaloids of opium or of Coca leaf, unless the product was being used for medical or scientific purposes on the 13th July, 1931 : power has been taken to raise the prohibition if the product is found to be of medical or scientific value, or to apply any provision of the Ordinance to the product if information is received from the League of Nations that it is capable of producing addiction or is convertible into a drug capable of producing addiction. The keeping or use of places for the smoking of deleterious drugs has been prohibited. The cultivation, possession or dealing in any plant of the genus Erythroxylaceæ, or any plant of the species Cannabis sativa (including the resin extracted from the plant), or the plant Papaver somniferum is prohibited.

The prohibition does not extend to extract or tincture of Indian hemp when used for legitimate medical purposes, or to the seeds of Papaver somniferum.

Five copies of Ordinance No. 58 of 1935 are attached.

The Federated Malay States .—There was no amendment to the Deleterious Drugs Enactment, No. 16 of 1928, during the year under review.

Johore.—No amendment to the Deleterious Drugs Enactment was made.

New Rules under the Opium and Chandu Enactment, reducing the maximum amount purchasable from 4 chis to 2 chis per person and generally restricting the methods of purchase and restricting the recommendation for new permits to purchase to Government Medical Officers, were published on 28th November, 1935, and were to take effect from 1st February, 1936.

Kedah .—The following legislation exists for the control of the traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs (other than prepared opium) :—

Enactment No. 29 (Deleterious D rugs), and Rules madethereunder.

Perlis.—No legislation affecting opium and other dangerous drugs was enacted during the year 1935, and no new regulations were passed.

2

Kelantan.—No new legislation was issued during the year. The following legislation exists fo r the control of the traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs (other than prepared opium) :—

Enactment No. 12 of 1930 (Deleterious D rugs), and Rulesmade thereunder.

Trengganu .—Rules for the Registration of Chandu Smokers, (Proclamation No. 1 of 1934) were passed on 4th June, 1935.

The rules are, in all material details, indentical with the rules in force in the S traits Settlements and provide for photographs of the registered smoker to be displayed on the cards. They also restrict the sale of chandu to not more than 4 chis a day to each individual smoker.

Brunei.—There is nothing to report.

( I I ) A d m i n i s t r a t i o n

The Straits Settlements.—Im portant modifications in the administrative arrangements for the execution of the International Conventions have been mentioned under section I on page 1.

There are no fu rther points of interest to report.

The Federated Malay States .—There were no changes in the administration during 1935, and no difficulties have been experienced.

Johore.—No change of any importance occurred in the administration during the year. I t was not found possible to close any of the existing 39 shops where Government chandu is sold. The possibility of this is not being lost sight of and the position is being carefully watched.

Kedah.—Under Enactment No. 29 (Deleterious Drugs) the sole and exclusive right of importing and exporting deleterious drugs is vested in the State Surgeon, Kedah. In practice all imports are for medicinal, surgical and scientific purposes only, and there is no evidence of any addiction in the State to the use of manufactured deleterious drugs.

There are no exports.Perlis.—There have been no changes in the administrative

arrangements, and no difficulties were experienced.

No new developments have arisen.

Kelantan.—There was no export of drugs from Kelantan.

The import of drugs is vested in the Chief Medical Officer under the control of the State Council.

Except for medical purposes, the import of raw opium is prohibited.

The import of prepared opium is confined to the Government Monopoly.

Trengganu.—No changes in the administrative arrangements were made. A memorandum by the British Adviser is appended.

3

There is no information available as to new developments regarding addiction in this State.

Brunei.—There were no administrative changes during the year.

There is no reason to believe tha t there exists any drug habit apart from opium-smoking.

( I l l ) C o n t r o l o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a d e

The Straits Settlements.— The system of import certificates and export authorisations has worked satisfactorily. Outside Malaya, export does not in practice extend beyond Sarawak and British North Borneo.

The Director of Medical Services is the authority responsible for issuing import certificates, export authorisations, diversion certificates and licences for the removal of deleterious drugs in transit. There has been no change in the conditions of issue of these certificates, authorisations and licences.

Copies of export authorisations sent to the Governments of importing countries have been duly returned in accordance with the provisions of Article 13 of the Geneva Convention of 1925.

