translacia /transpozicia qartulsi (substantivacia da...

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

qarTveluri enaTmecniereba

Tea teteloSvili

translacia / transpozicia qarTulSi

(substantivacia da adieqtivacia)

filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvanelebi: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tsu profesori Tedo uTurgaiZe

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tsu asoc. profesori kaxa gabunia

Tbilisi

2015

avtoris stili daculia

1

Sesavali

qarTuli enis mravalferovani buneba, nairgvar sityvaformaTa

qmnadobisa Tu am formaTa araZiriTadi, zogjer ki _ moulodneli

funqciebiT aRWurvis unari xazs usvams qarTuli enis moqnilobas da

mkvlevrebs ayenebs rTuli gamowvevis SinaSe _ amoxsnan is meqanizmi,

romlis wyalobiTac ena am `saswaulebs~ axdens. swored ase aRmovCndiT

Cvenc `translaciis~ tyveobaSi da daviwyeT am enobrivi movlenis kvleva.

marTalia, Sesaswavli sakiTxi misi didi moculobis gamo SemovfargleT

substantivacia-adieqtivaciis sazRvrebSi, magram, miuxedavad amisa,

SevecadeT gveCvenebina enaSi moqmedi is ZiriTadi berketebi, romelTa

meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia sityvaTa/enobriv erTeulTa saunjis

usasrulo zrda.

translaciis, rogorc gramatikuli movlenis, mecnierul Seswavlas

qarTul lingvistikaSi didi xnis istoria ar aqvs, Tumca, misi

specifikidan gamomdinare, mas iribad mainc yvela gramatikosi exeba, vinc

qarTul enas met-naklebi sisruliT ikvlevs. amjerad Cven sakiTxs

warmovadgenT kompleqsurad, enobrivi sistemis gaTvaliswinebiT da

vimedovnebT, rom winamdebare sadisertacio naSromi garkveulwilad

mainc gascems pasuxs im mraval kiTxvas, romlebic xsenebuli

gramatikuli movlenis Sesaxeb daismis.

ramdenadac sakiTxi masStaburia, xolo sadisertacio naSromisTvis

wayenebuli moTxovnebi _ mkacrad gansazRvruli, aq ver ganvixilavT

translaciis yvela niuanss. vfiqrobT, rom misi srulyofili kvleva

momavlis saqmea da Cveni naSromi mxolod mokrZalebuli mcdelobaa am

metad saintereso sakiTxis gaSuqebisa.

2

I. sakiTxis arsi da aqtualuroba

enis mecnieruli Seswavla-damuSaveba gansxvavebuli Tu identuri

meTodologia-midgomebiT mraval wels iTvlis. aRweriTi da istoriul-

SedarebiTi TvalsazrisiT qarTuli enis kvlevam seriozul simaRleze

aiyvana qarTuli lingvisturi azri, araerTi fundamenturi naSromi

SegvZina Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis mimarTulebiT. meoce saukunis

bolosa da ocdameerTe saukunis dasawyisSi axali gamowvevis winaSe

aRmoCnda yvela ena da maT Soris _ qarTulic. kerZod, sakomunikacio

saSualebebis swrafma ganviTarebam da misma SeWram sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis yvela sferoSi gansakuTrebuli aqtualuroba mianiWa enis

mecnieruli Seswavlis iseTi axal mimarTulebebs, romlebic bunebrivi

enis kompiuteruli damuSavebisaTvis sasicocxlod saWiroa. rogorc s.

levinsoni da n. ivansi aRniSnaven, `lingvistika aris monacemebis,

meTodebisa da Teoriis didi cvlilebebis zRvarze~ (levinsoni, 2010:

2733). mniSvnelovni gaxda enobrivi erTeulebisa da maTi urTierTkavSiris

aRwera struqturul-funqciuri TvalsazrisiT. enis amgvari Seswavla, ra

Tqma unda, logikuri gagrZelebaa fundamenturi kvlevebisa da efuZneba

kidec mas, Tumca igi gansxvavebul WrilSi aSuqebs garkveul enobriv

movlenebs, riTac udavod xels uwyobs rogorc lingvisturi azris

ganviTarebas, ise enaTmecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebis gamoyenebiTi

daniSnulebis zrdas.

meoce saukunis lingvisturi kvlevebi, rogorc cnobilia, ZiriTadad

ori mimarTulebiT mimdinareobda. es is mimarTulebebia, romlebmac

asaxva struqturul da transformaciul gramatikebSi pova da

mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula Tanamedrove msoflio enaTmecnierebis

ganviTarebaSi (ele, 2006: 181). im sakiTxTa Soris, romlebsac

struqturuli lingvistikis mimdevrebi Seexnen, erT-erTi translaciaa.

xsenebuli grmatikuli movlenis Seswavla dakavSirebulia frangi

enaTmecnieris, lusien tenieris, saxelTan (tenieri, 1988). misi

TvalsazrisiT, metyvelebis wrfivi mimdinareoba gramatikulad

struqturul models qmnis, romelic agebulia daqvemdebarebaze.

amitomacaa, rom Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebaSi l. tenierisa da misi

3

mimdevrebis gramatikuli Sexedulebebi cnobilia, rogorc

daqvemdebarebiTi gramatikuli Teoria. mniSvnelovania, rom XXI saukunis

mecnierebaSi yuradRebas amaxvileben daqvemdebarebiTi modelebis rolze

bunebriv enaTa manqanuri Targmnis procesSi. magaliTad, s. fujitasa da

f. bondis azriT, `daqvemdebarebiTi informaciis gareSe Targmani aris

gaugebari~ (fujita... 2007: 3) da isini modelebis Seqmnisas

xelmZRvaneloben meTodiT, romelic efuZneba Sexedulebas imis Taobaze,

rom `msgavsi mniSvnelobis zmnebs tipobrivad msgavsi daqvemdebarebiTi

struqturebi aqvT~ (fujita... 2007: 7).

ramdenadac tenieris midgoma enis stuqturul-funqciur Seswavlas

gulisxmobs, man swored struqturuli gramatikis sakiTxebTan

mimarTebiT Camoayaliba translaciis Teoria. lusien tenieri termin

`translaciiT~ asaxavs movlenas, rodesac „srulmniSvnelovani sityva

erTi gramatikuli klasidan gadadis meoreSi“ (tenieri, 1988: 378). sityvis

klasi da funqcia imdenad mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan, rom

klasis cvlileba iwvevs sityvis funqciis cvlilebas da piriqiT.

mkvlevari upiratesobas termin „translacias“ imitom aniWebs, rom igi ar

gvxvdeba sxva gramatikuli movlenis gamosaxatavad, Tumca iqve SeniSnavs,

rom inglisurisTvis aRniSnuli terminis gamoyenebas garkveuli

uxerxuloba axlavs (translation _ Targmna) da am enisTvis `translaciis~

fardad „transference“-s asaxelebs (tenieri, 1988: 380). Tanamedrove

enaTmecnierebaSi `translaciis~ sinonimur terminad gvxvdeba

`transpoziciac~. kerZod, enciklopedia „qarTul enaSi“ „transpozicia“

(viwro gagebiT) ganmartebulia, rogorc „sityvis gadasvla erTi

metyvelebis nawilidan meoreSi _ sruli, anu morfologiuri

transpozicia. an sityvis gamoyeneba sxva metyvelebis nawilis funqciiT _

usruli, anu sintaqsuri transpozicia“ (qarTuli ena, 2008: 460).

„transpoziciis“ (viwro gagebiT) msgavsi gansazRvrebaa warmodgenili

„lingvistur enciklopediur leqsikonSic“ (lel, 1990: 519). qarTul

saenaTmecniero literaturaSi orive terminis gamoyenebis praqtika

arsebobs (arabuli, 2001; uTurgaiZe, 2005; uTurgaiZe... 2007; uTurgaiZe, 2009;

qurdaZe, 2013 da sxv.). Cvenc meti sicxadisaTvis naSromis saTaurad orive

sinonimur termins vuTiTebT, Tumca msjelobisas gamoviyenebT

4

`translacias~ (ramdenadac Cveni kvleva iTvaliswinebs l. tenieris

`translaciis Teorias~). rac Seexeba inglisurenovan Targmans, sakiTxze

muSaobis Sedegad gamoikveTa, rom umjobesia mivmarToT termin

`transpozicias~, rogorc inglisurenovan praqtikaSi damkvidrebul

termins.

ramdenadac translirebisas sityvaTa klasebis cvlilebaze

vsaubrobT, unda ganimartos, ra moiazreba maTSi. `gramatikuli

aRwerisTvis sityvaTa klasebis sistemis mniSvneloba SeniSnes jer kidev

antikur epoqaSi~ (robinsi, 1966: 5), Tumca dRemde gansxvavebuli

mosazrebebi arsebobs ama Tu im enaSi sityvaTa klasebis raodenobasa da

maTi gamoyofis kriteriumebze. l. tenieri akritikebs metyvelebis

nawilTa tradiciul klasifikacias da srulmniSvnelovnad da arasrul-

mniSvnelovnad sityvebis dajgufebis safuZvelze srulmniSvnelovan

sityvebSi gamoyofs arsebiT saxelebs, zmnebs, zedsarTavebsa da

zmnizedebs, arasrulmniSvnelovan sityvebSi _ kavSirebs, translativebsa

da markerebs, calke jgufad aerTianebs anaforul sityvebsa da sityva-

winadadebebsac (Sorisdebulebi da a.S.). tenieris sityvaTa klasebi arsiT

ufro metia, vidre tradiciuli klasifikaciis mixedviT gamoyofili

metyvelebis nawilebi. daismis kiTxva _ qarTulSi translaciis

Seswavlisas Cven gaviTvaliswinebT sityvebis tenieriseul Tu

tradiciul klasifikacias?!

Tanamedrove qarTuli enis gramatikis saxelmZRvaneloebSi

gamoyofilia aTi metyvelebis nawili: arsebiTi saxeli, zedsarTavi

saxeli, ricxviTi saxeli, nacvalsaxeli, zmna, zmnizeda, Tandebuli,

kavSiri, nawilaki da Sorisdebuli. metyvelebis nawilebad iwodeba

rogorc srulmniSvnelovani, ise arasrulmniSvnelovani sityvebi. Cvens

mizans ar warmoadgens xsenebuli klasifikaciis Sefaseba, Tumca unda

iTqvas, rom im uxerxulobis gamo, romelsac es dajgufeba iwvevs, misi

marTebulobis Sesaxeb gamoTqmulia gansxvavebuli mosazrebanic. kerZod,

arn. Ciqobava statiaSi „qarTuli ena, misi agebuleba-Sedgenilobis

zogadi sakiTxebi“ metyvelebis nawilTa damkvidrebuli klasifikaciis

Sesaxeb wers: „aseTi dajgufeba garkveul viTarebaSi gaCnda, saxeldobr,

roca gramatikaSi mxolod erTi dargi iyo da mas ekisreboda yoveli

5

sityvis daxasiaTeba, rac ki winadadebaSi iyo, masTan _ funqciis mxrivac,

aRnagobis mxrivac. im xanad aseTi dajgufeba garkveul miRwevas

warmoadgenda... isic unda iTqvas, rom arsebiTi, zedsarTavi da ricxviTi

saxeli erT sibrtyeze ar idga, sam erTeuls ara qmnida da „saxelebSi“

iyrida Tavs. sam Tanabar erTeulad dayofa gvian moxda, filosofiis

zegavlenam gamoiwvia, da morfologiis TvalsazrisiT ukan gadadgmul

nabijs warmoadgenda. mas Semdeg, rac enaTmecnierebaSi dargTa wyeba

Camoyalibda, cxadia, dionise Trakielis sqemis datovebas mecnieruli

safuZveli ar moepoveba: morfologia sityvas swavlobs misi struqturis

TvalsazrisiT. amitom morfologiaSi mxolod is sityva unda darCes,

rasac struqtura aqvs, e.i. morfologiuri kategoria moepoveba. aseTia

saxeli da zmna. zmnisarTi da misi qvejgufebi leqsikuri niSnis mixedviT

erTiandeba da, cxadia, leqsikologiaSi unda iqnes ganxiluli,

Tandebulebi _ sintaqssa da stilistikaSi; aseve _ kavSiri da nawilakebi.

maSin ar iqneba iseTi mdgomareoba, roca erTi da igive sityva or

metyvelebis nawils ganekuTvneba („vinc“, „rac“, „romelic“

nacvalsaxelic aris da kavSiric; „sadac“ _ zmnisarTicaa da kavSiric...

da es imitom xdeba, rom „kavSiri“ sxva niSnis mixedviT gamoyofili

erTeulia da „nacvalsaxeli“ _ sxva niSnis mixedviT“ (Ciqobava, 1964: 40).

ufro metic, calsaxad uaryofiTia arn. Ciqobavas Sefaseba sityvebis

damkvidrebuli dayofis mimarT: `metyvelebis nawilTa tradiciuli

klasifikacia uvargisia, rogorc klasifikacia~, _ aRniSnavs igi

(Ciqobava, 2008: 197).

metyvelebis nawilTa tradiciulisgan gansxvavebul klasifikacias

gvTavazobs b. jorbenaZec: „Tandebuli da nawilaki arsebiTad aris

morfema, nawevari _ morfemoidia. Sorisdebuli leqsikologiuri cnebaa

da amitomac leqsikologiaSi unda iqnes ganxiluli, xolo

morfologiurad igi an saxelis fuZed iqceva (vais gaveyare, vuis

Seveyare...), an zmnisa (viSobs, vaglaxobs, ariqaT, suT!..). kavSiri

sintaqsuri cnebaa da sintaqsSi unda iqnes ganxiluli. zmnizeda zmnis

msazRvrelia, zmnas ki igi brunvaSi ver SeuTanxmdeba, amitomac tovebs

formaucvleli sityvis STabeWdilebas. sinamdvileSi zmnizeda

formacvalebadi sityvaa“ (jorbenaZe, 1995: 23). b. jorbenaZes

6

umarTebulod miaCnia nacvalsaxelis calke metyvelebis nawilad

gamoyofac. Tu nacvalsaxeli substantivs cvlis, rogorc metyvelebis

nawili _ substantivia, mecnieris azriT, xolo, Tu atributivs cvlis _

atributivia. mniSvnelovania, rom mkvlevari I da II piris nacvalsaxelebs

ar Tvlis nacvalsaxelebad. „vuwodoT „me“ da „Sen“ formebs

nacvalsaxeli, es igivea „givi“, „daviTi“ formebis mimarT „kaci“

gamovacxadoT nacvalsaxelad“, _ aRniSnavs igi da sabolood gvawvdis

metyvelebis nawilTa Semdegnair klasifikacias (jorbenaZe, 1995: 25):

saxeli substantivi

atributivi saxelis atributivi

zmnis atributivi

zmna

metyvelebis nawilTa jgufebSi sityvaTa gaerTianebisas

erTgvarovani principebis ararsebobas usvams xazs g. nebieriZec.

`mocemul klasifikacias Tu ganvixilavT semiotikuri TvalsazrisiT,

aRmoCndeba, rom masSi gaerTianebulia sruliad sxvadasxva donisa da

struqturis elementebi~, _ aRniSnavs mkvlevari da Semdeg azustebs:

`erTgvarovneba ara gvaqvs imitom, rom erTi mxriv, arsebiTi saxeli,

zedsarTavi saxeli, ricxviTi saxeli, nacvalsaxeli, zmna da zmnizeda,

xolo meore mxriv, Tandebuli (windebuli), kavSiri da nawilaki

semantikuri TvalsazrisiT heterogenuli (sxvadasxvagvarovani)

elementebia~ (nebieriZe, 1999: 146-147). amave xarvezze miuTiTebs `Teoriuli

enaTmecnierebis kursSi~ gamoTqmuli Semdegi mosazrebac: `tradiciul

gramatikaSi metyvelebis nawilebis gamoyofa xdeba upiratesad

mniSvnelobis mixedviT, rac xSirad gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobas

warmoSobs, rom araferi vTqvaT saklasifikacio kriteriumis

bundovanebaze~ (gamyreliZe... 2008: 208), amitom `metyvelebis nawilebi unda

ganvsazRvroT maTi fleqsiuri maCveneblebis mixedviT, an, Tu enaSi

fleqsia ar aris warmodgenili, _ sintaqsur konstruqciebSi maTi

funqciis mixedviT~ (gamyreliZe... 2008: 208).

`Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiis~ avtorebic miiCneven, rom

metyvelebis nawilTa `tradiciul klasifikacias, rogorc klasifikacias,

7

bevri nakli aqvs: irRveva saklasifikacio principi (monacvleobs

morfologiuri, sintaqsuri, semantikuri da leqsikuri principebi)...

miuxedavad amisa, aseTi dayofiT tradiciulad SemuSavebul terminebs

SeiZleba dResac hqondes teqnikuri gamoyeneba mecnierul gramatikaSi~

(gogolaSvili... 2011: 37).

mniSvnelovania, rom Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi (filmori, 1977;

broderiki, 1975; fromkini... 2009 da sxv.) enobriv erTeulTa

saklasifikacio jgufad aqtiurad gamoiyeneba sityvaTa klasebi,

romlebic Tavis mxriv frazis Semadgeneli elementebia. rac Seexeba

qarTul saenaTmecniero literaturasa Tu gramatikul saxelmZRvane-

loebs, zemoT warmodgenili mosazrebanic cxadyofs, rom ar gvaqvs

erTgvarovani suraTi klasebsa Tu metyvelebis nawilTa jgufebSi

sityvebis ganawilebasTan dakavSirebiT da aRniSnuli sakiTxi damatebiT

kvleva-damuSavebas namdvilad saWiroebs. miuxedavad xsenebuli

sirTulisa, bundovanebis Tavidan asacileblad Tavidanve aRvniSnavT,

rom Cven terminebs _ metyvelebis nawilsa da sityvaTa klass _

paralelurad gamoviyenebT, mxolod davakonkretebT: CvenTvis

mniSvnelovania arsebiTi da zedsarTavi saxelebis ara marto semantikuri

niuansi, aramed maTi gramatikuli kategoriebi da funqciuri

Taviseburebanic. amitom substantivaciad ganvixilavT nebismieri sxva

klasis sityvis substantivad qcevas, xolo adieqtivaciad _

Tavdapirvelad araadieqtivi enobrivi erTeulis adieqtivis funqciiT

gamoyenebas.

Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi ganarCeven sityvaTa Ria da daxurul

klasebs. Riaa is klasi, romlis Sevsebac SesaZlebelia axali sityvebiT,

daxurul klasSi ki sityvebis Camateba praqtikulad ar xdeba. daxuruli

klasis sityvebs aqvT ufro gramatikuli, vidre leqsikuri mniSvneloba

da maT funqciur sityvebs uwodeben. Ria klasis sityvebia, magaliTad,

zmna, arsebiTi da zedsarTavi saxelebi (fromkini... 2009: 33). Cven mier

Sesaswavli sakiTxic arsebiT da zedsarTav saxelTa Ria klasebis axali,

translaciis gziT miRebuli, sityvebiT Sevsebas exeba.

amjerad unda gairkves, rodis SeiZleba visaubroT sityvis

translaciaze, anu rodis SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sityva translirebulia.

8

upirvelesad aRsaniSnavia: araerT enaTmecniers aqvs SeniSnuli

faqti, rom metyvelebis nawilebs aqvT ZiriTadi funqciebi da agreTve

funqciebi, romlebsac isini garkveul poziciaSi iZenen.

a. SaniZe ama Tu im metyvelebis nawilis `TavisTavadad~ Tu

`msazRvrelad~ gamoyenebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs: `erTi da igive saxeli

SeiZleba TavisTavadadac vixmaroT da msazRvreladac, magram

TavisTavadoba axasiaTebs upiratesad arsebiT saxelebs, wilobiT

ricxviTebs, zogierT nacvalsaxels (pirisas da sxv.), sawyisebs da

moqmedebiTi gvaris mimReobebs, msazRvreloba _ ki umetesad

zedsarTavebs, raodenobiTsa da rigobiT saxelebs, zogierT

nacvalsaxels (kuTvnilebiTs da sxv.) da vnebiTi gvaris mimReobas~

(SaniZe, 1980: 49). J. feiqriSvilic miiCnevs, rom `Cveulebriv, ama Tu im

metyvelebis nawilTan dakavSirebulia romelime ZiriTadi funqcia,

magram SesaZlebelia moxdes sityvis gadasvla metyvelebis nawilTa erTi

Tanrigidan meoreSi. magaliTad., Cqari (mdinare) _ zedsarTavi saxeli,

magram: Cqara (midis) _ zmnizeda. SesaZlebelia, damxmare sityva, agreTve,

Sorisdebuli winadadebaSi gamoyenebul iqnes srulmniSvnelovani sityvis

funqciiTac: `da majgufebeli kavSiria~. aq da qvemdebarea. `vais gaveyare

da vuis Seveyare~ _ orive Sorisdebuli damatebaa~ (feiqriSvili, 1996: 59).

marTalia, J. feiqriSvili eTanxmeba metyvelebis nawilTa ZiriTadi

funqciis arsebobas, magram igi ar uaryofs winadadebaSi rolis

gavleniT sityvis sintaqsuri funqciis cvlasac.

a. daviTians ki sityvis funqciis gansazRvrisas umTavresad miaCnia

winadadebis modelSi am sityvis adgili: `radgan praqtikulad

winadadebaSi metyvelebis nawilTa funqcia sakmaod aRreulia, calke

aRebuli metyvelebis nawili ki ara, zogjer misi garkveuli formac ar

gansazRvravas zustad mis funqcias. imdenad didia modelis mniSvneloba,

rom erTi da igive izolirebuli sityva erTi da imave formiT SeiZleba

winadadebis sxvadasxva wevrad mogvevlinos; magaliTad: uremi WrialiT

midioda (qvemdebare); ivanem dainaxa WrialiT momavali uremi (pir.

damateba); uremi SeSa ewyo manqanaze (gansazRvreba); es ivanes uremia

(Semasmeneli). aseTi mdgomareoba met-naklebad yvela metyvelebis nawilis

formebTan gvaqvs~, _ aRniSnavs mecnieri (daviTiani, 1973: 120).

9

principulad imave poziciazea b. jorbenaZec. igi metyvelebis

nawilTa gansxvavebul klasifikacias formacvalebis principze

dayrdnobiT ayalibebs, saxelebSi ganarCevs substantivebsa da

atributivebs da aRniSnavs, rom `maT Soris ar aris mkacri semantikuri

mijna: erTi da igive saxeli konteqstis Sesabamisad SesaZloa iyos

substantivic da atributivic~ (jorbenaZe, 1995: 24). Tqmulis

sailustraciod mecniers mohyavs `godori~ sityvis gansxvavebuli

funqciebi Semdeg SesityvebebSi: didi godori (godori substantivia) da

godori simindi (godori atributivia).

l. kvaWaZe ki metyvelebis nawilTa ZiriTadi funqciisa da sityvis

sintaqsuri rolis cvlas erTdroul procesebad miiCnevs: `ama Tu im

metyvelebis nawilTan dakavSirebulia romelime ZiriTadi sintaqsuri

funqcia, magram enebSi ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobs sityvis erTi

metyvelebis nawilidan sxva metyvelebis nawilSi gadasvlis procesi, e. i.

gadanacvleba erTidan meoreSi, da amis Sedegad misi sxva sintaqsuri

funqciiT aRWurva. es procesi arc qarTulisTvis aris ucxo. amis

Sedegia substantivacia, adieqtivacia, adverbalizacia. ase, magaliTad,

zedsarTavi saxeli winadadebSi gansazRvrebaa (m a R a l i saxli), magram

is SeiZleba arsebiTi saxelis mniSvnelobiT gamoviyenoT da qvemdebare an

damateba gamoxatos. magaliTad: amis gagonebaze m a R a l m a , romelsac

abesalomi rqmeoda, Tvalebi daabriala... m a R a l m a qvemdebarea~ (kvaWaZe,

1996: 70).

Cveni azriTac, marTebulia sityvaTa ZiriTadi da poziciurad

(konteqstSi) SeZenili funqciebis gamijvna, miT umetes, rom translaciis

arsi swored araZiriTadi funqciiT sityvis / enobrivi erTeulis gamoyene-

baSi gamoixateba. es procesi Semdegnairad unda warmovidginoT: TiToeul

sityvas, rogorc ama Tu im klasis erTeuls, aqvs ZiriTadi funqcia,

romelsac igi umetesad avlens winadadebSi Tavisi rolis Sesrulebisas

da romeli funqciis gaTvaliswinebiTac xdeba misi daxasiaTeba.

magaliTad, arsebiTi saxeli ZiriTadad qvemdebare-damatebebis funqciiT

gvxvdeba, zedsarTavi _ sagnis niSan-Tvisebis ganmsazRvrelad, magram

Tavisufladaa SesaZlebeli, rom maT, mosaubris saWiroebisamebr

(saTqmelis ukeT gamoxatvis mizniT), winadadebaSi maTTvis araZiriTadi

10

rolis Sesruleba ikisron. xdeba isec, rom araTu gansxvavebuli, aramed

identuri sityvaformebi sxvadasxva funqciiT aris aRWurvili. Tu rogor,

ra saSualebebis daxmarebiT icvlian sityvebi klasebs, swored es aris

translaciis Seswavlis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi. Tumca aqve

unda aRiniSnos, rom translaciaze saubari mxolod im SemTxvevaSi

SeiZleba, rodesac sityva icvlis klass, gamoiyeneba araZiriTadi

funqciiT da translirdeba swored im klasis sityvad, konkretulad

romlis rolsac asrulebs winadadebaSi.

gamoTqmulia mosazreba (T. uTurgaiZe), rom translaciad iqnes

miCneuli iseTi semantikur-gramatikuli cvlilebac, romelic

Sidaklasovani xasiaTisaa. amgvari SemTxvevebis translaciis saxeliT

ganvixilva, Cveni azriT, garkveul sirTules warmoSobs enis sistemis

zusti aRweris procesSi, amitom termini `translacia~ winamdebare

naSromSi gamoyenebuli iqneba mxolod sityvaTa klasis cvlilebis

movlena-meqanizmis aRsaniSnavad.

translacia, rogorc gramatikuli movlena, kargad avlens enis

Sinagan potenciasa da bunebas, warmoaCens enobriv sistemas, amitom

qarTuli enis struqturul-funqciuri SeswavlisTvis uaRresad

sainteresod gvesaxeba misi kvleva. amas garda, miRebuli Sedegebi Tavis

rols Seasrulebs Tanamedrove lingvistikis Teoriuli Tu gamoyenebiTi

moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad. sityvaformaTa qmnadoba-generireba, maTi

funqciuri datvirTva winadadebaSi, am erTeulTa sintaqsuri

kvalifikacia miekuTvneba erT-erT yvelaze aqtualur sakiTxebs, romelTa

kvleva umniSvnelovanesia sityvaTa yalibebisa (modelebis) Tu manqanuri

analizatorebis Seqmnis mizniT. vimedovnebT, rom winamdebare naSromis

Sedegebi am mxrivac Seitans wvlils qarTuli enis kompiuteruli

damuSavebis saqmeSi. yovelive zemoTqmuli udavod adasturebs

translaciis mecnieruli Seswavlis aqtualurobas.

11

II. translaciis saxeebi da saSualebebi

translaciis Sedegad miiReba sxvadasxva klasis sityva. imis

mixedviT, Tu romel klass ganekuTvneba translirebuli erTeuli,

ganirCeva translaciis saxeebi: substantivacia, adieqtivacia,

adverbalizacia, verbalizacia da sxv. am etapisTvis CamoTvlilTagan

Cveni kvlevis sferoSi Semodis mxolod substantivacia da adieqtivacia.

samecniero literaturis mixedviT, substantivaciis, rogorc

gramatikuli movlenis, arsi ama Tu im metyvelebis nawilis

gaarsebiTebaSi mdgomareobs. gamoyofen sruli, arasruli da

okazionaluri substantivaciis saxeebs: „sruli, roca zedsarTavi an sxva

romelime metyvelebis nawili gaarsebiTdeba da Tavisi pirvandeli

funqciiT aRar gamoiyeneba (samkuTxedi, cxenosani, sacivi...); arasruli,

roca zedsarTavi (an sxva metyvelebis nawili) zog SemTxvevaSi

gaarsebiTebulia, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki isev zedsarTavia (morige,

sasadilo, samxedro...); okazionaluri, roca zedsarTavi arsebiTis

funqciiT mxolod mocemul konteqstSi gamoiyeneba _ Zunwi da

alalmarTali“ (qarTuli... 2008: 448). adieqtivacia ki warmoadgens ama Tu

im metyvelebis nawilis zedsarTavis funqciiT gamoyenebas.

sityvas, romelmac unda ganicados translacia, ewodeba

„satranslirebeli“ sityva, romelmac ganicada translacia _

„translirebuli“, xolo „translativebad“ movixseniebT translaciis

morfologiur markerebs (tenieri, 1988: 381). translativebs aqvT unari,

sityva romelime, magaliTad, substantivebis, klasSi gadaiyvanon. Tu

sityva Tavdapirvelad araa substantivi, xolo mawarmoebeli mas

substantivad aqcevs, gamodis, rom es mawarmoebeli masubstantivebeli

translativia. SesaZlebelia erTi da igive elementi erT formasTan

translativi iyos, meoresTan _ ara. magaliTad, masubstantivebeli

translativi klass ucvlis adieqtivs, xolo substantivze darTvis

SemTxvevaSi, mas mxolod gansxvavebul semantikur niuanss sZens klasis

cvlilebis gareSe. Sdr.: kargi (adieqt.) karg-oba (subst.) da bavSvi

(subst.) bavSv-oba (subst.). pirvel SemTxvevaSi `oba~ masubstantivebel

12

translativad gvevlineba, meoreSi ki sityvis substantiurobis

gamomxatvelia mxolod. Sesabamisad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom arsebobs

translativebi (romelTa darTvis Sedegadac sityvebi icvlian klass) da

sxvadasxva morfologiuri elementi, romelic sityvis translirebis

mizezad ver miiCneva, magram am erTeulis romelime klasisadmi

kuTvnilebis maCvenebeli (indikatori) namdvilad aris. sxvagvarad rom

vTqvaT, yvela translativi romelime klasis indikatoricaa

imavdroulad, magram yvela indikatori translativi ar aris.

gansakuTrebuli datvirTva eniWeba indikators sintaqsuri translaciis

SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, winadadebaSi _ vais gaveyare, uis Seveyareo

(saxokia, 2012: 85) _ formebSi `vais~ da `uis~ brunvis niSnebi am

erTeulebis substantiuri translaciis indikatorebia.

substantiurobis / adieqtiurobis indikatoris, rogorc terminis,

Semotana, Cveni azriT, marTebulia saxelur formaTa zusti sintaqsuri

kvalifikaciisaTvis enis kompiuteruli damuSaveba-modelirebis procesSi

Tu analizatorebis Seqmnisas.

aqtiurobis TvalsazrisiT tenieri ganarCevs cocxal da gaqvavebul

translacias. gaqvavebuls is uwodebs iseT translacias, roca

matranslirebeli elementi cocxal enaSi gadis xmarebidan da mas

mxolod etimologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs (tenieri, 1988: 387). amas garda,

mklevari ganarCevs translaciis or safexurs: pirveli safexurisaa

translacia, roca sityva erTi klasidan meoreSi gadadis; xolo meore

safexurisaa, roca winadadebis zmnuri birTvi gadadis sxva kategoriaSi.

tenieri gamoyofs aseve erTmag, ormag da mravaljerad translacias.

sityvaTa translacia xorcieldeba rogorc morfologiuri

saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, ise winadadebis modelSi dakavebuli adgilis

gavleniT. meti sicxadisTvis moviyvanT magaliTebs:

a)

mdumared idga TeTri myinvari (TeTri adieqtivia);

am si-TeTr-e-m CemSi udidesi aRfrTovaneba gamiwvia (siTeTre

substantivia, adieqtivisagan translativebiT miRebuli; cvlileba

morfologiuri xasiaTisaa).

