traffic rules and control system

Traffic rules

And

Control system

Mr. S. R. ANOOP, (BE)

Email: [email protected]

Phone: 8281632698

“SRUTHY PUBLICATIONS”

PALLIMON, PALLIMON (P.O)

KOLLAM-691576

KERALA.

mailto:[email protected]

TRAFFIC RULES AND CONTROL SYSTEM

by S.R. ANOOP.

First Edition: January 2014.

Copyright © 2014 exclusive by Author.

All Rights Reserved.

No part of this publication can be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form by means, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission from the author.

Published by;

Sruthy Publications,

Pallimon (P.O),

Kollam – 691576

Kerala.

Dedicated

To All

Road Users

Especially Dedicated To My

Dear Parents

Mr. M. Sthuthikumar

&

Mrs. S. Radhamoni

PREFACE

“Traffic Rules and Control System” is the first

endeavour of Mr S.R. Anoop, Nowadays road accidents

are increasing beyond our control. Traffic rules are

ignorant even to experienced drivers.

This book includes traffic rules, traffic signals-

control system, first aid, road safety and an overall

guidance to the public. I am sure that this book is greatly

valuable to learners and drivers.

It is a great pleasure to introduce this book

comprising of the traffic rules and signals existing all over

India.

09.01.2014

Kollam. Sandhya. B. Pillai.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am pleased to bring out my first edition of the

e-book “TRAFFIC RULES AND CONTROL

SYSTEM”.

My sincere thanks to Mrs. Sandhya B Pillai,

and my parents Mr. M. Sthuthikumar and Mrs. S.

Radhamoni for their moral support and

encouragement.

I always thanks to all my friends, especially

Mr. Roshan.K, Mr. K.V. Vibin and Mr. M.S.

Abhishak Mano Prince for their involvement in the

completion of the book.

10.01.2014

Keelavallanadu. S.R. ANOOP.

INDEX

1. Introduction ………………………………….01

2. Definition of traffic……………………………04

3. Traffic rules……………………………………07

4. Traffic signs and Control system………………49

i. Light control system………………….50

ii. Sign board system…………………….54

iii. Hand control system………………….66

iv. Road marking………………………....72

v. Road control devices………………….79

5. Road safety……………………………………..82

6. Guidelines……………………………………....99

7. First-Aid………………………………………...109

8. Slogans………………………………………….114

TRAFFIC RULES AND CONTROL SYSTEM

1. INTRODUCTION

The Motor Vehicle Act 1989 An act to consolidate and amend the laws related to

motor vehicles. The Motor Vehicle Act shall come into

force on the 1st day of July -1989. Various committees like,

National Transport Policy Committee, Low Powered

Two- wheelers Committee, as also the Law commission

have gone into different aspects of road transport. They

have recommended updating, simplification and

rationalization of this law.

In motor vehicle act 1988, some of the more important

modifications so suggested related for taking care of;

a. The fast increasing number of both commercial

vehicles and personal vehicles in the country.

b. The need for encouraging adoption of higher

technology in automotive sector.

c. The greater flow of passenger and freight with the

latest impediments so that islands of isolation are not

created leading to regional or local imbalances.

d. Concern for road safety standards, and pollution

control measures, standards for transportation of

hazardous and explosive materials.

e. Simplification of procedure and policy

liberalization’s for private sector operations in the

road transport field; and

f. Need for effective ways of tracking down traffic

offenders.

Definitions In these rules;

2 Traffic Rules and Control System

a. “Act” means the Motor Vehicle Act, 1989.

b. “Agricultural tractor” means any mechanically

propelled 4- wheel vehicle designed to work with

suitable implements for various field operations

and/or trailers to transport agricultural materials.

These type of vehicle is a non- transport vehicle.

c. “Agricultural trailer” means a trailer generally left

uncovered with single/ double axle construction

which is coupled to an agricultural tractor by means

of two hooks and predominantly used for

transporting agricultural materials.

“Construction equipment vehicle” means

rubber tyred, rubber padded or steel drum wheel

mounted, self-propelled, excavators, loader,

backhoe, compactor roller, dumper, motor grader,

mobile crane, dozer, fork lift truck, self-loading

concrete mixer or any other construction equipment

vehicle or combination thereof designed for off-

highway operations in mining, industrial

undertaking, irrigation and general construction but

modified and manufactured with “on or off” or “on

and off” highway capabilities.

d. “Financier” means a person or a title holder-cum-

dealer who lets a motor vehicles on hire under an

agreement of hire purchase or lease or hypothecation

to the operator with a permission to get it registered

in operator’s name as registered owner.

e. “Form” means a form appended to these rules.

f. “Section” means a section of the act.


g. “Trade certificate” means a certificate issued by the

registering authority under rule 35.

h. “Non-transport vehicle” means a motor vehicle

which is not a transport vehicle.

i. “Category L-1” means a motorcycle with maximum

design speed not exceeding 45 km/hr and engine

capacity not exceeding 50 cc, if fitted with a thermic

engine.

j. “Category L-2” means a motor cycle with a

maximum design speed exceeding 45 km/hr and

engine capacity exceeding 50 cc, if fitted with a

thermic engine.

k. “Category M” means a motor vehicle with at least

four wheels used for the carriage of passengers and

their luggage.

l. “Category M-1” means a motor vehicle used for the

carriage and of passengers and their luggage

comprising no more than eight seats in addition to

the driver’s seat.

m. “Category M-2” means a motor vehicle used for the

carriage of passengers and their luggage and

comprising more than eight seats in addition to the

driver’s seat and having a maximum mass not

exceeding 5 tonnes.

n. “Category M-3” means a motor vehicle used for the

carriage of passengers and their luggage and

comprising more than eight seats in addition to the

driver’s seat and having a maximum mass exceeding

5 tonnes.


o. “Category N” means a motor vehicle with at least

four wheels used for the carriage of goods.

p. “Category N-1” means motor vehicles used for the

carriage of goods and having a maximum mass not

exceeding 3.5 tonnes.

q. “Category N-2” means motor vehicles used for the

carriage of goods and having a maximum mass

exceeding 3.5 tonnes but not exceeding 12 tonnes.

r. “Category N-3” means motor vehicles used for the

carriage of goods and having a maximum mass

exceeding 12 tonnes.

s. “Smart card” means a device capable of storing data

and executing commands which is a microprocessor

chip mounted on a plastic card and the dimensions of

the card and chip are specified in the Inter National

Organization for Standardization (ISO)/International

Electro Technical Commission (IEC) 7816

specifications, as may be amended from time to time.

t. “International Driving Permit” means the licence

issued by a licencing authority in India.

u. “Battery Operated Vehicle” means a vehicle

adapted for use upon road and powered exclusively

by an electric motor whose traction energy is

supplied exclusively by traction battery installed in

the vehicle.

2. TRAFFIC- DEFINITION Traffic in English is taken from the Arabic

word “taraffaqa”, which means to walk along slowly

together.


Traffic on roads may consist of pedestrians, ridden or

herded animals, vehicles, streetcars and

other conveyances, either singly or together, while using

the public way for purposes of travel. Traffic laws are

the laws which govern traffic and regulate vehicles,

while rules of the road are both the laws and the informal

rules that may have developed over time to facilitate the

orderly and timely flow of traffic.

Organized traffic generally has well-established

priorities, lanes, right-of-way, and traffic control

at intersections may share speed limits and easement, or

may be segregated. Some jurisdictions may have very

detailed and complex rules of the road while others rely

more on driver’s common sense and willingness to

cooperate.

Traffic is formally organized in many jurisdictions,

withmarked lanes, junctions, intersections, interchanges, t

raffic signals, or signs. Traffic is often classified by type:

heavy motor vehicle (e.g., car, truck); other vehicle

(e.g., moped, bicycle); and pedestrian.

Organization typically produces a better combination

of travel safety and efficiency. Events which disrupt the

flow and may cause traffic to degenerate into a

disorganized mess include: road

construction, collisions and debris in the roadway. On

particularly busy freeways, a minor disruption may persist

in a phenomenon known as traffic waves.

The Firsts in the History of World Traffic: The First Accident:- In 1771 the first accident

involving a motor vehicle took place in Paris when

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roads

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedestrian

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetcar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_conveyance

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_code

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(sociology)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(sociology)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priority_(right_of_way)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(road)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_limit

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_(traffic)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(road)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_signal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_signal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_sign

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moped

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_construction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_construction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_accident

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debris_in_the_roadway

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_wave


Cugnot's steam tractor hit a low wall in the grounds

of the Paris arsenal.

The First Act: - The Locomotives and Highway Act

was the first piece of British motoring legislation. This

was also known as the red Flag act of 1865. The act

required three persons in attendance one to steer, one

to stoke and one to walk 60 yards ahead with a red flag

to warm the oncoming traffic.

First Man to Be Challenged: - In 1895 John Henry

Knight was convicted and fined for using a motor-

tricycle on the highway. He was probably the first

motorist to appear in court.

First Fatal Car Accident:- The first motor-car

accident in Britain resulting in the death of the driver

occurred in Grive Hill, Harrow-on-the Hill, London

on 25th February 1899.

Dusty Road to Tar Surface: - In 1902 Tar was first

used on a Macadam surface to prevent dust in Monte

Carlo. It was the idea of Dr. Guglieminetti, a Swiss. At

first the tar was brushed on cold, but soon it was

applied hot.

The First Number Plate of London: - The Motor car

Act of Britain came into force on 1st January 1904. It

required that all cars be registered and carry a number

plate, and all motorists to have a driving licence. But

there was no driving test to pass and the licence was

obtained by filling up a form and paying the fee at a

post office. The act made dangerous driving an

indictable offence.


The First Petrol Pump: - The first petrol pump was

installed in USA in 1906.

The First Traffic Light of the World: - The World’s

first traffic lights were installed in Detroit, USA in

1919. The first traffic lights in Britain were installed

in Wolverhampton during 1928. However, they did

not come to London till 1932.

Pedestrian Crossing: - The pedestrian crossing was

instituted in Britain in 1934. The roads were marked by

dotted lines. On the pavement there were striped

Belisha beacon light poles named after Britain’s

Minister of transport L. Hore-Belisha. The Zebra

crossing with black and white stripes was developed

after the Second World War.

First Traffic Police Woman: - Police woman were

used for traffic control duties for the first time in Paris,

in 1964. In Delhi, were introduced woman traffic

police, in 1989.

First Box Junction: - Box junctions, marked with

yellow cross-hatching, were introduced in London

during 1964. The aim was to prevent traffic blocking

junctions when it could not proceed and this was

successful.

3. TRAFFIC RULES

Control of Traffic- MVA 1989 The driver of a motor vehicle shall make such signals

and such collisions as are specified in the regulations

made under section 118.


The driver of every vehicle shall ensure that the

following items are carried in the vehicle, namely;

a. In case of vehicles other than motorcycle, a set of

spare bulbs for head lamp and fuses and spare

wheels ready for use.

b. Tool kit as prescribed by the manufacturer.

c. Triangle of size 150 mm with a red reflecting

surface as per IS: 8339-1993 specified by the

bureau of Indian standards, for keeping in front

and rear of the vehicle in case the vehicle is on the

road; as specified below;

One triangle in case of 4 wheelers with GVW

(Gross Vehicle Weight) not exceeding 7.5 tonnes.

Two triangle in case of 4 wheelers with GVW


After 1st January of 2003; the triangle size

specification shall come to AIS: 022-2001. The colour of

the triangle fitted in the front of the vehicle shall be white

and that of rear shall be red. The location of both triangles

shall be at least one meter above the ground level at the

front and rear; preferably at the centre of the vehicles for

M3&N3 category of vehicles.

d. First aid kit containing antiseptic cream containing

0.5% of Centrimide B.P in a non-greasy base;

sterilised dressings, sterilised elastic plaster, water

proof plaster gauze and elastic bandage for

wounds and burns.

e. Number of chock blocks for 4 wheelers specified

as;


1 chock block in case of 4 wheelers with GVW

exceeding 4 tonnes & less than 7.5 tonnes.

2 chock block in case of 4 wheelers with GVW


Halogen bulb with P45t cap shall not be used

for headlights on all vehicles. Wattage of

halogen bulb shall not exceeds 70/75 watts for

24 volts and 60/65 for 12 volts system.

Licencing of Learners Drivers of Motor Vehicles

For Learners;

Such a person is the holder of an effective learners

licence issued him in form 3 of drive the vehicle.

