trail version wind turbine powered highway

7/30/2019 Trail Version Wind Turbine Powered Highway

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VERTICALAXISENERGYGENSERATION

B.Tech. Major Project Reportsubmitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree

of

Bachelor of Technology

in

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted By:

Navin Kumar Harish Gautam Ravi Kumar

00110102809 13110102809 10410102809

ECE-1 ECE-2 ECE-2

AMBEDKAR INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGIES AND RESEARCH

GEETA COLONY NEW DELHI-31

MAY 2013


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CERTIFICATE

We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the B.Tech. Major Project

Report entitled VERTICAL AXIS ENERGY GENERATION, in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Communication

Engineering and submitted to the Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering of

AIACT&R GEETA COLONY NEWDELHI-31 is an authentic record of own work carried

out during a period from January 2013 to MAY 2013 under the supervision of Assistant

Professor, Mrs. GARIMA SRIVASTAVA ,E&C Department.

The matter presented in this project has not been submitted by me for the award of any

other degree elsewhere.

Navin Kumar Harish Gautam Ravi Kumar

00110102809 13110102809 10410102809

ECE-1 ECE-2 ECE-2

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of

my knowledge.

Date:

Garima Sri vastava

Assitant Pr ofessor

Project Supervisor(s)


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to Prof. B.K KANNAUJIA, HOD

Dept .of Electronics & Communication Engineering, AIACT&R. Delhi for his generous

guidance, help and useful suggestions.

I express my sincere gratitude to Assistant Professor Mrs. GARIMA SRIVASTAVA, Dept. of

Electronics & Communication Engineering, AIACT&R, Delhi for his stimulating guidance,

continuous encouragement and supervision throughout the course of present work.

I am extremely thankful to Prof. ASHOK MITTAL for providing me infrastructural facilities to

work in without which this work would not have been possible.


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ABSTRACT

We know that there is enough wind globally to satisfy much, or even most, of humanity's energy

requirements if it could be harvested effectively and on a large scale. Vertical axis wind

turbines (VAWTs), which may be as efficient as current horizontal axis systems, might be

practical, simpler and significantly cheaper to build maintain than horizontal axis wind

turbines (HAWTs).They also have other inherent advantages, such as they are always facing the

wind, which might make them a significant player in our quest for cheaper, cleaner renewable

sources of electricity. VAWTs might even critical in mitigating grid interconnect stability and

reliability issue currently facing electricity producers and suppliers. Additionally, cheapVAWTs

may provide an alternative to the rain forest destruction for the growing of bio-fuel crops.

Vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are a type of wind turbine where the main rotor shaft is

set vertically. Among the advantages of this arrangement are that generators and gearboxes can

be placed close to the ground, and that VAWTs do not need to be pointed into the wind. Major

drawbacks for the early designs (Savonius, Darrieus, and cycloturbine) included the pulsatory

torque that can be produced during each revolution and the huge bending moments on the blades.

In this project we attempt to design and fabricate a simple wind turbine to convert mechanical

energy to electrical energy. In this project we make use of microcontroller to improve the

utilization of electrical energy. Electrical energy consumed would be proportional to the amount

of traffic.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1Statement ofPurpose.81.2Analysis..8

Chapter 2 Description of Project

2.1 Overview...10

2.2 Components used.122.3 Circuit Working13

2.4 Integrated Development Environment16

Chapter 3 Microcontroller

3.1 Architecture...17

3.2 Description18

Chapter 4 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

4.1 Overview.....354.2 Types of Vertical Turbines36

Chapter 5 Scope of project39

Chapter 6 References.40


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List of Figures

2.1 Circuit diagram for wind turbined highway lights9

2.2 Top view of wind blade placed at the middle...10

2.3 Circuit diagram including Microcontroller...12

2.4 PIN diagram Microcontroller15

3.1 Block diagram of 8031 core..17

3.2 PIN diagram of 8031.20

3.3 External Clock Drive Configuration..23

List of Tables

3.1 Atmel series of Microcontrollers34


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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 STATEMENT OF PURPOSE

To recycle the energy of high velocity vehicles on highway to generate Electrical energy for

highway lights.

