trait approach - shoreline community college 236 ex… · trait approach i. introduction ii. common...
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Trait Approach
I. Introduction II. Common Characteristics III. Gordon Allport IV. Henry Murray V. Raymond Cattell VI. The Big Five Model VII. The Interpersonal Circumplex VIII.Modern Applications of the Trait Approach IX. Criticisms & Limitations X. Strengths
I. Introduction
II. Common Characteristics
• Focus on average behavior
• Less concerned with underlying mechanisms
• Less to say about personality change
III. Gordon Allport
• Nomothetic versus ideographic approaches to personality
• Central traits
• Secondary traits
• Cardinal traits
• The proprium
IV. Henry Murray
• Personology
• Psychogenic needs
• Some examples:
– Achievement
– Affiliation
– Dominance
– Nurturance
– Play
V. Raymond Cattell
• Factor analysis
• The 16 Personality Factor Inventory
Factor Contrast
Warmth Cold, selfish Supportive, comforting
Intellect Instinctive, unstable Cerebral, analytical
Emotional Stability Irritable, moody Level headed, calm
Aggressiveness Modest, docile Controlling, tough
Liveliness Somber, restrained Wild, fun-loving
Dutifulness Untraditional, rebellious Conforming, traditional
Social Assertiveness Shy, withdrawn Uninhibited, bold
Sensitivity Coarse, tough Touchy, soft
Paranoia Trusting, easy-going Wary, suspicious
Abstractness Practical, regular Strange, imaginative
Introversion Open friendly Private, quiet
Anxiety Confident, self-assured Fearful, self-doubting
Open-mindedness Set-in-one’s-ways Curious, exploratory
Independence Outgoing, social Loner, craves solitude
Perfectionism Disorganized, messy Orderly, thorough
Tension Relaxed, cool Stressed, unsatisfied
VI. The Big Five Approach
Trait Contrast
Openness Down to earth Conventional, uncreative Prefer routine
Imaginative Original, creative
Prefer variety
Conscientiousness Lazy Aimless Quitting
Hardworking Ambitious
Persevering
Extraversion Reserved Loner Quiet
Affectionate Joiner
Talkative
Agreeableness Antagonistic Ruthless Suspicious
Acquiescent Softhearted
Trusting
Neuroticism (emotional
Stability
Calm Even tempered Hardy
Worrying Temperamental
Vulnerable
VII. The Interpersonal Circumplex
Sample Scatter Plot
Correlation Matrix
Trait 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1. Forceful 1.00 .77 -.81 -.84 .12 .04 -.08 .01
2. Assertive 1.00 -.77 -.83 .06 .05 .11 -.09
3. Meek 1.00 .79 .02 -.04 .01 .07
4. Timid 1.00 .12 .06 .08 -.09
5. Kind 1.00 .78 -.81 -.90
6. Agreeable 1.00 -.78 -.80
7. Cold 1.00 .77
8. Cruel 1.00
Interpersonal Dimensions Forceful
Assertive
Meek Timid
Kind Agreeable
Cold Cruel Hostile Friendly
Dominant
Submissive
Laws of Complementarity
• Dominance pulls submission
• Submission pulls dominance
• Friendliness pulls friendliness
• Hostility pulls hostility
Interpersonal Circumplex Types
• Hostile-Submissive Types:
– Rebellious Distrustful Personality
– Self-effacing Masochistic Personality
• Friendly-Submissive Types
– Docile Dependent Personality
– Cooperative Overconventional Personality
Interpersonal Circumplex Types
• Friendly-Dominant Types:
– Responsible Hypernormal Personality
– Managerial Autocratic Personality
• Hostile-Dominant Types
– Competitive Narcissistic Personality
– Aggressive Sadistic Personality
VIII. Modern Applications of the Trait Approach
• Type A Behavior
• The MMPI
MMPI
• Example of an “empirically derived” test
• Questions “earn” their way onto the final test by statistically differentiating different groups of people (people with and without depression, people with and without schizophrenia, people with and without alcohol problems, etc…)
Simulated MMPI Items
Simulated MMPI Items
MMPI Clinical Scales
MMPI Clinical Scales
IX. Criticisms & Limitations
X. Strengths
The Biological Perspective
I. Introduction
II. Genetic Factors in Personality
III. Eysenck’s Theory of Personality
IV. Temperament
V. Cerebral Activation Patterns
VI. Evolutionary Personality Theory
I. Introduction
II. Genetic Factors in Personality
Trait Genetic (Heritability)
Familial Environment
Non-shared Environment
Well-being .48 .13 .39
Social Potency .54 .10 .39
Achievement .39 .11 .50
Social Closeness .40 .19 .41
Stress Reaction .53 .00 .47
Alienation .45 .11 .54
Aggression .44 .00 .56
