transfer kinetic energy (the energy of motion) reduce the effort needed to move a load change the...
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• Transfer kinetic energy (the energy of motion)
• Reduce the effort needed to move a load
• Change the direction or amount of motion
• Change the type of motion (rotary to straight line)
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• Effort (E) = the input force• Either the user or some type of engine
supplies this force.
• Load (R) = the output force. • Also known as the force resisting the
motion.
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• Mechanical Advantage (MA) = a measure of how much effort is decreased by the simple machine.
Mechanical Advantage = Load Effort
MA = R
E
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• Work : The force applied on an object times the distance traveled by the object.
Work = (Force)Distance = (F)dStarting Position
Force
Finishing Position
Distance
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• Friction results from two bodies moving against each other in different directions. – Friction always opposes motion and makes doing work harder. – Lubricants (graphite, oil, grease, silicone) and bearings are used to
combat friction.– Sometimes, friction is a good thing!
• Efficiency is the ratio of the work that results to the amount of work put into the machine.
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Power is the rate at which work is performed.
Energy describes the amount of work that can be performed by a force.
P=W
tE=W
P = power
W = work
t = time
E = energy
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•A lever is a stiff bar which rotates around a point called the fulcrum. •The forces on the lever are the Effort (E) and the load (R).
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E = EffortR = LoadLE = Length (distance) from fulcrum to EffortLR = Length (distance) from fulcrum to Load (R)
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Moment = Force x distance to fulcrum
CW (-) CCW (+)
The Effort is positive because it is rotating in a counter clock wise rotation around the fulcrum.
The Load is negative because it is rotating in a clock wise rotation around the fulcrum.
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Moment 1 = Moment 2
Force 1 x distance 1 = Force 2 x distance 2
300 lb x 4 ft = 1200 lb x 1 ft
1200 ft-lb = 1200 ft-lb
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Mechanical Advantage =Load Effort
MA = LE
LR
=1200 lb
300 lb= 4
=4 ft
1 ft= 4
RE
LE
LR= or LE(E) = LR(R)
R E=
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• You are given a board that is 8 feet long and a rock to use as a fulcrum and you need to lift a heavy object. Where would you place the rock? Why?
LE becomes very large.
LR becomes very small.Place the rock as close as
possible to the load
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If LE greater than LR, then MA greater than 1
If LE less than LR, then MA less than 1
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Since LE greater than LR, then MA greater than 1
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Since the LE less than LR, then MA less than 1
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Given: LE = 6 ft, LR = 3 ft, E = 1 lb Find R.
Solution:LE R
LR E= =6 ft
3 ft= 2 So.. 2 =
R
1lb = 2 lb
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Given: R = 8 lb , LE = 4 ft , E = 4 lb Find LR.
Solution:
LE R
LR E= =4 ft
LR =8 lb
4 lb= LR= 2 ft
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Mechanical Advantage =Load Effort
MA = Radius to Effort
Radius to Load =LE
LR
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• A wheel with a 12 inch radius is used to turn an axle with a radius .5 inches. What is the mechanical advantage?
MA = Radius to Effort
Radius to Load =LE
LR
MA = Radius of Wheel
Radius of Axel =12 in
.5 in = 24
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• Consider an axle used to drive the wheels of a car. The wheel radius is 12 inches, while the axle radius is 1 inch. What is the mechanical advantage?
MA = Radius to Effort
Radius to Load =LE
LR
MA = Radius of Axle
Radius of Wheel =1in
12 in = 0.083
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You need to know the Circumference of Wheel
S
S = Distance traveled in one revolution
C = (Π)Wheel Diameter = (3.14)D
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• If your car has tires with a diameter of 24 inches how many times will the tires rotate if the car travels 100 feet?
C = (Π)Wheel Diameter = (3.14)2 ft = 6.28 ft.
24 inches = 2 feet
100 ft
6.28 ft
S = Distance traveled in one revolution = 6.28 ft
Number of Revolutions = = 15.9 revolutions
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Work at Effort end = Work at Load end
(Effort) Dist. traveled by rope = (Load) Dist. moved by Load
MA = The number of strands supporting the load. (The end strand ONLY counts when the effort is pointing upward.)
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Fixed Pulley Movable
Pulley
Block & Tackle
MA = 1MA = 2 MA = 4
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The pulley system shown is used to lift a load of 60 lbs a distance of 2’. How much effort must be applied, and how much rope do you need to pull?
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MA = # of strands = 6
6 = R
E =60 lb
E
Effort = 10 lb
Distance traveled = 2 ft * 6Distance traveled = 12 ft
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R or Load E or Effort
MA = R
E
The Effort is parallel to the Inclined Plane.
The Load is 900 to the ground. Or in the direction of gravity.
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H or Height of Inclined PlaneL or Length of In
clined Plane
MA = L
H
The Length is how long the Inclined Plane is.
The Height is vertical distance between the starting point and ending point.
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• In the diagram below, L = 24 inches, H = 6 inches and the Effort = 60 lb
• Find the mechanical advantage and the maximum load that can be moved.
• What is the tradeoff for reducing the effort?
A
B
H
L
R
E
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A
B
H
L
R
E
MA = L 24 in
H 6 in= = 4
Mechanical Advantage =Load Effort
4 =Load
30 lb
Load = 120 lb
In order to move the 120 lb 6 inches off the ground, we need to travel a distance of 24 inches along the incline.
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Effort
Inclined Plane
Effort
Wedge
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Single
LH
Double
L
H
Mechanical Advantage =Load Effort
MA = L
H
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• Find the mechanical advantage and the maximum separation load for a wedge with an incline length of 10 inches, an overall height of 4 inches, and which is exerting an effort of 100 pounds.
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Effor
t
MA = L
H =10 in
4 in = 2.5
Mechanical Advantage =Load Effort
2.5 =Load
100 lb = Load = 250 lb
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• 1/4 - 20 UNC
1/4 = the outer diameter of the threads.
20 = the number of threads per inch of screw length.
UNC refers to Unified National Coarse thread.
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OD
1in.
Number of Threads per Inch
View A
View APitch
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Pitch =
Number of Threads per Inch
1in.
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Mechanical Advantage =Load Effort
MA =Circumference
Pitch=
C
P
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• A screw with 18 threads per inch is turned by a screwdriver having a handle diameter of 1 inch. What is the mechanical advantage of the screw?
MA =Circumference
Pitch=
C
P
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Pitch =
Circumference = (3.14) 1 in = 3.14 in
1 in
18= 0.055 in
MA =Circumference
Pitch=
C
P=
3.14 in
0.055 in= 57.09