13

b)

im mTaze didi qva devs (didi adieqtivia);

didma pataras xeli gauwoda dasaxmareblad (didi adieqtivad aRar

ganixileba, igi ukve substantivia _ gasubstantivebulia; cvlileba

sintaqsuri xasiaTisaa).

rogorc morfologiuri, ise sintaqsuri meqanizmis gavleniT sityvam

Seicvala klasi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi sityva sabolood iqca substantivad,

meoreSi _ sityvam translacia winadadebaSi (winadadebis abstrahirebul

modelSi) dakavebuli adgilis gavleniT ganicada da substantivis

ZiriTadi funqciebiT aRiWurva konkretulad am SemTxvevaSi. modelis

gavlenis gareSe igi ver gasubstantivdeboda. Sesabamisad, aseTi

translacia poziciuri xasiaTisaa. Tqmulidan gamomdinare, translaciis

mizezisa da meqanizmis miuxedavad, translaciad kvalificirdeba

nebismieri is SemTxveva, rodesac sityva erTi klasidan gadainacvlebs

meoreSi.

translaciis rTuli bunebidan gamomdinare, misi kvleva ver moeqceva

enaTmecnierebis mxolod erTi mimarTulebis (mag., mxolod morfologiis

an mxolod sintaqsis) CarCoebSi. movlenis arss ukavSirdeba is, rom

zogjer morfologiuri cvlileba Sepirobebulia sintaqsis gavleniT,

xolo zogjer, piriqiT, morfologiis doneze ganviTarebuli procesebi

aisaxeba ama Tu im sityvis sintaqsur funqciaze. Sesabamisad, enobrivi

erTeulis formobrivi da funqciuri analizi mravali aspeqtis

gaTvaliswinebas gulisxmobs, amitomac mxolod erTi TvalsazrisiT

translaciis kvleva araTu srulyofili ver iqneba, aramed

SeuZlebelicaa. Tumca aqve daismis kiTxva: arsebobs erTi gramatikuli

movlenis erTdroulad ramdenime mimarTulebiT (morfologia, sintaqsi...)

ganxilvis precedenti Tu am mxriv translacia gamonakliss warmoadgens?

zogadad, enaSi garkveuli sakiTxebis Seswavlis dros

morfologiisa da sintaqsis urTierTkavSirsa da maTi mkacri gamijvnis

SeuZleblobaze araerTi mecnieri amaxvilebs yuradRebas. amis Sesaxeb

jer kidev arn. Ciqobava werda: `sintaqsi morfologiisagan sagnis

mixedviT ki ar ganirCeva, aramed mxolod TvalsazrisiT; sagani

orivesaTvis erTia _ calke sityva; mis formas morfologia swavlobs,

14

mniSvnelobas _ sintaqsi.~ (Ciqobava, 1998-b: 39). dargTa diferencirebasTan

dakavSirebul problemebze miuTiTebs misive sityvebi: `am dargebis

dakavSireba ki araa Zneli, _ kavSiri mocemulia, _ aramed gamijvnaa

rTuli. zog SemTxvevaSi es metad mwvaved igrZnoba~ (Ciqobava, 1940: 162).

T. uTurgaiZesac miaCnia, rom `morfologiuri da sintaqsuri

movlenebi gramatikaSi sakmaod mkafiod aris gamijnuli erTimeorisagan

Semadgeneli elementebisa da elementTa urTierTobis kononzomierebaTa

mixedviT saTanado doneTa farglebSi, magram m a T i a b s o l u t u r i

g a m i j v n a S e u Z l e b e l i a , radgan enis globalur sistemaSi isini

erTdroulad moqmedeben da e r T i m e o r i s f u n q c i a T a r e a l i -

z a c i a S i s r ul i a d b u n e b r i v a d i R e b e n m o n a w i l e o b a s ~

(uTurgaiZe, 2009: 146).

J. feiqriSvilic iziarebs mosazrebas morfologiisa da sintaqsis

didi siaxlovis Sesaxeb: `morfologia ganixilavs formaTsawarmoebel

anu damokidebulebis aRmniSvnel afiqsebs, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba

sityvaTa SekavSireba azris gamosaxatavad. sityvaTa aseT SekavSirebas ki

sintaqsi Seiswavlis. maSasadame, sakvlevi obieqtis mixedviT morfologia

erTgvari Semamzadebeli safexuria sintaqsisaTvis. sxvagvarad rom

vTqvaT, morfologia amzadebs niadags sityvaTa SekavSirebis

Sesaswavlad. aqedan gamomdinareobs gramatikis am ori nawilis mWidro

kavSiri~, _ aRniSnavs mkvlevari (feiqriSvili, 1996: 5).

`Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiaSi~ ki vkiTxulobT:

`gramatikis dayofa morfologiad da sintaqsad zogjer pirobiT xasiaTs

iZens: morfologiuri sakiTxebis garkveva sintaqsuri urTierTobebis

gaTvaliswinebis gareSe ar moxerxdeba iseve, rogorc sintaqsuri

problemebis garkveva _ morfologiis sakiTxebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.

amitomac zogjer enaTmecnierebi saubroben morfosintaqsis sakiTxebze,

morfosintaqsur kategoriebze~ (gogolaSvili... 2011: 5).

a. holmbergi da i. robertsi ki aRniSnaven, rom `sityvis struqturas

bevri saerTo Tviseba aqvs sintaqsur struqturasTan~ (holmbergi... 2013:

111).

15

moyvanili citatebic mowmobs, rom translacia aris ara erTaderTi,

aramed erT-erTi gramatikuli movlena, romlis Seswavlac erTdroulad

Sedis morfologiisa da sintaqsis amocanebSi.

Tavidanve davazustebT imasac, rom winamdebare naSromSi Cven

translacias (substantivaciasa da adieqtivacias) ganvixilavT rogorc

morfologiuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, ise _ sintaqsuri meqanizmis

gavleniT (winadadebaSi sityvis struqturul-funqciuri datvirTvis

gaTvaliswinebiT). TavisTavad sainteresod gveCveneba translaciis

mizezTa kvlevac meore safexuris sintaqsuri translaciis (romelic

ukve rTuli winadadebis doneze gadis) dros, Tumca igi moiazrebs

sakiTxTa wyebas da didi moculobis gamo Tavisuflad SeiZleba calke

ganxilvis sagnad iqces. amitom Cveni mizani am etapisTvis ver iqneba

translaciis srulad gaSuqeba da, rogorc aRvniSneT, SemovifarglebiT I

safexuris translaciasTan dakavSirebuli morfologiuri da zogi

sintaqsuri sakiTxiT.

III. qarTuli lingvisturi azris istoria

translaciasTan mimarTebiT

translaciis kvleva qarTulSi SedarebiT axal movlenas

warmoadgens, Tumca, Tu sakiTxis arsis gaTvaliwinebiT mivadevnebT

Tvals qarTuli enaTmecnieruli azris geneziss, aRmovaCenT, rom erTi

metyvelebis nawilis meoreSi gadasvlis SemTxvevebi araerT mkvlevars

SeuniSnavs da ganuxilavs naSromebSi. marTalia, translaciis

kompleqsurad Seswavla Tanamedrove lingvistikis gamowvevaa da termin

`translaciis~ saxeliT aRniSnuli gramatikuli movlenis kvleva sul

axalia, magram aucilebelia iTqvas isic, rom am movlenasTan

dakavSirebuli Tematika jer kidev anton pirvelis gramatikaSi hpovebs

asaxvas. amitom erTiani suraTis Sesaqmnelad qarTul saenaTmecniero

16

literaturaSi translaciasTan mimarTebiT arsebul sakiTxebs

warmovadgenT qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT.

$ 1. translaciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi

gramatikis adrindel saxelmZRvaneloebSi

anton I, romelic, al. focxiSvilis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, „ara

mxolod pirveli gramatikis avtori, aramed qarTuli enaTmecnierebis

fuZemdebelia saerTod“ (focxiSvili, 1979: 11), „qarTul RrammatikaSi“

saintereso xedvas warmoadgens Cvens sakvlev sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom igi qarTuli enis mecnieruli Seswavlis

saTaveebTanaa, misi calkeuli mignebani namdvilad dasafasebelia.

anton I gamoyofs rva metyvelebis nawils: saxels, nacvalsaxels,

zmnas, mimReobas, Tandebuls, zmnizedas, kavSirsa da Sorisdebuls.

mniSvnelovania, rom misTvis zedsarTavi saxeli calke metyvelebis

nawili ki araa, aramed _ saxelis erT-erTi saxe. gramatikosi maT

Semdegnairad mijnavs: „arsebiTi ars TaviT TჳsaT mdgomare saubarsa Sina

da werilsa, xolo zed-Sesruli ars ara Tavis TჳsiT mdgomare aramed

mosruli arsebasa zeda“ (anton I, 1885: 125). rogorc ganmartebidanac Cans,

antonisTvis arsebiTi saxeli damoukidebelia, xolo zedsarTavi,

piriqiT, _ arsebiTTan dakavSirebuli. „amisTჳs ukuჱ ized-wodebian

romelnime saxelni zed-Sesrul, miT, raTa arsebasa zeda SeslჳTa

hniSunen raodenobasa, anu viTarebasa arsebisasa“, _ wers mkvlevari

(anton I, 1885: 125). aRniSnuli citatidan Cans, rom antoni sityvaTa

klasifikaciisas iTvaliswinebs maT rols winadadebaSi. mniSvnelovania,

rom sistemuri gramatikis Tanamedrove saxelmZRvaneloebic ki xSirad

ver gvawvdian am TvalsazrisiT erTgvarovan ganmartebebs, rac SeiZleba

SemswavlelisTvis damabneveli aRmoCndes.

antons uyuradRebod arc sityvawarmoeba darCa. igi ganarCevs martiv

(„pirvelsaxe“) da nawarmoeb fuZeebs („sxmiTgardaslჳTi“) da gamoyofs

17

warmoqmnili saxelebis jgufebs. cnobilia, rom sityvawarmoeba

metyvelebis nawilTa erTmaneTSi gadasvlis saukeTeso saSualebaa.

antonis gramatikuli naazrevidan faseulia isic, rom man aseve SeamCnia

naTesaobiTSi dasmuli saxelis sxva saxelTan sintaqsuri kavSiris

arseboba.

gaioz reqtoris „qarTuli Rrammatika“ CvenTvis saintereso

sakiTxebis mxriv Tvisobrivad did sxvaobas ar iZleva anton I-is

gramatikisgan. Tumca xazi unda gaesvas imas, rom gaioz reqtori

sityvaTa warmoebaze saubrisas gamoyofs 10 jgufs da, rac CvenTvis

yvelaze mniSvnelovania, am jgufTa Soris Semoaqvs „zmnasxmiTni anu

saxelzmnani, romelnica warmoeben zmnaTagan“ (gaiozi, 1970: 56) da

magaliTebad mohyavs „wera, kiTxua“ da sxv. zmnisagan saxelebis miRebis

(translirebis) erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli SemTxveva sawyisebis

(masdaris) miRebaa. amitom, Cveni azriT, gaioz reqtoris mier sityvaTa

warmoebis jgufebSi saxelzmnebis gamoyofa arsobrivad gamarTlebul

nabijad unda CaiTvalos.

ramdenime arsebiTi sakiTxis gamo mniSvnelovan yuradRebas

imsaxurebs m. janaSvilis „qarTuli gramatikac“. mkvlevari ara marto

aRniSnavs imas, rom arsebiTi saxeli SeiZleba miviRoT sxvadasxva

metyvelebis nawilisgan, aramed cdilobs mawarmoebeli afiqsebis

gamoyofasac. mimReobisagan miRebul saxelebad igi miiCnevs srulad

gasubstantivebul iseT sityvebs, rogorebicaa: mwerali, mxatvari, nayofi,

nafoti, samarTali, samoseli, mosavali da sxv. (janaSvili, 1906: 8-9).

m. janaSvils ar gamorCenia zmnisarTebisagan miRebuli

zedsarTavebic, romlebsac igi „damokidebiT zedSesrulebs“ uwodebs:

SarSandeli, guSindeli.., aqauri, iqauri... mkvlevars amave jgufSi

Semoaqvs iseTi sityvebi, rogorebicaa arsebiTebisgan nawarmoebi: veluri,

TuSuri, fSauri da sxv.

mniSvnelovania isic, rom m. janaSvilma zedsarTavebTan gaaerTiana

-a mwarmoebliani Tvisebis matarebeli sityvebi (tiktika, mZinara, trabaxa,

myvirala, mkvexara...) da nacvalsaxelebisgan -ur-is darTviT miRebuli

formebic (Cemeburi, miseburi...). yovelive zemoaRniSnuli, ra Tqma unda,

imsaxurebs yuradRebas substantivacia-adieqtivaciis TvalsazrisiT.

18

$ 2. sityvaTqmnadobis istoriuli procesebi

translaciis WrilSi

qarTuli lingvisturi azris istorias Tu Tvals gadavavlebT

translaciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT,

aRmovaCenT, rom saenaTmecniero kvleva CvenTvis saintereso Temas

qarTuli enis ganviTarebis yvela donesTan mimarTebiT Sexebia. amjerad

gaqvavebul translirebul formaTa magaliTze mimovixilavT

sityvaTqmnadobasTan, rogorc translaciis gamoxatulebasTan,

dakavSirebul im ramdenime gamokvlevas, romlebic CvenTvis sagulisxmo

debulebebs Seicavs.

upirvelesad am TvalsazrisiT SevexebiT arn. Ciqobavas monografias

`saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba qarTvelur enebSi~. xsenebuli

naSromi udidesi Rirebulebisaa ara marto qarTuli enis bunebis

siRrmiseulad Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, aramed imiTac, rom masSi

ganxiluli sakiTxebi, kerZod ki, arsebiTi saxelis, zedsarTavis,

masdarisa Tu mimReobis warmoebisTvis e. w. determinanti mawarmoeblebis

gamoyofa, udides interess iwvevs translaciis istoriis kvlevis kuTxiT.

mecnieri masalis analizs mihyavs daskvnamde, rom `mimReobis

sufiqsebi imeoreben arsebiTi da zedsarTavi saxelebis sufiqsebs~

(Ciqobava, 1942: 70). ufro metic, `mimReobidan ki ar gadasula arsebiTsa

da zedsarTav saxelebSi es afiqsebi, aramed, piruku, mimReobis

saWiroebisaTvis iReben imas, rac ukve gamoiyeneboda arsebiTsa da

zedsarTav saxelebSi. es afiqsebi pirveladia saxelebisTvis, meoreuli _

mimReobisaTvis~ (Ciqobava, 1942: 112). arn. Ciqobava miiCnevs, rom aRniSnuli

afiqsebi arsebiT saxelTa fuZis mawarmoeblebi unda yofiliyo da maT

deiqturi nawilakebis funqcia unda hqonoda, xolo imave afiqsebis

zedsarTav saxelTa fuZis sawarmoeblad gamoyenebas mecnieri arsebiTisa

da zedsarTavis, rogorc morfologiuri odenobis, gaudiferencirebl-

obiT xsnis: `fuZis erTnairi determinantebis gamoyeneba zedsarTavsa da

arsebiT saxelebSi morfologiuri sabuTia substantivisa da

atributivis gaudiferencireblobisa~, _ aRniSnavs igi da iqve ganmartavs

mimReobebSi saxeluri afiqsebis gamoyenebis mizezs: `ratom aris fuZis

19

determinanti mimReobis sawarmoebeli afiqsi? imitom, rom mimReoba

nazmnari saxelia, zmnis fuZisagan nawarmoebi saxeli; fuZis determinanti

ki saxelis fuZis sawarmoebeli afiqsia~ (Ciqobava, 1942: 120). anu zmnisagan

mimReobis sawarmoeblad saxelis fuZis determinantebis gamoyeneba

bunebrivia.

nazmnar saxeladaa miCneuli masdaric (sawyisi). mecnieri SeniSnavs,

rom qarTulSi masdari modis zmnisgan da ara _ piriqiT, anu imijneba

masdari, rogorc zmnisgan miRebuli saxeli, da infinitivi, rogorc

sawyisi forma zmnisa. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTulSive gvaqvs

garkveuli raodenoba sityvebisa, romlebic zmnisgan nawarmoebi araa.

