transitioning to sustainable sanitation

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INSTITUTE FOR SUSTAINABLE FUTURES 21ST FEBRUARY 2013

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ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS This research project was initiated and delivered by the Institute for Sustainable Futures (ISF) at the University of Technology, Sydney (UTS). ISF’s mission is to create change toward sustainable futures that protect and enhance the environment, human well-being and social equity. For further information visit www.isf.uts.edu.au

Core research team: Cynthia Mitchell, Dena Fam, Kumi Abeysuriya (ISF)

Research partner organisations and collaborators:

AKA the Plumber: David Nixon Caroma – GWA Group Ltd: Luke Di Michiel City of Sydney: Nick Midlam Lend Lease: Nick Storey Linkoping University (Sweden): Jan-Olof Drangert NSW Department of Fair Trading: Les Barnard NSW Department of Health: Kaye Power Nursery and Garden Industry Australia: Anthony Kachenko Sydney Water Corporation: Nicola Nelson, Therese Smart, Victoria Burston, Mark

Angles University of New South Wales: Janice Gray (Law) University of Technology, Sydney: Jennifer Williams (Design), Prasanthi Hagare

(Engineering & IT), Dana Cordell (ISF), Shankar Sankaran (Built Environment), Eric Liyanage (Facilities Management), David Murphy (Facilities Management)

University of Western Sydney: Abby Mellick Lopes (Communication Arts), William Bellotti (Natural Sciences)

Yarra Valley Water: Francis Pamminger

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TRANSITIONING TO SUSTAINABLE SANITATION : A TRANSDISCIPLINARY PILOT PROJECT OF URINE DIVERSION 18

sanitary plumbing by the State Plumbing Code of New South Wales8. Existing urine diversion literature also recommends an odour trap (Von Muench et al. 2009; Kvarnström et al. 2006), although specific designs are not suggested. A one way air admittance valve9 was included to vent the pipework.

33..11..22 PPeerrffoorrmmaannccee ooff tthhee UUDDTTss

3.1.2.1 Testing against Australian Standards Prior to installation, the performance of each UDT model was tested against manufacturers’ specifications and against the Australian Standard for standard dual flush water closets (AS 1172.1-2005)10. The standard relates to traditional flushing toilets and does not consider the unique features of UDTs. We decided nevertheless to test the UDTs against the tests specified in this Standard, to gain some understanding of the UDTs potential operational performance in key areas (Table 3) prior to installation in the trial.

Table 3: Key results of Australian Standards performance tests

Australian Standards Test

Wostman Ecoflush UDT Dubbletten UDT

Flush volumes measured vs. manufacturer’s specifications

5.1/1.3 L were significantly higher than the 2.5/0.2 L claimed in Wostman brochures

5.4/3.4 L consistent with claims of 4L flush of rear bowl.

Paper and solids flushing11

! Failed paper half-flush test " Passed paper full-flush test " Passed solids full-flush test

" Passed paper half-flush test ! Failed paper full-flush test " Passed solids full-flush test

Water seal minimum depth

! Water seal depth (25mm) failed to meet standard (45mm)12

" Water seal depth (52mm) passed

The laboratory test results raised concerns about the flushing performance of both toilets. The Wostman results were more of a concern, because the unit failed the half-flush test, which is the predominant use in practice, so we were keen to monitor flushing closely when installed in situ. Because the Wostman was the first unit installed, it was the focus of

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TRANSITIONING TO SUSTAINABLE SANITATION : A TRANSDISCIPLINARY PILOT PROJECT OF URINE DIVERSION 19

many flushing questions and also provided an opportunity for pilot participants to learn successful UDT behaviours (see below for details). With the Dubbletten, the test produced a surprising and counter-intuitive flushing result, that paper test media was discharged successfully with the 3.4L flush but failed with the 5.4L flush. This result is hard to explain. There were no flushing issues in practice.

33..11..33 IInn ssiittuu fflluusshh ppeerrffoorrmmaannccee Post-installation performance was monitored using weekly in-cubicle surveys, mainly with the Wostman Ecoflush which was the first UDT installed (see chapter on People and practices for additional details). In view of the results from the laboratory tests, several weeks were devoted to asking users questions about the performance of the half-flush. There were three dimensions to our investigation on the performance of the half-flush: how it was impacted by the duration of the flushing; the amount of toilet paper; and the nature of toilet paper.