This project is special project which based on non conventional energy generation. In this

project we gave a special idea of energy generation from air velocity of the vehicle and train

moving concept. This project contains the complete demonstration of energy generation

application and conservation of energy with the help of advance technology. In this case

generating electricity to power highway lights and presumably feedback into the grid during

daylight.

1.2 ANALYSIS

We all know that how important wind poweris. The only disadvantage with wind power is that it

needs continuous flow of wind to generate electricity. Moreover, this is the reason that most of

wind mills area is limited to large farmlands sea and hills.

Project idea we are discussing today can solve this limitation problem. The only place in the

world,where winds keeps on flowing irrespective of season whether day or night is highways.

ADVANTAGES

Installation on divider not only reduces our land cost but also significantly optimize our power

generation capability.

We can use energy from vehicles from both sides of divider. Can generate electricity from natural wind also.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power


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Chapter 2

DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT

2.1 Overview

In this project we show that how we generate a valuable voltage with the help of moving traffic

on the road. In this project we use conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy. For

this purpose we install one mechanical dynamo on the road. With the help of this dynamo we

convert the mechanical energy into electrical energy. We use dc dynamo, so output from the

dynamo is connected to the dc battery. When battery is fully charged then we use battery for our

project.

We install one photoelectric effect in the project. Street light is to be switch on automatically in

the night and lights are automatically off in the day night.

Fig 2.1 CKT. DIAGRAM FOR WIND TURBINED HIGHWAY LIGHTS


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In this project we switch on the street light in night in half mode. Half mode means all the lights

are to be on in 50 percent on/off mode. Rest of lights is to be on if the traffic is on the road. If the

road is with traffic then all the lights are on. If the road is without traffic then 50 percent lights

are again off. For road sensing, we use two pair of infra red sensor on the road. When any car

crosses the road then infra red beam is interrupted and signal is connected to the controller.

Controller senses the signal and increment the counter. Counter display the total number of

vehicle on road. When counter shows a 0 number then road lights are off to 50 percent.

Fig2.2 TOP VIEW OF WIND BLADE PLACED AT THE MIDDLE OF ROAD


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2.2 COMPONENTS USED

89S51 MICROCONTROLLER PHOTODIODE (2) INFRA RED LED (2) 7805 REGULATOR (5 VOLT) CRYSTAL (12 MHZ) CONNECTED TO PIN NO 18 AND 19 27 PF (2) GROUNDED FROM CRYSTAL RESISTANCE :

10K OHM (3)

470 OHM (2)

270 OHM (6)

1 K OHM (1)

LDR FOR AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT GENERAL PURPOSE PCB 12 VOLT DYANMO 6 VOLT CHARGEBALE BATTERY CHANGEOVER SWITCH LED (6) FOR STREET LIGHT


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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM INCLUDING MICROCONTROLER

Fig 2.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM INCLUDING MICROCONTROLLER


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2.3 CIRCUIT WORKING

In this project we use 89s51 controller, family member of the 8051 family. Supply voltage of the

microcontroller is 5 volt dc. For this purpose we convert the battery voltage into 5 volt dc with

the help of the 5 volt regulator circuit.

For this purpose we use IC 7805 regulator to regulate the high voltage into 5 volt dc. One

capacitor is ground from the regulator for filtration. Capacitor reduce the noise. Output of the

regulator is connected to the pin no 40 of the controller directly. One crystal is connected to the

pin no 18 and 19 of the controller to provide an oscillation signal.

For this purpose we use 12 MHz crystal. Two capacitor are grounded from the crystal to reduce

the noise. In this project we use two logic. One is light sensitive logic and second is road sensor

logic. When sensor is in dark then all the lights are on and when sensor is in light then all the

lights are off. This is done by the light sensor (LDR). LDR is a light dependent resistor , when

light fall on the LDR then LDR offers a low resistance and when LDR is in dark then LDR offers

a high resistance. Here in this project we use the LDR with npn transistor circuit. Emitter of the

npn transistor is connected to the ground and collector is connected to the pin no 3 of the

controller.