Control .44 .00 .56
Harm Avoidance .55 .00 .45
Traditionalism .45 .12 .43
Absorption .50 .03 .47
Positive Emotionality .40 .22 .38
Negative Emotionality .55 .02 .43
Constraint .58 .00 .42
(Tellegen et al., 1988)
III. Eysenck’s Theory of Personality
Eysenck’s Supertraits or Types
• Extraversion
• Neuroticism
• Psychoticism
Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model
Extraversion
Impulsiveness Sociability
HR1 HR2 HR3
SR1 SR2 SR3 SR4
Activity Liveliness Excitability
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Eysenck’s Two-Factor Model
Extraversion & Mood
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Mon Tue Wed Thur Fri Sat Sun
Introverts
Extraverts
Positive Mood Score
IV. Temperament
Buss & Plomin’s Temperament Factors
• Activity
– Vigor, tempo
• Emotionality
– Fear, anger, distress
• Sociability
– Attention of others, share activities, interaction
• (Impulsivity)
Temperament and Genetics
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Emotionality Activity Sociability
Identical Twins
Fraternal Twins
Degree of Correlation
V. Cerebral Activation Patterns
VI. Evolutionary Personality Theory
What if Charles Darwin had been a psychologist?
“So, tell me about your mother…”
The Humanistic Approach
I. Introduction
II. The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers
III. Modern Humanistic Concepts
I. Introduction
Roots of the Humanistic Movement
• Existential philosophy
• The ideas of Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow
Common Characteristics of Humanistic Theories
• An emphasis on personal responsibility
• Here and now focus
• Phenomenology
• Growth
II. The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers
Rogers’ Fully-Functioning Person
• Trust their feelings/Intuitions
• Experience feelings intensely & deeply
• Accept and express all feelings
• Less likely to conform to social roles
• Present focused
• Honest & open
• Open to and learn from experience
• Constantly developing & growing
• Oriented towards fully living life
• Show care and concern for others
• Creative
Key Definitions
• Self-Concept: An organized set of beliefs that you hold about yourself. (Who are you? Describe yourself.)
• Self-Esteem: One’s feelings of high or low self-worth (How do you feel about your self-concept?)
Basic Needs
• Self-consistency: The absence of major conflict between self-perceptions
• Congruence: Consistency between self-perceptions and experience
Anxiety & Defense
• Subception: the unconscious perception of incongruence
• Triggers defenses of distortion & denial
Self-Concept
Incongruence
Experience
Self-Concept
Congruence & the Fully Functioning Person
Experience
Conditional & Unconditional Positive Regard
• Additional needs:
– Positive regard
– Positive self-regard
• Conditional positive regard from parents creates “conditions of worth”
Conditions of Worth
• Personal standards that dictate when a person can feel OK about him/herself.
Sample Q-Sort Statements
• I am optimistic. • I often feel guilty. • I am intelligent. • I express my emotions
freely. • I understand myself. • I am lazy. • I am generally happy. • I am moody.
• I am ambitious • I am an impulsive person. • I get anxious easily. • I make strong demands
on myself. • I get along easily with
others. • I often feel driven. • I am self-reliant. • I am responsible for my
troubles.
The Q-Sort & Psychotherapeutic Change
III. Modern Humanistic Concepts
Self-Esteem & Failure (Brockner et al., 1987)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Did Well on FirstTest
Did Poorly on FirstTest
High Self-Esteem
Low Self-Esteem
Grade on Second Test
Social Attribute Ratings & Self-Esteem (Brown & Smart, 1991)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
High Self-Esteem Low Self-Esteem
Success
Failure
Rating of Social Attributes
Do you want to compare your exam to another student’s?
High Low
worse than
you.
better than
you.
Self-esteem Told this
student did…
“Sure!”
“NO WAY!” “Let’s do it.”
“Why Not.”
Self-Esteem & Western Culture Exposure in Asian-Canadians
(APA, 1999)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Never Been Abroad
Been Abroad
Recent Immigrants
Long-Term Immigrants
2nd Generation
3rd Generation
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale Score