Such person is accompanied by an instructor holding

an effective driving licence to drive the vehicle and

such instructor is sitting in in such position to control

or stop the vehicles; and there is painted in front and

rear of the vehicle or on a plate or card affixed to the

front and the rear, the letter ‘L’ in red on a white back

ground as under

L The painting on the vehicle or on the plate or card

shall not be less than 18cm square and the letter ‘L’

shall not be less than 10cm high , 2cm thick & 9cm

wide at the bottom.

Evidence as to the correctness of address and age

Electoral roll


Life insurance policy

Pass port

Pay slip issued by any office of the central Govt.

or a state Govt. or a local body.

Birth certificate

Certificate granted by a registered medical

practitioner not below the rank of a civil surgeon.

Offences, Penalties.

1. Driving without a licence, or without a licence which

is effective, or without a licence applicable to the

vehicle driven – Sec 3

2. Allowing a licence to be used by another person

– Sec 6(2)

3. Driving during the period of disqualification - Sec 23.

4. Driving an un registered vehicle – Sec 39

5. Driving a transport vehicle not covered by a certificate

of fitness – Sec 56

6. Driving a transport vehicle in contravention of Sec 66

7. Failure to comply with provisions of Sec 114

8. Driving in contravention of rule 118

9. Refusing or failing within specified time to produce

licence or certificate of registration – Sec 130

10. Failure to stop the vehicle when it is involved in an

accident – Sec 132

11. Obtaining or applying for a driving licence without

giving particulars of endorsement – Sec 182

12. Driving at excessive speed – Sec 183

13. Driving dangerously – Sec 184.


14. Driving while under the influence of drink or drugs –

Sec 185

15. Driving when mentally or physically unfit to drive –

Sec 186

16. Abetment of an offence under sec 184 or 185 or 188

17. Taking part in unauthorised race or trial of speed of

any kind – Sec 189

18. Using vehicle in un safe condition – Sec 190

19. Driving vehicle exceeding limit or weight – Sec 194

20. Altering a driving licence or using an altered licence

21. An offence punishable with imprisonment in the

commission of which a motor vehicle was used.

Disqualification of Licence

The commission of the following acts by holder of a

driving licence shall constitute nuisance or danger to the

public, namely

1. Theft of motor vehicle.

2. Assault on passengers.

3. Theft of personal effects of passengers.

4. Theft of goods carried in goods carriage.

5. Transport of goods prohibited under any law.

6. Abduction of passengers.

7. Driver, while driving a transport vehicle, engages

himself in activity which is likely disturb his

concentration.

8. Carrying overload on goods carriers.

9. Driving at speed exceeding the speed limits.


10. Carrying persons in good carriage, either inside

the driver’s cabin in excess of its capacity or on the

vehicle, whether for hire or not.

11. Failing to comply with the provision of section -

134.

12. Failing to stop when signalled to do so by any

person authorised to do so.

13. Misbehaviour with and showing discourtesy to

passengers, intending passengers or consignors

and consignees of goods.

14. Smoking while driving public service vehicles.

15. Abandoning vehicle in a public place causing

inconvenience to other road users or to passengers

in the vehicle.

16. Driving vehicle while under the influence of drink

or drugs.

17. Interfering with any persons mounting or

preparing to mount upon any other vehicles.

18. Allowing any person to sit or placing things in

such a way as to impede the driver from having a

clear vision of the road or proper control of the

vehicle.

19. Not stopping a stage carriage at approved stopping

places for a sufficient period of time in a safe and

convenient position upon demand or signal of the

conductor or any passenger desiring to alight from

the vehicle and unless there is no room in the

vehicle, upon demand or signal of any person

desiring to becoming a passenger.

20. Loitering or unduly delaying any journey and not

proceeding to the destination as near as may be in

accordance with the time table pertaining to the


vehicle, or where there is no such time table, with

all reasonable despatch.

21. Not driving a contract carriage, in the absence of a

reasonable cause, to the destination named by the

hirer by the shortest route.

22. The driver of a motor cab not accepting the first

offer of hire which may be made to him

irrespective of the length of the journey for which

such offer made.

23. The driver of a motor cab demanding or extracting

any fare in excess to that to which he is legally

entitled or refusing to ply motor cab.

24. Abandoning a transport vehicle as a mark of

protest or agitation of any kind or strike in a public

place or in any other place in a manner causing

obstruction and inconvenience to the public or

passengers or other users of such places.

25. Using of mobile phone while driving a vehicle.

Speeding

The speed of motor vehicles is universally agreed

to be the most important factor contributing to crash, and

injuries on roads. Speed influences both crash risk and

crash consequence.

Excess speed refers to

a vehicle exceeding the

prescribed speed limit and

inappropriate speed refers

to a vehicle traveling at a

speed unsuitable for the

prevailing road and traffic

conditions.


Modern cars fitted with more efficient engines have

very high acceleration and can achieve high speeds within

a very short time and distance. Crash risk increases as

speed increases especially at road junctions and while

overtaking as road users underestimate this speed and

overestimate the distance of an approaching vehicle.

Further, in developing countries with a mixed

traffic and high volume of vulnerable road users, increased

speed has significantly contributed to an increasing trend

of fatalities on Indian roads.

Empirical evidence from speed studies has shown

that an increase of 1 km/hr it mean traffic speed typically

results in a 3% increase in the incidence of injury crashes

or an increase of 4% to 5% for fatal crashes.

Speed has an exponentially detrimental effect on safety.

As speed increase so do the number and severity of

injuries. Studies show that the higher the impact speed the

greater the likelihood of serious and fatal injuries.

For car occupant, an increase in speed from 20 kms

to 100 kms, the probability of fatal injuries increases from

close to zero to almost 100%.

1. The probability of serious injury for belted front seat

occupants is three times as great at 48 km/hr and four

times as great at 64 km/hr, compared with the risk at

32 km/hr.

2. Pedestrians have a 90% chance of surviving car crashes

at 30 km/hr or below, but less than a 50% chance of

surviving impacts at 45 km/hr or above.

3. The probability of pedestrians being killed rises by a

factor of 8 as the impact speed of the car increases from

30 km/hr to 50 km/hr.


Speeding Can Be a Cause of Severe Crash

1. Drivers get lesser time to avoid unexpected accident

and the stopping distance lengthens which increases

both the likelihood of crashing and the severity of the

crashes.

2. The vehicle structure is rendered incapable of

withstanding the force of the crash which results in

serious injury to the occupants.

3. The protection capability of restraint systems such as

airbags and safety belts and roadside hardware and

safety features such as barriers and bridge rails become

nullified.

4. Vehicles become prone to increased tire tread wear,

rise in tire weakening operation temperature, longer

stopping distances and increased brake wear.

5. At faster speeds the driver's ability to accurately see

and judge the distances get compromised

Vehicle Engineering and design play a major role in

safety of both the occupant and those outside the vehicle

in the event of a crash. Vehicle engineering for improve

safety can be achieved by modifying a vehicle to help the

driver, avoid a crash or in the event of a crash, protect both

those inside and outside the car against the injury.

Research indicates that vehicle crash protection is a

most effective strategy for reducing death and serious

injuries in road crashes. According to a WHO (World

Health Organisation) report, citing the effectiveness of

casualty reduction measures in the United Kingdom

between 1980 and 1996 found that the greatest

contribution to reducing casualties was crash protection


improvements to vehicles. These accounted for around

15% of the reduction compared with 11% for drink - drive

measures and 6.5% for road safety engineering measures.

During the 1990's significant steps have been taken to

improve designs of vehicles in developing countries and

especially in India. However, more efforts are required on

this front for improving design factor for protection of

those outside the vehicle i.e. the vulnerable road users as

the dominant category of road casualties’ up to 2020 will

continue to be the pedestrians, cyclists and motor cyclists.

The majority of fatally injured pedestrians are hit by

the fronts of cars and heavy vehicles. Creating safer fronts,

if thus, the key means of improving pedestrian safety.

Preliminary investigations have suggested that reduction

in injuries could be achieved if the geometry and design of

vans, pickup trucks, other trucks and buses were changed.

Road Maintenance

While carrying out such repair and maintenance works,

the civic road agencies are required to follow the following

guidelines: -

1. All safety measures should be adopted for smooth

and safe flow of traffic.

2. All necessary road signage with fluorescent tape

(mandatory, warning and informatory) should be

fixed for traffic guidance along the route and at the

site.


3. Other necessary road safety measures as per the

requirement should also be adopted at the site from

time to time.

4. No malba /material etc. should be kept on the road

while carrying out civic works.

5. The civic works should not hamper the normal flow

of traffic at the site.

6. The work should be completed within the allotted

time period.

Alternative passage provided should be in proper shape

and no inconvenience should be caused to the road users.

Number Plate

Many people have craze on their registration

numbers. Some of them want fancy numbers while the

other want according to their believe in the numeral

astrology. Whatever it may, it will be interesting to know

about the theory of vehicle registration numbers in the

state, keeping it as a unique identifier for each vehicles.

Allotment of Registration Numbers.

The inspecting officer examines the application

for registration and inspect the vehicles produced before

him. Acknowledgement will be issued by the inspecting

officer on every proper application immediately after the

inspection. All the applications received in a day are

entered in the computer in the afternoon on going a

command to the computer the system will allot registration

numbers to all the vehicles instantly. There are no manual

intervention in allotting the register numbers, except for

the reserved numbers. The allotted numbers can be seen

from the information Kiosk provided in the office instantly


or from the office notice board. If the concerned office is

connected to KSWAN the allotted numbers can be viewed

online.

All those driving motor vehicles with

registration number plates not conforming to the

specifications, will be penalised. So please have your

vehicle's registration number plate checked and ensure

they are in accordance with the specifications.

The specification of the number plate as follows;

i. The plate shall be a solid unit made of 1.0mm

aluminium to DIN 1745/DIN 1783 or ISO 7591.

Border edges of the plate shall be rounded to avoid

injuries to the extent of approx. 10mm and the plate

must have an embossed border. The plate shall be

suitable for hot stamping and reflective sheet has to

be guaranteed for imperishable nature for minimum

five years. The fast colouring of legend and border to

be done by hot stamping.

ii. The plate should bear the letter “IND” in blue colour

on the extreme left centre of the plate. The letter

should be one fourth of the size of letter mentioned

in rule 51 and should be buried into the foil or applied

by hot stamping and should be integral part of the

plate.

iii. Each plate shall be projected against counterfeiting

by applying chromium-based hologram, applied by

hot stamping. Stickers and adhesive labels are not

permitted.

The plate shall bear a permanent consecutive

identification number of minimum seven digits, to be

laser branded in to the reflective sheeting and hot

stamping film shall bear a verification inscription.


iv. Apart from the registration marks on front and rear,

the third registration mark in the form of self-

destructive type, chromium based hologram sticker

shall be affixed on the left-hand top side of the

windshield of the vehicle. The registration details

such as registration number, registering authority,

etc…, shall be printed on the sticker. The third

registration mark shall be issued by the registering

authorities/approved dealers of the licence plate

manufacturer along with the regular registration

marks, and thereafter if such sticker is destroyed it

shall be issued by the licence plate manufacturer or

his dealer.

v. The plate shall be fastened with non-removable /non-

reusable snap lock fitting system on rear of the

vehicle at the premises of the registering authority.

The licence plates with all the above specifications and

specified registrations for a vehicle shall be issued by the

registering authority or approved the licence plate’s

manufactures or their dealers. The central road research

institute, New Delhi or any of the agency authorized by the

central government shall approve the licence plate’s

manufactures to the above specification.


Specification for the minimum size of letters / numerals

and spacing between them on a number plate.

Sl.No Class of

vehicle

Front letters and

numerals

(in mm)

Rear in mm

Numerals Letters

H* W* S* H W S H W S

1 All 4

wheeled

vehicles

65 10 10 65 10 10 65 10 10

2 Mopeds

and less

than

70cc

15 2.5 2.5 40 7 5 35 7 5

3 Other

motor

cycles

and

scooters

30 5 5 40 7 5 35 7 5

*H – height *W- width *S- space.

Background colour, colour of letters and numerals and

number of lines on the number plate.

Sl No Class of

vehicles

Back

Ground

Colour

of number

plate

Colours

of

letters

and

numerals

No. of. lines

Front Rear

1 All private

Vehicles

White black 1 or 2 1 or 2


2 All

commercial

(except

rent a cab

scheme

vehicles)

yellow Black 2 2

Note:

In case of two lines, the state code and registering

authority code will form the first line and the rest will form

the second line, one below the other.

All the letters should be in English and numerals/

numbers should be in Arabic e.g. KA 03 MJ 1011

Tinted Glass

Use of dark, black or

reflective glasses in vehicles

is not permitted as per law.