Figure 8: Example of in-cubicle survey chart We needed to capture information from users within the toilet cubicle, while minimising risk of contamination between users before they had a chance to wash their hands. We hit on the idea of using sticky dots that users could peel off and place against preferred answers to a multiple choice question posted inside the cubicle. Each week’s question would often build on learning from the previous week. For example, to explore the impact of flush duration, we asked the following questions on successive weeks:

• Was your toilet paper flushed by the half-flush? • Was your toilet paper flushed by a long/short half-flush? • Was your toilet paper flushed by pressing the half-flush button for 1 second?

2 seconds? 3 or more seconds? • Was your toilet paper flushed by pressing the half-flush button for " second?

1 second? 2 seconds?

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Institute for Sustainable Futures, UTS February, 2011

ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS SUBMISSION: “URINE DIVERSION TOILETS AND SAMPLING SYSTEM”

i

ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION

“Urine diversion toilets and sampling system”

Prepared by

Dena Fam, Kumi Abeysuriya & Cynthia Mitchell

Institute for Sustainable Futures

! UTS 2011


ii

Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

1.2 PROPOSAL

2. SCOPE, LIMITATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS

2.1 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

2.2 ASSUMPTIONS

3. CODES AND COMPLIANCE

3.1 RELEVANT DOCUMENTS

4. EVIDENCE OF SUITABILITY

4.1 DESIGN/CONSTRUCTION/INSTALLATION – ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION

4.2 CODE AUTHORITY & COMPLIANCE – ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION

5. SUMMARY

6.1 STATEMENT OF DESIGN

Appendices

APPENDIX 1 DETAIL OF URINE DIVERSION AND SAMPLING SYSTEM APPENDIX 2 QUALIFIED STATEMENT – LES BARNARD (SYDNEY WATER CORP) APPENDIX 3 QUALIFIED STATEMENT – DR KAY POWER (NSW DEPT HEALTH) APPENDIX 4 CURRICULAR VITAE – PROFESSOR CYNTHIA MITCHELL (UTS/ISF) APPENDIX 5 QUALIFIED STATEMENT – PROFESSOR CYNTHIA MITCHELL (UTS/ISF) APPENDIX 6 UTS FACILITIES MANAGEMENT – LETTER OF ACKNOWLEDGEMENT



iii

1 Introduction

1.1 Background The Institute of Sustainable Futures has been awarded a cross disciplinary research grant to trial nutrient recovery from sewage in the institutional setting of the university campus.

An initial pilot project of 2 urine diversion toilets (UDT) for research purposes has been installed at 235 Jones St, Ultimo, in Building 10, on Level 11 with one toilet installed in both the male and female toilet blocks.

The UDT installed in the female toilet block is connected to a urine collection and sampling system on the floor below (Level 10), situated within the service ducting cupboard (refer Appendix 1).

1.2 Proposal An ‘alternative solution’ is sought under Part A2.2 of the Plumbing Code of Australia 2004 for the installation of a urine diversion toilet connected to a urine sampling system (refer to Appendix 1)



1

2 SCOPE, LIMITATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS

2.1 Scope and limitations ! This report is limited to the nutrient recovery, collection and sampling system

installed in Building 10, Level 10 & 11, 235 Jones St, Ultimo, NSW.

! The ‘alternative solution’ as detailed in Section 4 of this report refers to both the installation of the urine diversion toilets in both the men’s and women’s toilet block and the urine collection and sampling system connected to the women’s toilets only.

! This installation has been piloted for research purposes only

2.2 Assumptions ! The ‘alternative solution’ has been installed by a licensed plumber

! The ‘alternative solution’ is generally configured to the details supplied (Refer to Appendix 1



2

3 CODES AND COMPLIANCE

3.1 Referenced Documents The documents referenced are related to the design criteria below:

! AS/NZS 3500.2 (Australian and New Zealand Plumbing Code)



3

4 Clause A2.2 Evidence of Suitability Evidence to support the use of a material, product, design, form of construction or installation meets:

(a) Performance Requirement or (b) Deemed-to-Satisfy Provision may be in the form of one or a combination of

the following:



4

4.1 Design/Construction/Installation – Alternative Solution Item No. Design-Construction-Installation Comments 1 Certification mark - (WaterMark) All pipes, fittings and some

fixtures used in this alternative solution are Watermark approved..