When LDR is in light then there is low positive on the base of the npn transistor and collector is

become more negative. When LDR is in dark then there is no base voltage and hence collector

become more positive. Microcontroller sense this change of voltage and switch on the output led

which is connected to the port 0. LEDs are connected with the port 0 through the resistance in

series; here in this we use 6 LEDS. Common point of the LED is connected with the positive

line. Out of 6 only three LEDs are on. Our second part of this project is infra red sensor. In this

logic when any car cross the first IR sensor then all the LED are on and if the traffic continuous


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then LED are on if the no car on the road then again three led are eon and three are off. For this

purpose we use two IR sensor circuit with this project. Here in this project we use infra red

sensor and one photodiode circuit when light fall on the photo-sensor then resistance of photos

sensor become low and hence negative voltage is applied to the controller, when any car cross

the photodiode and then photo diode resistance become high and hence signal is change on the

pin no 2 of the controller. As the controller sense this change of signal on pin then all the light

are ON .


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PIN DIAGRAM OF MICROCONTROLER

Fig 2.4 PIN DIAGRAM OF MICROCONTROLLER


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2.4 INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT

An integrated development environment (IDE) or interactive development environment is

a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for

software development. An IDE normally consists of a source code editor, build automation tools

and a debugger. Several modern IDEs integrate with Intelli-sense coding features.

Some IDEs contain a compiler, interpreteror both such as MicrosoftVisualStudio and Eclipse

others do not, such as Sharp Develop and Lazarus. The boundary between an integrated

development environment and other parts of the broader software development environment is

not well-defined. Sometimes a versioncontrolsystem and various tools are integrated to simplify

the construction of a GUI. Many modern IDEs also have a classbrowser, an object inspector,

and a classhierarchy diagram, for use with object oriented software development.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_applicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programmerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code_editorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build_automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debuggerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelli-sensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_(software)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SharpDevelophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_(IDE)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_control_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_control_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_control_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_control_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_control_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Object_inspector&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Object_inspector&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Object_inspector&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_hierarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_hierarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_hierarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_hierarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Object_inspector&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_control_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_(IDE)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SharpDevelophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_(software)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelli-sensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debuggerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build_automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code_editorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programmerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_application


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Chapter 3

BASIC OF THE MICROCONTROLLER.

MICROCONTROLLER AT89C51

3.1 Architecture of 8051 family

figure 3.1 above shows the basic architecture of 8051 family of microcontroller.

Features

Compatible with MCS-51 Products 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles


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Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz Three-Level Program Memory Lock 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Sources

3.2 Description

The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of

Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured

using Atmels high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry

standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to

be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By

combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a

powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many

embedded control applications. The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K

bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, five vector two-level

interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, and on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry.

In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and

supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while

allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The

Power down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip

functions until the next hardware reset.


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3.2 Pin Description

VCC

Supply voltage.

GND

Ground.

Port 0

Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port each pin can sink eight TTL

inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0

may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to

external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives

the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program

verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.

Fig 3.2 ALL I/O SIGNALS USED IN MICRO-CONTROLLER


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Port 1

Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can

sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the

internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled

low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order

address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

Port 2




low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address

byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory

that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application it uses strong internal pull-ups

when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @

RI); Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-

order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.

Port 3




low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various

special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:

Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.


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RST

Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the

device.

ALE/PROG

Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to

external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.

In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be

used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped

during each access to external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by

setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or

MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no

effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

PSEN

Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory.

Port Pin Alternate Functions

P3.0 RXD (serial input port)

P3.1 TXD (serial output port)

P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)

P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)

P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)

P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)

P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)

P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)


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When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice

each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external

data memory.

EA/VPP

External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code

from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if

lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC

for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage

(VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.

XTAL1

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL2

Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

Oscillator Characteristics

XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can

be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or

ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2

should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2.There are no

requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal

clocking circuitry isthrough a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high

and low time specifications must be observed.