As per the orders of the

Hon'ble Supreme Court of

India, use of black film or

any other material is not

permitted on the windscreen

and side windows of

vehicles. Violation is punishable with challan and on-the-


spot removal of film. Only company fitted tinted glasses

permitted, with 70% visual transmission of light with

windscreen & rear window and 50% visual transmission

of light for side windows.

Rules and Regulations on Road

Negotiating an Intersection Judiciously:

Almost 50% of all city driving collisions occur at

intersections.

Choose the left lane if you want to turn left, the middle

lane if you want to go straight, and the right lane if

turning right, at least 100 m in advance.

Give proper indication before you turn.

Slow down while approaching an intersection.

Stop before stop line at red light.

Even if the signal allows you to go, proceed slowly and

cautiously.

While approaching an unmanned intersection cover the

brake and be prepared to stop.

Negotiating a Round About:

Choose your lane as per your exit, at least 100m in

advance.

Slow down while approaching a roundabout.

Enter the roundabout at an angle.

Give way to traffic on your right.

Merge slowly with the traffic inside the roundabout.

Move towards your exit gradually giving proper

indications.


Be watchful of a pedestrian or an animal that may

suddenly appear.

While Overtaking

Never overtake from left, always overtake from right.

Show your intentions of overtaking clearly to your

fellow drivers.

Give proper indications, before overtaking.

Be watchful of a pedestrian or an animal that may

suddenly appear in front of the vehicle you are

overtaking.

On roads having two-way traffic overtake only when

the oncoming vehicle is at a safe distance.

Overtaking prohibited in certain cases

The driver of a motor vehicle shall not pass a vehicle

traveling in the same direction as himself:

If his passing is likely to cause inconvenience or danger

to other traffic proceeding in any direction.

If he is near a point, a bend or corner or a hill or other

obstruction of any kind that renders the road ahead not

clearly visible.

If he knows that the driver who is following him has

begun to overtake him.

If the driver ahead of him has not signalled that he may

be overtaken.

Overtaking not to be obstructed

The driver of a motor vehicle shall not, when being

overtaken or being passed by another vehicle, increase


speed or do anything in any way to prevent the other

vehicle from passing him.

While Turning

Give proper indications.

Start changing lane only when the vehicles behind you

have understood your intentions.

Slow down while approaching the turning point.

Turn only when the vehicle coming from the opposite

direction is at a safe distance.

The vehicle coming from the opposite direction has the

right of way.

Watch out for pedestrians as well as vehicles coming

from your right side.

Right of Way

The children and the disabled have the right of way.

Pedestrians have the first right of way at unmanned

intersections.

At an unmanned intersections traffic on your right has

the right of way.

At a roundabout, traffic on your right has the right of

way.

Traffic on major road has the right of way.

On hilly and steep roads vehicles going uphill have the

right of way.

Emergency vehicles like fire brigade, ambulance, and

police have the right of way.

These vehicles, during emergency, can jump a red

right, drive in non- entry areas or on wrong side.


These vehicles should be given priority and clear

passage.

Keep left

How far from the left side of the road you should drive

depends upon the road condition and the type of traffic on

it. But, as a driver you must drive sufficiently to the left.

You must allow all traffic proceeding in the opposite

directions to pass on the right hand side.

Turning to left and right

The driver of a motor vehicle shall:

When turning to the left, drive as close as may be to

the left hand side of the road from which he is making

the turn and of the road which he is entering,

When turning to the right draw as near as may be to the

centre of the road along which he is traveling and arrive

as near as may be at the left hand side of the road which

the driver is entering.

Passing to right

Except as provided in Regulation 5, the driver

of a motor vehicle shall pass to the right of all traffic

proceeding in the same direction as himself.

Passing to the left

The driver of a motor vehicle may pass to the

left of a vehicle the driver of which having indicated an

intention to turn to the right has drawn to the centre of the

road and may pass on either side, a tram car or other


vehicle running on fixed rails whether traveling in the

same direction as himself or otherwise provided that in no

case shall he pass a tram car at a time or in a manner likely

to cause danger or inconvenience to other users of the road

including persons leaving or about to enter tram cars.

Caution at road junction

The driver of a motor vehicle shall slow down

when approaching a road intersection, a road junction,

pedestrian crossing or a road corner, and shall not enter

any such intersection, junction or crossing until he has

become aware that he may do so without endangering the

safety of persons thereon.

Giving way to traffic at road junction

The driver of a motor vehicle shall, on entering

a road intersection, at which traffic is not being regulated,

if the road entered is a main road designated as such, give

way to the vehicles proceeding along that road, and in any

other case give way to all traffic approaching the

intersection on his right hand.

Fire service vehicles and ambulance to be given free passage

Every driver shall, on the approach of a fire

service vehicle or of an ambulance allow it free passage by

drawing to the side of the road.

Right of way

The pedestrians have the right of way at

uncontrolled pedestrian crossings. When any road is


provided with footpath or cycle tracks specially for other

traffic, except with permission of a police officer in

uniform, a driver shall not drive on such footpath or track.

Direction indicator

The signals referred to in Regulation 12, may be

simplified also by mechanical or electrical devices.

Lane driving

Every road has lanes, whether marked or not. Where

they are not marked, divide the road mentally into

appropriate lanes. Where it is marked, drive within your

lane. Change only if it is safe to do so and after giving a

proper signal.

Sudden changes should be avoided. A good driver

never weaves in and out of a lane, in a traffic hold-up,

don’t try to get ahead by jumping the queue or by cutting

into another lane.

Changing Lanes

you need to move into another lane, check through

your rear view mirror and look over your shoulder for the

traffic following you, if it is safe, give he proper signal and

then change lanes. After you have changed your lane or

overtaken, make sure that the indicator given to change

lane is switched off, keeping to your lane is important to

maintain discipline and safe road usage. Do not change

lanes frequently. Remember, weaving in and out is bad

driving and you could be booked by traffic police for

negligent driving.


Signals To Be Given By Drivers

The following signals shall be used by the drivers of all

motors vehicles namely

When about to slow down, a driver shall extend his

right arm with the palm downward and to the right of

the vehicle and shall move the arm so extended up and

down several times in such a manner that the signal can

be seen by the driver of any vehicle which may be

behind him.

When about to stop, a driver shall raise his right

forearm vertically outside of and to the right of the

vehicle, palm to the right.

When about to turn to the right or to drive to the right

hand side of the road in order to pass another vehicle

or for any other purpose, a driver shall extend his right

arm in a horizontal position outside of and to the right

of his vehicle with the palm of the hand turned to the

front.

When about to turn to the left or to drive to the left-

hand side of the road, a driver shall extend high right

arm and rotate it in an anti-clockwise direction.

When a driver wishes to indicate to the driver of a

vehicle behind him that he desires that driver to

overtake him he shall extend his right arm and hand

horizontally outside of and to the right of the vehicle

and shall swing the arm backward and forward in a

semi-circular motion. Use indicator or hand signals.

And also obey all the traffic signals and instructions

from the traffic police


Reverse driving

Make sure you have rear side view mirrors on you

left and right doors in addition to the one fitted inside. A

good driver uses all the mirrors before beginning the

reverse driving. However, you should also turn around for

an all side vision.

Before you reverse make sure there are no

pedestrians, especially children or any other impediments

on the road behind you. Be particularly careful of the

blind areas that are obscured form the driver’s seat. In case

of doubt it is always better to step down from the vehicle

or get the help of someone to ensure that there are no

obstructions all the back. Never reverse from a side road

on to a main road. If there is no other way, seek someone’s

held while doing so. Don’t drive backwards more than

necessary while making sure you don’t cause danger or

inconvenience to other road users.

Towing

No vehicle other than a mechanically disabled motor

vehicle or incompletely assembled motor vehicle, a

registered trailer or a side car, shall be drawn or towed

by any motor vehicle, except for purposes of delivery

and to the nearest filling station or garage.

No motor vehicle shall be drawn or towed by any other

motor vehicle unless there is in the driver's seat of the

motor vehicle being drawn or towed a person holding

a licence authorising him to drive the vehicle or unless

the steering wheels of the motor vehicle being towed,


are firmly and securely supported clear of the road

surface by some crane or other device on the vehicle

which is drawing or towing it.

When a motor vehicle

is being towed by

another motor vehicle

the clear distance

between the rear of the

front vehicle and the

front of the rear

vehicle shall at no time

exceed five metres. The tow ropes, or chains shall be

of a type easily distinguishable by other road users and

there shall be clearly displayed on the rear of the

vehicle being towed in black letters not less than

seventy-five millimetres high and on a white

background the words 'ON TOW'.

No motor vehicle when towing another vehicles other

than a trailer or sidecar shall be driven at a speed

exceeding twenty-four kilometres per hour

Use of horns and Silence Zones

A driver of a vehicle shall not;

Sound the horn needlessly or continuously or more

than necessary to ensure safety:

Sound the horn in silence zones;

Make use of a cut-out by which exhaust gases are

released other than through the silencer;

Fit or use any multi toned horn giving an harsh, shrill,

loud or alarming noise;


Drive a vehicle creating undue noise when in motion

Drive a vehicle with a muffler causing alarming sound.

U Turn

A U- Turn means a turn carried out within the width

of the road without reversing so as to proceed in the

opposite direction. After ensuring that there is no

prohibition to take a U-turn, also make sure: That the road

is wide enough for this manoeuvre

That there is no traffic approaching from either side

and you have full visibility of the road on both sides.

Traffic sign and Traffic Police

A driver of a motor vehicle and every other person

using the road shall obey;

Every direction given, whether by signal or otherwise,

by a police officer or any authorised person for the time

being in-charge of the regulation of traffic;

Any direction applicable to him and indicated on or by

notice, traffic sign or signal fixed or operated by an

authority, competent to do so;

Any direction indicated by automatic signalling

devices fixed at road intersections.

Distance from vehicles in front

The driver of a motor vehicle moving behind

another vehicle shall keep at a sufficient distance from that

other vehicle to avoid collision if the vehicle in front

should suddenly slow down or stop.


Abrupt brake

No driver of a vehicle shall apply brake abruptly

unless it is necessary to do so for safety reasons.

Vehicles going uphill to be given precedence

On mountain roads and steep roads, the driver

of a motor vehicle traveling downhill shall give

precedence to a vehicle going uphill wherever the road is

not sufficiently wide to allow the vehicles to pass each

other freely without danger, and stop the vehicle to the side

of the road in order to allow any vehicle proceeding uphill

to pass.

Obstruction of Driver

No person driving a motor vehicle shall allow

any person to stand or sit or to place anything in such a

manner or position as to hamper the driver in his control

of the vehicle.

Speed to be restricted

The driver of a motor vehicle shall, when

passing or meeting a procession or a body of troops or

police on the march or when passing workman engaged on

road repair, drive at a speed not exceeding than 25

kilometres an hour.

Driving of tractors and goods vehicles

A driver when driving a tractor shall not carry

or allow any person to be carried on tractor. A driver of

goods carriage shall not carry in the driver's cabin more

number of persons than that is mentioned in the


registration certificate and shall not carry passengers for

hire or reward.

Projection of loads

No person shall drive

in any public place any motor

vehicle which is loaded in a

manner likely to cause danger to

any person in such a manner that

the load or any part thereof or

anything extends laterally

beyond the side of the body or to

the front or to rear or in height beyond the permissible

limit.

Restriction to carriage of dangerous substances

Except for the fuel and lubricants necessary for

the use of the vehicle, no explosive, highly inflammable or

otherwise dangerous substance, shall be carried on any

public service vehicle.

Restriction on driving back wards

No driver of a motor vehicle shall cause the

vehicle to be driven backwards without first satisfying

himself that he will not thereby cause danger or undue

inconvenience to any person or in any circumstances, for

any greater distance or period of time than may be

reasonably necessary in order to turn the vehicle round.

Production of documents

A person driving a vehicle;


shall always carry with him his driving licence;

certificate of registration; certificate of taxation and

certificate of insurance of the vehicle and in case of

transport vehicle the permit and fitness certificate, also,

shall on demand by police officer in uniform or an

officer of the Motor Vehicle Department in uniform or

any other officer authorised by the Government,

produce the documents for inspection. (Provided that

where any or all of the documents are not in his

possession, he shall produce in person an extract or

extract of the documents duly attested by any police

officer or by any other officer or send it to the officer

who demanded the documents, by registered post,

within 15 days of the demand).

One-way

There are three types of one-way regulations in force.

The first and the most common type is the operation of

traffic in one direction at all times. It is suitable in

situations where parallel roads are available, a short

distance apart, to handle traffic from opposite directions.

The second type is the reversible one-way street,

where the direction of flow is reversed depending upon the

predominant direction of movement, as introduced in

some metropolitan cities.

