transforming it with cloud computing
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Transforming IT with Cloud Computing
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JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida
A Technical Paper by:Ankita RoyNeha Singh
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Introduction
Cloud computing is the set of disciplines, technologies, and business models used
to deliver IT capabilities (software, platforms, hardware) as an on-demand,
scalable, elastic service.
Cloud computing is internet-based computing, whereby shared resources, software
and information are provided to computers and other devices on-demand, like
electricity. It refers to both the applications delivered as services over the Internet
and the hardware and systems software in the datacenters that provide those
services.
It describes a new supplement, consumption and delivery model for IT services
based on the Internet, and it typically involves the provision of dynamically
scalable and often virtualized resources as a service over the Interne. It is abyproduct and consequence of the ease-of-access to remote computing sites
provided by the Internet.
Cloud Computing, the long-held dream of computing as a utility, has the potential
to transform a large part of the IT industry, making software even more attractive
as a service and shaping the way IT hardware is designed and purchased.
Developers with innovative ideas for new Internet services no longer require the
large capital outlays in hardware to deploy their service or the human expense to
operate it. They need not be concerned about over provisioning for a service whose
popularity does not meet their predictions, thus wasting costly resources, or under-provisioning for one that becomes wildly popular, thus missing potential customers
and revenue.
Moreover, companies with large batch-oriented tasks can get results as quickly as
their programs can scale, since using 1000 servers for one hour costs no more than
using one server for 1000 hours. This elasticity of resources, without paying a
premium for large scale, is unprecedented in the history of IT.
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What is a cloud?
The term cloudis used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on the cloud drawing
used in the past to represent the telephone network, and later to depict the Internet
in computer network diagrams as an abstraction of the underlying infrastructure it
represents.Typical cloud computing providers deliver common business
applications online which are accessed from a web browser, while the software and
data are stored on servers.
A technical definition of a cloud is "a computing capability that provides an
abstraction between the computing resource and its underlying technicalarchitecture (e.g., servers, storage, networks), enabling convenient, on-demand
network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources that can be
rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service
provider interaction."
This definition states that clouds have five essential characteristics:
On-demand: Consumers have the ability to use cloud services as needs arise
Self-service: Increases IT agility to match the pace of business
Scalable: Cloud service appears infinitely scalable to consumers
Elastic: Consumers can rapidly provision and de-provision IT services
Measured service: Vendors charge consumers based on the amount of
resources used
Virtualized and dynamic: Virtualization creates a dynamic environment for
quick resource provisioning and better resource management
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Deployment Models
Public Cloud:Public cloudorexternal clouddescribes cloud computing in the
traditional mainstream sense, whereby resources are dynamically provisioned on a
fine-grained, self-service basis over the Internet, via web applications web
services, from an off-site third-party provider who shares resources and bills on a
fine-grained utility computing basis. It is an IT capability as a service that provides
offer to consumers via the public Internet.
Community Cloud: A community cloudmay be established where several
organizations have similar requirements and seek to share infrastructure so as to
realize some of the benefits of cloud computing. With the costs spread over fewer
users than apublic cloud(but more than a single tenant) this option is more
expensive but may offer a higher level of privacy, security and/or policy
compliance. Examples ofcommunity cloudinclude Googles "Gov Cloud".
Hybrid Cloud: A hybrid cloudenvironment consisting of multiple internal and/or
external providers"will be typical for most enterprises".
By integrating multiple
cloud services users may be able to ease the transition topublic cloudservices
while avoiding issues such as PCI compliance.
Another perspective on deploying a web application in the cloud is using Hybrid
Web Hosting, where the hosting infrastructure is a mix between Cloud Hosting for
the web server, and Managed dedicated server for the database server. It is an IT
capability spread between internal and external clouds.
Private Cloud:Private cloudand internal cloudare used to describe offerings that
emulate cloud computing on private networks. These products claim to "deliver
some benefits of cloud computing without the pitfalls", capitalizing on data
security, corporate governance, and reliability concerns. They have been criticized
on the basis that users "still have to buy, build, and manage them" and as such do
not benefit from lower up-front capital costs and less hands-on management,
essentially "[lacking] the economic model that makes cloud computing such an
intriguing concept". It is an IT capability as a services that provides offer to a
select group of individuals.