There have been no difficulties in regard to transit, transhipment and diversion of consignments of deleterious drugs in the Colony.

There has been no trade in deleterious drugs with countries which have not adopted the import certificate system.

The importation of Indian hemp is entirely prohibited.

The Federated Malay States.—The import certificate system has worked satisfactorily during the year. There has been no exportation of deleterious drugs.

There has been no change in the authority responsible for issuing import certificates, and no modifications in the conditions governing their issue.

Deleterious drugs have been imported only from countries which have adopted this system.

The importation of Indian hemp is prohibited.

Johore.—The import certificate system continues to work satisfactorily.

Kedah.—The import certificate system has always worked satisfactorily. No drugs are imported from countries which have not adopted this system.

Perlis.—No difficulties were experienced in the working of the system of import certificates.

There is nothing further of interest to report.

Kelantan.— The present import certificate system is working satisfactorily.

4

Trengganu.—Private practitioners and others are allowed to import drugs for medicinal use under a permit issued by the Government Medical Officer, to whom such drugs are first forwarded for examination. During the year, permits were issued to three mining companies, of which one employs a qualified medical practitioner, and the other two employ dressers.

There drugs came from Singapore, and were accompanied by an export permit under the Deleterious Drugs Ordinance, 1927, of the S traits Settlements.

The deleterious drugs used by the Medical Department, Trengganu, were mostly purchased through the Crown Agents for the Colonies, but small quantities were purchased from Singapore and were covered by export permits.

No deleterious drugs were exported.

Brunei.—Deleterious drugs are generally imported from the S traits Settlements under the system of certificate of official approval. The import certificate system continued to work satisfactorily.

There is no export.There is nothing of interest to report.

(IV) I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o-o p e r a t io n

The Straits Settlements.—There is nothing to report.

There is close co-operation between the Colony and the other administrations in Malaya in all m atters arising in connection with the control of the traffic in opium and dangerous drugs.

The Federated Malay States .—There is nothing to report.

Co-operation is maintained between the Federated Malay States and other administrations in Malaya.

Johore.—Johore follows the Laws and Rules made by other States and administrations which comprise “Malaya” ; it does not work independently of them in this respect.

Kedah.— There is close co-operation and liaison with the other administrations in Malaya in all m atters concerning the control of the traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs.

Perils.— There are no points of interest to record. There is no manufacture of drugs in Perlis and permits are granted only to the officer-in-charge of the Government Hospital, Kangar, and to the Superintendent of Chandu.

Kelantan.—There is nothing to report, but close co-operation is maintained with other administrations in Malaya in all matters concerning the control of the traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs.

Facilities exist for the treatm ent of opium addicts, but so far none has sought such treatm ent.

Trengganu.—There is nothing to report.

5

Brunei.—No international treaties or agreements were concluded with other Governments during the year.

( V ) I l l i c i t T r a f f i c

A separate report on illicit traffic has been submitted.

( V I ) O t h e r I n f o r m a t i o n

There is nothing to report.

B .—RAW MATERIALS

(VII) R a w O p i u m

There is no production of opium in Malaya.

(V III) C o c a L e a f

The Coca shrub is not cultivated in Malaya.

The cultivation, purchase, sale or dealing in the Coca plant is entirely prohibited in the S traits Settlements (section 22 of the Deleterious Drugs Ordinance re fe rs ) .

(IX) I n d i a n H e m p

The Straits Settlements.—The Indian hemp plant does not grow wild in the Colony, and its cultivation is prohibited. No illicit cultivation has been detected.

The production of the resin of Cannabis sativa and the manufacture of any preparation of which the resin forms the base are prohibited. The trade in the resin and its preparations is prohibited.

A strict control of illicit traffic in Indian hemp is maintained by the Department of Customs and Excise.

There are no newr developments to report.

The Federated Malay States .—The plant Cannabis sativa does not grow wild and its cultivation is not permitted in the Federated Malay States.

The extraction of the resin from the plant, and its use in the manufacture of preparations, are prohibited. Trade in the resin and its preparations is not permitted.

Control of illicit traffic in Indian hemp is exercised by theDepartment of Customs and Excise.

Johore.— Johore is not a producing country ; 0.60 kg. of Indian hemp was seized and confiscated during the year. The traffic in this drug is on a very minute scale.