The third type is operated as a two way facility during

off-peak hours and is made one-way in the direction of

predominant flow during peak hours.

Remember

On one-way roads, you must choose the correct

lane for exit as soon as you can. Unless road marking


indicate otherwise, choose the left lane when going to the

left, right lane when going to the right, choose centre lane

when going straight.

Do not drive you vehicle on roads declared as one-

way except in the direction specified by the road sign. Do

not drive you vehicle in a reverse direction with a road

designated as one-way.

Speed

Speed is a relative term. You must aim at a good

average speed of travel. Over speeding with reference to

driver control, circumstances and violation of law is

dangerous. Speeding with negligence is the direct cause

of most road accidents leading to injury and death.

Driving at a high speed does not give you sufficient

reaction time to observe hazards. Other road users too, get

less time to rect. The higher the speed, the greater the

stopping distance and larger the chances of an accident.

So make sure and drive within the stipulated speed

limits. However, speed limit does not mean that it is safe

to drive at that speed. Always drive keeping the following

conditions in mind:

Condition of the road

Traffic

Weather and vision

Type of vehicle

Restricted areas

Your own skills and concentration

The table shows the speed limits of the vehicles;


Vehicles

Near

School

(In km/hr)

In Ghat

Roads

(In km/hr)

In Other

Roads

(In km/hr)

Motor Cycle 25 40 50

Motor Car 25 40 70

Auto

rickshaw

25 30 40

Light motor

vehicles

including

motor cab

25 40 60

Heavy motor

vehicles

15 35 60

The golden rule for speed: Drive at a speed that will allow

you to stop well within the distance you can see clearly.

Over speed:

One should not drive his own vehicle beyond

prescribed speed limits. The allowable speed limit for

vehicles is as follows:-

CAR : 50 KMPH

LGV/HGV : 40 KMPH

The driver of a motor vehicle shall, when passing

or meeting a precession or a body of troops or police on

the march or when passing workmen engaged in road

repair, drive at a speed not exceeding 25 Km /hour.

Parking

Every driver of a motor vehicle parking on any road

shall park in such a way that it does not cause or is not


likely to cause danger, obstruction or undue

inconvenience to other road users and if the manner of

parking is indicated by any sign board or markings on

the road side, he shall park his vehicle in such manner.

A driver of a motor vehicle shall not park his vehicle

i. At or near a road crossing, a bend, top of a hill

or a humpbacked bridge;

ii. On a foot-path;

iii. Near a traffic light or pedestrian cross;

iv. In a main road or one carrying fast traffic;

v. Opposite another parked vehicle or as

obstruction to other vehicle;

vi. Alongside another parked vehicle;

vii. On roads or at places or roads where there is a

continuous white line with or without a broken

line;

viii. Near a bus stop, school or hospital entrance or

blocking a traffic sign or entrance to a premises

or a fire hydrant;

ix. On the wrong side of the road;

x. Where parking is prohibited;

xi. Away from the edge of the footpath.

Visibility of lamps and registration marks

No load or other goods shall be placed on any motor

vehicle so as to mask or otherwise interrupt vision of

any lamp, registration mark or other mark required to

be carried by or exhibited on any motor vehicle by or

under the Act, unless a duplicate of the lamp or mark

so marked or otherwise obscured is exhibited in the


manner required by or under the Act for the exhibition

of the marked or obscured lamp or mark.

All registration and other marks required to be

exhibited on a motor vehicle by or under the Act shall

at all times be maintained in a clear and legible

condition.

Use of Seatbelt

Seat belt save lives and reduce the severity of injuries.

With seat belt properly fasten, you become a part of the

vehicle, rather than a loose object that can be tossed

around inside during a crash or may be thrown outside.

If someone is thrown out of a vehicle in a crash, his

chances of being killed are 25 times greater than if he

stay inside.

People not having fastened their seat belts have been

killed in crashes even at speed as low as 20 Km/h.

Driving In Dangerous Conditions

1. Driving at Night Be alert: pedestrians, bicycles, animals and hand drawn

vehicles that travel without light are difficult to see.

Drive at a slow speed to get a safe reaction and

stoppage time.

Turn on the headlights when darkness falls.

Drive with dipped headlights in places where the roads

are amply lit.

Keep the headlights clear and clean and check them

frequently. Also carry spare bulbs.

Keep your windscreen clean because dirty windscreen

can impair your vision.


Avoid looking to the dazzling light if an oncoming

vehicle is driving in high beam and gradually slow

down your speed.

To reduce the glare of lights following you, switch

your interior rear view mirror to the night position or

slightly tilt it or tilt the exterior rear view mirrors.

Do not mistake cock-eyed vehicle-a vehicle with one

fused headlamp-for a two wheeler.

Before overtaking ensure that the oncoming vehicle is

at a safe distance.

2. Driving In Rain

Check the working of wipers, windscreen washing

fluid system, all vehicle lights, tyres, exhaust pipe.

Be careful and reduce your speed as people may run

across the roads in panic.

Keep slow or away from water logged areas as water

may enter the carburettor, ignition, muffler or

distributor causing the vehicle to stop.

Be considerate of other road users, avoid splashing of

water.

On slippery roads drive carefully and slowly. In case

the vehicle slips, stop acceleration and press the clutch,

hold the steering in a straight position and do not brake.

Wait till you regain the grip

3. Driving In Foggy Conditions

Drive slow but not so slow that it becomes a hazard to

others.


Distances are hard to judge and low visibility decreases

your reaction time.

Give yourself extra time to respond to any road

hazards.

Do not hit your brakes in panic, you may get hit from

the back.

Turn on your wipers and defroster and turn off the

music.

Drive with dipped headlights, high beams produce too

much glare in fog.

Use the central verge of the road to guide you.

Honk your horn periodically to let other drivers know

you are there.

Never attempt overtaking.

4. Driving In Skidding Conditions Triggered by abrupt steering, braking or

acceleration and due to loss of traction on slippery roads-

skidding takes place. Roads become slippery when rain

water and mud form a slippery material. Locations outside

petrol pumps and oil refineries are generally slippery.

Snow and ice are major factors that contribute to slippery

roads.

If you get into a skid, the best way to recover is

Stop accelerating

Press clutch

Do not brake- it will enhance the skid

For a slight skid that you can feel rather than see it

happen – steer slightly in the directions of the skid to

bring the front and rear wheels into line.


5. Driving Where Traffic Lights Are Not Functional At signalized intersections, sometimes signals are

non-functional due to no electricity or are partly functional

due to missing or fused bulbs, and sometimes these are

encroached by trees, poles or advertisement materials. It

could also happen that on one side there may be a green

signal and on the other side nothing is functional in such

cases, always stop. You have to perform as if the

Octagonal Stop sign is there. Stop, look, observe the

traffic signals on your left and right, be cautious and

proceed. Most accidents occur on intersections due to the

carelessness of drivers.

6. Drunken Driving: Do Not Drive When Drunk When under the influence of alcohol, drivers lose

the ability to take any decisive action resulting in

unfortunate crashes. This happens because

Alcohol slows down the mental process.

It increases confidence but decreases performance.

It affects brain’s ability to control and coordinate

body’s movement.

It slows down the reflex and hence the reaction time

increases.

It impairs the ability to judge speed and distance.

It also impairs vision and hearing.

7. In Case Of Breakdowns and Accidents

Most breakdowns are the result of negligence,

failing to make routine checks, inadequate preventive

maintenance and abuse of vehicle, Preventive


maintenance reduces chances of a breakdown. However

even a well maintained vehicle can break down

occasionally.

Warning Lights

In case of a breakdown, switch on your warning lights

to make your stationary presence known.

In case it is possible – get the vehicle out of way of

traffic for free movement of traffic. Be patient and do

not panic.

Warning Triangle

Carry and advance warming

triangle. It folds easily and is easy to

stow. Use it to warn other road users

if your car is obstructing the highway

or is in a dangerous position as a result

of a breakdown or accident.

Where to place the triangle?

On the road, in the same lane, well behind the car

Recommended distance is 50 mts behind your vehicle

On a winding or hilly road, place the triangle where

driers will see it before they have to deal with any bend

or hump in the road

On a very narrow road place the triangle on the near

side kerb or footpath.

Co-Exist Peacefully On Road

When Confronted By an Aggressive Driver

Avoid eye contact.


Stay calm and relaxed

Make every attempt to get out of the way safely.

Avoid confrontation – Do not respond by blowing

horn, flowing too closely, cutting them off or applying

brakes; give such drivers ample space.

Do not take other driver’s behaviour personally, he

might have some reason to drive erratically.

If you feel you are being followed too closely, signal

and pull over to allow the other driver to go by.

Ignore harassing gestures and name calling, and do not

return them.

Avoid Becoming an Aggressive Driver

Allow enough travel time to reach the destination on

schedule.

Alter your schedule to avoid driving during peak

highway congestion periods.

If you are running late, call ahead so you can relax.

Do not drive when you are angry, upset or overly tired.

Make your vehicle comfortable. Listen to relaxing

music and avoid situations that raise your anxiety.

When driving, relax and remain aware of your posture.

Sit back in your seat, loosen your grip on the steering

wheel and do not clench your teeth.

Give others the benefit of doubt; be polite, courteous

and forgiving.

If you commit any driving error, apologize by simply

waving your hands.

Do not follow too closely. Allow at least a three-

second space between the vehicles ahead.

Do not make gestures that may offend others.


Remember, driving is not a contest. Hence, forget

about winning.

Mandatory Pre-Checks of Vehicles

Do not take your vehicle for granted. Before you

drive your vehicle each day, make it a habit to inspect the

basics of the vehicle. In addition to your daily review,

periodical technical checking and regular servicing must

be carried out. The saying, ‘a stitch in time saves nine’ is

an apt example for your vehicle.

Daily Check List

Before you start the engine, make a walk around

exterior check of your vehicle and ensure that:

The windscreen, windows, mirrors and number plates

are clean.

The tyres have a good tread and are properly inflated.

Wheel nuts are securely fastened.

No damage or theft of any exterior parts

There is no leakage of fuel, water or oil under your

vehicle and their levels are correct.

Doors are secured properly

Then while sitting on the driver’s seat, check the

following:

All lights and indicators are in proper working

conditions

Brakes are functional

Ensure that the driver’s seat is in the proper position.

The controls should be within reach and the visibility

clear in all directions


Sufficient fuel for travel

Properly adjusted mirrors

Car documents, especially your driving license is with

you.

Regular checks and servicing

Regular checks for the following depend upon the

frequency of vehicle usage.

Engine oil, Water level (coolant) in the radiator, Brake

fluid level

Tyres must have the correct tread depth and be free of

dangerous cuts or other defects and are inflated at the

right pressure.

Battery – top up with distilled water, when required.

Some batteries are maintenance free and don’t need

topping up Windscreen washer bottles are topped up.

Working of wipers

Mechanical Failures

Brake Failure

If your pedal brake suddenly gives way

Pump the brake pedal fast and strongly many times to

build pressure

Put your vehicle in low gear as we call this engine

brakes

If vehicle still does not come under control, use hand

brake.

Tyre Burst/Flat Tyre

Tyre burst or sudden tyre puncture while driving at

higher speed could be dangerous, especially of the front

wheel tyres as you may lose control.


Avoid panic – hold your steering wheel firmly. Do not

brake abruptly and draw the vehicle towards the road side.

Sudden Loss of Acceleration An accelerator wire beak or a break in petrol or

current may create sudden loss of acceleration. Do not

brake suddenly. Indicate your desire to turn left. Draw

vehicle off the road to attend to failure.

Stuck Accelerator This happens due to accelerator pedal or accelerator

wire getting stuck. Press clutch immediately and bring

gear to neutral. Then switch off the ignition and draw your

vehicle to road side, preferable off the road, vehicle

activating your hazard lights.

Fire If you get a strong burning smell, it could be

prelude to the possibility of a fire. Switch off ignition,

draw the vehicle towards the road off side. Put on the

hazard lights. Try to pull out the affected wires with a

thick cloth or plyer. Do not use bare hands. Try to throw

sand to put off the emerging fire. If fire is increasing, stay

away from the vehicle. Fire can lead to explosion of the

fuel tank. Warn other people near your vehicle to stay

away.

Role of Different Types of Gadgets

Traffic Police uses different types of safety gadgets

to ensure safety of road users and also to ensure visibility


at night. Various civic agencies and road owning agencies

also play a vital role in road engineering and affixing of

various road furniture to ensure safety of road users. These

include reflectors, barricades, Crash barrier, collapse

barrier, dragon light, blinker light, channelizer, etc.