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Cloud Architecture
Cloud architecture,the systems architecture of the software systems involved in the
delivery of cloud computing, typically involves multiple cloud components
communicating with each other over application programming interfaces, usually
web services.
Cloud Architecture
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Cloud computing describes services being provided at any traditional layer from
hardware to application. Cloud service providers tend to offer services that can be
grouped into three categories: software as a service, platform as a service, and
infrastructure as a service.
Software as a service (SaaS)
Software as a service features a complete application offered as a service on
demand. A single instance of the software runs on the cloud and services multiple
end users or client organizations.
The most widely known example of SaaS is salesforce.com, though many other
examples have come to market, including the Google Apps offering of basic
business services including email and word processing. Although salesforce.com
preceded the definition of cloud computing by a few years, it now operates by
leveraging its companion force.com, which can be defined as a platform as a
service.
Platform as a service (PaaS)
Platform as a service encapsulates a layer of software and provides it as a service
that can be used to build higher-level services. There are at least two perspectives
on PaaS depending on the perspective of the producer or consumer of the services:
SomeoneproducingPaaS might produce a platform by integrating an OS,
middleware, application software, and even a development environment that is
then provided to a customer as a service.
Someone usingPaaS would see an encapsulated service that is presented to them
through an API. The customer interacts with the platform through the API, and the
platform does what is necessary to manage and scale itself to provide a given level
of service. Virtual appliances can be classified as instances of PaaS.
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
Infrastructure as a service delivers basic storage and compute capabilities as
standardized services over the network. Servers, storage systems, switches, routers
and other systems are pooled and made available to handle workloads that range
from application components to high-performance computing applications.
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Cloud Benefits for IT
In order to benefit the most from cloud computing, developers must be able to
refactor their applications so that they can best use the architectural and
deployment paradigms that cloud computing supports. Some of the benefits are asfollows:-
Simplifies and Optimizes IT
Reduce complexity by abstracting infrastructure
Enables IT to offload non-essential IT processes; refocuses staff on driving core
business value
Allows IT organizations to defer capital costs
Cloud services enable act as a release value for data centers that are power and
space constrained, deferring new data center construction
Converts capital expenses into operational expenses
On demand, self-service models increase IT agility
Using the cloud, IT organizations can quickly provision IT resources whenever
business demands, especially for short-term IT resource needs
Reduces run time and response time
For applications that use the cloud essentially for running batch jobs, cloud
computing makes it straightforward to use 1000 servers to accomplish a task in
1/1000 the time that a single server would require.
For applications that need to offer good response time to their customers,
refactoring applications so that any CPU-intensive tasks are farmed out to workervirtual machines can help to optimize response time while scaling on demand to
meet customer demands.
Cloud computing vendors employ highly skilled IT professionals
Cloud computing business models require providers to hire, train, and retain
highly skilled employees to ensure service quality
As cloud computing trust increases, IT organizations will use cloud services
as a disaster recovery option
Rather than using a co-location facility or a new data center, IT organizations will
backup data to the cloud
Public and externally facing private clouds can more easily support a mobile
workforce
Ubiquitous access to external IT services better support mobile workforce than
internally hosted IT services accessed via VPN
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Drawbacks and Concerns
Some of the concerns relating to the field of cloud computing are as follows:-
Privacy The Cloud model has been criticized by privacy advocates for the greater ease in
which the companies hosting the Cloud services control, and thus, can monitor at
will, lawfully or unlawfully, the communication and data stored between the user
and the host company.
Compliance
In order to obtain compliance with regulations, users may have to adopt
community orhybriddeployment modes which are typically more expensive and
may offer restricted benefits.
Security
The relative security of cloud computing services is a contentious issue which
may be delaying its adoption. Some argue that customer data is more secure when
managed internally, while others argue that cloud providers have a strong incentive
to maintain trust and as such employ a higher level of security.
Sustainability
Although cloud computing is often assumed to be a form of "green computing",
there is as of yet no published study to substantiate this assumption.
Why cloud computing to transform IT?
A new era is here.
