TRANSFORMATIONS AROUND THE GLOBEChapter 28

China• Self-sufficient• Did not want anything from the Europeans• Europeans had access to the port at Guangzhou - opium

Opium Wars - 1839 - 1842 • China’s outdated fishing ships destroyed by Britain’s

battleships

• Treaty of Nanjing gave US and European citizens extraterritorial rights – foreigners were not subject to Chinese laws at Guangzhou and four other Chinese ports

Internal Problems• Read the Qing emperor’s letter to Britain before the war

pg 806

• The Chinese were not happy with the Qing’s inability to stop the opium trade

• Taiping Rebellion – reformers took over but broke up while in charge – very bloody

Cixi• Dowager Empress from 1862 – 1908

• Self-strengthening movement of education, diplomatic relations, military, industrial (rifles, gunboats, ammo)

• Although successful, many European nations and Japan gained a sphere of influence

U.S. Sphere of Influence• Open Door Policy – doors be opened to all nations

• This strengthened trading rights for Europe and US and protected China from colonization

The Righteous Harmonious Fist• Boxer Rebellion – angry about foreign influence

• “death to the foreign devils”

• Very bloody but put down in Beijing – people wanted change

Japanese Modernization• Meiji Restoration

• Treaty of Kanagawa – US Commodore Matthew Perry opened two ports for trade

• Just like China, by 1960 several had been opened

Meiji Power• Feeling strong like western nations, Japan wanted to

expand and gain more resources

• Japan attacks Korea and China in the Sino-Japanese War

• Gave Japan the colony of Taiwan – much conflict today between Taiwan, China, and Japan over Taiwan

Russo-Japanese War• Russia wanted Manchuria

• Treaty of Portsmouth give Japan Korea as colony, later annex it

Latin America

Latin America• Large landowners owned everything. Workers were

basically slaves. Unequal distribution.

• Army leaders, called caudillos, became military dictators

• Wealthy landowners supported caudillos because caudillos did not want to give power to the lower classes

Latin America Economies• Export oriented

• The steam engine, boats and railroads, made Latin America an important trading partner.

• Refrigeration made beef and fruits easier to export

• Because Latin America exchanged their exports for manufactured goods, their economies did not develop

Latin America Economies• Countries that imported a lot of goods did not use their

money on important things like schools and hospitals

• They borrowed money to improve their export facilities

• Why is this bad?

Economic Colonialism• Latin American countries couldn’t pay back their loans

• Many European countries tried to reconquer the new republics

Monroe Doctrine• “the American continents are henceforth not to be

considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers”

• 1832

Cuba• Declared its independence from Spain in 1868 and fought

a ten year war

• Gave up

• I thought the US had the Monroe Doctrine???

Jose Marti• Exiled from Cuba and lived in New York

• Dragged the US into another war with Spain

Spanish-American War• USS Maine - Philippines, then the Caribbean • United States instilled a military government – not

independence • Yellow Journalism, TR and the Rough Riders• The United States gain Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the

Philippines

American Giant• Wanted to dominate even further - video

• Offered Panama $10 million plus a yearly payment to build the canal

• Big deal for trading and war

Roosevelt Corollary• An extension to the Monroe Doctrine

• Said we are an “international police power”

• Used this to police Latin America

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna• Leader of Mexican independence from Spain in 1821 –

Mexican president in 1833

• Americans were getting a little rowdy – Stephen Austin

• Lead a revolt against Mexico to make Texas part of the US

The Alamo • Santa Anna beat 200 American rebels with 3,000

Mexicans

• Davy Crocket - Video

• Battle of San Jacinto – Sam Houston catches Santa Anna napping

• Pg 176 & 16

Mexican-American War• Nueces River/Rio Grande

• “fifty-four forty or fight”

• Ordered across the river

• Dominated

Benito Juarez and La Reforma• Opposite of Santa Anna – put his country first

• Redistribute land, separate church and state, increase educational opportunities for the poor

• Sent into exile by Santa Anna

Porfirio Diaz• Caudillo

• Dictatorial powers to stay elected

Madero Begins the Revolution• Francisco Madero – educated in France and US,

democracy

• Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata became popular. Wanted more for the poor

• Madero was elected president, but Pancho and Zapata didn’t like that

• Eventually a new constitution was adopted in 1917 under Venustiano Carranza