Kedah.— Cannabis indica does not grow wild in Kedah and its cultivation is prohibited by section 21 of Enactment No. 29(Deleterious D rugs). No illicit cultivation has been detected.Preventive and Customs officers keep a careful watch to prevent illicit importation.

6

Perils.—Indian hemp is not indigenous nor is it cultivated.It is treated as a dangerous drug and its importation and

possession are prohibited under the Deleterious Drugs Enactment, 1351.

Kelantan.—There is no production in the State.

Import is controlled by the Deleterious Drugs Enactment, (No. 12 of 1930), and the drug is permitted to be imported only for medicinal purposes.

Smuggling of ganja in the form of dried leaves occasionally occurs.

There were four prosecutions for the possession of the drug, two of which resulted in convictions.

Fines amounting to $120 were imposed.

Trengganu.—The Indian hemp plant does not grow wild nor is it cultivated.

During the year three seizures were made, the total weight of which was less than one kilogramme. They were reported to have been imported from Siamese territory.

Brunei.— No Indian hemp is produced, nor is it imported.

Importation not covered by a certificate of official approval is subject to duty under the Customs Regulations of $500 per ounce, which is, in practice, prohibitive.

C.—MANUFACTURED DRUGS

( X ) I n t e r n a l C o n t r o l o f M a n u f a c t u r e d D r u g s

The Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States.— There is no manufacture of deleterious drugs in the Colony and the Federated Malay States and no licences have been granted for this purpose.

The importation, possession, use and sale of deleterious drugs are regulated by the provisions of the Deleterious Drugs Ordinance in the Colony and by the provisions of the Deleterious Drugs Enactment in the Federated Malay States.

The exclusive right of importing and exporting deleterious drugs is vested in the Director of Medical Services.

Licences are issued :—(a) to dentists and veterinary surgeons, to possess and use

deleterious drugs ; and(b) to pharmacists and medical practitioners, to possess and

sell deleterious drugs.

Registered medical practitioners, municipal veterinary surgeons and analysts, and persons engaged in scientific research or instruction are authorised to possess and use deleterious drugs under certain conditions.

7

Exceptions are made in favour o f:—(a) medical officers of His Majesty’s Naval, Military or Air

Forces, resident in the Colony on full pay, who mayimport, export, possess or use deleterious drugs in the course of their duty;

(b) a ship’s surgeon or a ship’s master, who may import,export, possess or use reasonable quantities ofdeleterious drugs in the course of their duty;

(c) a medical officer, veterinary surgeon or analyst inGovernment service, or a person employed in dispensing medicines a t a Government institution, who may possess or use deleterious drugs in the course of their duty ;

(cZ) a person in charge of a laboratory attached to the King Edward VII College of Medicine or to Raffles College, who may possess and use deleterious drugs in the course of his duty;

(e) the smoking of Government chandu by a registered smoker or the doing of anything which is lawful under Ordinance No. 117 (Chandu Revenue).

There are twrenty-one pharmaceutical firms who are licensed wholesalers and who are engaged in the manufacture of preparations for the wholesale trade.

Deleterious drugs are required to be kept locked up in a cupboard or room set aside for tha t purpose, and under the personal control of a licensed or authorised person.

Licensed and authorised persons are required to keëp records of the purchase and sale or consumption of deleterious drugs, and periodical inspections are made of stocks and records.

Inspectors have the power to enter the premises of any licensed or authorised person and to inspect all books and stocks of deleterious drugs. They may apply to purchase samples for analysis.

Johore.—Johore is not a country which produces drugs. Such as are imported under licence are used for medicinal and scientific purposes, and their sale or distribution is regulated by licences issued by the Medical Department.

Kedah.—There is no manufacture of drugs in the State.

Licences are granted as follows :—(a) to a dentist, a licence to possess and use deleterious drugs

in the course of his profession ;(b) to medical practitioners and estate medical officers,

licences to possess, use and sell deleterious drugs;(c) to highly qualified dressers under the supervision of

estate medical officers, licences to possess and use deleterious drugs;

(d) to certain chemists, licences to possess and sell deleteriousdrugs ;

(e) to others, licences to possess and sell patent medicinescontaining deleterious drugs.