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Mode Program Memory ALE PSEN PORT0 PORT1 PORT2 PORT3

Idle Internal 1 Data

Idle External 1 Float Data Address Data

Power down Internal 0 Data

Power down External 0 Float Data

Power down Mode

In the power down mode the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power down is

the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their

values until the power down mode is terminated. The only exit from power down is a hardware

reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be

activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long

enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.


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Program Memory Lock Bits

On the chip are three lock bits which can be left un-programmed (U) or can be programmed (P)

to obtain the additional features listed in the table below:

When lock bit 1 is programmed, the logic level at the EA pin is sampled and latched during reset.

If the device is powered up without a reset, the latch initializes to a random value, and holds that

value until reset is activated. It is necessary that the latched value of EA be in agreement with the

current logic level at that pin in order for the device to function properly.

Lock Bit Protection Modes

Program Lock Bits Protection Type

LB1 LB2 LB3

1 U No program lock features.

2 P U MOVC instructions executed from external program memory are disabled from fetching

code.Bytes from internal memory, EA is sampled and latched on reset, and further programming

of the Flash is disabled.

3 P U Same as mode 2, also verify is disabled.

4 P same as mode 3, also external execution is disabled.

Programming the Flash

The AT89C51 is normally shipped with the on-chip Flash memory array in the erased state (that

is, contents = FFH) and ready to be programmed. The programming interface accepts either a

high-voltage (12-volt) or a low-voltage (VCC) program enable signal. The low voltage

programming mode provides a convenient way to program the AT89C51 inside the users

system, while the high-voltage programming mode is compatible with conventional third party


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Flash or EPROM programmers. The AT89C51 is shipped with either the high-voltage or low-

voltage programming mode enabled. The respective top-side marking and device signature codes

are listed in the following table. The AT89C51 code memory array is programmed byte-by byte

In either programming mode. To program any nonblank byte in the on-chip Flash Memory, the

entire memory must be erased using the Chip Erase Mode.

Programming Algorithm:

Before programming the AT89C51, the address, data and control signals should be set up

according to the Flash programming mode table and Figures 3 and 4. To program the AT89C51,

take the following steps.

1. Input the desired memory location on the address lines.

2. Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines.

3. Activate the correct combination of control signals.

4. Raise EA/VPP to 12V for the high-voltage programming mode.

5. Pulse ALE/PROG once to program a byte in the Flash array or the lock bits. The byte-write

cycle is self-timed and typically takes no more than 1.5 ms. Repeat steps 1 through 5, changing

the address and data for the entire array or until the end of the object file is reached.

Data Polling:

The AT89C51 features Data Polling to indicate the end of a write cycle. During a write cycle, an

attempted read of the last byte written will result in the complement of the written datum on

PO.7. Once the write cycle has been completed, true data are valid on all outputs, and the next

cycle may begin. Data Polling may begin any time after a write cycle has been initiated.


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Ready/Busy:

The progress of byte programming can also be monitored by the RDY/BSY output signal. P3.4

is pulled low after ALE goes high during programming to indicate BUSY. P3.4 is pulled high

again when programming is done to indicate READY.

Program Verify:

If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed, the programmed code data can be read

back via the address and data lines for verification. The lock bits cannot be verified directly.

Verification of the lock bits is achieved by observing that their features are enabled.

Chip Erase:

The entire Flash array is erased electrically by using the proper combination of control signals

and by holding ALE/PROG low for 10 ms. The code array is written with all 1s. The chip

erase operation must be executed before the code memory can be re-programmed.

Reading the Signature Bytes:

The signature bytes are read by the same procedure as a normal verification of locations 030H,

031H, and 032H, except that P3.6 and P3.7 must be pulled to a logic low. The values returned

are as follows.

(030H) = 1EH indicates manufactured by Atmel

(031H) = 51H indicates 89C51

(032H) = FFH indicates 12V programming

(032H) = 05H indicates 5V programming


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Programming Interface

Every code byte in the Flash array can be written and the entire array can be erased by using the

appropriate combination of control signals. The write operation cycle is self timed and once

initiated, will automatically time itself to completion. All major programming vendors offer

worldwide support for the Atmel microcontroller series. Please contact your local programming

vendor for the appropriate software revision.