aRniSnulis dasadastureblad naSromSi damowmebulia Semdegi sityvebi

(masdarebi): grial-i, Wrial-i, frial-i, kankal-i, ZunZul-i, gugun-i, Wix-

vin-i (Ciqobava, 1942: 218) da sxv. am faqts mecnieri Semdegnairad xsnis: `es

x d e b a imitom, rom a m p i r v e l a d s s a x e l e b s u k v e a q v T i s

m n i S v n e l o b a , r o m e l T a g a m o s a x a t a v a d a c m a s d a r i

i w a r m o e b a : g r i a l - i , g u g u n - i , t i t i n - i , k a n k a l - i da

msgavsi saxelebi mdgomareoba-moqmedebis aRmniSvneli pirveladi

saxelebia~ (Ciqobava, 1942: 219). amgvar sityvebs avtori `pirvelad

masdarebs~ uwodebs.

rac Seexeba prefiqsian warmoebas, arn. Ciqobava analizis Sedegad

askvnis, rom `masdarTa prefiqsiani warmoeba a m J a m a d mkvdaria; maTi

umetesoba gasubstantivebulia jer kidev Zvel qarTulSi (siymil-i,

sikudil-i, sityua-ჲ, simRera-ჲ, saxareba-ჲ...), Tumca aqa-iq konteqstebSi

daCndeba zmnuroba (magal.: da iwyo sityuad...)~ (Ciqobava, 1942: 230).

sagulisxmoa isic, rom mecniers masdarul formebSi dadasturebuli

prefiqsebi (s-, s-i, s-a) imave bunebisad miaCnia, ra funqciasac isini

mimReobasa da sxva nawarmoeb saxelebSi avlenen. `amaSi gvarwmunebs erTi

garemoebac: amave prefiqss ena iyenebs atributivTagan ganyenebul

saxelTa sawarmoeblad~, _ aRniSnavs mkvlevari (Ciqobava, 1942: 235).

arn. Ciqobavas zemoaRniSnuli naSromi CvenTvis metad mniSvnelovania

ramdenime TvalsazrisiT. kerZod, zmnisgan saxelis (mimReobis, sawyisis)

misaRebad ena istoriulad imave inventars iyenebs, rasac saxelis

sawarmoeblad. es ki TvalsaCinos xdis zmnis substantivacia-

20

adieqtivaciis istoriul da, SesaZloa, qarTuli enisaTvis ganviTarebis

yvela etapze moqmed meqanizms.

gaqvavebul translacias exeba v. Tofurias statiac _ `qarTvelur

enaTa sityvawarmoebidan~. mecnieri ne-, na-, ni- prefiqsebs gamoyofs

Semdeg sityvebSi: ne-: nerwyvi, nergi, nerCi, nestvi, neSti, nezvi, netari;

na-: natrva natvra, naTel, naxva; ni-: niCvi, nidayvi, nikapi. mkvlevari

CamoTvlil formaTa analizis Sedegad askvnis: `naTlad Cans ne-, na-, ni-s

prefiqsoba, oRond sarkvevia, Tu ra funqciiT aris aRWurvili es

elementebi. nimuSebiT esec gamoaSkaravebulia: n e - (n e z v i , n e r w y v i ,

n e S t i ...) = qarT. s e -sa da svan. l e -s. igi maadieqtivebelia,

daniSnulebis gamomxatveli. Semdeg es e. w. adieqtivebi substantivebad

qceula. xolo n a -, n i - = qarT. s a -, s i -sa da svan. l a -, l i -s. eseni

umTavresad substantivebs awarmoeben. gamodis, rom qarTulSi erTisa da

imave movaleobis Semsruleblad fonetikurad gansxvavebuli ori

TavsarTi gvqonia: s e - // n e -, s a - // n a -, s i - // n i -.~ (Tofuria, 1979-a: 71).

v. Tofuria xmovanprefiqsebs gamoyofs rig sityvebSi: a-bano, a-dgili,

a-lagi, a-Crdili; e-na, e-r-qv-an-i, e-Wv-i; i-gavi, i-dayჳ, i-dumal, i-fqli, i-Zu-

leba, i-sari, i-Rlia; sa-ocari; me-ufe... da maT saerToqarTveluri

monacemebis safuZvelze Seiswavlis. mecnieri askvnis: `xmovanTavsarTovan

saxelebs Semdgom erToda s, n, l Tu d Tanxmovanprefiqsebi... am

elementTagan xmovanTavsarTi, Tu is fonetikur niadagze araa

ganviTarebuli, awarmoebs saxelebs saxelisagan da zmnisagan da

TanxmovanTavsarTi garkveuli funqciis matarebelia, saxeldobr, s, n, l,

d prefiqsebi samecniero literaturaSi miCneulia klaskategoriis

niSnebad. uTuod am garemoebiT aixsneba, rom rogorc xmovanelementebi,

ise Tanxmovanelementebi yvela tipis warmoqmnil saxelebSi Cans~

(Tofuria, 1979-b: 99).

zmnur da saxelur fuZeTqmnadobasTan mimarTebiT translacias avT.

arabuli Seexo monografiaSi `zmnuri da saxeluri fuZeTqmnadobis

problema qarTvelur enebSi~. aRniSnul naSromSi avT. arabuli iseve,

rogorc arn. Ciqobava wignSi `saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba

qarTvelur enebSi~, enis Sinagan potencias _ gamoxatos qmedeba da

21

sagnobrioba _ istoriul WrilSi warmoaCens da im inventars Seiswavlis,

romelic xsenebuli funqciiT gamoiyeneba.

zmnur da saxelur fuZeTa urTierTmimarTebas avT. arabuli

ramdenime TvalsazrisiT ikvlevs. igi exeba rogorc `Zireul saxelebs~

(romlebsac saerTo Ziri aqvT zmnasTan da gaformebis gareSe

warmodgebian substantivebad Tu atributivebad), alternacias (rogorc

zmnuri da saxeluri Zirebis diferenciaciis saSualebas) da saxelis

fuZis zog derivaciul models. Cvens gansakuTrebul yuradRebas

imsaxurebs naSromis calke Tavi _ `mdgomareobisa da Tvisebis

semantikaTa urTierTSexvedrisa da transpoziciis procesisaTvis

istoriul masalaSi~. monografiis am nawilSi mecnieri exeba mimReoburi

warmoebis safuZvelze zedsarTav saxelTa warmoqmnas. mas miaCnia, rom

`mimReoburi Sinaarsi gulisxmobs zmnuri subieqtisa da obieqtis

mdgomareobas dasrulebuli moqmedebis (misi Sedegis) mimarT. sagnis

(movlenis) mdgomareoba ki mis `Cveulebriv viTarebas~ gamoxatavs, rac

Sesabamis saxelTan (yofil subieqtTan, obieqtTan) atributuli

mimarTebis dros niSan-Tvisebis rangSi gvevlineba~ (arabuli, 2001: 287).

mecnieri gamoyofs mimReobis funqcionirebis or models. erTSi wina

planze saxeluri, xolo meoreSi _ zmnuri semantika gamodis. pirvel

modelSi (avtori amas atributul models uwodebs) `mimReoba bunebrivad

eqvemdebareba adieqtivaciis an, ufro iSviaTad, substantivaciis

tendencias. amgvari transpoziciis (translaciis) procesi Tavs iCens

mimReobis enobrivi funqcionirebis yovel sinqroniul doneze, movlenis

Sedegebi ki gansakuTrebiT istoriul WrilSi xdeba xelSesaxebi~, _

vkiTxulobT dasaxelebul naSromSi (arabuli, 2001: 288). mimReobis

istoriuli translaciis magaliTad avtors mohyavs Semdegi magaliTebi:

tfil-i: moiRi Tavadman man dedaman fili da laknaჲ, aRsavse wylisa

mier t f i l i s a .

Txril-i: da-re-aRrmeT T x r i l i ege; mieyrdna igi T x r i l s a mas

Sina (arabuli, 2001: 289).

mecnieri miiCnevs, rom `istoriuli transpoziciis procesi mimarTu-

lia rogorc substantivaciisaken (ZiriTadad), aseve adieqtivaciisaken

(SedarebiT iSviaTad): Weri, ZRveni, kveTi, ჴari... substantivebad

22

Camoyalibda, xolo Wyeti (tansacmeli), keli (saqoneli), Wviri (saSual

gamWvirvale, mWvirobi), Wiki (viwro, Sekruli, moWerili)... fuZeebSi

atributulma mniSvnelobam iCina Tavi~ (arabuli, 2001: 294).

amas garda, mkvlevari exeba -el sufiqsian saxelur fuZeebs da

askvnis, rom maTi umetesobis _ adieqtivacia da SedarebiT mcire nawilis

substantivacia ganxorcielda. amis magaliTebia: yveli, wneli, saxeli,

beReli, dindgeli, kedeli... (substantivebi) da wiTeli, yviTeli, Txeli,

zrqeli, grZeli, vrceli, brtyeli, cxeli, mrTeli, Zueli, sueli, naTeli

(atributivebi).

rac Seexeba imas, rom `saxelzmnuri~ elementebi xan atributuli da

xan substantiuri funqciiT gvevlinebian, amas mecnieri ase xsnis: `Tu

aqcentirebulia sagnis niSan-Tviseba _ atributuli Sinaarsi dominirebs,

Tu TviT saganze gadadis nominaciis maxvili _ substantivis gageba iwevs

wina planze. es kavSiri ganapirobebs transpoziciis istoriul process

paradigmatul da sintagmatur safuZvelze. transpoziciis istoriul

logikas gamoxatavs iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac erTi da igive forma

gvevlineba rogorc adieqtivis, ise substantivis poziciaSi~ (arabuli,

2001: 322).

amgvarad, zemoT ganxiluli naSromebi Zalian saintereso suraTs

gviCveneben translaciis istoriul-etimologiul WrilSi warmoCenisa da

gaqvavebuli translaciis formaTa analizisTvis. amas garda, isini

cxadyofen im tendencias, romelic istoriulad Tavs iCens enaSi da

mniSvnelovania, rogorc enis Sinagani potenciis gamoxatuleba;

translaciis, rogorc gramatikuli movlenis, qarTuli enis ganviTarebis

yvela etapisaTvis aqtiurobis dasturi.

23

$ 3. Zveli qarTuli enis kvleva da

translaciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi

metyvelebis nawilTa erTmaneTSi gadasvlis unarsa da saSualebebs

Zveli qarTuli enis araerTi mkvlevari Seexo. ramdenadac Cveni mizania

translaciis (substantivacia-adieqtivaciis) mecnieruli Seswavla

Tanamedrove qarTulSi, xolo enis Sinagani potenciisa da erTiani

suraTis Cvenebis TvalsazrisiT udavod Rirebulia Zveli qarTuli enis

monacemebis Cvenebac, SevecdebiT, met-naklebad warmovaCinoT Zveli

qarTuli enis mkvlevarTa mosazrebani translaciasTan dakavSirebiT.

i. imnaiSvili CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxs aSuqebs monografiaSi

„saxelTa bruneba da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi“. igi aRniSnavs,

rom „Zvel qarTulSi, gacilebiT ufro metad, vidre axal qarTulSi,

SeiZleba yoveli sityva ibrunos. aq, rasakvirvelia, saxelze araa

laparaki (saxeli TavisTavad brunebadi sityvaa), aq mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs

uformo sityvebi, rogoricaa nawilakebi, zmnizedebi, Tandebulebi,

kavSirebi; aq mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs agreTve zmnebic; zmnaTa piriani

formebic SesaZlebelia ibrunos, mas brunvis niSnebi gauCndes (e. i. zmnis

piriani forma fuZed iqnes gagebuli da Cveulebrivi wesiT ibrunos);

bolos, aq mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca aseT fuZed

mTeli Sesityveba an winadadeba aris gagebuli da igi ibruneba“

(imnaiSvili, 1957: 17). Tqmuls avtori magaliTebiT adasturebs: „ara iyo he

da ara, aramed hჱ igi mas Sina iqmna“; „sada xar aw, romelman-igi

gixarodeni marqu me“ (imnaiSvili, 1957: 18) da sxv. cxadia, aRniSnul

magaliTebSi gasubstantivebuli sityvebi (Sorisdebuli da zmna)

ibrunvis. brunebis unari mxolod saxels aqvs da, Sesabamisad,

gasubstantivebis gareSe verc erTi arasaxeli ver SeZlebs amas.

i. imnaiSvili xazs usvams sawyisebis saxelebTan siaxloves brunebis

unarisa da winadadebaSi dakisrebuli msgavsi funqciebis gamo da askvnis,

rom `sawyisis saxiT Cven winaSea arsebiT saxelTa erTi frTa, erTi

jgufi, romelsac zogi niSani zmnisa aqvs, magram mTavari da gadamwyveti

_ bruneba da funqciebi _ saxelTan aerTebs“ (imnaiSvili, 1957: 422).

24

Tu sawyisebi arsebiT saxelebTan msgavsebas amJRavneben, mimReobebi

yuradRebas iqceven „zedsarTavis rolSi“ gamosvlis unariT, ris

Sesaxebac mecnieri sagangebod aRniSnavs: „arc brunebis TaviseburebiT,

arc xarisxis warmoebis unariT, arc mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebiT

mimReobebi ar gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi zedsarTavi saxelebisagan.

aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT erTnairad aris gamoyenebuli enaSi, magaliTad,

tkbili da aRwerili, axali da mTvrali, mewamuli da faruli, yჳTeli

da sawamebeli. marTalia, aq warmodgenili wyvilebis meore wevrebs

(mimReobebs) gadmoyolili aqvT zmnuri kategoriebi droisa, gvarisa,

aspeqtisa da miT mkveTrad gansxvavdebian wyvilis pirveli wevrisagan,

magram es sityvis semantikuri mxarea da mas mniSvneloba ara aqvs am

sityvaTa brunebisa da warmoqmnisaTvis“ (imnaiSvili, 1957: 437).

aRniSnuli Tamamad SeiZleba miviCnioT zmnisgan adieqtivebis miRebis

saSualebad, Tanac Zvel qarTulSi amgvar saxelTa ufroobiTi xarisxis

warmoebis unaris gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom xsenebuli

SemTxveva adieqtivaciis ufro srulyofili saxea, vidre axal qarTulSi.

mniSvnelovania agreTve i. imnaiSvilis SeniSvna nawarmoebi

zedsarTavi saxelebis gasubstantivebis tendenciasTan dakavSirebiT.

kerZod, mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom bevri amgvari saxeli Zvel qarTulSive

aRar aRiqmeba zedsarTavad da isini arsebiT saxelad aris qceuli. igi

amgvar substantivebad Semdeg sityvebs asaxelebs: safrჴჱ, saunjჱ, safasჱ,

sakrebuloჲ, samRdeloჲ, samwysoჲ, samnoჲ, samarჱ, memtilჱ, mekecჱ,

meinaჴჱ (imnaiSvili, 1957: 424)...

monografiaSi arc isaa gamorCenili, rom arsebobs sityvebi,

romlebic erTi da imave formiT gamoiyenebian zedsarTav saxeladac da

arsebiTadac da maTi diferencireba mxolod konteqstis

gaTvaliswinebiTaa SesaZlebeli. mkvlevris mtkicebiT, aseTi saxelebia:

bneli, naTeli, boroti, saZageli, samarTali da sxv. (imnaiSvili, 1957: 425-

426). ukanaskneli SemTxveva ukavSirdeba translaciis sintaqsur meqanizms

da CvenTvis gansakuTrebul faseulobas iZens, ramdenadac translirebis

aRniSnuli tendencia Tanamedrove qarTulSic sakmaod aqtiuria.