8

Authorisations to possess and use deleterious drugs under specified conditions are granted to the following :—

(a) medical practitioners;(b) any medical officer, pathologist, veterinary surgeon or

analyst in the service of the Government, or any person employed in dispensing medicines at any Government hospital or dispensary.

Supervision and inspections are carried out by the State Surgeon and the officers of the Medical Department under his direction.

There were no prosecutions.

Perils.-—There is no manufacture of drugs in Perlis.

An authorisation for the possession and use of deleterious drugs is granted to the officer-in-charge of the Hospital a t Kangar, only.

There are no private medical practitioners in the State, and no chemists.

Kelantan.—There is no manufacture of drugs in the State.

Licences are granted as follows :—(a) to a veterinary surgeon or dentist, a licence to possess

and use deleterious drugs in the course of his profession ;

(b) to a medical practitioner or chemist, a licence to possessand sell deleterious drugs ;

(c) to a dresser employed in a private hospital, who hassatisfied the Chief Medical Officer of his fitness to possess the same, a licence to possess and use deleterious drugs in the course of his employment.

(Medical Officers of His Majesty’s Navy, Military or A ir Forces resident in Kelantan on full pay, and the surgeon or master of any ship, being exempt from such licence, as fa r as possession or use of the drugs in the course of his duty is concerned).

There are no licensed wholesalers.

Supervision and inspections are carried out by the Chief Medical Officer and the officers of the Medical Department under his direction. There were no prosecutions.

Trengganu.—No drugs were manufactured and there is no trade in deleterious drugs.

Brunei.— There is no manufacture in the State of any drug to which the Hague and Geneva Conventions apply.

There is no trade in deleterious drugs.

Certificates of official approval are granted to managers of rubber estates and to large employers of labour who keep dispensaries for the benefit of their labour forces.

There was no licensed wholesaler or dealer.

9

D.—OTHER QUESTIONS

(XI) C h a p t e r IV o f t h e H a g u e O p iu m C o n v e n t i o n o f 1912

There is nothing to report.

(X II) P r e p a r e d O p i u m

A separate report on Prepared Opium has been submitted by the Department of Customs and Excise.

(X III) O t h e r D r u g s

There is nothing to report.

10

APPENDIX

MEMORANDUM ON SOCIAL AND MEDICAL SERVICES EXISTING IN TRENGGANU TO ELIMINATE THE CAUSES WHICH

LEAD TO OPIUM ADDICTION

From the records of sales of chandu in Trengganu in 1935 it can safely be stated th a t a t least 75% of the chandu sold is consumed outside the limits of the towns of the State. That is to say, not less than three-quarters of the chandu smokers can almost certainly be described as coolies working in out of the way places, viz. on mines and rubber estates, where social services such as Child Welfare, public parks and recreation facilities could not well be provided by the Government. If therefore opium-smoking is to be combated in the manner proposed at the Bangkok Conference, viz. by the provision of counter-attractions in the form of games, cinematographs, etc., the problem for this State is to improve communications so as to make it easier for the opium-smoker on a remote mine or rubber estate to get to those centres where such counter-attractions are obtainable (on the very limited scale on which amenities of that kind exist anywhere in Trengganu at the moment). This problem is being tackled as finances permit. The light road programme is being pressed forward which links up Kuala Trengganu with the small ports down the coast and enable a traveller a t any time of the year to get from one place to another by motor-car, even though probably the journey will not be altogether comfortable. A path is being opened from the Dungun river up to Bukit Besi, the large iron mine on which over a quarter of the chandu sold in the whole State is consumed, and this should enable coolies to get away from the mine fo r amusement and change of scene more easily than they can at present. One of the light roads above-mentioned will link up Ulu Kemasek, where there are a number of Chinese opium-smokers living on small remote plantations, with Kemasek on the coast and thence with other places, by motor-car or motor-Iaunch.

2. I t would of course be idle to pretend tha t these modest efforts will speedily result in any appreciable diminution of the quantity of chandu consumed. Transport will be slow and comparatively costly, and the amenities to which it will give access are not such at present as to form any powerful counter-attraction to the opium-smoker. There is too the consideration that the places of employment of the great majority of the opium-smokers in Trengganu are either definitely or potentially malarious, and the belief among Chinese that opium is a preventive of fever dies hard.

J. E. KEMPE,Acting British Adviser, Trengganu.