Flash Programming Modes

Note: 1. Chip Erase requires a 10-ms PROG pulse.

SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTER (SFR) ADDRESSES:

ACC ACCUMULATOR 0E0H

B B REGISTER 0F0H

PSW PROGRAM STATUS WORD 0D0H

SP STACK POINTER 81H

DPTR DATA POINTER 2 BYTES

DPL LOW BYTE OF DPTR 82H

DPH HIGH BYTE OF DPTR 83H

P0 PORT0 80H

P1 PORT1 90H

P2 PORT2 0A0H

P3 PORT3 0B0H

TMOD TIMER/COUNTER MODE CONTROL 89H

TCON TIMER COUNTER CONTROL 88H

TH0 TIMER 0 HIGH BYTE 8CH


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TLO TIMER 0 LOW BYTE 8AH

TH1 TIMER 1 HIGH BYTE 8DH

TL1 TIMER 1 LOW BYTE 8BH

SCON SERIAL CONTROL 98H

SBUF SERIAL DATA BUFFER 99H

PCON POWER CONTROL 87H

TMOD (TIMER MODE) REGISTER

Both timers are the 89c51 share the one register TMOD. 4 LSB bit for the timer 0 and 4 MSB for

the timer 1.

In each case lower 2 bits set the mode of the timer

Upper two bits set the operations.

GATE: Gating control when set. Timer/counter is enabled only while the INTX pin is

high and the TRx control pin is set. When cleared, the timer is enabled whenever the TRx control

bit is set

C/T: Timer or counter selected cleared for timer operation (input from internal system

clock)

M1 Mode bit 1

M0 Mode bit 0


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M1 M0 MODE OPERATING MODE

0 0 0 13 BIT TIMER/MODE

0 1 1 16 BIT TIMER MODE

1 0 2 8 BIT AUTO RELOAD

1 1 3 SPLIT TIMER MODE

PSW (PROGRAM STATUS WORD)

CY PSW.7 CARRY FLAG

AC PSW.6 AUXILIARY CARRY

F0 PSW.5 AVAILABLE FOR THE USER FRO GENERAL PURPOSE

RS1 PSW.4 REGISTER BANK SELECTOR BIT 1

RS0 PSW.3 REGISTER BANK SELECTOR BIT 0

0V PSW.2 OVERFLOW FLAG

-- PSW.1 USER DEFINABLE BIT

P PSW.0 PARITY FLAG SET/CLEARED BY HARDWARE

PCON REGISATER (NON BIT ADDRESSABLE)

If the SMOD = 0 (DEFAULT ON RESET)


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TH1 = CRYSTAL FREQUENCY

256*---------------------------------------

X BAUD RATE

If the SMOD IS = 1

CRYSTAL FREQUENCY

TH1 = 256*--------------------------------------

192 X BAUD RATE

There are two ways to increase the baud rate of data transfer in the 8051

To use a higher frequency crystal

To change a bit in the PCON register

PCON register is an 8 bit register. Of the 8 bits, some are unused, and some are used for the

power control capability of the 8051. The bit which is used for the serial communication is D7,

the SMOD bit. When the 8051 is powered up, D7 (SMOD BIT) OF PCON register is zero. We

can set it to high by software and thereby double the baud rate

BAUD RATE COMPARISION FOR SMOD = 0 AND SMOD =1

TH1 (DECIMAL) HEX SMOD =0 SMOD =1

-3 FD 9600 19200

-6 FA 4800 9600

-12 F4 2400 4800

-24 E8 1200 2400

XTAL = 11.0592 MHZ

IE (INTERRUPT ENABLE REGISTOR)


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EA IE.7 Disable all interrupts if EA = 0, no interrupts is acknowledged

If EA is 1, each interrupt source is individually enabled or disabled

By sending or clearing its enable bit.

IE.6 NOT implemented

ET2 IE.5 enables or disables timer 2 overflag in 89c52 only

ES IE.4 Enables or disables all serial interrupt

ET1 IE.3 Enables or Disables timer 1 overflow interrupt

EX1 IE.2 Enables or disables external interrupt

ET0 IE.1 Enables or Disables timer 0 interrupt.