Speed Radar Gun:

It is an instrument used to measure the speed of

an oncoming vehicle. By holding it at a distance of 100-

300 m it reads and shows the actual speed at which the

vehicle is being driven. If the rate of speed displayed by

the meter exceeds the prescribed speed limit, the

information is passed on to the team of personnel ahead

and the vehicle is intercepted and the driver is prosecuted.

Alchometer:

The instrument is being used to measure the

content of alcohol. The breath of the driver is analysed for

the purpose. The driver is asked to the blow into the pipe

attached to the instrument and the instrument in turn

displays the content of alcohol intake. If the content of

alcohol exceeds the prescribed limit, prosecution is carried

out.

Red Speed Camera:

Cameras are being installed at major intersections

to book the violators who indulge in red light jumping.

The camera shoots the picture of the violating vehicle –

the Registration No of the vehicle, time, date, and place

and sends the same to the computer wherein the data is


processed and notice generated, which is sent to the

violator. It is a fool proof mechanism to prosecute the

violators of intersection discipline.

Reflector:

Reflectors are affixed on road to ensure

visibility at night. And they are used to indicate

instructions to the driver.

Speed Governor:

Speed governors are mandatorily affixed in

commercial vehicles so as to restrict its speed within the

prescribed speed limit so as to avoid any kinds of accidents

related to over speeding.

Interceptor:

The vehicle is fitted with latest gadgets to keep a

check on violators. There is a video camera affixed inside

the vehicle which can shoot violations within a range of

half kilometre. Laser based speed radar is attached to a

computer, which detects over speeding by vehicles,

captures the image of the violating vehicle along with the

complete detail. The data is recorded in the computer and

shown to the violator at the time of prosecution.

Disaster Management Vehicle:

The vehicle is fully equipped with all necessary

equipment to deal with any emergency situations on road

resulting in traffic hazards such as accident, storm, etc.

Instruments such as wood cutter, iron cutter, air filling


machine, welding machine, high mast lights at a height of

20 ft. capable of illuminating an area of half kilometre

radius is available in the vehicle.

Mobile Exhibition Van:

An effective medium of imparting road safety

education to general public and school children. It consists

of display panel, projector, VCD player, Television and

generator for intermittent power supply. School

children/general public are educated regarding road safety

norms through photographic exhibition and film shows.

4. TRAFFIC SIGNS & CONTROL SYSTEMS

Traffic Signs The traffic signs convey many different kinds of

message to the driver, they can state laws, warn of

hazards, or provide instructions and guidance to the

operator. As one travels down the road ways, the shapes

or colour of the sign can be recognised or the message

read. For this reason, traffic signs have been standardized

by shapes and colours. Each shapes and colours has a

specific meaning.

The general principle of traffic signs is to make a

massage known quickly, (70 mph) accurately with a

minimum reading skills required. It can be defined as the

devices placed along, besides, or above a highway, or

roadway, pathway, or other route to guide, warn, and

regulates the pedestrians, equestrians, and other travellers.

They serves 3 different purposes.

1. Regulate traffic, movements, or parking.


2. To warn of potential dangers or changes in road

conditions.

3. To provide information and guidance.

Road Signs, markings, traffic signals and other traffic

devices are there to guide the road users and hence are the

languages of the road. Every road user whether a

pedestrian, two-wheeler rider, driver of four-wheeled

vehicle should have knowledge regarding these traffic

controlling devices and should be aware of what they

signify. Traffic Signs are there to regulate traffic, warn

about hazards and to guide the road user.

Control System The common traffic control systems are discussed below

1. Light Control System

Traffic Light

There are mainly three types of traffic lights colouring

systems are used; they are namely, RED, YELLOW,

GREEN.

RED:

Come to complete STOP at stop line

or before cross walking or

intersection.

After stopping, you may turn right on

red at most intersection if the way is

clear.

Some intersection displays “NO

TURN ON RED”; which you must obey.


YELLOW

STOP if u can do so safely.

The light will soon be RED.

GREEN

Go, but only if intersection is clear.

If turning left wait for gap in coming traffic to complete

turn.

Same as to the lighting system the lighted arrows are

used in some cases.

RED arrows:

Come to complete STOP at stop line or before cross

walking or intersection.

After stopping, you may turn right on red at most

intersection if the way is clear.

Some intersection displays “NO TURN ON RED”;

which you must obey.

YELLOW arrow:

STOP if u can do so safely.

The light will soon be RED.

Means the same as yellow light, but applies only to

movement in the direction of arrow.

GREEN arrow:

A green arrow, pointing right or left, means you may

make a turn in the proper lane for the turn after yielding


pedestrians, even if a red light is showing at the same

time.

Steady Green Arrow Signal

Proceed with caution in the direction indicated by the

arrows. Remember that you must yield to all

pedestrians and vehicles already in the intersection.

Flashing Red Signal

You must come to a complete stop, yield to all other

traffic and to pedestrians. Proceed only when the way

is clear.

Flashing Amber Signal.

You should slow down and proceed with caution.

Lane Signal

The lane signals are used;

When the direction of the flow of traffic changes.

To show that a tool booth is open or closed.

To show which lanes are opened or closed.

You must never drive in a lane signal under red ‘X’

A yellow X mark means that your lane signal is going

to change to red. Prepare to leave the lane safely.

You must drive in lanes beneath a green arrow you

must also obey all other signs and signals.

Indicator Lamps

Indicator lamps are to be used for the direction in

which the vehicle to move.


These are in flashing amber colour and with an

effective sound (in modern vehicles).

A vehicle have a left, right and hazard indicators.

Reflectors

Road reflectors are used to control traffic and

encourage safe driving conditions. Road reflectors are

made from ceramic or plastic. Road reflectors are also

known as traffic delineators, raised pavement markers,

road markers, cat’s eyes, road

studs, and Botts’ dots. Some types

of road reflectors have a reflective

lens that reflects the light from

vehicle headlights. Road

reflectors are used for a variety of

purposeds, and are especially important for making traffic

lanes visible to drivers at night. The usage depends on the

colour, and colours have different meanings depending on

the country.

A raised pavement marker is a safety device used

on roads. These devices are usually made with plastic,

ceramic, or occasionally metal, and come in a variety of

shapes and colours. Raised reflective markers include a

lens or sheeting that enhances their visibility by reflecting

automotive headlights. Some other names for specific

types of raised pavement markers include Botts' dots,

delineators, cat's eyes, road studs, or road turtles.

Sometimes they are simply referred to as reflectors.

Road reflectors, also called raised pavement

markers, street reflectors, road studs, or pavement

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_safety

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botts%27_dots

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%27s_eye_(road)


reflectors, are used for traffic control and safety. Specs on

road reflectors are available, please call for assistance.

Scroll down for more information about our selection of

road reflectors. All of our road markers are very easy to

install, and we also carry the traffic marking supplies such

as reflector adhesive to help you with your project.

Colour Meaning For Reflectors

Yellow/Amber: Used to mark the double lane in the

centre of roads with two way direction traffic. Also

used to mark the left edge on one way streets.

White: Marks the right edge of the street or general

lane divisions.

Blue: Marks fire hydrants.

Red: Used for restrictive markings such as "do not

enter".

Other Uses of Road Reflectors. Road reflectors can be installed in specific patterns to

create various traffic control solutions. When ceramic road

reflectors are placed close together in rows, spanning the

width of a road, they can form a traffic calming rumble

strip. When assembled in the shape of a diamond, road

reflectors can be used to designate a HOV (high

occupancy vehicle) lane. Pedestrian crossing zones are

also sometimes created with road reflectors.

2. Sign Board System

Traffic Signs Standard Colours And Shapes.

There are 8 colours and 9 shapes of traffic signs. And

these are used in all over the world. Each colour and

shapes has an exact meanings.


Colours

1. Green: guide, directional information.

2. Red: stop, yield, do not enter or wrong way.

3. Blue: motorist service guidance, also used to identify

parking space for drivers with disabilities.

4. Orange: construction & maintenance warning.

5. Brown: public recreation areas and scenic guidance.

6. Yellow: general warnings.

7. White: regulators.

8. Black: regulators.

Shapes:

1. Octagon: exclusively for stop signs.

2. Rectangle: generally for guide signs.

3. Triangle: exclusively for yield/warning signs.

4. Diamond: exclusively to warn of existing or possible

hazards.

5. Round: mandatory signs.

The three types of traffic signs are used in our country.

They are;

1. Regulatory/Mandatory signs.

2. Warning/ Cautionary signs.

3. Guides/ Information signs.

Regulatory/Mandatory Signs Mandatory/Regulatory signs are traffic signs used to

convey traffic rules and regulations such as

intersection controls, weight limit, speed

limit, one way, no parking and others. These

signs are generally circular in shape. Also

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_limit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_limit


ones that give order regarding dos and don’ts and are to be

followed strictly.

Stop sign Give way sign

‘Stop’ sign and ‘Give Way’ sign though of octagonal and

inverse triangular shapes are two very important

mandatory road signs.

No entry One way Vehicle Prohibited

In both directions

Right turn Left turn U- turn Over- turn

Prohibited Prohibited Prohibited Prohibited


Horn Hand Cart Cycle Pedestrian

Prohibited Prohibited Prohibited Prohibited

Tonga All motor Bullock/Hand Truk

Prohibited Vehicles Cart Prohibited

Prohibited Prohibited

Bullock Load Height No Parking

Cart Limit Limit

Prohibited


Compulsory Compulsory ahead

keep left or turn right

Axle Load Limit

Length Limit

No Stopping

Compulsory

Turn Right

Speed Limit

Width Limit

Restriction ends

Compulsory

Turn left


Compulsory Compulsory Compulsory Compulsory

Sound Horn Cycle Track Ahead or Ahead Only

Turn Left

Warning / Cautionary signs: Warning signs are traffic signs that are used to warn

road users about a potential danger. These signs are

usually triangle in shape. Examples of warning signs are

crows walk signs, curve warning signs, intersection ahead

signs, flagger signs, workers sign, or road machinery sign.

Warning/ Cautionary sign

Some example for this type of signs are given below;


Falling Steep Steep Horse

Rocks Descent Ascent


Section carriageway

Ends

T - Inter Dual School Cattle


Guide/ Information Signs: Guide signs are used to inform drivers of route, gas,

food, lodging, hospitals, rest area and others. Guide signs

are designated by colour &shapes.

The guide signs are in the form of Rectangular in

shape, white message on green back ground and also black

mark on the blue back ground. Black message on white

back ground, and they may be route markers (interstate

system), route turn arrows & directional arrows, familiar

destination, mileage signs, recreation sign, service signs,

location of airports, bus stations, and railway stations.

Some examples for informatory signs are given

below;

Public Telephone Petrol Pump Hospital


First-Aid Post Eating Place Light

Refreshment

Resting Place No Through Road No Through

Side Road

Parking This Side Parking Both sides Scooter/

Motorcycle

Stand


Cycle Stand Taxi Stand Cycle Rickshaw

Stand

Flood Gauge Advance Direction Destination Sign

Sign


Blue circles give a positive instruction. -

What is to be done.

Red rings or circles give negative

instructions. What should not be done,

but the “No Parking” and “No Stopping”

signs are exceptions to the above

mentioned rules.

3. Hand Control System

Traffic police hand signal

The hand control system by the traffic police are shown

in below;

To start one sided vehicles. To stop vehicles coming

From front


To Stop vehicles To Stop Vehicles

Approaching From Approaching

Behind Simultaneously

From Front & Behind


To Stop Vehicles To Start Vehicle

Approaching Approaching From

Simultaneously Left

From Left & Right


To Start Vehicle Coming To change Sign

From Right


To Start One Side To Start Vehicles

Vehicles On T-Point


To Give VIP Salute To Manage Vehicles

On T-Point


Hand signal by drivers

I intend to move

in to the left or turn left

I intend to move

out to the right or

changing the lane or

turn right

I intend to stop

I intend to slow down

Indicating the car

following you to overtake

4. Road Marking:

Bare roads will lead to total vehicular confusion.

Markings are painted on the road to direct, guide and

regulate the road user.


Road markings include all lines patters, words and

colours applied on or attached to the road surface or kerb,

for the said purpose

Traffic paints are commonly used for road markings.

Other materials such as, road studs, cat's eyes and

thermoplastic strips also find their application in road

markings. These markings promote road safety and ensure

smooth flow of traffic. Sometimes, road markings are used

to supplement the message of road signs and other devices.

White is generally used for carriageway (road)

markings except those indicating restrictions for which

yellow markings are used. White or yellow together with

black are used for kerb and object marking.