25

mecnieri yuradRebas amaxvilebs imazec, rom zogjer msazRvrelad

gamoyenebul arsebiT saxels naTesaobiTi brunvis niSani ar sWirdeba

adieqtivaciisaTvis. amgvar saxelTa jgufs ganekuTvneba sazRvrulTan

(Cveulebriv piris saxeliT gamoxatulTan) SeTanxmebuli „profesiis,

Tanamdebobis, warmomavlobisa (sadaurobisa) da sxva wodebis aRmniSvneli

sityva, rogoricaa, magaliTad: mefe (herode mefe), keisari (neron

keisari)“ (imnaiSvili, 1957: 575)...

i. imnaiSvili aseve sagangebod msjelobs rogorc saxelebis

sxvadasxva brunvis (mag., micemiTi da moqmedebiTi brunvebis) formisgan

garemoebebis miRebaze, aseve zedsarTavi saxelis substantivad

gamoyenebis SemTxvevebsa da mawarmoebeli afiqsebis meSveobiT Tu

yovelgvari mawarmoeblis gareSe sityvis adieqtivaciaze da sxv.

rogorc warmodgenili masala cxadyofs, i. imnaiSvili monografiaSi

_ „saxelTa bruneba da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi“ _ Cvens

sakvlev TemasTan dakavSirebiT araerT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs Seexo da

saintereso mosazrebebi warmoadgina. rac yvelaze faseulia, xsenebul

naSromSi asaxuli enobrivi monacemebi udavod adasturebs translaciis,

rogorc gramatikuli movlenis, Zvel qarTulSi arseboba-funqcionirebas.

substantivaciasa da adieqtivaciaze msjelobisas aucileblad unda

SevexoT a. SaniZis „Zveli qarTuli enis gramatikas“. mecnieri

erTmaneTisgan mijnavs calke mdgom da msazRvrelad gamoyenebul

saxelebs. igi miiCnevs, rom zedsarTavi da ricxviTi saxelebi brunebis

TvalsazrisiT arafriT gansxvavdebian arsebiTi saxelebisgan (SaniZe,

1976: 45-46). es, ra Tqma unda, gamowveulia im roliT, romelsac isini

asruleben winadadebaSi. swored sintaqsuri datvirTvis Sedegia piruku

procesic _ substantivis adieqtivacia, romelic, rasakvirvelia,

SeumCneveli ar darCenia a. SaniZes. igi xazs usvams arsebiTi saxelebis

danarTad gamoyenebis SemTxvevebs: „sakuTari saxelis msazRvrelad

gamoyenebuli arsebiTi saxeli da masTan brunvaSi SeTanxmebuli

danarTia. danarTi Cveulebriv mosdevs sakuTar saxels. danarTis

magaliTebia: esaia winaჲswarmetyueli, iovane winamorbedi, pavle

mociquli, kirion kaTalikozi, daviT episkoposi, ჴsarTan xucesi“ (SaniZe,

1976: 165)...

26

„Zveli qarTuli enis gramatikaSi“ adgili eTmoba zmnisagan sawyisis

miRebas: „a sufiqsi awarmoebs sawyisebs gardamavali zmnebisagan, maTve

emateba n-ariani sawyisi, xolo danarCeni afiqsebi (o, ol, il, s da si)

gardauvali zmnebis sawyisis mawarmoeblebia“, _ aRniSnulia naSromSi da

iqve vkiTxulobT Semdegsac: „amasTanave unda gvaxsovdes, rom moqmedebiTi

gvaris zmnebsa da vnebiTisas erTi da igive sawyisi aqvT; mag., w e r a ჲ

sawyisia rogorc v w e r zmnisa, ise v i w e r e b i -sa; m a l v a ჲ sawyisia

v m a l a v da v i m a l v i zmnebisa, S e w u x e b a ჲ sawyisia moqmedebiTi

S e v a w u x e b zmnisa da vnebiTi S e v w u x n e b i -sac“ (SaniZe, 1976: 137).

moxmobili citata gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia sakiTxis arsisTvis _ zmnis

substantiuri translaciis dros meore planze gadadis TviT am zmnis

romelime gvarisadmi kuTvnilebis niuansi.

Cveni azriT, sainteresoa Semdegi sakiTxic: a. SaniZe erT SemTxvevaSi

naTesaobiTis sityvaTmawarmoebel funqciaze msjelobs da aRniSnavs:

„naTesaobiTis forma (sazogado saxelebSi gavrcobili) SeiZleba axali

saxelis fuZed iqnes gamoyenebuli: aseTia, mag., msazRvreli, dayenebuli

naT. brunvaSi: taZar Z e l i s a , taZar Z e l i s a ჲ , taZarman Z e l i s a m a n ,

taZarsa Z e l i s a s a , taZrisa Z elis a ჲs a , taZriTa Z elis aჲTa ,

taZaro Z elis ao “ (SaniZe, 1976: 49), xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, msazRvrel-

sazRvrulis brunebis ganxilvisas, rodesac exeba arsebiTi saxelis

msazRvrelad gamoyenebas, wers: „msazRvrelad gamoyenebuli arsebiTi

saxeli daismis naTesaobiTY brunvaSi. es naTesaobiTSi dayenebuli

msazRvreli SeiZleba uZRodes sazRvruls da SeiZleba mosdevdes mas. Tu

mosdevs, maSin uTanxmdeba sazRvruls brunvasa da ricxvSi, ris

Sedegadac warmoiSoba ormagi brunvebi: naTesaobiT-wrfelobiTi,

naTesaobiT-saxelobiTi, naTesaobiT-moTxrobiTi da sxva“ (SaniZe, 1976: 164).

meore debulebas Tu ise gavigebT, rogorc formaSi arsebul brunvis

niSanTa inventarobriv ganmartebas etimologiis gaTvaliswinebiT, maSin

sadavo araferia _ formaSi realurad warmodgenilia ori brunvis

niSani, oRond gansxvavebuli funqciiT: erTi sityvis mawarmoebelia

(derivati afiqsia), xolo meore _ mimosaxreli (anu brunvis niSani da

ara axali fuZis mawarmoebeli). magram Tu Cven aseT SemTxvevebs ormagi

27

brunvis kvalifikacias mivcemT, anu naTesaobiTi brunvis niSansac iseve

aRviqvamT moqmed formantad, rogorc _ Semdgom brunvis niSans, maSin igi

warmoqmnis elementi aRar gamova. aqtualurobis gamo e. w. marTuli

msazRvrelis sakiTxs qvemoTac SevexebiT.

mkvlevari gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs Zvel qarTulSi

sityvaTa warmoebasac. mecnieri enobriv monacemTa gaTvaliswinebiT xazs

usvams zogi brunvis niSnis sityvaTmawarmoebel Zalas sailustracio

magaliTebis moxmobis fonze: „bunebiTi“ („romeli-igi bunebiTi coli ars

da Svilni, iginica esreve movaqcine Sensa Sjulsa“), „marjveniTi“,

„marcxeniTi“ _ moqmedebiTi brunva; aRorZinebadi, klvadi, mowevnadi,

yofadi, Sobadi, Wamadi _ viTarebiTi brunva (SaniZe, 1976: 49-50)...

gramatikosi saubrobs Tandebulebis derivaciul funqciazec. masve

aqvs SeniSnuli, rom „SeiZleba zmnizeda fuZed iqnes gamoyenebuli da

misgan miviRoT zedsarTavi: mun _ iq, mun-i _ iqauri; aqa _ aq, aqaჲ _

aqauri; wina _ win, wina-ჲ _ win myofi; ukuana _ ukan, ukuana-ჲ _ ukana,

ukan myofi“ (SaniZe, 1976: 51)...

zemomoyvanili masalis mravalmxrivobidan gamomdinare SeiZleba

iTqvas: miuxedavad imisa, rom a. SaniZis sagangebo interess ar

warmoadgenda substantivacia-adieqtivaciis kvleva, dasaxelebuli

naSromi CvenTvis saintereso araerT sakiTxs exeba.

Zvel qarTul enas zurab sarjvelaZemac miuZRvna specialuri

naSromi, romelSic ganixila fonetikis, morfologiisa da sintaqsis

sakiTxebi. aRniSnul gamocemaSi yuradRebas iqcevs mecnieris mosazrebani

calke mdgomi ricxviTi da zedsarTavi saxelebis substantivaciasTan

dakavSirebiT. igi wers: „sakmaod xSirad zedsarTavi saxeli arsebiTi

saxelis funqciiT gamoiyeneba (iguemnes igini sibrmiTa mciriTgan vidre

didadmde; raჲ boroti uqmnies magas...). aseT SemTxvevebSi zedsarTavi

saxeli gaarsebiTebulia; igi sagans gamoxatavs da ara mis Tvisebas.

amgvari zedsarTavi iseve ibrunvis, rogorc arsebiTi saxeli“

(sarjvelaZe, 1997: 55). amas garda, „sakmaod xSirad ricxviTi saxeli

arsebiTis funqciiT gamoiyeneba. magaliTad: sadaca iyvnen orni, gina

samni Sekrebul saxelisa CemisaTჳs; pirvelman SeirTo coli; mravali

28

mevno me CuenebiT dRes magisTჳs. cxadia, gaarsebiTebuli ricxviTi

saxeli arsebiTi saxelis msgavsad ibrunvis“, _ dasZens mecnieri

(sarjvelaZe, 1997: 61). aseve mniSvnelovania z. sarjvelaZis debuleba

Zvel qarTulSi saxelis funqciiT sawyisis gamoiyenebis Taobaze. Cveni

azriT, es swored imisi dasturia, rom sawyisi zmnisgan translirebuli

substantivia. mecnieri aqve saubrobs mimReobis umTavresad _

zedsarTavis, xolo garkveuli sixSiriT arsebiTi saxelis funqciiT

arsebobis Sesaxebac.

mkvlevars arc brunvis niSnebis sityvaTmawarmoebeli Zala darCenia

uyuradRebod. igi aRniSnavs, rom naTesaobiTis, moqmedebiTisa da

viTarebiTis niSnebi zogjer axal fuZes qmnian da magaliTebad mohyavs

Semdegi formebi: tfil-is-i, quTaT-is-i, urbn-is-i, apn-is-i, ma-is-i, ivn-is-i,

my-is-i, mamasaxl-is-i; marjuen-iT-i, mcire-d-i, did-ad-i, fer-ad-i

(sarjvelaZe, 1997: 187)...

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa z. sarjvelaZis msjeloba zmnisgan

miRebul saxelebze: „aris SemTxvevebi, roca zmnis piriani formebisganaa

saxeli nawarmoebi (ars-i, mrwams-i, Rirs-i, iyo-ჲ, iZrvis-i, iqcevis-i...)“

(sarjvelaZe, 1997: 188). xazi unda gaesvas, rom mecnieris mier moxmobili

magaliTebi warmoadgens substantivaciis bolomde misuli procesis

ilustracias.

translaciis (substantivacia-adieqtivaciis) sintaqsuri meqanizmis

Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia anton kizirias

naazrevic, gamoTqmuli naSromSi _ „martivi winadadebis Sedgeniloba

Zvel qarTulSi“. igi aRniSnavs: „qvemdebared SeiZleba iyos arsebiTi

saxeli (masdariTurT), zedsarTavi saxeli (mimReobiTurT), ricxviTi

saxeli da nacvalsaxeli, e. i. brunvisa da ricxvis mqone yvela sityva,

romelTac winadadebaSi SeuZliaT miiRon arsebiTi saxelis gageba“

(kiziria, 1963: 114).

a. kiziria zedsarTavi saxelis qvemdebared gamoyenebis mizezs

Semdegnairad xsnis: [zedsarTavi saxeli] „qvemdebared gvxvdeba im

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saTanado arsebiTi saxeli dakargulia da misi

funqcia SeTvisebuli aqvs gauCinarebuli arsebiTi saxelis atributivs.

am SemTxvevaSi zedsarTavi saxeli iguebs nawevarsac, romelic mas

29

mihkedelebia arsebiTi saxelis dakargvis Semdeg. axal gagebasTan erTad,

romelic aseTma zedsarTavebma miiRes winadadebaSi arsebiTi saxelis

mniSvnelobiT xmarebisas, miCqmalulia zedsarTavi saxelis Tvisebebi“

(kiziria, 1963: 199). gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa am debulebis

dasasabuTeblad wignSi moyvanili magaliTebi: „wmidaჲ“ zedsarTavi

saxelia. igi Tanabrad gansazRvravs sxvadasxva tipis arsebiT saxels

(wmidaჲ adgili, wmidaჲ sjuli, wmidaჲ suli...). magram, Tu aseTi sityva

qvemdebared (an pirmimarT damatebad) iqneba winadadebSi, miiRebs

arsebiTi saxelis Sinaarss. magaliTad: moiRo wmidaman man ჴeliTa

TჳsiTa SeSaჲ“ (kiziria, 1963: 119).

mkvlevris mtkicebiT, arsebiTi saxelis gageba aqvs qvemdebared

gamoyenebul ricxviT saxelsa da nacvalsaxelsac.

adieqtivaciis sintaqsuri meqanizmisTvis sainteresod gvesaxeba a.

kizirias msjeloba atributul da e.w. `marTul~ msazRvrelebze. igi

aRniSnavs, rom msazRvrelebad zedsarTavis garda SeiZleba gamoyenebul

iqnes ricxviTi da arsebiTi saxelebi, nacvalsaxelebi da nawevari. aqedan

„atributul gansazRvrebad Cveulebrivia zedsarTavi saxeli

mimReobiTurT, ufro naklebad gvxvdeba nacvalsaxeli da ricxviTi

saxeli, iSviaTad – arsebiTi saxeli (kiziria, 1963: 216). atributul

gansazRvrebad gamoyenebuli arsebiTi saxeli a. kiziriasTanac iseve,

rogorc i. imnaiSvilTan, aris piris msazRvrelad gamoyenebuli

profesiis, Tanamdebobis, wamomavloba-sadaurobisa da wodebis

gamomxatveli sityvebi.

e. w. `marTul~ gansazRvrebasTan dakavSirebiT mecnieri aRniSnavs,

rom igi „sazRvruls ukavSirdeba prepoziciulad... gadmoicema

naTesaobiT brunvaSi dasmuli arsebiTi saxeliT da ucvlelia brunvisa

da ricxvis mixedviT“ (kiziria, 1963: 252). mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom zogjer

SeiZleba marTuli gansazRvreba SeeTanxmos kidec sazRvrul wevrs

brunvasa da ricxvSi. moxmobilia Semdegi magaliTebi: r e b a k a ჲ s i

Z m a ჲ iyo, romelsa saxeli erqua laban; miiRo m r o k v a l i s a m a n

m o Z R u a r m a n ukeTurebisa mis moZRurebisaTჳs samoZRurebelad;

i o v a n ჱ s s a m a s n a T l i s - c e m a s a yovelTa maT eziareboda;

30

r k i n i s a n i s a ჴ i v n i ... a. kizirias azriT, „marTuli msazRvreli

momdevno sazRvruls brunvaSi rom eTanxmeba, es meoreuli movlenaa,

romelic enam arc ki SeiTvisa“ (kiziria, 1963: 255). igi Tvisebrivad sxvad

miiCnevs „marTuli“ gansazRvrebis gadaadgilebiT (anu prepoziciidan _

postpoziciaSi) miRebul e.w. „marTul-SeTanxmebul“ gansazRvrebas.

mniSvnelovania, rom am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi naTesaobiTis fuZe

mecniers ganuyofelad miaCnia: „naTesaobiTi brunvis niSani am SemTxvevaSi

fuZis organuli nawilia, masTan Sexorcebulia da gamowveulia brunvaSi

marTviT. brunebisas gansazRvreba axal niSans irTavs da sazRvrulTan

axali sintaqsuri urTierToba myardeba, ris gamoc brunvaSi marTuli

saxeli brunvasa da ricxvSi eTanxmeba mmarTvel saxels“ (kiziria, 1963:

257). rasakvirvelia, marTalia a. kiziria, rodesac „marTul-SeTanxmebuli“

msazRvrelis Sesaxeb msjelobisas naTesaobiTbrunvisniSnian fuZes

erTian odenobad aRiqvams, oRond, sakiTxavia: Tu es forma erTi

odenobaa, maSin rogoraa SesaZlebeli sintaqsur wyvilebs Soris

erTdroulad myardebodes marTva-SeTanxmeba?! xsenebuli formis

ganuyofel nawilad miCneva im SemTxvevaSi moxerxdeba, Tu naTesaobiTi

brunvis niSans mawarmoebel elementad CavTvliT, rogoradacaa igi

kvalificirebuli a. daviTianisa da T. uTurgaiZis SromebSi.