EX0 IE.0 Enables or Disables external interrupt 0

INTERRUPT PRIORITY REGISTER

If the bit is 0, the corresponding interrupt has a lower priority and if the bit is 1 the corresponding

interrupt has a higher priority

IP.7 Not implemented, reserved for future use.

IP.6 Not implemented, reserved for future use

PT2 IP.5 Define the timer 2 interrupt priority lelvel

PS IP.4 Defines the serial port interrupt priority level

PT1 IP.3 Defines the timer 1 interrupt priority level

PX1 IP.2 Defines external interrupt 1 priority level

PT0 IP.1 Defines the timer 0 interrupt priority level


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PX0 IP.0 Defines the external interrupt 0 priority level

SCON: Serial port control register, bit addressable

SCON

SM0 : SCON.7 Serial Port mode specified

SM1 : SCON.6 Serial Port mode specifier

SM2 : SCON.5

REN : SCON.4 Set/cleared by the software to Enable/disable reception

TB8 : SCON.3 the 9th

bit that will be transmitted in modes 2 and 3, Set/cleared

By software

RB8 : SCON.2 In modes 2 &3, is the 9th

data bit that was received. In mode 1,

If SM2 = 0, RB8 is the stop bit that was received. In mode 0

RB8 is not used

T1 : SCON.1 Transmit interrupt flag. Set by hardware at the end of the 8th

bit

Time in mode 0, or at the beginning of the stop bit in the other

Modes. Must be cleared by software

R1 SCON.0 Receive interrupt flag. Set by hardware at the end of the 8th

bit

Time in mode 0, or halfway through the stop bit time in the other

Modes. Must be cleared by the software.

TCON TIMER COUNTER CONTROL REGISTER

This is a bit addressable


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TF1 TCON.7 Timer 1 overflows flag. Set by hardware when the Timer/Counter 1

Overflows. Cleared by hardware as processor

TR1 TCON.6 Timer 1 run control bit. Set/cleared by software to turn Timer

Counter 1 On/off

TF0 TCON.5 Timer 0 overflows flag. Set by hardware when the timer/counter 0

Overflows. Cleared by hardware as processor

TR0 TCON.4 Timer 0 run control bit. Set/cleared by software to turn timer

Counter 0 on/off.

IE1 TCON.3 External interrupt 1 edge flag

ITI TCON.2 Interrupt 1 type control bit

IE0 TCON.1 External interrupt 0 edge

IT0 TCON.0 Interrupt 0 type control bit.

TF1TR1 TF0 TR0 IEI ITI IE0 IT0


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ATMEL SERIES OF MICROCONTROLLERS

Table 3.1


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34

Chapter 4

VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE

4.1Overview

Vertical-axis wind turbines (or VAWTs) have the main rotor shaft arranged vertically. Key

advantages of this arrangement are that the turbine does not need to be pointed into the wind to

be effective. This is an advantage on sites where the wind direction is highly variable, for

example when integrated into buildings. The key disadvantages include the low rotational speed

with the consequential higher torque and hence higher cost of the drive train, the inherently

lower power coefficient, the 360 degree rotation of the aerofoil within the wind flow during each

cycle and hence the highly dynamic loading on the blade, the pulsating torque generated by some

rotor designs on the drive train, and the difficulty of modeling the wind flow accurately and

hence the challenges of analyzing and designing the rotor prior to fabricating a prototype.

CAD MODEL OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE

With a vertical axis, the generator and gearbox can be placed near the ground, hence avoiding the

need of a tower and improving accessibility for maintenance. Drawbacks of this configuration

include (i) wind speeds are lower close to the ground, so less wind energy is available for a given

size turbine, and (ii) wind shear is more severe close to the ground, so the rotor experiences

higher loads. Air flow near the ground and other objects can create turbulent flow, which can

introduce problems associated with vibration, such as noise and bearing wear which may

increase the maintenance or shorten the service life. However, when a turbine is mounted on a

rooftop, the building generally redirects wind over the roof and this can double the wind speed at

the turbine. If the height of the rooftop mounted turbine tower is approximately 50% of the


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building height, this is near the optimum for maximum wind energy and minimum wind

turbulence. It should be borne in mind that wind speeds within the built environment are

generally much lower than at.