Information technology is changing rapidly, and now forms an invisible layer that
increasingly touches every aspect of our lives. Power grids, traffic control,
healthcare, water supplies, food and energy, along with most of the world's
financial transactions, now depend on information technology.
An emerging IT delivery modelcloud computingcan significantly reduce IT
costs & complexities while improving workload optimization and service delivery.
Cloud computing is massively scalable, provides a superior user experience, and is
characterized by new, internet-driven economics.
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Business needs are straining IT
Business dependency on IT continues to grow
Business and IT are becoming one
As business dependency grows, so do the IT resources necessary to run the
business
Many organizations have built massive, overly complex, underutilized, rigid IT
infrastructure
Why we are seeing some IT initiatives
Data center consolidation, application rationalization, virtualization
These efforts arent enough to stem the tide; revealing some harsh realities
IT is too expensive, rigid, and complex
Owning and operating IT is an expensive, and time consuming proposition
Many data centers are out of power/ space Complex infrastructures decrease the ability to respond to business needs
Install new applications, provision additional capacity, and secure their
environment
Limits business agility and growth
Business units are forced to go outside their IT organizations to meet their needs
IT organizations have more work than personnel can reasonably manage
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Many data centers house extraneous, infrastructure that has nothing to do with the
organizations core business
From a hardware point of view, three aspects are new in Cloud Computing:
1. The illusion of infinite computing resources available on demand, thereby
eliminating the need for Cloud Computing users to plan far ahead for provisioning;
2. The elimination of an up-front commitment by Cloud users, thereby allowing
companies to start small and increase hardware resources only when there is an
increase in their needs; and
3. The ability to pay for use of computing resources on a short-term basis as
needed (e.g., processors by the hour and storage by the day) and release them as
needed, thereby rewarding conservation by letting machines and storage go when
they are no longer useful.
A variety of factors might influence these companies to become Cloud Computing
providers:
Make a lot of money. Although 10 cents per server-hour seems low,
Very large datacenters (tens of thousands of computers) can purchase
hardware, network bandwidth, and power for 1=5 to 1=7 the prices
offered to a medium-sized (hundreds or thousands of computers)
datacenter. Further, the fixed costs of software development anddeployment can be amortized over many more machines. Others
estimate the price advantage as a factor of 3 to 5 [37, 10]. Thus, a
sufficiently large company could leverage these economies of scale to
offer a service well below the costs of a medium-sized company and
still make a tidy profit.
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Leverage existing investment. Adding Cloud Computing services on
top of existing infrastructure provides a new revenue stream at
(ideally) low incremental cost, helping to amortize the large
investments of datacenters.
Defend a franchise. As conventional server and enterprise applications
embrace Cloud Computing, vendors with an established franchise in
those applications would be motivated to provide a cloud option of
their own. For example, Microsoft Azure provides an immediate path
for migrating existing customers of Microsoft enterprise applications
to a cloud environment.
Attack an incumbent. A company with the requisite datacenter and
software resources might want to establish a beachhead in this space
before a single 800 pound gorilla emerges. Google AppEngineprovides an alternative path to cloud deployment whose appeal lies in
its automation of many of the scalability and load balancing features
that developers might otherwise have to build for themselves.
Leverage customer relationships. IT service organizations such as
IBM Global Services have extensive customer relationships through
their service offerings. Providing a branded Cloud Computing
offering gives those customers an anxiety-free migration path that
preserves both parties investments in the customer relationship.
Become a platform. Facebooks initiative to enable plug-in
applications is a great fit for cloud computing, as we will see, and
indeed one infrastructure provider for Facebook plug-in applications
is Joyent, a cloud provider. Yet Facebooks motivation was to make
their social-networking application a new development platform.
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New Application Opportunities
While we have yet to see fundamentally new types of applications enabled by
Cloud Computing, we believe that several important classes of existing
applications will become even more compelling with Cloud Computing andcontribute further to its momentum. We examine what kinds of applications
represent particularly good opportunities and drivers for Cloud Computing.that
will help in transforming IT:
Mobile interactive applications
Tim OReilly believes that the future belongs to services that respond in real time
to information provided either by their users or by nonhuman sensors.. Such
services will be attracted to the cloud not only because they must be highly
available, but also because these services generally rely on large data sets that are
most conveniently hosted in large datacenters. This is especially the case forservices that combine two or more data sources or other services, e.g., mashups.