Zveli qarTuli ena sakmaod siRrmiseulad aris Seswavlili da,

bunebrivia, araerTi naSromi exmianeba met-naklebad Cvens sakvlev Temas,

Tumca aq mxolod isinia ganxiluli, romlebic sagulisxmo mosazrebebs

Seicavdnen translaciasTan (substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan) mimarTebiT.

Tumca aucileblad unda aRiniSnos erTi _ moyvanili masala da

naazrevi (miuxedavad imisa, gaviziarebT Tu ara maT) udavod adasturebs

translaciis, rogorc gramatikuli movlenis, arsebobas Zvel qarTulSi.

es ki Zalian mniSvnelovani faqtia xsenebuli gramatikuli movlenis

diaqroniul WrilSi warmoCenisa da erTiani suraTis Seqmnis

TvalsazrisiT.

31

$ 4. Tanamedrove enaTmecnieruli azri axal qarTulSi

translaciis Sesaxeb

akaki SaniZe, romelmac axal simaRleze aiyvana qarTuli

lingvisturi azri da Seexo qarTuli enis funqcionirebis TiTqmis yvela

aspeqts, `qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebSi~ wers: „qarTul enas

SeuZlia abrunos ara marto saxeli, aramed zmnac, zmnizedac,

Tandebulic, kavSiric, nawilakic, Sorisdebulic, e. i. yovelgvari sityva,

maT Soris Cveulebrivi saxelis romelime brunvis formac. metic

SeiZleba iTqvas: qarTuls SeuZlia abrunos mTeli winadadebac ki“

(SaniZe, 1980: 76).

moyvanili citata Tanamedrove qarTulSi translaciis ueWveli

arsebobis deklarirebaa, radgan igi gasubstantivebul sityvaTa Tu erT

odenobad qceul winadadebaTa brunebas exeba. substantivacia ki, rogorc

ukve aRvniSneT, translaciis erT-erTi saxea. sayuradReboa naTqvamis

dasamowmeblad mecnieris mier moxmobili magaliTebic: „misma T a v o

C e m o m yurebi waiRo“, `erTi m a q v s sjobs aTas m q o n d a s “, „isev

moWoreba irCiva a r v i c i s Tqmasa“, „Tvali da guli x v a l i s k e n

migvirboda, x v a l e s velodiT, x v a l e gvaxsovda, x v a l e s

vnatrobdiT“, „v a i s gaveyare da v u i s Seveyareo“, „m e x i k i

d a g e c e s a c zed daatanda“ da a.S. (SaniZe, 1980: 77-78).

ramdenadac Cveni sakvlevi Tema swored translaciaa

(substantivacia-adieqtivacia) Tanamedrove qarTulSi da qvemoT sakiTxis

dawvrilebiTi ganxilvisas ama Tu im mecnierul mosazrebas

saWiroebisamebr warmovadgenT, aq zogadad mimovixilavT Tanamedrove

qarTul lingvistur naazrevs translaciasTan mimarTebiT.

a. SaniZe `qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebSi~ exeba translaciis

morfologiur Tu sintaqsur saSualebebs. igi ganixilavs, rogorc

sityvaTmawarmoebel afiqsebs, aseve brunvis niSnebsac aRniSnuli

funqciiT. `brunvis forma SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes warmoqmnili

saxelis fuZed. Cveulebriv aseTebia: moqmedebiTisa da viTarebiTis

formebi. ad da iT upiratesad sabrunebeli afiqsebia, magram isini

32

zogjer warmosaqmneladac arian gamoyenebuli~, _ wers igi da

magaliTebad mohyavs formebi: `guladi~, `SemTxveviTi~ (SaniZe, 1980: 110)...

mniSvnelovania mecnieris migneba, rom ama Tu im metyvelebis nawils

met-naklebad aqvs tendencia `TavisTavadad~ Tu `msazRvrelad~

gamoyenebisa. Tumca sintaqsis gavleniT erTi da igive metyvelebis nawili

SeiZleba erTi funqciiTac aRiWurvos da meoriTac.

Cven zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom SesaZloa mravali mecnieris kvlevis

amocana uSualod substantivaciisa da adieqtivaciis analizi ar yofila,

magram qarTul enaSi mimdinare procesebis enaTmecnieruli Seswavlis

dros isini xSirad exebodnen CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebs. amjerad

warmovadgenT arn. Ciqobavas naazrevs translaciasTan dakavSirebul

TematikasTan mimarTebiT.

naSromSi `saxelisa da zmnis analizis principebi qarTulSi~

mecnieri saubrobs qarTuli enis gramatikis swavlebisas

gasaTvaliswinebel mraval faqtorze da maT Soris sintaqsis gavleniT

morfologiuri cvlilebebis analizzec: `qarTuli brunebis erTi

sagulisxmo Tavisebureba imaSic mdgomareobs, rom saxeli calke

aRebuli sxvanairad ibrunvis da sxvanairad ibrunvis saxeli, romelic

meore saxelis msazRvrelad aris gamoyenebuli da mas win uZRvis...

movlena sintaqsuri bunebisaa; sintaqsuri movlenebis zegavleniT

morfologiurma procesma saxe icvala~ (Ciqobava, 1998-g: 10).

morfologiuri da sintaqsuri movlenebis am urTierTkavSirs

translaciis sintaqsuri saSualebis analizisTvis is mniSvneloba aqvs,

rom calke aRebuli saxeli substantivia, sxva saxelis msazRvrelad

gamoyenebuli ki _ adieqtivi. amasTanave SesaZlebelia TiToeuli maTgani

translirebis Sedegad iyos miRebuli.

substantivaciasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa `qarTuli enis zogad

daxasiaTebaSi~ arn. Ciqobavas mier SeniSnuli Semdegi faqtic: `nazmnari

arsebiTi saxeli xSirad kargavs Sinaarsobriv kavSirs zmnasTan da,

Cveulebriv, arsebiTi saxeli xdeba (substantivdeba); aseTia, magal.:

SeniSvna (Sdr. SeniSnavs), miTiTeba (Sdr. miuTiTebs)... amgvari saxelebi

mravlobiTs awarmoebs rogorc -n- sufiqsiT, ise _ -eb-iT: SeniSvnani da

33

SeniSvnebi, miTiTebani da miTiTebebi, Setevani da Setevebi~ (Ciqobava, 1998-

a: 36).

aucileblad unda aRvniSnoT, rom translaciis vrceli da

siRrmiseuli Seswavla qarTul lingvistikaSi ukavSirdeba T. uTurgaiZis

saxels. mecnieri xsenebul sakiTxs pirvelad 1986 wels Seexo naSromSi

`qarTuli enis saxelis morfonologiuri analizi~. CvenTvis

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mecnieris mosazreba ama Tu im brunvis

niSnis warmoqmnis elementad moqcevis Sesaxeb. am mxriv yuradRebas

imsaxurebs naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis derivatuli funqcia naTesaobiT-

brunvisniSnian formaTa msazRvrelad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi. T.

uTurgaiZe aRniSnavs: `-is morfemiT warmoqmnili saxeli xSirad

gaTanabrebulia naTesaobiTi brunvis formasTan brunvis niSnisa da

warmoqmnis elementis materialuri identurobis gamo, rac

gaumarTlebelia, rogorc, vTqvaT, is, rom /-ad/ miviCnioT brunvis niSnad

msazRvrelad gamoyenebul gulad formaSi. roca /-is/ warmoqmnis

elementia, brunvis niSani am derivatis Semdeg modis da xSirad nulovani

alomorfiT aris warmodgenili, rac iwvevs aRrevas~ (uTurgaiZe, 1986: 53).

man daasabuTa kidec zemoxsenebul formebSi naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis

warmoqmnis elementad miCnevis marTebuloba. mecnierma saxelTa formebSi

ama Tu im gramatikul kategoriaTa markerebis ganawilebis wesis

ganxilvis safuZvelze gamoyo ramdenime mTavari principi: `1.

winadadebaSi saxeli uTuod romelime brunvis formiT iqneba

warmodgenili (gamoricxulia fuZiT!); 2. saxelis erT formaSi

SeuZlebelia ori an meti brunvis niSani; 3. saxelis erT formaSi

SeuZlebelia ori an meti ricxvis niSani~ (uTurgaiZe, 1986: 109).

translacias T. uTurgaiZe Semdegdroindel naSromebSic Seexo.

statiaSi `substantiuri msazRvreli Zvelsa da Tanamedrove qarTulSi~

mecnierma uaryo damkvidrebuli Tvalsazrisi saxelebisgan Semdgar

wyvilSi msazRvrel-sazRvruls Soris sintaqsuri urTierTobis

`marTvad~ an `marTva-SeTanxmebad~ kvalificirebis Taobaze. igi Zveli

qarTulis -is/-isa afiqsebs e. w. `marTul~ da `marTul-SeTanxmebul~

formebSi warmoqmnis elementebad miiCnevs. yvela enaSi msazRvreli mas

sazRvrulis brunvis, ricxvisa Tu sqesis gamomxatvelad miaCnia, amitomac

34

dasZens: `sakmarisia msazRvrelad gamoyenebulma saxelma SeiZinos

sakuTari brunva, ricxvi, sqesi, is maSinve substantivad moiqceva, gamova

msazRvrelis statusidan~ (uTurgaiZe, 2004: 171). mkvlevari gamoxatulebis

planis TvalsazrisiT substantiuri msazRvrelis formaSi sazRvrulis

Sesabamisi brunvis niSnebis materialur ararsebobas nulovani

alomorfebis arsebobiT xsnis.

translaciis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT faseulia T.

uTurgaiZis monografia _ `qarTuli enis doneTa ZiriTadi

maxasiaTeblebis urTierTzemoqmedebisaTvis globalur enobriv

sistemaSi~. wignis dasawyisSive mecnieri imowmebs lusien teniers da

wers: `aqtantis rolSi mxolod arsebiTi saxeli gamodis. sxva

metyvelebis nawilTaTvis aucilebelia substantivacia _ arsebiT

saxelad moqceva, rom qmedebis monawiled iqcnen~ (uTurgaiZe, 2009: 48).

amas garda, naSromSi vkiTxulobT, rom saxelobiTi, moTxrobiTi da

micemiTi brunvis niSnebi `nebismier arasaxels saxelad moaqceven ise,

rom TviTon inarCuneben brunvis niSnis funqcias~ (mag.: Rir-s (zmna)

Rirs-i, Rirs-ma, Rirs-s (saxeli); pirvelad (zz.) pirvelad-i, pirvelad-

ma, pirvelad-s (saxeli) maSin, roca naTesaobiTi, moqmedebiTi da

viTarebiTi brunvis niSnebi `translaciis dros TviTon moiqcevian

warmoqmnis elementebad da fuZis SemadgenlobaSic Sedian~ (mag.: piroba

(sax.) pirobiT (zz.), pirveli (sax.) pirvelad (zz.) (uTurgaiZe, 2009: 52-

53).

dasaxelebul naSromSi gansakuTrebuli adgili eTmoba e. w.

substantiuri msazRvrelis Temas. mecnieri monografiaSi sakmaod

vrclad saubrobs msazRvrel-sazRvrulis urTierTobis bevr

problematur sakiTxzec, maT Soris SeTanxmebuli msazRvrelis formebSi

brunvis niSnis materialuri ararsebobis mizezebze da sxvagvar

kvalifikacias aZlevs msazRvrel-sazRvrulTan dakavSirebul araerT

gramatikul movlenas.

substantivacia-adieqtivaciis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT saintereso

suraTs gviCvenebs b. jorbenaZis Sromebic, romlebsac saWiroebisamebr

davimowmebT qvemoT. axla sagangebod SevCerdebiT mis `qarTuli enis

morfologiaze~ (programa-prospeqti).

35

rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, b. jorbenaZe metyvelebis nawilTa

gansxvavebul klasifikacias warmogvidgens. igi saxelebSi ganarCevs

substantivebsa da atributivebs da aRniSnavs, rom `maT Soris ar aris

mkacri semantikuri mijna: erTi da igive saxeli konteqstis Sesabamisad

SesaZloa iyos substantivic da atributivic~ (jorbenaZe, 1995: 24).

Tqmulis sailustraciod moyvanilia `godori~ sityvis gansxvavebuli

funqcia SesityvebebSi: didi godori (godori substantivia) da godori

simindi (godori atributivia) (jorbenaZe, 1995: 24). mecnieri arsebiT

saxelebSi gamoyofs sagnisa da movlenis gamomxatvel saxelebs da

ukanasknelSi Seaqvs masdarebic. b. jorbenaZisTvis masdari nazmnari

substantivia, amitom miaCnia, rom misi warmoeba substantivebis

warmoebasTan erTad unda ganixilebodes.

mecnieri vrclad aSuqebs substantivaciisa da adieqtivaciis

saSualebebs da am funqciiT gamoyenebul elementebsac gamoyofs. igi

morfemebs daniSnulebis mixedviT aerTianebs or klasSi: mimarTebiTi

morfemebi (gamoiyeneba winadadebis romelime wevrisadmi mimarTebis

gamosaxatavad) da warmomqmneli morfemebi (warmoqmnian axal fuZes).

mkvlevari iqve aRniSnavs, rom `morfemebma SeiZleba icvalon

daniSnuleba~ (jorbenaZe, 1995: 10) da magaliTad mohyavs -ad sufiqsis

mniSvneloba `purad~ formaSi. sagulisxmoa isic, rom brunvebs mecnieri

or jgufad yofs imis mixedviT mxolod formaTwarmoebisaTvis

gamoiyenebian isini, Tu sityvawarmoebis unaric SeswevT.

b. jorbenaZe amave naSromSi exeba winadadebaSi sityvis adgiliT

(poziciiT) gamowveul funqciur Taviseburebasac. igi aRniSnavs, rom

`atributivs aqvs potencia, iqces substantivad, anu: konstruqciaSi

daikavos is adgili, romelsac Cveulebriv ikavebs substantivi (am

rigisaa: mSobeli, maswavlebeli, mwerali, mxatvari...) da ibrunos

substantiviviT... gvaqvs piriqiTi SemTxvevebic: `nebismieri substantivi,

romelic konstruqciaSi daiWers atributivis pozicias, ibrunvis

atributivis msgavsad: erTi gabma Zafi, erTi xelada Rvino~ (jorbenaZe,

1995: 41-46)...

translaciasTan (substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan) mimarTebiT xazi

unda gaesvas a. daviTianis ramdenime mosazrebasac. erT-erTi ukve

36

warmovadgineT zemoT winadadebis modelis rolze msjelobisas.

`qarTuli enis sintaqsSi~ mkvlevari aseve Seecada aexsna sityvaTa

klasis cvlilebis meqanizmic. misi azriT, `sityvaTa klasis Senacvleba

nairgvari gziT xdeba; maTgan mTavaria ori: a) leqsikuri transformacia

(sityvawarmoeba) da b) winadadebaSi logikur-gramatikuli funqciis

Secvla... enobrivi faqti an movlena erTi fenis gankargulebaSi ar rCeba.

igi xSirad icvlis adgils modelSi, rac metyvelebaSi misi funqciis

Secvlis Sedegia~ (daviTiani, 1973: 199).