Broken Lines

Solid lines

Double solid lines

White lines

Yellow lines

Pedestrian crossing

Centre Line:

Centre Line Marking For a Two Lane Road

On undivided two-way roads, the centre line

separates the opposing streams of traffic and facilitates their

movements. The centre line can be a single broken line, a

single continuous solid line (barrier line), a double solid line

or a combination of solid line and broken line. Single and

double solid lines, whether white or yellow, must not be

crossed or even straddled. On a road with two centre lines,

of which one is solid and the other broken, the solid line has


significance only it is on the left side of the combination as

viewed by the driver.

In such a case, the driver must be careful not to cross or

straddle the centre line.

Lane Line: Lane Line and Broken Centre Line

Centre Barrier Lines:

Centre barrier line marking for a four lane road.

Centre barrier line marking for a six lane road


Double White/Yellow Lines

Double Continuous lines are used where

visibility is restricte in both directions. Neither stream of

traffic is allowed to cross the lines.

Combination of Solid and Broken Lines

If the line on your side is broken, you may cross or

straddle it. Overtake - but only if it is safe to do so.

If the line on your side is continuous you must not

cross or straddle it.

Stop Line


A stop line is a single solid transverse line painted

before the intersecting edge of the road junction/

intersection. This line indicates where you are required to

stop when directed by traffic officer, traffic light of stop

sign. Where a pedestrian crossing is provided, the stop line

is marked before the pedestrian crossing.

Give Way Line

The give way line is usually a double dotted line

marked transversely at junctions. These lines are generally

supplemented by a reverse triangle give way sign painted

on the road surface before the dotted lines or by a road sign

installed besides the marking. Give way to traffic on the

main approaching road.

Border or Edge Lines

These are continuous lines at the edge of the

carriageway and mark the limits of the main carriageway

up to which a driver can safely venture.


Parking Prohibited Lines

A solid continuous yellow line painted on the

kerb or edge of the carriageway along with a "No-parking"

sign indicates the extent of no-parking area.

Yellow Box Junctions or Keep Clear

These are yellow crossed diagonal lines within

the box. The vehicles should cross it only if they have a

clear space available ahead of the yellow box. In this

marked area vehicles must not stop even briefly.

Pedestrian Crossings


These are alternate black and white stripes

painted parallel to the road generally known as zebra

crossing. Pedestrians must cross only at the point where

these lines are provided and when the signal is in their

favour at controlled crossings. You must stop and give

way to pedestrians at these crossings. Pedestrian crossings

are marked to facilitate and give the right of way to

pedestrians

Stop Stop well before the stop line, and don't crowd

the intersection. This not only obstructs a clear view of the

intersection for other road users, but also make the zebra

crossing unsafe for the pedestrians. You are allowed to

turn left at the red signal unless there is a sign specifically

forbidding you to do so. When turning, yield the right of

way to pedestrians and vehicles from other directions.

Be Alert

The Amber light gives time to vehicles to clear the

road when the signal is changing from green to red. If caught

in the Amber signal in the middle of a large road crossing do

not press your accelerator in panic but do continue with care.

Go

If first in line, do not go tearing off at the green

signal but pause to see whether vehicles from other

directions have cleared the road. Sometimes you are

allowed to turn left or right too, unless separate signs exist

for each direction. If turning, yield the right of way to

pedestrians and vehicles from other directions.

There are 4 stopping points are there; they are


a. Thick white limiting line

b. Cross walk line/ pedestrian line

c. Side walk

d. At a point where you can see without getting in to the

intersection.

5. Road Control Devices

a. Variable Message Signs or CMS are traffic control

devices which can exhibit different traffic messages

according to the needs of a specific road. Permanent

CMS displays are mounted on large sign structures

overhead or alongside the road. These devices are often

placed on urban freeways which have traffic problems.

Portable CMS (PCMS) panels are usually mounted on

trailers, although some may be carried by trucks. They

are often used in work zones or other events that

disrupt traffic. CMS devices also follow a uniform

shape, design and colour that were set by the MUTCD.

b. High-level warning devices are traffic control devices

that are high enough to see over other vehicles, such as

but not limited to vehicle top, poles and other places

not lower than 8 feet. These devices are also called flag

tree because they feature two or three square

fluorescent orange flags and a sometimes a flashing

warning light. This type of traffic control devices are

used in work zones in high traffic density urban areas.

c. Channelling devices are used to warn drivers and

pedestrians and to guide them through a work zone.

Common channelizing devices are traffic cones and

drums. This type of traffic control device are usually

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_Message_Sign


placed between traffic and road construction sites, or

between opposing traffic streams.

i. Traffic cones are channelling

devices shaped like cones,

thus the name. They are made

from bright orange flexible

materials, not less than 18

inches (0.46 m) in height.

Cones used at night must have

bands of reflective material

near the top. These are used to confine a particular

area or divide traffic lanes temporarily.

ii. Tubular markers are cylindrical in shape. They are

also orange, with bands of reflective material near

the top. They must be at least 18 inches (0.46 m) in

height and 2 inches (51 mm) in body diameter.

Tubular markers are made of flexible plastic and

have a wider base that is glued or screwed to the

pavement. They are used in a similar way as cones.

iii. Vertical panels are reflective traffic control

devices which measure at least 8 inches (200 mm)

wide and 24 inches (610 mm) high. They are

bright orange with diagonal white stripes. These

panels are used to guide vehicle traffic. They can

be more conspicuous than cones or tubular

markers when viewed head-on, but are very thin

and hard to see from the side.

iv. Construction barrels or drums are cylindrical

channelling devices that are used when

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_cones

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_barrel


conspicuity is vital. These device are made with

industrial-grade orange plastic and covered with

alternating orange and white retroreflective

stripes. These drums are usually ballasted with a

heavy rubber base or a sandbag in the bottom for

added stability.

v. Barricades are channelling devices used to

redirect traffic on

high-speed roads

and expressways.

There are different

types of barricades

depending on its

size, design and

applications. Barricades may be a fixed or portable

traffic control device.

vi. Temporary raised islands are pavements that are

usually 4 inches (100 mm) in height and 18 inches

(460 mm) wide that are used for temporary traffic

control applications. This traffic control device

follow the standard design set by the AASHTO

Roadside Design Guide.

d. Road surface markings are traffic control devices that

are applied directly to the road surfaces. They are used

to guide and channel traffic by designating lanes and

indicating stopping points at intersections. Pavement

markings may be permanent or removable.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barricade

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_surface_marking


Interim markings are temporary markings used in

place of a pavement for two weeks or until a real

pavement is installed in that specific area. These

broken-line markings are at least 4 feet in length.

Raised pavement markers are used to supplement

or replace pavement markings. They may have

embedded reflectors or may be non-reflective.

Delineators are small reflective panels mounted

on lightweight metal posts or flexible plastic tubes

used to outline roadways and paths. These are

about 4 feet high. Yellow reflective material is

used for delineators on the left of the road, and

white delineators are used to the right of traffic.

5. ROAD SAFETY Need of Road Safety

Modern metropolitan living is getting more and

more associated with traffic hazards. This can be

attributed to complex and complicated road structures as

well as increasing human and vehicular population.

Enhanced life style and increase in the number of privately

owned vehicles especially two-wheelers have made

travelling on roads the most dangerous tasks to be

undertaken. Globalisation, free market economy and free

trade policies have had a direct impact on the increase of

automobiles on roads, which in turn has led to vehicular

congestion. Though the number of vehicles increased, the

length and breadth of roads remained static. The only way

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raised_pavement_marker


left with the authorities to cope up with problem was to

make improvisation on the already existing structures.

Hence, construction of flyovers and other road accessories

to ease vehicular movement. All such high-tech

construction works involved engineering skill of a higher

order and traversing on them requires driving skills of the

higher order, which only a few road users have. Though

this has eased congestion, chances of accidents have

increased. And in maximum cases, accidents occurred

because of human folly. Free flow of traffic has resulted

in increase in speed of vehicles, which in turn has resulted

in maximum number of accidents on flyovers because of

drivers’ inability or incompetence to manipulate the speed

properly. Most of the drivers lack intuitive judgement and

defensive driving skills, the necessary qualities that a

driver must possess.

Most of the road users are unaware of road realities

and are ignorant about road signs and markings. They

have the least hint of things to come by the way they

behave. Some such callous behaviours include improper

parking, improper maintenance of vehicle which results in

both air and noise pollution causing inconvenience to

others, over speeding, rash driving, crossing the road at

wrong places, and many more. Any one such act on the

part of any one road user may be the cause of chaos and

confusion on roads. And most of the people are either

blind or inconsiderate about this and do things according

to their whims. In face of all this road safety education has

become an essential aspect of road management. Making

people aware of the road situations and giving them


precautionary tips would be of great help to redeem the

situation. An ideal road safety education programme

should be able to

a. Inculcate a sense of road discipline in the mind

of every road user.

b. Develop a wilful respect for road rules.

c. Help a road user tide over any adverse situation

on roads.

d. Instil in the minds of road users a sense of fellow

feeling.

NOTE: the study of California University says that;

Every 12 minutes: someone dies in a motor vehicle

accident.

Every 10 seconds: a collision- related injury occurs

Every 5 seconds: a vehicle collision occur.

Top 5 Driver Distraction:

1. Talking to passengers - 96%

2. Adjusting vehicle climate or controls – 89%

3. Eating/ Drinking- 74%

4. Using a cell phone – 51%

5. Tending to children- 41%

Also another one of the case study shows that;

Analysis of Road Deaths

50% within minutes after crash due to disruption of

brain, central nervous system, heart, major blood

vessels


35% within 1-2 hrs of injury – major head crest,

abdominal injury or significant blood loss

15% within 30 days – brain death, organ failure,

overwhelming sepsis

Importance of initial care

50% of deaths occur on roads itself

Hence, chances of survival depend upon the initial care

given at road side

Correct, expeditious and efficient management is

required for the survival of critically injured.

Post Injury Management: Timely Provision of Services

Effective communication service

Efficient transportation

Integrated trauma services

Rehabilitation

Providing First-Aid to the Accident Victims

Assessment of the condition of the patient.

Maintenance of airway, if the patient is unconscious.

In case of injury to spine or limbs, minimal handling

and proper stabilisation of spine and/or splintage of

fractures.

Arrest bleeding and prevent shock by compression

tourniquet.

General wound care with proper sterilised first aid

dressing material.

Cardio pulmonary resusciation (artificial breathing) if

required.


John’s collision theorem

When; Urbanization+ Congestion+ Distractions are >

individuals defensive driving skills collision occur.

Common Collision Occurs:

Improper backing

Hit stationary objects

In attention

Distracted driving

Improper speed

Tail gating

Over speeding

Drunken driving

Wrong overtaking

Red light jumping

Overtaking from blind corners

Overloading

Sudden turning

Driving by minors

Lane violation

Talking on mobile

Not wearing helmet

Poorly maintained vehicle

Some of the road safety things are discussed here. They

are;

Helmet

Seat Belt

Speed Breaker


Road Signs

Traffic Signals

Traffic Rules etc…

We are discussed the road signs, traffic signals and

traffic rules before in ‘control systems’.

Helmet

Facts about Helmet: 1. It should not obstruct

vision.

2. It should not impair with

hearing.

3. It should be light weight.

4. It should not cause fatigue

which causes crashes.

5. It should not cause skin diseases.

6. It should not increase the probability of neck

injuries.

Kinds of Helmets to Be Used: It should have a thick padding of thermo Cole- at

least 20 mm- which must extend to the sides of the head.

A full face helmet is safer by all means.

Components and Roles of The Helmet:

The Shell: The shell of a helmet is an injection moulded

thermoplastic or a pressure moulded thermoset that is

reinforced with glass fibers or made of fiber glass.

It absorbs energy in an impact:- The shell bends when

the helmet is impacted and the underlying foam


deforms. At moderate speeds the shell can take one-

third of the impact energy.

It distributes local forces from an impact:- Rigid

objects like stone or a projecting beam can cause a

skull fracture at low forces, the shell acts to distribute

the force of such impact eliminating the risk of

penetration.

It allows sliding on road surfaces:- The shell being

rigid and having a convex shape allows the helmet to

slide along a road surface without there being an

excessive force.

It protects the face and temples:- Full-face helmet is

beneficial in protecting the face and jaw. The chin bar

of such helmets contain rigid foam to absorb energy for

direct blows on the chin, prevent facial bone fractures

and prevent the lower part of the forehead and temple

being struck.

The foam line:

This is a moulding of polystyrene beads or

polyurethane foam. It provides a stopping distance for the

head. The foam can compress by 90% during an impact,

although it recovers partially afterwards. But this helps

increase the stopping distance thus reducing the peak

deceleration of the head. It also protects as much as

possible of the head.