While not all mobile devices enjoy connectivity to the cloud 100% of the time, the
challenge of disconnected operation has been addressed successfully in specific
application domains, so we do not see this as a significant obstacle to the appeal of
mobile applications.
Parallel batch processing
Although thus far we have concentrated on using Cloud Computing for interactive
SaaS, Cloud Computing presents a unique opportunity for batch-processing andanalytics jobs that analyze terabytes of data and can take hours to finish. If there is
enough data parallelism in the application, users can take advantage of the clouds
new cost associativity: using hundreds of computers for a short time costs the
same as using a few computers for a long time. For example, Peter Harkins, a
Senior Engineer at The Washington Post, used 200 EC2 instances (1,407 server
hours) to convert 17,481 pages of Hillary Clintons travel documents into a form
more friendly to use on the WWW within nine hours after they were released [3].
Programming abstractions such as Googles MapReduce and its open-source
counterpart Hadoop allow programmers to express such tasks while hiding the
operational complexity of choreographing parallel execution across hundreds of
Cloud Computing servers. Indeed, Cloudera is pursuing commercial opportunities
in this space.
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The rise of analytics
A special case of compute-intensive batch processing is business analytics. While
the large database industry was originally dominated by transaction processing,
that demand is leveling off. A growing share of computing resources is now spent
on understanding customers, supply chains, buying habits, ranking, and so on.
Hence, while online transaction volumes will continue to grow slowly, decision
support is growing rapidly, shifting the resource balance in database processing
from transactions to business analytics.
Extension of compute-intensive desktop applications
The latest versions of the mathematics software packages Matlab and Mathematica
are capable of using Cloud Computing to perform expensive evaluations. Other
desktop applications might similarly benet from seamless extension into the cloud.
Again, a reasonable test is comparing the cost of computing in the Cloud plus the
cost of moving data in and out of the Cloud to the time savings from using theCloud. Symbolic mathematics involves a great deal of computing per unit of data,
making it a domain worth investigating. An interesting alternative model might be
to keep the data in the cloud and rely on having sufficient bandwidth to enable
suitable visualization and a responsive GUI back to the human user. Offline image
rendering or 3D animation might be a similar example: given a compact
description of the objects in a 3D scene and the characteristics of the lighting
sources, rendering the image is an embarrassingly parallel task with a high
computation-to-bytes ratio.
Earthbound applications
Some applications that would otherwise be good candidates for the clouds
elasticity and parallelism may be thwarted by data movement costs, the
fundamental latency limits of getting into and out of the cloud, or both. For
example, while the analytics associated with making long-term financial decisions
are appropriate for the Cloud, stock trading that requires microsecond precision is
not. Until the cost (and possibly latency) of wide area data transfer decrease such
applications may be less obvious candidates for the cloud.
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Conclusion
Cloud computing is all the rage. "It's become the phrase du jour," says Gartner
senior analyst Ben Pring, echoing many of his peers. Cloud computing comes into
focus only when you think about what IT always needs: a way to increase capacityor add capabilities on the fly without investing in new infrastructure, training new
personnel, or licensing new software. Cloud computing encompasses any
subscription-based or pay-per-use service that, in real time over the Internet,
extends IT's existing capabilities. Cloud computing is at an early stage, with a
motley crew of providers large and small delivering a slew of cloud-based services,
from full-blown applications to storage services to spam filtering. Yes, utility-style
infrastructure providers are part of the mix, but so are SaaS providers such as
Salesforce.com. Today, for the most part, IT must plug into cloud-based services
individually, but cloud computing aggregators and integrators are already
emerging.
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References
1. Cloud Computing. Available from http://www.wikipedia.org
2. Introduction to Cloud Computing. Available from
http://www.sun.com/featured-articles/CloudComputing.pdf3. Cloud Computing. Available from
http://www.netseminar.stanford.edu/seminars/Cloud.pdf
4. Peering into the future of cloud computing- Microsoft Research. Available
from http://www.research.microsoft.com/en-us/news/.../ccf-022409.aspx
5. Study: Cloud computing to brighten future of data centers. Available from
http://www.news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-9889947-7.html