4.2 TYPES OF VERICAL AXIS WIND TURBINES

Darrieus wind turbine

Commonly described as "Eggbeater" turbines, or Darrieus turbines, were named after the French

inventor, Georges Darrieus. They have good efficiency, but produce large torque ripple and

cyclical stress on the tower, which contributes to poor reliability. They also generally require

some external power source, or an additional Savonius rotor to start turning, because the starting

torque is very low. The torque ripple is reduced by using three or more blades which results in

greater solidity of the rotor. Solidity is measured by blade area divided by the rotor area. Newer

Darrieus type turbines are not held up by guy-wires but have an external superstructure

connected to the top bearing. The Darrieus design, the aerofoils are arranged so that they are

symmetrical and have zero rigging angle, that is, the angle that the aerofoils are set relative to the

structure on which they are mounted. This arrangement is equally effective no matter which

direction the wind is blowingin contrast to the conventional type, which must be rotated to

face into the wind. When the Darrieus rotor is spinning, the aerofoils are moving forward

through the air in a circular path. Relative to the blade, this oncoming airflow is added

vectorially to the wind, so that the resultant airflow creates a varying small positive angle of

attack (AoA) to the blade. This generates a net force pointing obliquely forwards along a certain

'line-of-action'. This force can be projected inwards past the turbine axis at a certain distance,

giving a positive torque to the shaft, thus helping it to rotate in the direction it is already


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travelling in. The aerodynamic principles which rotate the rotor are equivalent to that in

autogiros, and normal helicopters in autorotation. 21 As the aerofoil moves around the back of

the apparatus, the angle of attack changes to the opposite sign, but the generated force is still

obliquely in the direction of rotation, because the wings are symmetrical and the rigging angle is

zero. The rotor spins at a rate unrelated to the windspeed, and usually many times faster. The

energy arising from the torque and speed may be extracted and converted into useful power by

using an electrical generator.

The blades of a Darrieus turbine can be canted into a helix, e.g. three blades and a helical twist of

60 degrees, similar to Gorlov's water turbines The aeronautical terms lift and drag are, strictly

speaking, forces across and along the approaching net relative airflow respectively, so they are

not useful here. We really want to know the tangential force pulling the blade around, and the

radial force acting against the bearings. When the rotor is stationary, no net rotational force

arises, even if the wind speed rises quite highthe rotor must already be spinning to generate

torque. Thus the design is not normally self-starting. Under rare conditions, Darrieus rotors can

self-start, so some form of brake is required tohold.

Giromill

A subtype of Darrieus turbine with straight, as opposed to curved, blades. The cycloturbine

variety has variable pitch to reduce the torque pulsation and is self-starting.The advantages of

variable pitch are: high starting torque; a wide, relatively flat torque curve; a lower blade speed

ratio; a higher coefficient of performance; more efficient operation in turbulent winds; and a

lower blade speed ratio which lowers blade bending stresses. Straight, V, or curved blades may

be used. Giromill VAWTs are also self-starting


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37

Savonius wind turbine

Savonius turbines are one of the simplest turbines. Aerodynamically, they are drag-type devices,

consisting of two or three scoops. Looking down on the rotor from above, a two-scoop machine

would look like an "S" shape in cross section. Because of the curvature, the scoops experience

less drag when moving against the wind than when moving with the wind. The differential drag

causes the Savonius turbine to spin. Because they are dragtype devices, Savonius turbines extract

much less of the wind's power than other similarly-sized lift-type turbines. Much of the swept

area of a Savonius rotor may be near the ground, if it has a small mount without an extended

post, making the overall energy extraction less effective due to the lower wind speeds found at

lower heights.


