transformative solutions: cities for people
TRANSCRIPT
TRANSFORMATIVE SOLUTIONS: CITIES FOR PEOPLE
PHOTO: JESS KRAFT/SHUTTERSTOCK
ANI DASGUPTA | GLOBAL DIRECTOR, WRI ROSS CENTER FOR SUSTAINABLE CITIES
May 24, 2016
2Photo by Stephen Bugno/Flickr.
GDP per capita: $1,110 (2014)Population : 5.02 millionPoverty Rate: 25%
KOLKATA, INDIA
3Photo by: VnGrijl/Flickr
KOLKATA HAS BEEN MAKING STREETS WIDER TO ACCOMMODATE GROWING NUMBER OF CARS
4Photo by: VnGrijl/Flickr
NARROW SIDEWALKS FORCE PEOPLE ONTO STREETS, SLOWING TRAFFIC FURTHER
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CYCLING BANNED TO MAKE ROOM FOR CARS ON MAIN STREETS
6Photo by Nicolas Mirguet/Flickr
ONLY 8% PEOPLE IN KOLKATA DRIVE CARS25% WALK OR CYCLE
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Choices today create path dependencies for decades to come
Source: IIHS,2011,h\p://iihs.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/IUC-Book.pdf
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LOW DENSITY SPRAWL AT THE URBAN FRINGE
Selected findings, Kolkata urban fringe, 1990-2014: • Share of residential area in atomistic housing: 92.1±7.4%;• Share of the built-up area in roads and boulevards: 8.4±2.2%; and• Share of roads less than 4m. wide: 66.7±13.3%
Residential development on the urban fringe of Kolkata, India1(990-2014)
Source: Sholomo Angel
HOW WE BUILD CITIES MATTERS
HOW WE BUILD CITIES MATTERS
Source: LSE research, drawing on data from Atlanta Regional Commission (2014), Autoritat del Transport Metropolita (Area de Barcelona) (2013), GenCat (2013), UCSB (2014), D’Onofrio (2014), based on latest data.
Atlanta’s built-up area Barcelona’s built-up area
Population: 5.26 millionTotal area: 16,605 km2
Urban area: 7692 km2
Transport emissions: 6.9 tonnes CO2 p.c.
Traffic fatalities: 564 per year
Population: 5 millionTotal area: 3263 km2
Urban area: 648 km2
Transport emissions: 1.2 tonnes CO2 p.c.
Traffic fatalities: 31 per year
ATLANTA BARCELONA
WHAT STRATEGIES WILL AVOID LOCK-IN?
Source: World Bank
Short-Term Capital Stock
Long-Term Capital Stock
Infrastructure
Land Use and Urban Form
10-15 years
15-40 years
30-75+ years
100+ years
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WE WORK WITH 70-80 CITIES
1 We aim for reaching 60% of catalytic cities within current geographies where WRI Ross Cities has offices and 40% outside such geographies2 This includes cities influenced by Publications, Tools, Training and Short-term assistance. This encompasses pilots with the Global Protocol for Community-
Scale Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GPC), Aqueduct Flood Analyzer, and Accessibility Tool.
