transient liquid water in recent geologic history on planet mars, andreas johnsson, department of...
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Förekomst av flytande vatten sent i Mars geologiska historia: Insikter från jämförande studier på Svalbard
Andreas Johnsson, Ernst Hauber, Dennis Reiss, Harald Hiesinger
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Våra verktyg• Satelliter; ger regional och global täckning • Stationära och mobila landare; ger lokal kännedom, men bara 7 platser är
besökta (än så länge)
• Undersökningar av referensmiljöer s.k. marsanaloga miljöer på Jorden– T. ex. Arktis och Antarktis, öknar, vulkaner m.m. – Extremofiler i jordens tuffa miljöer
• Meteoriter från Mars (ursprungsområden okända)– ALH84001 > 4 Ga– SNC meteoriter <1,5 Ma
• Teleskop
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Mariner 9 1971
Viking Orbiter (2 landare + 2 orbiters) 1976
Mars Pathfinder (landare + rover) 1996
Mars Global Surveyor 1998
Mars Odyssey 2001
Mars Express 2004
Mars Exploration Rovers (Opportunity) 2004
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 2006
Phoenix Mars Lander 2008
Mars Science Laboratory “Curiosity” 2011
Framgångsrika marsmissionerFramgångsrika marsmissioner
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MAVEN (Mars Atm. & Volatile Evolution Mission) 2014
Mangalyaan (Mars Orbiter Mission) 2014
InSight 2016
ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter2016
ExoMars Rover 2018
Mars 2020 (strövare) 2020
Nyss anlända och kommande marsmissionerNyss anlända och kommande marsmissioner
ExoMars RoverInSight MAVEN
Trace Gas Orbiter
Mangalayaan
Mars 2020
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6
Rumslig täckning av olika dataset
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23.45°
25.19°
Magnetfält Saknar magnetfält
Kontinentplattor i rörelse Statisk jordskorpa
Gravitation = 1 Gravitation = 0,38
Dygn 24 h Dygn 24 h 39 min
Omloppstid 365 dagar Omloppstid 687 jorddagar
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Förändringar polaxelns lutning
Head et al., 2003. Nature.
”Istid” på Mars
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Geologisk tidsskala Jorden/MarsFörsta spåren av
liv på jorden
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Uttorkade floderMars Jemen, jorden
10 km
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Eberswaldedeltat och flodens Lenas delta
NN
10 km
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AlluvialkonerVattentransport och avsättning av sediment
Mars Death Valley, USA
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Mars Earth
Konglomerat i kratern Gale
Aeolis Mons
alluvialkon
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Outflow channel-Kasei Valles
200 km
N
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Polygoner
Bildas i permafrostmarker som innehåller fruset vatten.
Marken spricker genom termisk kontraktion av isen.
På Mars en indikator var den markbundna frusna vattnet finns.
Svalbard
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Fördelning av markbunden is på Mars Ekvivalent med 40-73% fruset vatten per volymenhet (
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona/Texas A&M University
1. Starka signaler på väte från GRS/NS
2. Markbunden is vid Phoenix
3. Is som exkaverats av meteoritnedslag
1Phoenix
3
[Byrne et al., 2009]
2
[Smith et al., 2009]
[Boynton et al., 2002; Feldman et al., 2002 ; Mitrofanov et al., 2003]
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Cirque glaciärer
5 kmImage source: Google Earth
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Norra Sverige
500 m
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Glaciärer
Image credit: NASA/JPL/UofA for HiRISE
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Mars
Svalbard
Moräner
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Hauber et al., 2011, GSA 483
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Reservoarer av fruset vatten
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Alcove(erosion)
Channel(transport)
Fan(deposition)
Gullies – degrading/aggrading landforms
Sheet flow – bedload transport and suspensionDebris flow – water/debris slurries
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Mars Svalbard
Image credit: NASA/JPL/UofA for HiRISE
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Regional kontext
Argyre
ESA/DLR/FU Berlin (G. Neukum)10 km
• Located at 45.11 S; 274.2 E• 4,5 km in diameter• Superposed on a rampart ejecta• One of the most poleward rayed craters found to date.
Credit: MOLA Science Team
Aonia Terra
Blocky material (boulders and pebbles)Limited aeolian reworking and sedimentation
Night-time Day-time
Themis Night and Daytime IR
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Landformer i kratern Istok
HiRISE image PSP_006837_1345
Debris flow-like deposits
Talus cones
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Equator facing talus cones
PSP_006837_1345
Punta Vacas, the Andes
100 m
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Debris flow avsättningar
Bajada-liknande struktur Image credit: NASA/JPL/UofA for HiRISE
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Sprucket berg och lösa sediment
PSP_006837_1345
25° - 35° slopes
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Debris flows, debris plugs och leveér
5° - 20° lutning
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Färska stenrasEast facing wall West facing wall
Sluttning
Sluttning
PSP_006837_1345 PSP_006837_1345
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debris flow tongue
debris flow tongue
BouldersBoulders
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LeveerIstok Svalbard
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LeveerIstok Svalbard
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Debris plugs
Istok Svalbard
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Avsättningskoner
Istok Svalbard
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Överlappande lober
Istok Svalbard
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Sprucket berg
Istok Svalbard
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Kraterns ålder
Crater size-frequency distribution indicates an absolute model age for the study crater between 0.1 – 1Ma..
500 impacts craters of <25 m in diameter.
~ 0.2 Ma
Modified from Schon et al. 2012
This study
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100 m
Solifluktion på Broeggerhalvön, Svalbard
Lobformade strukturer på Mars
Johnsson et al., 2012. Icarus
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Bröggerhalvön, Svalbard (HRSC-AX + DTM)
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100 m
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Nyström and Johnsson, 2014
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Johnsson et al., 2012. Icarus
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Image credit: NASA/JPL/UofA for HiRISE
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Solifluktion Södra Argyre
Image source: Google Earth
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Sammanfattning
• Vatten var troligtvis flytande och stabilt i Mars ungdom -> gynnsamt klimat -> spår av paleosjöar, flodfåror och deltan -> geokemiska bevis för olika lermineral.
• Atmosfärskollaps -> flytande vatten vid ytan är inte möjligt pga tryck och temperatur -> vatten binds i huvudsak som permafrost, polarisar och glaciärer. Grundvatten? Temporärt flytande vatten vid ytan -> outflow channels -> temporära sjöar och hav? Klimatpåverkan?
• Mer sentida processer inkluderar avsmältning av snö och markbunden is -> bäckraviner -> solifluktionslober.
• Mars är mer hydrologiskt aktiv än vi tidigare vågat tro!
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Tack för Er uppmärksamhet!