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Chapter 5

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

This project is aptly timed wind is rapidly gaining attention as a sustainable power source with

serious potential to feed Americas insatiable appetite for energy. General Electric, a leader in

the industry, is experiencing unprecedented demand for its turbines, and although North America

has been slower to adopt the technology than Europe, its wind industry is growing at an average

rate of about 17 percent each year. The United States is catching up very quickly, GE Energys

Robert Gleitz says. I think if the country continues to install around the rate of three or three-

and-a-half gigawatts per year, it will become one of the leading countries in wind. In response

to the corresponding need for trained professionals, the School of Engineering Technology and

Applied Science in Torontos Centennial College launched the Centennial Energy Institute last

October to educate students in developing and maintaining systems for power generation using

the resources of the landscape.


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Chapter 6

References

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=HIGHWAY+WIND+TURBINES&title=Special%3

ASearch

http://green.autoblog.com/2007/05/01/highway-wind-turbines-to-capture-energy-from-passing-

vehicles/

http://inhabitat.com/student-designs-highway-power/

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8g5G0LXCNDM

http://www.makeworldbetter.com/windpower.html

http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2007-01-31/harnessing-the-wind-power-of-the-

highwaybusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice

http://iprojectideas.blogspot.in/2012/04/highway-wind-turbines.html

http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1042537_could-passing-cars-power-wind-turbine-

highway-lights

http://inhabitat.com/highway-wind-power/
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=HIGHWAY+WIND+TURBINES&title=Special%3ASearchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=HIGHWAY+WIND+TURBINES&title=Special%3ASearchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=HIGHWAY+WIND+TURBINES&title=Special%3ASearchhttp://green.autoblog.com/2007/05/01/highway-wind-turbines-to-capture-energy-from-passing-vehicles/http://green.autoblog.com/2007/05/01/highway-wind-turbines-to-capture-energy-from-passing-vehicles/http://green.autoblog.com/2007/05/01/highway-wind-turbines-to-capture-energy-from-passing-vehicles/http://inhabitat.com/student-designs-highway-power/http://inhabitat.com/student-designs-highway-power/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8g5G0LXCNDMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8g5G0LXCNDMhttp://www.makeworldbetter.com/windpower.htmlhttp://www.makeworldbetter.com/windpower.htmlhttp://www.businessweek.com/stories/2007-01-31/harnessing-the-wind-power-of-the-highwaybusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advicehttp://www.businessweek.com/stories/2007-01-31/harnessing-the-wind-power-of-the-highwaybusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advicehttp://www.businessweek.com/stories/2007-01-31/harnessing-the-wind-power-of-the-highwaybusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advicehttp://iprojectideas.blogspot.in/2012/04/highway-wind-turbines.htmlhttp://iprojectideas.blogspot.in/2012/04/highway-wind-turbines.htmlhttp://www.greencarreports.com/news/1042537_could-passing-cars-power-wind-turbine-highway-lightshttp://www.greencarreports.com/news/1042537_could-passing-cars-power-wind-turbine-highway-lightshttp://www.greencarreports.com/news/1042537_could-passing-cars-power-wind-turbine-highway-lightshttp://inhabitat.com/highway-wind-power/http://inhabitat.com/highway-wind-power/http://inhabitat.com/highway-wind-power/http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1042537_could-passing-cars-power-wind-turbine-highway-lightshttp://www.greencarreports.com/news/1042537_could-passing-cars-power-wind-turbine-highway-lightshttp://iprojectideas.blogspot.in/2012/04/highway-wind-turbines.htmlhttp://www.businessweek.com/stories/2007-01-31/harnessing-the-wind-power-of-the-highwaybusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advicehttp://www.businessweek.com/stories/2007-01-31/harnessing-the-wind-power-of-the-highwaybusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advicehttp://www.makeworldbetter.com/windpower.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8g5G0LXCNDMhttp://inhabitat.com/student-designs-highway-power/http://green.autoblog.com/2007/05/01/highway-wind-turbines-to-capture-energy-from-passing-vehicles/http://green.autoblog.com/2007/05/01/highway-wind-turbines-to-capture-energy-from-passing-vehicles/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=HIGHWAY+WIND+TURBINES&title=Special%3ASearchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=HIGHWAY+WIND+TURBINES&title=Special%3ASearch


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trail version wind turbine powered highway

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