Proper strapping systm:

It is essential to wear a well-fitting helmet for the

effective working of chinstrap system. To test if the helmet

fits your head properly, tightly fasten the chinstrap and

then pull helmet off forward by gripping the rear and then


pulling. The strap must be threaded correctly so that the

buckle locks the strap when it is pulled from the chin side.

The strap must be pulled as tight as is bearable under the

chin.

Seat Belt

a) Wearing seat belt in a

moving vehicle is

believed to have saved

millions of lives

worldwide. Wearing of

seat belt is mandatory

and the most important

precaution you can take

to minimize your risk in an accident.

b) Everyone has an equal chance of being involved in a

collision so do not take any chances on your safety and

that of your fellow passengers.

c) When your car is involved in a collision, your car

decelerates very quickly. Unless you or other vehicle

passengers are held back by means of a safety belt you

keep on moving in the same speed as your car was

cruising before the impact.

d) At high speed, the front seat driver and passenger if not

restrained by a safety belt would smash their heads

against the windscreen, Their bodies could badly hit

against the steering wheel or dashboard and legs could

get crushed in the under steering area. You may even

be thrown out of the car with high impact.


e) Even rear seat occupants without safety belts could

suffer grievous injuries as they hit the back of the front

seats and their occupants.

f) Not only is it important to wear a seat belt but also it

must be worn correctly to help reduce chances of injury

or death. The shoulder belt should be worn as closely

fitted to the body as possible, over the shoulder, never

under the arm (as this may crush ribs and injure internal

organs.)

g) Secure your children

h) Having children in the front seat is a danger for the

child. Sudden braking action in a moving car can throw

the child forward hitting the front panel and

windscreen glass resulting in serious injuries. It is

recommended that children below the age of ten years

must be securely fastened to the rear seat. Special

children's car seats with safety belts are recommended.

i) Children above the age of ten years may sit in the front

seat but as a rule must always be fastened securely with

the safety belts. Never allow children to sit with you in

the driver's seat or stand in the front seat area. Safety

rear door locks are fitted in modern cars for children

safety. These locks cannot be opened from inside. In

any case securely lock your rear doors while children

are seated.

Persons not wearing seats belts are liable to pay a penalty

of Rs. 100/- for the 1st offence and Rs. 300/- for


subsequent offences as per Section 177 of Motor Vehicle

Act, 1988. So always wear seat belt while driving.

Speed Breaker

Speed breakers are traffic calming

devices constructed in accident prone

areas.

Emergency Information Panels

Every goods carriage used for transporting any

dangerous or hazardous goods shall be legibly and

conspicuously marked with an emergency information

panel in each of the three places indicated in the Table

below so that the emergency information panel faces to

each side of the carriage and to its rear and such panel shall

contain the following information, namely;

i The correct technical name of the dangerous or

hazardous goods in letters not less than 50 millimetres

high;

ii The United Nations class number for the dangerous or

hazardous goods as given in Column 1, Table 1

appended with rule 137, in numerals not less than 100

millimetres high;

iii The class label of the dangerous or hazardous goods of

the size of not less than 250 millimetres square;

iv The name and telephone number of the emergency

services to be contacted in the event of fire or any other

accident in letters and numerals that are not less than

50 millimetres high and the name and telephone

number of the consignor of the dangerous or hazardous


goods or of some other person from whom expert

information and advice can be obtained concerning the

measures that should be taken in the event of an

emergency involving such goods.

(All Dimensions are in mm)


1. Explosives An explosive means a solid or liquid or

pyrotechnic substance (or a mixture of substances) or an

article;

i Which is itself capable by chemical reaction of

production of gas at such a temperature and as such

as speed as to cause damage to the surroundings;

ii Which is designed to produce an

effects, by heat, light, sound, gas

or smoke or a combination of

these, of non-detonative self-

sustaining exothermic chemical

reaction.

Symbol (exploding bomb) : Black

Background : Orange

2. Gases, Compressed, Liquefied, Dissolved Under Pressure Or Deeply Refrigerated.

A. A gas is a substance which i at 50°C has a vapour pressure greater than 300

kPa; or ii Is completely gaseous at 20°C at a standard

pressure of 101.3 kPa. B. Substances of gas are assigned to one of three

following divisions based on the primary hazard of the gas during transport;

2.1 Non-flammable gases Gases which are transported a pressure not less

than 280 kPa at 20°C, or as refrigerated liquids and which,


i are asphyxiant-gases which dilute or replace the oxygen normally in the atmosphere;

ii are oxidizing-gases which may, generally by providing oxygen, cause or contribute to the combustion of other material more than air does; or (Hi) do not come under the other divisions;

Symbol : gas cylinder (black/white) Background : green

2.2 Inflammable gases

Gases which at 20°C and a standard pressure of 101.3 kPa, Or have a flammable range with air of at least 12 percentage points regardless of the lower flammable limit. Flammability shall be determined by tests or by calculation in accordance with methods adopted by International Standards Organization [ISO: 10156:1996] or by Bureau of Indian Standards [IS: 1446-1985];

Symbol (Flame) : Black or White

Background : Red

2.3 Poison (toxic) gases

Gases which are known to be so toxic or corrosive to humans as to pose a hazard to health.

Symbol

(Skull and crossbones) : Black

Background : White


3. Inflammable Liquids i Extremely flammable liquids: Chemicals which

have flash point lower than or equal to 23°C and

boiling point less than 35°C.

ii Very highly flammable liquids: Chemicals which

have a flash point lower than or equal to 23°C and

initial boiling point higher than 35°C.

iii Highly flammable liquids:

Chemicals with a flash point

lower than or equal to 60°C but

higher than 23°C.

iv Flammable liquids. Chemicals

which have a flash point higher

than 60°C but lower than 90°C.

Symbol (flame) : Black or White Background : Red

4. Inflammable Solids, Substances Liable To Spontaneous Combustion; Substances Which, On Contact With Water, Emit

Inflammable Gases. Reactive substances are those substances which

start reacting chemically with any

other material and reducing gases

through their own decomposition.

Such substances are Inorganic

Alkalis (for example NaOH, Iodine

and the like) and Acids (for example

𝐻2𝑆𝑜4, 𝐻𝑁𝑜3, HCL and the like)


4.1 Inflammable solids

Symbol (flame) : Black or white

Background : Red.

4.2 substance liable to spontaneous

combustion

Symbol (flame) : Black Background : Upper half

white

4.3 Substances which, on contact

with water, emit inflammable gases.

Symbol (flame) : Black or

White Background : Blue

5. Oxidizing Substances And Organic Peroxides

5.1 Oxidizing substances

Substances which, while in

themselves not necessarily

combustible, may generally by

yielding oxygen, cause or

contribute to the combustion of

other material. Such substances may be contained in an

article;

Symbol (flame over circle) : Black Background : Yellow


5.2 Organic peroxides

Organic substances which contain the bivalent-0-

0- structure and may be considered derivative of

hydrogen peroxide, where one or both of the hydrogen

atoms have been replaced by

organic radials. Organic peroxides

are thermally unstable substances

which may undergo exothermic

self-accelerating decomposition. In

addition, they may have one or

more of the following properties,

i. be liable to explosive decomposition;

ii. burn rapidly;

iii. be sensitive to impact or friction;

iv. react dangerously with other substances;

v. cause damage to the eyes.

Symbol (flame over circle) : black

Background : yellow

6. Poisonous (Toxic) Substances And Infectious Substances.

6.1 Poisonous (toxic) substances

Chemical having the

following values of acute toxicity

and which owing to their physical

and chemical properties, are

capable of producing major

accident hazard

Symbol (skull and cross bones) : black

Background : white


6.2 harmful substances

The bottom half of the label

should bear the inscription:

harmful: stow away from

foodstuffs

Symbol : Andrew’s cross

over an ear of wheat

Background : white

6.3 Infectious substances

The bottom half of the

label should bear infectious

substances (optional) and the

inscription of “in the case of

damage or leakage immediately

notify public health authority

(optional)

Symbol : (three crescents superimposed on a

circle)and inscription: black

Background : white

7. Radioactive Substances

Radioactive materials mean

any material containing

radionuclide where both the

activity concentration and the

total activity in the consignment

exceed the values specified,

depending on the type of

material by the Atomic Energy

Commission of India.


Symbol: 3 segments of circle-a number and lettering of

the class label shall be black on a white background and

the parallel lines bordering the class label shall be black

and shall be 5mm thick

8. Corrosives Corrosive substances are substances which by chemical

action will cause severe

damage when in contact

with living tissue or in the

case of leakage will

materially damage or even

destroy other goods or the

means of transport. They

may also cause other

hazards.

Symbol : (liquids spilling from two glass vessels

and attaching a hand and metal): black

Background: upper half white and lower half black

with white border.

6. GUIDELINES Guidelines For Children

The advice given below on crossing the road is

especially for children. Children should be taught the

safety code and should not be allowed on the road alone

until they can understand and follow it properly. Children

learn by example, so parents and teachers should always

follow the Code properly when going out with their

children. They are responsible for deciding at what age

children can use it safely by themselves.


While Walking to School

Always walk on the footpath only. On roads without

footpath, walk on the extreme right hand side of the

roads.

Do not be impatient on the road. Do not rush or run on

the road.

Cross only at Zebra crossings, traffic signals, subways,

foot over-bridges. Where such facilities do not exist,

look for a safe place to cross.

At the signal lights, cross only on a clear green signal.

If an intersection is controlled by a policeman, traffic

warden or RSP cadet, cross only when he signals you

to do so.

When crossing between

vehicles parked on the

side of the road,

remember that you are

not visible to the

moving traffic (because

the parked vehicles

may be taller than you).

Stop as you appear

from behind the vehicle and look for a safe gap before

crossing. Remember, drivers need plenty of time to see

you and to slow down and stop.

While crossing wide roads that have central islands,

always cross in two stages. Cross to the central Island,

stop, and cross when the next section is clear.

While crossing one-way streets, remember that the

traffic will usually be moving in a number of lanes and

at higher speeds. Do not cross unless all lanes are clear.


Never cross a road at a corner/curve, as the motorist

will taking the turn not be able to see you in time.

Running across the road is a bad idea, as you may slip

and fall.

While Going By Bus

Leave home well in time, so that you won't have to

run to catch the bus.

At the bus stand, always follow the queue. Board the

bus only after it has come to a halt, without rushing

in or pushing others.

While in the bus, shouting or making a noise is

definitely bad manners. Such behaviour can also

distract the driver.

Do not board or alight

at a bus stop other than

the one decided by the

school. Never board

and alight at a red light

crossing or

unauthorized bus stop.

Always hold onto the handrail if standing in a moving

bus, especially on sharp turns.

Do not sit, stand or travel on the footboard of the bus.

Do not put any part of your body outside a moving or

stationary bus.

Always adhere to the bus safety rules.

Guidelines For Parents Of School Children :

Parents are equally responsible for the safety of their

children during school journeys.


They must ensure that the mode of transport arranged

by school or by themselves is absolutely safe.

Parents must play the role of vigilant observers. They

should note down violations committed by school

buses and immediately report to the authorities.

Parents must participate in P.T.A. meetings and

discuss the safety aspects of their children.

While taking their children to school themselves,

they should take proper care of their safety.

Parents must ensure that the children acquire the right

knowledge and skills for safe use of roads. They

should teach their children the basic rules of the road,

how to walk and cross the road, how to alight and

board a bus etc.

Parents should not allow their minor children to

drive.

Parents must also ensure that the right attitude for a

law abiding citizen is imparted to their children by

the family.

Children are very good observers and therefore,

parents must set an example by meticulously

observing even small traffic rules.

Remember safety of children must be the foremost

priority of every parent.

Guidelines For Teachers For Ensuring Safety Of

School Children :

It is the responsibility of school authorities and the

teachers to ensure the safety of school children and also to

impart the necessary knowledge, skills and attitude to be a

safe road user.


Teachers should help develop a responsible attitude

towards road use in school children.

Teachers should impart essential knowledge about

roads and traffic to school children, by:

i. Making them familiar with the rules of road

and their importance.

ii. By explaining them the causes of accidents

involving pedestrians, cyclists and children.

iii. Telling them about the cause and extent of

pollution due to traffic.

Children come to school in various modes of

transport. Teachers should ensure that:

The children enter and leave the school safely.

There is no conflict between pedestrians and

vehicles.

The vehicles including school buses are parked safely

and properly.

Every school bus must be accompanied by a teacher

for controlling the children and the bus driver.

The teacher should arrange for an alternate bus and

keep the children together at one place if the school

bus fails to arrive or if there is any problem.