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa a. daviTianis argumentebi `xis saxlis~

tipis SesityvebebSi `xis~ sityvaformis naTesaobiTi brunvis formad

armiCnevis Taobazec. mkvlevris azriT, `brunvis niSnad unda CaiTvalos

mxolod is afiqsi, romelic icvleba brunvaTa mixedviT; winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi bevri ubrunveli sityva (magaliTad zmnizedebi) garkveuli

brunvis formad unda CagveTvala~ (daviTiani, 1973: 282).

translaciasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs Seexo anton kiziriac

wignSi `martivi winadadebis Sedgeniloba qarTvelur enebSi~. igi martivi

winadadadebis Sedgenilobisa da Semadgenel elementTa (winadadebis

wevrebis) mimoxilvisas msjelobs sintaqsuri urTierTobis rolze

winadadebis wevrTa kvalifikaciis procesSi. igi vrclad ganixilavs

msazRvrelis funqciiT gamoyenebul sxvadasxva metyvelebis nawilsa da

msazRvrelTa saxeebs. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania is, rom mkvlevars

uyuradRebod ar darCenia iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac mTeli Sesityveba

SeiZleba gamovides winadadebis erTi wevris funqciiT. Tqmulis

sailustraciod naSromSi moyvanilia Semdegi magaliTebi: Tevdorem

cols `daberdi da gamotvindio~ miayvira; `mexi ki dagecesac~ zed

daatanda; maTikom SemosZaxa kvnesiT `Wmunvis maxvili gulsa msobiao~

(kiziria, 1982: 135).

translaciis Seswavlis istoriasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos

l. kvaWaZis ramdenime mosazrebac. kerZod, `Tanamedrove qarTuli enis

sintaqsSi~ igi xazs usvams enis funqcionirebis CvenTvis sayuradRebo

aspeqts _ ama Tu im metyvelebis nawilis unars Seicvalos klasi da

gamovides sxva metyelebis nawilis funqciiT. l. kvaWaZe naSromSi aseve

ganixilavs qvemdebare-damatebebad Tu msazRvrelad gamoyenebul sityvebs,

37

saubrobs e. w. marTul da marTul-SeTanxmebul gansazRvrebasa da

CvenTvis saintereso bevr sxva sakiTxzec.

translaciasTan mimarTebiT mokled unda SevexoT J. feiqriSvilis

naSromsac _ `qarTuli enis sintaqsi~. gramatikosi exmaureba araerTgzis

xazgasmul movlenas metyvelebis nawilTa klasis cvlasTan dakavSirebiT

da qvemdebaris gamoxatvis saSualebebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom

qvemdebared SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes arsebiTi saxelis mniSvnelobiT

naxmari sxvadasxva enobrivi erTeuli. mkvlevari aseve sainteresod

msjelobs e.w. marTul da marTul-SeTanxmebul gansazRvrebebze. mas

miaCnia, rom aseT wyvilTa Soris myardeba SeTanxmebaze dafuZnebuli

sintaqsuri urTierToba. `Cveni azriT, orive tipis (atributulsa da

substantiur) msazRvrelsa da sazRvruls Soris aris SeTanxmeba.

Sesabamisad, maRali saxli, mwvane veli, lamaz yvavils, am saqmem, xis

saxli, mezoblis bavSvi, romlis Tvalebi…tipis sintagmebSi rogorc

prepoziciuri, ise postpoziciuri wyobis dros SeTanxmebaa sruli Tu

nulovani daboloebiT,~ _ aRniSnavs mkvlevari (feiqriSvili, 1996: 29).

substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan mimarTebiT Cvens gansakuTrebul

yuradRebas imsaxurebs a. papiZis statia `msazRvrelTa brunebasTan

dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi~. xsenebul statias translaciis saSualebaTa

ganxilvisas warmovadgenT vrclad. aq mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom

mkvlevris azriT, zedsarTavi da ricxviTi saxelebi sazRvruli wevris

gareSe, Cveulebriv, ar funqcionireben da maTi damoukideblad arseboba

mxolod substantivaciis SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli. mecnierisTvis

gasubstantivebuli zedsarTavi da ricxviTi saxelebi semantikurad

msazRvrel-sazRvrulis mTlian Sesatyviss warmoadgenen.

a. papiZe aSuqebs adieqtivaciis processac da am ukanasknelis

magaliTebad zedsarTavi saxelis funqciiT gamoyenebuli arsebiTi

saxelebi mohyavs iseT SesityvebebSi, rogorebicaa: uremi SeSa, qila erbo,

kilo vaSli da a. S., sadac uremi, qila da kilo ukve `amxsneli~

sityvebia. mecnieri adieqtivaciur procesad miiCnevs agreTve e. w.

marTulmsazRvrelian SesityvebaSi arsebiTi saxelis gamsazRvrelebas da

aRniSnavs, rom `SesityvebaSi xis saxli Semadgenel komponentTa

urTierToba semantikurad iseTivea, rogoric didi saxlisa da koxta

38

saxlisa~ (papiZe, 1998: 110). msjelobidan gamimdinare a. papiZe

mizanSewonilad miiCnevs zedsarTavi Tu ricxviTi saxelebis bruneba

msazRvrel-sazRvrulis brunebis konteqstSi iqnes ganxiluli.

sityvawarmoebas, romelic translaciis erT-erTi aqtiuri

saSualebaa, araerTi statia Tu naSromi mieZRvna. aq, ra Tqma unda, maTi

CamoTvla Sors wagviyvans, amitom xazgasmiT warmovadgenT mxolod erTs

_ m. tuskias naSroms `saxelTa afiqsuri warmoeba axal saliteraturo

qarTulsa da dialeqtebSi~. aRniSnul monografiaSi kompleqsuradaa

Seswavlili afiqsebis saSualebiT axal saxelTa miReba. Cvens

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs is tendenciebi, romlebsac

garkveuli mawarmoeblebi uCveneben saxelTa substantivacia-adieqtiva-

ciasTan mimarTebiT.

amrigad, zemomoyvanil masalaze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba iTqvas:

marTalia, translaciis Seswavlas arc Tu ise didi xnis istoria aqvs

qarTul lingvistikaSi, magram misi konkretuli saxeebis _

substantivaciisa da adieqtivaciis _ damoukideblad Tu sxva sakiTxebTan

erTad kompleqsuri ganxilva araerTi gramatikis Tu gamokvlevis sagani

gamxdara.

zemoT warmodgenili naSromebic mowmobs, rom translacia erT-erTi

yvelaze aqtiuri saSualebaa nairgvar formaTa misaRebad da misi

mecnieruli kvleva enis sistemis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT udavod

sainteresoa. miT umetes, rom XXI saukuneSi, rodesac prioritetulia

enis manqanuri damuSaveba da aqtualurad miiCneva morfologiuri Tu

sintaqsuri analizatorebis Seqmna, cxadia, enis struqturis

warmosaCenad, ama Tu im sityvis morfologiuri da sintaqsuri

kvalifikaciisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia sityvaformaTa funqciis dadgena-

gansazRvra, raSic, Cveni azriT, Tavis wvlils Seitans translaciis

kvleva.

39

IV. sakiTxis kvlevis meTodebi

translacia, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aris iseTi enobrivi movlena,

romelic Tavisi arsiT ukavSirdeba rogorc morfologias, ise _

sintaqss. sagulisxmoa isic, rom klasis cvlilebis orive meqanizmi

xSirad moiazrebs semantikur faqtorebsac. Sesabamisad, translaciis

SeswavlisTvis aucilebelia sxvadasxvagvari midgoma da meTodebi. l.

tenierTan translacia enis struqturul aRweras ukavSirdeba da

struqturuli sintaqsis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes safuZvlad ganixileba.

Tu Cven translacias sityvaTa klasebis cvlilebis, enobrivi

erTeulisTvis axali funqciis miniWebis saSualebad miviCnevT, misi

kvlevisTvis aucilebelia enobriv monacemTa aRwera, analizi, cvlilebis

arsisa da meqanizmis dadgena, xolo miRebuli Sedegebis ganzogadebiT _

saTanado daskvnebis gamotana. enis Sinagani potenciis warmoCenis

TvalsazrisiT aseve sainteresoa movlenis zogadenobriv WrilSi

warmoCenac da enis ganviTarebis istoriisTvis Tvalis midevnebac.

Tqmulidan gamomdinare, translaciis kvlevisa da Sesabamisi masalis

damuSavebisTvis Cven viyenebT aRweriT, analizisa da sinTezis meTodebs,

xolo saWiroebisamebr mivmarTavT istoriul-SedarebiT midgomasac.

monacemTa Seswavlis dros viTvaliswinebT enobriv erTeulTa funqciur

Taviseburebebsac translaciuri transformaciis sawyis da saboloo

etapebze.

kvlevis Sedegebis maqsimaluri sandoobis misaRwevad miznad

davisaxeT Segveswavla enis funqcionirebis sxvadasxva sfero, amitom

saanalizo masala movipoveT rogorc Tanamedrove qarTuli prozisa da

poeziis nimuSebidan, aseve presidan da qarTuli enis erovnuli

korpusidan (sailustracio magaliTebSi daculia avtorTa ena da

stili). calkeuli leqsikuri erTeulebis bazis Seqmnisas davefuZneT

qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis 8-tomeuls, terminologiur

leqsikonebs, saqarTvelos geografiuli saxelebis orTografiul

leqsikonsa da sxv. (CamonaTvali srulad warmodgenilia gamoyenebuli

literaturisa da wyaroebis nusxaSi). winamdebare naSromSi

40

saWiroebisamebr, debulebebis dasasabuTeblad, warmovadgenT

sailustracio magaliTebs.

mopovebuli masalis damuSavebis Sedegad gamoikveTa translaciis,

rogorc gramatikuli movlenis, funqcionirebis arsi da meqanizmi, rac,

Cveni azriT, sainteresoa qarTuli enis rogorc sinqroniuli, ise

diaqroniuli Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT.

I Tavi

translaciis (substantivacia-adieqtivaciis) morfologiuri

saSualebebi Tanamedrove qarTulSi

I. zogadi mimoxilva

translaciis arsi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sityvis klasis

cvlilebaSi mdgomareobs, Cveni sakvlevi sakiTxi ki exeba xsenebuli

gardaqmnis morfologiuri Tu sintaqsuri gzebis Seswavla-ganxilvasa da

am cvlilebis meqanizmis analizs.

naSromis winamdebare nawilSi gavaSuqebT substantivacia-

adieqtivaciis morfologiur saSualebebs da am saSualebaTa saxeebs

matranslirebel elementTa tipebisa da saxelisgan _ saxelisa Tu

zmnisagan saxelis miRebis SemTxvevebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

rogorc ukve aRniSnulia zemoT, sityvis translirebis sawyissa da

rezultatiur mdgomareobas gamoxatavs terminebi: satranslirebeli da

translirebuli, xolo translaciis morfologiur markers translativi

ewodeba. magaliTad, sityva `qudiani~, romelic aris zedsarTavi,

miRebulia arsebiTi saxelisgan `qudi~ masze -ian mawarmoeblis darTviT:

qud-i + -ian qud-ian-i _ satranslirebeli arsebiTi saxeli (qud-i) +

maadieqtivebeli translativi (-ian) = translirebuli sityva, adieqtivi

(qud-ian-i). translaciis es procesi SesaZlebelia grafikuladac

41

gamoisaxos. kerZod, l. tenieri amisaTvis gamoiyenebs translaciis

grafikul simbolo T-s, romlis Tavzec iwereba translirebis Sedegad

miRebuli sityva, xolo qvemoT _ satranslirebeli erTeuli da

translativi. Tu translativi aris prefiqsi, maSin jer translativi

iwereba, xolo Semdeg satranslirebeli sityva; Tu matransilebeli

elementi sufiqsia, igi mosdevs satranslirebel sityvas. mniSvnelovania,

rom T-is fexTan tenieri svams patara xazs, romelic yovelTvis

translativis mxares ketavs (tenieri, 1988: 381).

Cven mier zemoT moyvanili translaciis magaliTi tenieriseuli

meTodiT grafikulad Semdegnairad gamoisaxeba:

qudiani

qud ian

Tu translativi satranslirebeli erTeulis win iqneboda, maSin T-is

fexis Camketi bolo warmodgenilis sapirispiro mimarTulebiT unda

dagvesva.

tenieri sityvaTa klasebs aRniSnavs simboloebiT, romlebic

momdinareobs xelovnuri enis _ esperantos _ sityvaTa klasebis

daboloebebisgan. arsebiTi saxelisTvis is iyenebs O-s, zedsarTavisTvis

_ A-s, xolo zmnisTvis _ I-s. translativi masTan gamoisaxeba t-Ti

(tenieri, 1988: 76). CamoTvlili simboloebidan Cven gamoviyenebT t-sa

(translativi) da A-s (adieqtivi), xolo sxva klasis sityvebisTvis

mivmarTavT saerTaSoriso terminologiis analogiiT SemuSavebul,

qarTul lingvistikaSi damkvidrebul Semdeg simboloebs:

arsebiTi saxeli, substantivi _ N

ricxviTi saxeli _ Num

zmna _ V

zmnizeda _ Adv

warmodgenili simboloebis gamoyenebiT qudiani formis

translirebis grafikuli gamosaxuleba Semdeg saxes miiRebs:

42

A

N t

qarTulSi translativebis rolSi mxolod afiqsebi ar gvaqvs. am

funqciiT gamoiyeneba prefiqs-sufiqsebic, anu konfiqsebi. amgvari

SemTxvevis grafikuli gamoxatvisTvis mizanSewonilad miviCnieT

tenieriseuli gamosaxulebis mcire modifikacia. kerZod, translirebul

sityvaSi erTi funqciis mqone ori mawarmoeblis zusti adgilis

misaTiTeblad T-is vukeTebT or fexs, romelTa boloebi ketavs

translativebs. grafikul gamosaxulebas vuCvenebT konkretuli

SemTxvevis magaliTze.

prefiqs-sufiqsi (konfiqsi) _ translativi

siTeTre (arsebiTi saxeli) si-TeTr-e

zedsarTavi saxeli

translirebasTan mimarTebiT zemoT warmodgenili procesi

gamoisaxeba Semdegnairad:

siTeTre N

si TeTr e t A t

ramdenadac translaciis grafikuli gamosaxulebis Sesaxeb

saubrisas ukve SevexeT translativebad gamoyenebul afiqsTa adgils

sityvaSi, aucilebelia aqve mokled ganvixiloT maTi saxeebi qarTulSi.

zogadad afiqsebis klasifikaciisas gamoyofen ramdenime jgufs. arn.

Ciqobava ganarCevs damokidebulebis aRmniSvnel (mag., brunvis niSnebi) da

mniSvnelobis mcvlel afiqsebs (maTSi mecnieri aerTianebs

sityvaTmawarmoebel elementebs: -osan, -ovan...). amas garda, igi asaxelebs

43

e.w. gardamaval tipsac da magaliTad mohyavs mravlobiTi ricxvis

formanti -eb, romelic mxolod nawilobriv ucvlis sityvas

mniSvnelobas _ masSi Seaqvs simravlis gageba (Sdr.: cxen-i _ cxen-eb-i).

b. jorbenaZec afiqsebis sam saxes ganarCevs:

`a) mimarTebiTi morfemebi, e.i. morfemebi, romlebic gamoxataven

winadadebis romelime wevrisadmi mimarTebas. aseTebia brunvis

niSnebi: kac-i, kac-ma, kac-s...

b) warmomqmneli morfemebi, e. i. morfemebi, romlebic warmoqmnian

fuZes da ar arian damokidebuli winadadebis sxva wevrebis formasa

Tu mniSvnelobaze. aseTebia: morfemebi, romlebic cvlian leqsikur

mniSvnelobas: TeTr-i a-TeTr-eb-s, wign-i wign-ian-i // wign-ier-i...

g) damazustebeli morfemebi (Tandebulebi, nawilakebi)~ (jorbenaZe,

1995: 9).

klasifikaciis igive principia gatarebuli `Tanamedrove qarTuli

enis morfologiaSic~ (gogolaSvili... 2011).

funqciis garda afiqsebis diferencireba xorcieldeba sityvaSi maTi

adgilis mixedviT. am principis gaTvaliswinebiT qarTulSi gamoiyofa

prefiqsebi, sufiqsebi, infiqsebi da a.S.

translacia, rogorc ukve araerTxel aRvniSneT, sxvadasxva klasis

sityvaTa miRebis gzaa. Sesabamisad, ena am miznisTvis mimarTavs yvela

SesaZlo saSualebas da translirebisTvis aqtiurad gamoiyenebs rogorc

sityvaTmawarmoebel afiqsebs, ise brunvis niSnebsa Tu Tandebulebs.

ukanasknel or SemTxvevaSi aSkaraa mimarTebiTi da damazustebeli

morfemebis funqciuri cvlileba, rasac momdevno TavebSi dawvrilebiT

ganvixilavT.

aq kidev erTxel davazustebT, rom translaciis sxvadasxva saxidan

am etapisTvis Cvens sakvlev TemaSi Semodis mxolod substantivacia da

adieqtivacia. marTalia, saxelisgan saxelis warmoqmna da zmnisgan

saxelis miReba rezultatiuri TvalsazrisiT ar gansxvavdeba

erTmaneTisgan (Sedegi erTia _ miRebulia saxeli), magram procesisa da

mawarmoebeli elementebis (translativebis) ukeT warmosaCenad

mizanSewonilad migvaCnia maTi cal-calke ganxilva. winamdebare naSromSi

gaTvaliswinebulia iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca translativebad

44

gamoyenebulia gansxvavebuli funqciuri elementebi: sityvaTmawarmoebeli

afiqsebi, brunvis niSnebi Tu Tandebulebi da a. S. Sesabamisad,

TiToeuli maTganis monawileobiT translacia sxvadasxva qveTavadaa

warmodgenili.

