Transfer of TrainingConceptTheoryFactors

Transfer of TrainingDefinition

◦Transfer of training is effectively and continuing applying the skills, knowledge, and/or attitudes that were learned in a learning environment to the job environment.

Transfer of Learning◦ The application of skills, knowledge,

and/or attitudes that were learned in one situation to another learning situation.

The Theory of Transfer of Learning was introduced by Thorndike and Woodworth (1901). They explored how individuals would transfer learning in one context to another context that shared similar characteristics. Their theory implied that transfer of learning depends on the learning task and the transfer task being identical, also known as 'identical elements'. There is a close relationship between transfer of learning and problem solving, since transfer of learning generally occurs when previous knowledge is applied to solve a problem in a new situation (Ormrod, 2004).

Types of transfer

Perkins and Salomon (1992) elaborate different types of transfer of learning, describing the concept and the differences between positive and negative transfer, as well as what is called "near" and "far" transfer. The following explanation, presenting different types of transfer, is adapted from Schunk (2004, p. 220).

Type - Characteristics

Near - Overlap between situations, original and transfer contexts are similar

Far - Little overlap between situations, original and transfer settings are dissimilar

Positive - What is learned in one context enhances learning in a different setting (Cree and Macaulay, 2000)

Negative - What is learned in one context hinders or delays learning in a different setting (Cree and Macaulay, 2000)

Vertical - Knowledge of a previous topic is essential to acquire new knowledge (Ormrod, 2004)

Type - Characteristics

Horizontal - Knowledge of a previous topic is not essential but helpful to learn a new topic (Ormrod, 2004)

Literal - Intact knowledge transfers to new task Figural - Use some aspect of general knowledge to think

or learn about a problem

Type - Characteristics Low Road - Transfer of well-established skills in

almost automatic fashion High Road - Transfer involves abstraction so

conscious formulations of connections between contexts

High Road /Forward Reaching - Abstracting situations from a learning context to a potential transfer context

High Road / Backward Reaching - Abstracting in the transfer context features of a previous situation where new skills and knowledge were learned

Transfer of Training ProcessTrainees

CharacteristicsMotivationAbility

Training DesignLearning environmentTransfer of Training TheorySelf-management Strategy

Work environmentClimate of transferManagement and Peers supportOpportunityTechnology support

Learning Retention

Generalization and Retention

Trainee characteristicsMotivation and ability to learn

◦Basic skills needed (cognitive ability, reading skills)

◦Motivation to learn◦Self-efficacy

Training designObjectivePracticeFeedbackMaterialApplications of ToT TheorySelf management strategies

Work EnvironmentClimate for transferManager SupportPeer supportOpportunity to useTechnological support

Organization EnvironmentLearning organizationKnowledge management

DISCUSSIONBincangkan sejauhmana pentingnya teori elemen

seiras (identical elements) dalam latihan komputer.