There should be regular checking of school buses to

ensure compliance with mandatory safety

requirements.

If any school bus or any conveyance, by which

children come to school, violates traffic rules,

the teachers should inform about it to their principal

or Traffic Police Control Room.


Essentials For A School Bus:

As ordered by the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India;

"School Bus" must be written on the back and front

of the Bus.

If it is a hired bus, "On School Duty" should be

clearly indicated.

Bus must have a First-Aid-Box.

The windows of Bus must be fitted with horizontal

grills.

There must be a Fire Extinguisher in the Bus.

School Name and Telephone No. must be written on

the Bus.

The doors of the Bus should be fitted with reliable

locks.

To keep School Bags safely, there should be a space

fitted under the seats.

There must be an Attendant from the School in the

Bus.

Any parent/guardian or a teacher may also travel to

ensure these safety norms.

Guidelines For Pedestrians:

The most important safety tip to reduce pedestrian

injuries and fatalities is to pay attention. You can

significantly reduce your chances of being in a collision

with a motor vehicle by obeying traffic rules and being

aware of dangers posed by cars in your vicinity. Make eye

contact with drivers if possible and make sure that they can

see you.


Pedestrians must:

Where possible, avoid

walking next to the kerb

with your back to the

traffic. If you have to step

into the road, look both

ways first.

Wear or carry something

light coloured, bright or

fluorescent in poor daylight conditions. When it is

dark, use reflective materials (e.g. armbands, sashes,

waistcoats and jackets), which can be seen, by drivers

using headlights, up to three times as far away as non-

reflective materials.

Young children should not be out alone on the

pavement or road. When taking children out, walk

between them and the traffic and hold their hands

firmly. Strap very young children into push-chairs or

use reins.

Always walk on the footpath, they are meant for you.

Where there is no footpath, walk in the right side

margin of the road so that you can see the traffic

coming in the opposite direction.

Cross roads where there are pedestrian crossings. They

have been painted at great cost for your convenience.

Where there are no pedestrian crossings, watch the

traffic on both sides and cross when it is safe.

You MUST NOT walk on motorways or slip roads

except in an emergency

Never walk on the main carriageway, it could be fatal.

Do not read newspapers or look at hoardings while

walking on the road.


Do not greet friends on the road. Take them to the

footpath or the side margin.

Do not come on to the main road while waiting for a

bus. Stay on the footpath at earmarked bus stoppage.

Where there are barriers, cross the road only at the

gaps provided for pedestrians. Do not climb over the

barriers or walk between them and the road.

Do not run after a moving bus. Follow safety rules on

the road and live long.

You MUST NOT get on to or hold on to a moving

vehicle.

Don't "Drink and Walk." If you've been drinking, take

a cab or a bus, or let someone sober drive you home.

When walking at night, wear retro-reflective outdoor

clothing or shoes or lights to make you more

visible. Avoid wearing dark clothing.

At all crossings. When using any type of crossing you

should always check that the traffic has stopped before

you start to cross or push a pram onto a crossing.

Always cross between the studs or over the zebra

markings. Do not cross at the side of the crossing or

on the zigzag lines, as it can be dangerous. You MUST

NOT loiter on zebra, pelican or puffin crossings.

We must follow the six-step crossing code

whenever we have to cross the road:

1. THINK

What is a safe place to cross? Where can I see all the

traffic properly? Make sure you are not hidden behind a

parked car.

2. STOP

At the edge of the road where you have decided to

cross.


3. LOOK and LISTEN

Look both ways, many time, to see if there is

any traffic coming.

4. WAIT

For all the traffic to pass, and for road to be clear

5. CROSS

Walk straight across the road.

6. KEEP LOOKING AND LISTENING Keep looking in all directions as you cross the

road until you get to the other side.

Situations Needing Extra Care:

Emergency vehicles: If an ambulance, fire engine,

police or other emergency vehicle approaches using

flashing blue lights, headlights and/or sirens, keep off

the road.

Buses: Get on or off a bus only when it has stopped to

allow you to do so. Watch out for cyclists when you

are getting off. Never cross the road directly behind or

in front of a bus; wait until it has moved off and you

can see clearly in both directions.

Guidelines for Motorcyclists:

The motorized two-

wheeler rider is the one

most likely to sustain

serious injuries no matter

what he hits- a pedestrian, a

cat or another vehicle. This

is because he is traveling at

a speed more than 15 km/h

without any protection around, and the human body is


not able to tolerate forces generated when the head or

any other bone hits hard and rigid objects at speed

higher than 15 km/h.

We can avoid accidents by following guidelines:

While driving always carry your driving license and

important documents such as your vehicle registration

certificate, insurance certificate, road tax and P.U.C

certificate

MUST NOT carry more than one pillion rider and

he/she MUST sit astride the machine on a proper seat

and should keep both feet on the footrests.

Make yourself as visible as possible from the sides as

well as the front and rear. You could wear a white or

brightly coloured helmet. Wear fluorescent clothing or

strips. Dipped headlights, even in good daylight, may

also make you more conspicuous.

You should be aware of what is behind and in the sides

before maneuvering. Look behind you; use mirrors if

they are fitted.

Wear reflective clothing or strips to improve your

chances of being seen in the dark.

Never Drink while driving

Follow the traffic signals, lights and signs

Avoid using the cell phone when driving. If urgent

move to left, stop and then take the call

Do not ride at high speeds. You may lose control and

your life in the bargain Always use a helmet

Do not ride or wheel your vehicle on to the footpath

Use your lights when riding at night

Understand the signals given by other road users and

use the same when riding


Never stop abruptly in traffic. Move to the left and

slow down

When passing a stationery vehicle allow sufficient

clearance for the car doors which may open suddenly

Do not try and weave your way through stationery or

slow moving traffic. It may cause accidents

Slow down at zebra crossing and if needs be stop

Always ride with both hands on the handlebar except

when signalling

Don't sit children on fuel tanks or stand them in front

of the rider

Avoid using brakes at turns. If needed, ensure both

brakes are applied gently

MUST wear a protective helmet. Helmets MUST

comply with the Regulations and they MUST be

fastened securely.

Advantages of helmet

It should not cause fatigue which causes crashes.

It should not cause skin diseases.

It should not increase the probability of neck injuries.

Railway Level Crossings:

Do not cross if the red lights show, an alarm is

sounding or the barriers are being lowered. The tone of the

alarm will change if another train is approaching. If there

are no lights, alarms or barriers, stop, look both ways and

listen before crossing.

7. FIRST-AID In Case of Wound


The job of first-aider is to remove or reduce the

problems that hamper healing such as dirt, infection,

movement, etc. Leave the wound

undisturbed. Clean the wound by washing

them with running water. If there are

splinters, thorns and pieces of glass inside

the wound remove them with a pair of

tweezers so as to avoid infection.

In Case of Profuse Bleeding

The easiest way to stop

bleeding is to apply direct pressure on

the wound. This can be done with any

clean folded cloth. Lean on the wound

with the heel of the hand instead of your figures.

In Case of a Fracture

In case of a fracture do not apply direct

pressure; instead use a splint, combined with

as gentle pressure bandage. It is safer not to

give the patient anything to eat and drink.

This is to protect the patient from vomiting

in case he needs anaesthesia and surgery, or

has a head injury. If the wound on the arm or

the leg is bleeding profusely, it can be raised. This reduces

the blood flow to the wounded area.

In Case of Chest or Abdomen Injury

In abdominal wounds the intestines may come out.

The only thing you can do as first-aider is to cover the


wound with a very wet clean cloth

and get the patient quickly to a

hospital. The wet cloth will keep

the intestine from drying out, and

will stick to the intestine.

Open wounds of the chest could be

sucking in the air, making it hard for the

patient to breathe. Covering of the wound

with a piece of polythene and putting a

bandage on the top of this may help to

reduce air being sucked into the chest. Get

the patient quickly to hospital.

In case part of a Limb is cut off

If a part of the limb has been

cut off it may be possible to reattach

it to the body. Put it inside a clean

polythene bag and place this bag in

another bag with cold water. If you

can easily get ice put some in the

water to keep it cool. Make sure that

the limb does not get soaked in water. If nothing else is

available, carry the amputated part in a clean cloth quickly

to hospital.

In large crush injuries or in amputation avoid

washing the wounds, as it will lead to more blood loss. Just

cover the wound with clean cloth and tie a pressure

bandage quickly. If possible keep the limb raised. Avoid

using raw cotton wool to cover a wound as it gets stuck to

the wound, and is difficult to remove and delay healing.


In Case of an Eye Wound

Do not attempt any cleaning or

washing of an open eye injury. Cover

the eye with a clean soft cloth; place

a stiff covering on top to prevent any

pressure coming on the eye. This is

important because the contents can be squeezed out even

through a very small wound.

In Case of Bleeding From Ear

Bleeding from ears mean either

injury to the ear alone, or serious head

injury. Avoid putting anything in the ears to

stop bleeding as this could further damage

the eardrum. Get the patient to lie down

with the injured ear facing down.

In Case Bleeding From Nose

Bleeding from nose could also mean a head injury.

If the patient is conscious and can sit up, ask him to pinch

his nose and breathe through his mouth. If he can lean

forward, then that could prevent blood from going to his

wind pipe choking him. If the patient is unconscious he

should lie with the face to one side, for the blood to come

out easily, so that there is no choking.

In Case Of Injuries To Muscles, Bones And Joints

When muscle joints or bones get injured, blood

collects over the area, and a swelling appears. You can

reduce the swelling by bringing down the bleeding. Apply

cold water or ice packs if available. It reduces local blood


flow and this brings down the internal bleeding and

swelling. But remember not to keep ice packs on more

than ten minutes at a stretch as this will lead to something

like frostbite, and not to place ice directly on skin. Always

wrap it in a cloth first. A muscle injury can be made less

painful by putting a splint on the injured limb.

In Case of Broken Bones and Dislocated Joints

A fracture or dislocation can be confirmed if there

is obvious deformity, abnormal mobility, if the limb

cannot be moved at all and if a grating feeling is there.

First aid for all fractures and dislocations must aim to

reduce movement, which will give relief from pain.

Splinting should be done with caution.

Shifting The Injured To The Hospital

Ensure that he is not hurt more.

The patient should be carried on firm board of stretcher

so spine remains stable.

While shifting, the patient's back, neck and airway

need to be protected from further injury. So always

take help of another person.

If the patient is unconscious, gently place a large folded

cloth or towel under the neck so that the neck doesn't

sag against the ground.

The vehicle used to carry the patient to the hospital

should have enough space to keep the patient's back

straight and the person accompanying should be able

to care for and resuscitate the patients if necessary.

During transportation keep a watch on whether the

patient's airway is clear, whether the patient is


breathing and whether you can feel the pulse in the

patient.

If there is only one limb injury the patient can be safely

taken to hospital on a chair in a sitting position. Take care

to splint or protect limb injuries or bleeding.

8. SLOGANS 1. It’s better to be late than Mr. Late.

2. It is better to reach late than never

3. Lane Driving is Safe Driving

4. No Mobile While Mobile

5. Obey the sign and pay no fine.

6. You are always right, when you obey light.

7. With precaution, reach your destination

8. Obey traffic rules, the lifesaving tools.

9. Caution and care, make accident rare.

10. Don’t be rash, lest you crash.

11. Dusk or Dawn, headlights on.

12. A little care makes accidents rare.

13. Turn left and right, and cross when time is right.

14. Accident brings tear, safety brings cheer.

15. Alert today, alive tomorrow.

16. Keep death off the road, learn the Highway Code.

17. Drive carefully, drive again.

18. Better to prevent than lament.

19. Drinking and Driving: A bleak chance of surviving.

20. A few safety measures are life’s treasures.


21. Take care, accident will be rare.

22. Be cautious, Life is precious.

23. Share the roads with care.

24. Drive with care, as life has no spare.

25. On road, be cautious because everybody’s life is

precious.

26. Drinking & Driving, Easy way to hell.

27. Drive carefully to live joyfully.

28. Driving with grace, and giving others space.

29. Have road sense, live with confidence.

30. Using dipper at night, to see the traffic right.

31. A little care and no Medicare

32. Follow regulations, avoid collisions

33. Don’t be daring, be caring!

34. Rules of traffic are there to obey, follow them every

day.

35. On the road to school, be careful, don’t be playful.

36. Drive to care but not to dare.

37. Speed thrills but kills.

*****


BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. The “Central Motor Vehicle Act,

1989” of central motor vehicle

department.

2. The “Motor Vehicle Act 1988” of the

Kerala Govt.

3. The rules and regulations of central

motor vehicle department

*****

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