training the world’s best aviators
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Training the World’s Best Aviators. Welcome to. AVIATION WEATHER. 7 out of 10 Atmosphere & Airmasses, Pressure & Winds, Stability and Clouds 7 out of 10Frontal Weather 7 out of 10Weather Hazards 7 out of 10Weather Reports & Forecasts - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Training the World’s Best Aviators
7 out of 10 Atmosphere & Airmasses,
Pressure & Winds,
Stability and Clouds
7 out of 10 Frontal Weather
7 out of 10 Weather Hazards
7 out of 10 Weather Reports & Forecasts
7 out of 10 Weather Charts
Avn Weather Exam –
Why is weather important?
Weather affects everything we do!
What is weather?The state of the atmosphere with respect
to temperature, moisture content, turbulence, and cloudiness.
• Air temperature
• Humidity
• Clouds
• Precipitation
• Atmospheric Pressure
• Wind
Terminal Learning Objective
ACTION: Plan a flight for weather considerations
CONDITION: Acting as an aviator and given an IFR or VFR flight mission and available weather information.
STANDARD: In accordance with (IAW) Army Regulation (AR) 95-1, and Field Manual (FM) 1-230
Enabling Learning Objective A
ACTION: Identify the composition of the atmosphere and its effects on weather.
CONDITION: Given pertinent information about the atmosphere.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 para 2-1 thru 2-2
78%
NITROGEN
OXYGEN21%
OTHER GASES1%
Dry Air
Natural Air =
Dry air + Condensation Nuclei and Water Vapor
ACTION: The student will identify the layers of the atmosphere, height, and in which layer weather occurs.
CONDITION: Given pertinent information about the atmosphere.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 para 2-3
Enabling Learning Objective B
Layers of Atmosphere
- Troposphere
- Tropopause
- Stratosphere
Stratosphere
ACTION: The student will identify the atmospheric circulation, Coriolis force, and the three-cell theory.
CONDITION: Given pertinent information about the atmosphere.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 para 6-2, 3, 4
Enabling Learning Objective C
Atmospheric circulation begins with uneven heating.
H
H
L L L
Uneven heating from the sun
Atmospheric circulation is modified by…
Uneven heating from the sunCoriolis Force – The apparent force
caused by the unequal speed of rotation of the earth’s surface. This force deflects non-steerable bodies to the right in the Northern Hemisphere.
Atmospheric circulation is modified by…
Uneven heating from the sunCoriolis Force – The apparent force
caused by the unequal speed of rotation of the earth’s surface. This force deflects non-steerable bodies to the right in the Northern Hemisphere.
• Tilt of the earth
Atmospheric circulation is modified by…
H
H
L L LH HHH
HHHHL
L L
L
H
H
L L L
H HHH
L
L L
L
L
L L
HHH H
H
H
L L L
H HHH
L
L L
L
L
L L
HHH H
Global Circulation
Local circulation discussed in future classes
ACTION: The student will identify the four types of heat transfer.
CONDITION: Given pertinent information about heat energy.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 para 3-5
Enabling Learning Objective D
METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER
• RADIATION
METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER
• RADIATION• CONDUCTION• CONVECTION
Strongest thermal currents created over landmass during daylight
hours
METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER
• RADIATION• CONDUCTION• CONVECTION• ADVECTION
Insolation
Terrestrial Radiation
Conduction
InsolationInsolation
Conduction
Convection
AdvectionAdvection
Sea Breeze Effect
Land Breeze Effect
Be back prior to arrival at OZR. (ETA 00+10)
ACTION: The student will identify the relationship of temperature with altitude change, to include temperature inversions.
CONDITION: Given pertinent information about the temperature.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 para 3-7b
Enabling Learning Objective E
A MEASUREMENT OF THE LEVEL OF INTENSITY OF HEAT ENERGY
MEASURED IN DEGREES CELSIUS
Temperature
• Warmest temperatures near ground
• Decreases with altitude
• Standard Lapse Rate
• OLR – Observed Lapse Rate
TEMPERATUREINVERSIONS
WARMER AIR ABOVE COLDER AIR
• NOCTURNAL
• FRONTAL
Best conditions for nocturnal inversion - clear and cool night
Overcast Sky / Greenhouse Effect
prevents a temperature inversion
03o C 05o C0o C
ACTION: The student will identify the characteristics, classification, stability and movement of an air mass.
