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Sectioning, Listing, Mathematical Equations, andAlgorithms in LATEX

Soubhagya Sankar Barpanda(PhD. Scholar)

Dept. of CSE

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

National Institute of Technology Rourkela
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Table of Contents

1 Section

2 List

3 Mathematical Symbols

4 Mathematical Equations

5 Algorithm
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Section

Introduction

LATEX provides seven levels of division or sectioning to be used instructuring text.

All document divisions get numbered automatically. Parts get Romannumerals (Part I, Part II, etc.); chapters and sections get decimalnumbering, and Appendices are lettered (A, B, C, etc.).
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Section

Paragraphs in LATEX are usually fully justified, i.e. flush with both the leftand right margins. By default, the first paragraph after a heading followsthe standard Anglo-American publishers practice of no indentation.

\paragraph{} can be used to create a paragraph in document.

S i
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Section

Table: Different levels of structuring in text

-1 Part \part Not in letters

0 Chapter \chapter Books and reports

1 Section \section Not in letters

2 Subsection \subsection Not in letters

3 Subsubsection \subsubsection Not in letters

4 Titled paragraph \paragraph Not in letters

5 Titled subparagraph \subparagraph Not in letters

S ti
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Section

\section{New recruitment policies}

...

\subsection{Effect on staff turnover}

...

\subsubsection{Business plan 2005--2007}

List
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List

Lists in LATEX

Lists are useful tools for arranging thoughts in small piece of informationat a time.

Within a list environment, list items are always identified by the command\item

List
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List

Different types of lists

Random or arbitrary lists

Enumerated or sequential lists

Descriptive or labeled lists

Inline lists

List
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List

Example of Arbitrary lists

A

BC

List
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List

\begin{itemize}

\item A

\item B

\item C

\end{itemize}

List
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List

Example ofEnumerated lists

1 A

2 B3 C

List
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\begin{enumerate}

\item A

\item B

\item C

\end{enumerate}

List


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Example of Description lists

A: This is first description

B: This is second descriptionC: This is third description

List
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\begin{description}

\item[ A: ] This is first description

\item[ B: ] This is second description

\item[ C: ] This is third description

\end{description}

List


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Example of Random Inline lists

Inline lists, which are sequential in nature, just like enumerated lists, but

are a) formatted within their paragraph; b) usually labeled with letters; andc) usually have the final item prefixed with and or or , like this example.

\textbf{\itshape Inline lists}, which are sequential in

nature, just like enumerated lists, but are\begin{inparaenum}[ a)]

\item formatted within their paragraph;

\item usually labeled with letters; and

\item usually have the final

item prefixed with and or or \end{inparaenum},

like this example.

List
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Nested lists

1 The first item1 Nested item 1

2 Nested item 22 The second item

3 The third etc . . .

List
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\begin{enumerate}

\item The first item

\begin{enumerate}

\item Nested item 1

\item Nested item 2\end{enumerate}

\item The second item

\item The third etc \ldots

\end{enumerate}

List
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Lists with use-defined characters

a. The first item

b. The second item

c. The third etc . . .

I. The first item

II. The second item

III. The third etc ...

List
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Lists with use-defined characters

\begin{enumerate}[a.]

\item The first item

\item The second item

\item The third etc \ldots

\end{enumerate}

Mathematical Symbols

M h i l S b l
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One of the greatest motivating forces behind development LATEX systemwas to create something that allowed simple construction of mathematicalformulas, while professional look is ensured when printed.

Mathematics has many symbols! One of the most difficult aspects oflearning LATEX is remembering how to produce symbols. There are ofcourse a set of symbols that can be accessed directly from the keyboard:

+ , - , = , ! , / , ( ) , [ ] , < > , | , , :

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LATEX needs to know beforehand that the subsequent text does indeed

contain mathematical elements. This is because LATEX typesets mathsnotation differently from normal text. Therefore, special environmentshave been declared for this purpose. They can be distinguished into twocategories depending on how they are presented:

1 text formulas are displayed inline, that is, within the body of textwhere it is declared, for example, I can say that a+a= 2a within thissentence.

2 displayedformulas are separate from the main text. Ex. The scaling

function is given by:(t) = 2|H0()|=0

n

h0(n)(2tn)
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Mathematical Equations


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LA

TEX is a very powerful tool for typesetting in general and for typesettingmath in particular. The main strength of LATEXconcerning typesetting ofmathematics is based on the package amsmath. Example:

a=b+c (1)

LATEX code for the above equation:

\begin{equation}

a = b + c

\end{equation}

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Writing multiple equations at one shot

a=b+c (2) 0

ex

dx (3)


\begin{eqnarray}

a = b + c \\

\int_0^\infty \mathrm{e}^{-x}\,\mathrm{d}x\end{eqnarray}

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Splitting equations

A=

r2

2

=1

2r2

= 0.5r2

(4)


\begin{equation} \label{eq1}

\begin{split}

A = \frac{\pi r^2}{2} \\= \frac{1}{2} \pi r^2\\

= 0.5 \pi r^2

\end{split}

\end{equation}

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Aligning the previous equation

A=

r2

2

=1

2r2

= 0.5r2

(5)


\begin{equation}

\begin{split}

A & = \frac{\pi r^2}{2} \\& = \frac{1}{2} \pi r^2 \\

& = 0.5 \pi r^2

\end{split}

\end{equation}

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Writing multi-line equation

p(x) = 3x6 +14x5y+590x4y2 +19x3y312x2y412xy5 +2y6a3b3 (6)

LA

TEX code for the above equation:\begin{equation}

p(x) = 3x^6 + 14x^5y + 590x^4y^2 + 19x^3y^3

- 12x^2y^4 - 12xy^5 + 2y^6 - a^3b^3

\end{equation}

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Writing multi-line equation

p(x) = 3x6 + 14x5y+ 590x4y2 + 19x3y3

12x2y4 12xy5 + 2y6 a3b3 (7)


\begin{multline}

p(x) = 3x^6 + 14x^5y + 590x^4y^2 + 19x^3y^3 \\

- 12x^2y^4 - 12xy^5 + 2y^6 - a^3b^3\end{multline}

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Aligning several equations

2x5y = 8 (8)

3x+ 9y =12 (9)

LATEX code for the above equations:

\begin{eqnarray}

2x - 5y = 8 \\

3x + 9y = -12

\end{eqnarray}

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Aligning several equations

2x5y = 8 (10)

3x+ 9y =12 (11)


\begin{align}

2x - 5y &= 8 \\

3x + 9y &= -12

\end{align}

Algorithm

Writing algorithm in LATEX
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Writing algorithm in LTEX

LATEX has several packages for typesetting algorithms in form ofpseudocode. They provide stylistic enhancements over a uniform style(i.e., all in typewriter font) so that constructs such as loops or conditionalsare visually separated from other text.

Algorithm
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Algorithm 1: How to write algorithms

Data: this textResult: how to write algorithm with LATEX2einitialization;1while not at end of this document do2

read current;3if understand then4

go to next section;5current section becomes this one;6

else7

go back to the beginning of current section;8

Algorithm
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\begin{algorithm}[H]

\KwData{this text}

\KwResult{how to write algorithm with \LaTeX2e }initialization\;

\While{not at end of this document}{

read current\;

\eIf{understand}{

go to next section\;current section becomes this one\;

}{

go back to the beginning of current section\;

}

}

\caption{How to write algorithms}

\end{algorithm}

Algorithm
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Thank

You!
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