Network Country: USA, Mexico, Turkey, India, Brazil, ChinaBloomberg Initiative for Global Road Safety (10 Cities)Building Efficiency Accelerator - Signatory partners (11 Cities)Additional cities reached through Catalytic influence (9 Cities)
12916
Mexico
2 614
Brazil
1 13
India
267
Turkey
2622
China
5
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Cities (FY16)Geo Deep Targeted Catalytic* Others
Mexico 1 16 29 0 India 1 13 21 0 Brazil 2 14 6 0 China 0 22 26 0 Turkey 0 7 26 0 Global 0 0 250+ 30 Total 4 72 350+ 30
* Catalytic Cites FY16 1, 2 FY19
Geographies Actuals Target
Within network country 108 120
Outside network country 250+ 80
Total 350+ 200
200Catalytic
30Targeted
4 Deep
Goals
SCALING UP INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS IS POSSIBLE IN CITIES
Source: Dalkmann, WRI
TRANSFORMATIONAL CHANGE
Source: The GuardianPhoto Source: Juan Manuel Cardona Granda/Flickr
• “Murder capital of the world” in the 1990s– 6,349 killings in 1991
• Fragmented city form– Low-income residential neighborhoods far-
removed from city center
MEDELLÍN, COLOMBIA
Source: McGuirk, 2014Photo Source: Iván Erre Jota/Flickr
• Governance and public finance leveraged for “Integral Urban Projects” or PUIs– Participative design
• Metrocable car system
MEDELLÍN, COLOMBIA
Source: NYT, India Water PortalPhoto Credit: John Abel/Flilckr
• Outbreak of pneumonic infections in the 1990s – Affected outskirts with poor drainage, sanitation
services• 60% of the population left Surat• Estimated loss of Rs. 12 Billion
SURAT, INDIA
Source: World Resources Report, India Water PortalPhoto Credit: John Abel/Flickr
• Governance• Municipal commissioners instituted improved
sanitation services and waste management• New bus rapid transit system • City climate resilience planning• Public health data collection and
monitoring• E-governance initiatives
SURAT, INDIA
Source: The Independent, Transport for LondonPhoto Source: City.and.Color/Flickr
• In the last decade, London showcased some of the worst congestion in Europe
• In 2002, road deaths in Greater London composed 14% of all road casualties in Great Britain
LONDON
Source: Bartlett and Satterthwaite, 2016, p. 207-209.Photo Source: [Back to Action]/Flickr
• Immediate reduction of congestion: 15%– 70,000 fewer vehicles on the street today
than before the congestion charge– About half of former drivers chose to use
public transport, and others used bikes or shared vehicles
• Changes to local governance– London Plan, produced under the Greater London
Authority– Mayor’s Adaptation Strategy– London Climate Change and Resilience
Partnerships• Integrated planning between sectors
LONDON
Source: East Asia ForumPhoto Source: Craig Nagy/Flickr
• Booming urban expansion– Increased to population of
over 10 million in the 1990s
• Issues of overcrowding and congestion arose
• Growth management plan became necessary
SEOUL
Sources: Forbes; Song, Dutt and Costa; Seoul Metropolitan Government; Metropolis.orgPhoto Source: Brian Kusler/Flickr
• 2030 Seoul Plan• Policies work toward a productive and
competitive city while improving citizens’ quality of life
• Growth management• Inclusive and integrated mobility:
– Public buses and subway – integrated fare system– BikeSeoul bikeshare system
• Urban renewal project: Re-invigorated Cheonggyecheon Stream
SEOUL
Image: Flickr/RodrigoSolon
MEXICO CITY
• One of the most polluted cities in the world• Economic weight 40% of national GDP• 22M daily trips• Transport = 18% of emissions• 4,000 deaths per year due to pollution
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MEXICO CITY
Photo: Táis Policanti/EMBARQ Mexico
1 MILLIONDAILY RIDERSHIP
122,000TONS OF CO2 REDUCED
ANNUALLY
20%REDUCTION IN VEHICLE ACCIDENTS
Political, technical, and financial solution to congestion & air pollution
MEXICO CITY
Photos by EMBARQ Mexico
Before After
Creating a local coalition for solutions, through evidence-based decisions and capacity-building
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Source: The GuardianPhoto Source: Katherine Sharpe/Flickr
• Road safety in 1950s-1970s deteriorated– 3,300 total traffic deaths in 1971
• City built to accommodate increasing number of cars
AMSTERDAM
Sources: International Traffic Forum; Guardian; NYT; Gemeente AmsterdamPhoto Source; Aykut Türkay/Flickr
• Movement takes hold– Taking back city spaces for
pedestrians and cyclists• Streets built to the human
scale– Woonerfs, or complete
streets, emerged as a model • Model for road safety• 38% of trips are by bike
AMSTERDAM
GROWING CONSENSUS IS ON COMPACT AND CONNECTED CITIES
HOW TO TRANSFORM
• Success breeds success (from one sector to another)
• Political change between cities and citizens• Coalition-building
– Cities, businesses and citizens engaged– Creating momentum behind solutions and
projects– Knowledge sharing and participatory planning