CONDITION: Given pertinent information about air masses.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 Chapter 9
Enabling Learning Objective F
AIR MASS - A LARGE BODY OF AIR WHOSE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ARE HORIZONTALLY UNIFORM
TEMP 2° CDP -10° C
TEMP 30° CDP 25° C
North American High
Siberian High
Icelandic High
Bermuda High
Pineapple High
AIR MASSCLASSIFICATION
c = CONTINENTAL AIR MASS
(DRY AIR)
m = MARITIME AIR MASS
(MOIST AIR)
AIR MASSCLASSIFICATION
A = ARCTIC AIR MASS (70° TO 90°)
P = POLAR AIR MASS (40° T0 60°)
T = TROPICAL AIR MASS (10° TO 30°)
E = EQUATORIAL AIR MASS (O° TO 10°)
AIR MASSCLASSIFICATION
cP Continental Polar
Maritime Polar
mT Maritime Tropical warm, moist
cT Continental Tropical warm, dry
cold, moist
cold, dry
mP
Continental Arctic
Equatorial
cA
E
coldest, dry
warmest, moist
AIR MASSSTABILITY
w = Stable
k = Unstable
20°c
35°c
0°c
15°c
Stable air mass: air is warmer than the ground indicated by the symbol - w
AIR MASS CHARACTERISTICS
W TYPE AIR MASS
• STRATUS CLOUDS• FOG• LOW CEILINGS• POOR VISIBILITY• SMOOTH FLYING CONDITIONS• LIGHT OR CALM WINDS• CONTINOUS LIGHT RAIN• USUALLY IFR CONDITIONS
Unstable air mass: air is colder than the ground indicated by the symbol - K
35°c20°c
15°c
0°c
AIR MASS CHARACTERISTICSK TYPE AIR MASS
• CUMULUS CLOUDS• HIGH CEILINGS• GOOD VISIBILITY• TURBULENCE• GUSTY SURFACE WINDS• THUNDERSTORMS, HEAVY RAIN SHOWERS, HAIL, LIGHTNING
Hailstone sizeMeasurement Updraft Speed
in. cm. mph m/s
bb < 1/4 < 0.64 < 24 < 11
pea 1/4 0.64 24 11
marble 1/2 1.3 35 16
dime 7/10 1.8 38 17
penny 3/4 1.9 40 18
nickel 7/8 2.2 46 21
quarter 1 2.5 49 22
half dollar 1 1/4 3.2 54 24
walnut 1 1/2 3.8 60 27
golf ball 1 3/4 4.4 64 29
hen egg 2 5.1 69 31
tennis ball 2 1/2 6.4 77 34
baseball 2 3/4 7.0 81 36
tea cup 3 7.6 84 38
grapefruit 4 10.1 98 44
softball 4 1/2 11.4 103 46
AIR MASSCLASSIFICATION
cPk
mPk Maritime Polar unstable
mTw Maritime Tropical stable
Continental Tropical unstable
Continental Polar unstable
cTk
cPk
cTk
mPk
mTw
ACTION: The student will identify the typical weather associated with air masses.
CONDITION: Given pertinent information about a type of air mass.
STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 Chapter 9
Enabling Learning Objective G
FM 1-230 References for today
• Atmosphere 2-1 thru 2-3
• Temperature 3-1 thru 3-5
• Atmospheric Circulation 6-1 thru 6-5
• Air Masses 9-1 thru 9-11
FM 1-230 Referencesfor tomorrow…
• Pressure 5-1 thru 5-7
• Atmospheric Circulation 6-6 thru 6-8
Safety First…
“Nothing we do is worth an accident.”
STOPSTOP
Abandon hope all ye who enter hereAbandon hope all ye who enter here
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QUESTIONS
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