2 Compliance with the requirements of Part G of the Plumbing Code of Australia.

The following fixtures are not WaterMarked certified; • Wostman toilet suite • Dubbletten toilet suite

3 A report issued by the Research Project Manager showing that the material, the design, construction and installation has been submitted to the Evidence of Suitability listed in the report, and setting out the results of those tests and any other relevant information that demonstrates its suitability for use in the plumbing installation

Refer to this document and accompanying appendices.

4 A statement from a professional engineer or other appropriately qualified person which:

Certifies the project is for research purposes, the material, design, form of construction and installation does not comply with the requirements of the Code, related Standard and WaterMarked products.

Refer attached statement from Les Barnard

5 A statement from a professional engineer or other appropriately qualified person which:

Sets out the basis on which this project is given and the extent to which relevant specifications or other publications have been relied upon

Refer attached statement from Cynthia Mitchell (Chief Investigator)

6 Any other form of documentary evidence that correctly describes the properties and performance of the material, form of construction or installation and adequately demonstrates its suitability for use in the plumbing installation

Refer attached data and evidence supplied in this submission.



5

The Alternative Solution detailed in this document refers specifically to the installation of a urine separating toilets. The table below outlines the evidence of suitability used in this project.

4.2 Code Authority & Compliance – Alternative Solution Item No Suitability Code/Authority

Compliance Comments

1 Is the Alternative Solution proposed in conflict with the general intent of AS/NZS 3500

AS/NZS 3500

The installation conflicts with the intent of AS/NZS 3500.2

2 Is the Alternative Solution proposed a threat to health and hygiene issues?

NSW Health Refer attached statement from Dr Kay Power (Project representative from NSW Health)

3 Is the Alternative Solution proposed detrimental the design intent of the existing plumbing system being connected to?

Sydney Water Refer attached statement from Les Barnard

4 Is there evidence the Alternative Solution proposed has been used in other regulated jurisdictions

Institute of Sustainable Futures

Refer attached statement from Cynthia Mitchell (Chief Investigator)

5 Does the Alternative Solution proposed directly conflict with any clauses in the PCA or Standards

Yes

AS/NZS 3500.2



6

APPENDIX 1 - DETAIL OF URINE DIVERSION AND SAMPLING SYSTEM



7

APPENDIX 2 – QUALIFIED STATEMENT – LES BARNARD (SYDNEY WATER)

Re: Alternate Solution submission – “The project is for research purposes, the material, design, form of construction and installation does not fully comply to the deem-to-satisfy requirements of the Code, related Standard and WaterMarked products.”

I have reviewed the research project plan and scope of procedures, the proposed method of urine separation by means of innovative products from oversea, Wostman and Dubbletten toilet suites will not meet the requirements of Standards for certified products. The design of the sanitary plumbing to convey the waste from these fixtures to a point of storage will not meet the requirements of the Standard AS/NZS 3500.2.

The sanitary installation from the fixtures to the storage vessel will by innovative and may require alteration from time to time to maintain health and safety standards within the building.

The proposed of the sanitary design has the intent to follow AS/NZS 3500.2 principles where possible. The alternative solution would not be detrimental to the existing hydraulic system.

NSW Health will monitor the project installation for health and safety requirements.

Alternative solution; Performance requirements.

Sanitary plumbing systems

The sanitary plumbing system conveying water-borne waste must be designed constructed and installed in such a manner as to:

(a) Convey sewage excluding urine from the trial fixtures to the existing sanitary system.

(b) Avoid the likelihood of loss of amenity due to blockage and leakage;

(c) avoid the likelihood of the ingress of inappropriate water, sewage, foul air and gases from the system into the building.

(d) Provide adequate access for maintenance of mechanical components, operational controls and for clearing blockages.

(e) Provide venting to the sanitary system and/or storage vessel if required or requested by others.

I do not believe the installation of this alternative solution would be detrimental to the existing hydraulic system.

Yours faithfully

Les Barnard



8

APPENDIX 3 QUALIFIED STATEMENT – DR KAY POWER (NSW DEPT HEALTH)



9

APPENDIX 4 CURRICULAR VITAE – PROFESSOR CYNTHIA MITCHELL (UTS/ISF)



10

APPENDIX 5 - QUALIFIED STATEMENT – PROFESSOR CYNTHIA MITCHELL (UTS/ISF)



11

APPENDIX 6 - UTS FACILITIES MANAGEMENT – LETTER OF ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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