II. translacia (substantivacia-adieqtivacia)

sityvaTmawarmoebeli afiqsebiT

$ 1. zogadi mimoxilva

arn. Ciqobava aRniSnavs: `qarTveluri enebis garda arc erT sxva

iberiul-kavkasiur enas ar SeuZlia saxelis fuZisgan iseTi nairnairi

axali fuZeebi awarmoos, rogorc qarTulSi gvaqvs~ (Ciqobava, 1998-a: 20).

marTlac, afiqsaciiT axali sityvebis Seqmna enis leqsikuri maragis

Sevsebis erT-erTi yvelaze produqtiuli saSualebaa saxelebisgan

saxelTa misaRebad.

a. SaniZe miiCnevs, rom warmoqmniT miRebuli formebi `erTia

gramatikulad da gansxvavebulia leqsikurad~ (SaniZe, 1980: 108), Tumca

iqve SeniSnavs arsebiT sxvaobas Zireulsa da misgan nawarmoeb saxelTa

Soris: `warmoqmnili saxelebi umetesad sxva metyvelebis nawils

ganekuTvnebian, vidre maT-maTi Zireulebi~ (SaniZe, 1980: 109). moyvanili

citatebidan ukanaskneli aSkarad usvams xazs imas, rom sityvawarmoebiT

mxolod axal leqsikur erTeuls ki ar viRebT, aramed amgvari

cvlilebis Sedegad SesaZloa mogvevlinos sxva klasis sityvac.

mniSvnelobis mcvleli afiqsebi, ra Tqma unda, axal leqsikur

erTeulebs qmnian. arsebuli tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT amgvar

elementebs maT mier warmoqmnili sityvebis semantikis Sesabamisad

aerTianeben sxvadasxva jgufSi. kerZod, gamoyofen kninobiT, qonebis,

uqonlobis, warmomavlobis, abstraqtul, daniSnulebis, xelobis,

geografiul da sxv. saxelTa mawarmoebel afiqsebs. amas garda, cal-

45

calke ganixilaven maT sityvis fuZeze darTvis adgilis

gaTvaliswinebiTac, anu warmomqmneli elementi prefiqsia (TavsarTia),

sufiqsia (bolosarTia) Tu konfiqsia (prefiqs-sufiqsi) da sxv. miuxedavad

imisa, rom sakiTxis arsidan gamomdinare, afiqsuri sityvawarmoeba

qarTuli enis gramatikis yvela vrcel Tu SedarebiT mokle, mimoxilviTi

xasiaTis, saxelmZRvaneloSi aris warmodgenili (jer kidev anton

pirvelis gramatikaSia amaze saubari), sxva klasis sityvaTa miRebasTan

mimarTebiT kompleqsurad arsadaa ganxiluli da dajgufebuli

sityvaTmawarmoebeli saSualebani. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom

afiqsTa amgvar klasifikacias, rogorc Cans, mizanSewonilad miiCnevda b.

jorbenaZe, radgan `qarTuli enis morfologiis~ programa-prospeqtSi igi

mokled exeba xsenebul sakiTxs. mecnieri ganasxvavebs leqsikuri da

gramatikuli mniSvnelobebis cvlas da iqve azustebs axali saxelis

miRebis procesis arss: `saxelTa warmoeba gulisxmobs substantivisa da

atributivis warmoebas. amis mixedviT gamoiyofa masubstantivebeli da

maatributivebeli formantebi. formantebis am saxiT ganawileba ar aris

mkacrad daculi enaSi: erTi da igive formanti imis mixedviT, Tu ra

fuZes mierTvis, erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba masubstantivebeli iyos, meore

SemTxvevaSi _ maatributivebeli~ (jorbenaZe, 1995: 48). mkvlevari

substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan mimarTebiT aRniSnavs, rom substantivebi

miiReba TviT substantivebisgan, atributivebisa da zmnebisagan, xolo

atributivebi iwarmoeba substantivebisgan, atributivebisa da zmnebisagan.

translaciis kvlevisaTvis axal saxelTa miRebis mxolod is

SemTxvevebia saintereso, romelTa rezultatic gansxvavebuli klasis

sityvebia. mawarmoeblis darTviT odensemantikuri cvlileba CvenTvis ar

aris translacia. marTalia, ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi icvleba sityvis

mniSvneloba, magram igi rCeba imave klasSi _ ar gadadis sxva

metyvelebis nawilTa jgufSi. Sesabamisad, Cveni kvlevis sferoSi ar

Semova kninobiT-alersobiTi, xarisxis, mcenareTa krebulis, rigobiTi da

wilobiTi saxelebis warmoeba.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saxelTa mawarmoeblebs ZiriTadad

ajgufeben semantikuri niSniT. amgvarma klasifikaciam garkveuli

samsaxuri SeiZleba gauwios translaciis kvlevas, ramdenadac miRebuli

46

sityvis mniSvneloba xSirad gadamwyvetia am leqsikuri erTeulis

ZiriTadi funqciuri rolis gansazRvrisTvis. ufro konkretulad rom

vTqvaT, xSirad translirebuli sityvis semantika wyvets ama Tu im

klasisadmi misi mikuTvnebis sakiTxs, amitom saxelTa mawarmoeblebs

semantikuri jgufebis mixedviT warmovadgenT da substantivacia-

adieqtivaciis unaris TvalsazrisiT ise ganvixilavT.

$ 2. qonebis saxelebi

qonebis gamomxatveli saxelebi erT-erT sakmaod did jgufs qmnian

qarTul leqsikur maragSi. maT mawarmoeblebad sxvadasxva samecniero

literaturaSi gamoyofilia Semdegi sufiqsebi: -a, -ed, -ian, -ier, -ovan, -osan.

amgvari sityvaTqmnadobis produqtiulobis safuZveli ramdenime

mizezSi SeiZleba veZeboT. qonebis erT-erTi sufiqsi (-ian) gvarebis

sawarmoebladac gamoiyeneba (mag.: yif-ian-i, rat-ian-i, lipartel-ian-i);

misive monawileobiT Seqmnilia geografiuli punqtebis, kerZod, sofelTa

saxelebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi (ZiriTadad _ kaxeTSi): mela-an-i,

maCxa-an-i, tiba-an-i (SaniZe, 1980: 123); igi gamoiyeneba mcenareTa krebulis

gamosaxatavadac (Txil-ian-i, nigvz-ian-i, lel-ian-i)...

qonebis -a afiqsi, garda imisa, rom sakmaod aqtiurad awarmoebs

qonebis saxelebs (perang-a, tuC-a, cxvir-a...), gadaazrebis safuZvelze qmnis

msgavsebisa (abreSum-a, gvirgvin-a, isar-a...) da Tvisebis (barbac-a, xamxam-a,

Srial-a...) gamomxatvel saxelebsac (tuskia, 2004: 35-38). mniSvnelovania

misi roli terminologiur sityvawarmoebaSi. r. RambaSiZis dakvirvebiT

`Cveulebrivi daniSnulebis garda, igi gamoiyeneba: a) saobieqto

mimReobisagan manqanebis, iaraRebis, xelsawyoebis da a. S. saxelwodebaTa

sawarmoeblad~ (RambaSiZe, 1986: 134), ris dasadasturebladac mkvlevars

mohyavs Semdegi magaliTebi: saTesela, sakawrela, satkepnela, sacexvela,

samsxvrevela, sapobela, safxekela, saRvenTela da sxv. mecnieri xazs

usvams imasac, rom -a sakmaod xSirad erTvis qonebis sxva afiqsiT ukve

nawarmoeb fuZesac. aRniSnuli modeli gansakuTrebiT fexmokidebulia

47

entomologiaSi mwerebis saxelwodebaTa aRsaniSnavad (frT-ian-a, far-ian-a,

crufar-ian-a, kudfex-ian-a, lorw-ovan-a, jvar-osan-a...) da aseve teqnikuri

terminologiis SenebaSi (web-ovan-a, Sard-ovan-a, frT-ovan-a, minaboWk-

ovan-a, nisl-ovan-a...) (RambaSiZe, 1986: 134).

-ovan mawarmoebeli, rogorc samecniero literaturaSia es

SeniSnuli (tuskia, 2004: 44), mqoneblobis garda gamoxatavs met simravles

(kld-ovan-i...), xolo erTi da imave fuZidan -ian da -ovan sufiqsebiT

sityvaTa paraleluri qmnadobisas `-ian mawarmoebliani saxeli qonebis

maCveneblia, -ovan sufiqsiani forma ki Tviseba-msgavsebas aRniSnavs. Sdr.:

xaverd-ian-i (xaverdis mqone) da xaverd-ovan-i (xaverdiviT rbili)~

(tuskia, 2004: 45).

aseve aqtiurad gamoiyeneba -osan sufiqsi rogorc mqoneblobis

aRsaniSnavad, ise xelobisa Tu botanikur-zoologiur terminTa SeqmnaSic

(rq-osan-i pirutyvi, park-osan-i mcenare...).

r. RambaSiZe xazs usvams biologiur mecnierebaTa dargebSi -ian, -ovan,

-osan afiqsebis monawileobiT garkveul saxeobaTa tipis, klasis, rigis,

ojaxis, gvarisa Tu qvesaxeobebis gadmocemas da mohyavs amis sakmaod

bevri magaliTi: rbilfexianebi, winalayuCebianebi, saWrelkbilianebi,

orsagdulianebi, nawlavRruianebi, xeSeSfrTianebi, Rrumkerdianebi,

badefrTianebi, mravalfexebianebi, orsafrianni, orlebnianni,

mravalSoltianni, milyvavilianni, mTliansacecebianni, kenkrovanni,

Teslovanni, erTwlovanni, firfitovanni, wiwvovanni, citrusovanni,

qolgovanni, tuCosanni, tarosanni, jvarosanni da sxv. (RambaSiZe, 1986: 137-

138).

unda aRiniSnos qonebis Zveli afiqsis, -ed-is, produqtiuloba

terminologiur sityvawarmoebaSi. i. jibuti amgvar sityvaTa kvlevis

safuZvelze adgens: `a) terminologiaSi -ed sufiqsi SedarebiT meti

intensivobiT xasiaTdeba, Tanac, b) -ed sufiqss yovelTvis ara aqvs

mqoneblobis funqcia da igi saxelis kategoriis sityvaTa sawarmoeblad

ixmareba (ConCx-ed-i, Tanavarskvlav-ed-i, wr-ed-i, grZ-ed-i, gan-ed-i) da ara

zedsarTavebisa, g) qimiis terminologiaSi -ed sufiqss sxvadasxva

marilis (kerZod, uJangbado mJavaTa marilebis) erTi jgufis

saklasifikacio niSnis gamoxatvis funqcia aqvs dakisrebuli:

48

nikeldariSxan-ed-i, nikelgogird-ed-i, urannaxSir-ed-i, liTiumkaJbad-ed-i

da sxv.~ (jibuti, 1988: 122).

saenaTmecniero literaturaSi xazgasmulia qonebis ama Tu im

afiqsTa roli sxvadasxva klasis sityvaTa warmoebisas. kerZod, Tu i. jibutis

zemoT damowmebul naSromSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia -ed-iT arsebiT

saxelTa Seqmnaze, m. tuskia -a sufiqsis Sesaxeb SeniSnavs: `Tvisebis

aRmniSvnel saxelebSi -a maadieqtivebelia, xolo msgavsebis saxelebSi _

masubstantivebeli~ (tuskia, 2004: 40), xolo ukve warmoebul fuZeze misi

darTvis Sedegad, mkvlevris dakvirvebiT, miiReba substantivebi. Sdr.:

mtvr-ian-i _ mtvr-ian-a, kud-ian-i _ kud-ian-a, kaJ-ovan-i _ kaJ-ovan-a da sxv.

danarCeni mawarmoeblebis Sesaxeb Cven davamatebT, rom isini (-ian, -ier, -

ovan, -osan) iCenen madieqtivebel unars, gamonakliss qmnis -osan-iT

nawarmoebi profesia-xelobis gamomxatveli saxelebi, romelTac

substantivis gageba aqvT (profesiis aRmniSvnel saxelTa

substantivaciis tendencia SeniSnuli aqvs m. tuskias).

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia qonebis afiqsTa

klasifikacia maTi substantivacia-adieqtivaciis unaris gaTvaliswinebiT.

mawarmoebeli magaliTebi

-a

(awarmoebs rogorc substantivebs, ise adieqtivebs)

abreSum-a, aznaur-a, angeloz-a, zRarb-a, lamaz-a, lurjan-a, mwar-a, nacar-a, ukvdav-a, uJmur-a, anCxl-a, cimcim-a, fuCfuC-a, xraSun-a, tkacun-a, isar-a, kelaptar-a, kidoban-a, margalit-a, muzarad-a, meWeW-a, mWad-a, savarcxel-a, sanTel-a, qalaman-a

cvil-ian-a, cvr-ian-a, buSt-osan-a, krial-osan-a, fis-ovan-a, web-ovan-a, ty-iur-a

-ed (nawarmoeb erTeulebs substantivis gageba aqvT)

ujr-ed-i, wr-ed-i, ConCx-ed-i, gan-ed-i, grZ-ed-i, pwkar-ed-i, yvavil-ed-i

Svidwl-ed-i, xuTkuTx-ed-i, Tanavarskvlav-ed-i, kvercxujr-ed-i, mravalkuTx-ed-i

-ian

(awarmoebs adieqtivebs)

air-ian-i, azr-ian-i, bad-ian-i, ban-ian-i, balax-ian-i, gaz-ian-i, gogird-ian-i, disko-ian-i, tvirT-ian-i, Wal-ian-i, webo-ian-i, wvet-ian-i, fesv-ian-i, col-ian-i, efeqt-ian-i, lazer-ian-i, madn-ian-i, mank-ian-i, maril-ian-i, mil-ian-i, Jang-ian-i, yinul-ian-i, wiwv-ian-i, wver-ian-i, saxel-ian-i, Sedeg-ian-i, sevd-ian-i, susx-ian-i, suraTeb-ian-i, sxiv-ian-i, sax-ian-i xuTas-ian-i, colSvil-ian-i, wverulvaS-ian-i, sayelo-ian-i, wvrilboWko-ian-i, xSirfoTl-ian-i, fexfarfl-ian-i, fexsaxsr-ian-i, didfas-ian-i, didwon-ian-i, erTbutko-ian-i, grZelvad-ian-i, ujredeb-ian-i

49

-ier (awarmoebs adieqtivebs)

sindis-ier-i, sityv-ier-i, wign-ier-i, wuT-ier-i, xan-ier-i, zec-ier-i, gan-ier-i, niW-ier-i, Ron-ier-i

svebedn-ier-i, xelRon-ier-i, pirmSven-ier-i, RvTisn-ier-i

-osan (awarmoebs adieqtivebs)

abjr-osan-i, CanT-osan-i, Cliq-osan-i, cxen-osan-i, rq-osan-i, friad-osan-i, gvirgvin-osan-i, javSn-osan-i, pati-osan-i, saqm-osan-i, sxiv-osan-i

-ovan


air-ovan-i, buSt-ovan-i, balax-ovan-i, gogird-ovan-i, kunT-ovan-i, kuTx-ovan-i, mil-ovan-i, marcvl-ovan-i, saxel-ovan-i, spor-ovan-i, xel-ovan-i, Zvl-ovan-i, cvil-ovan-i, cxim-ovan-i, foTl-ovan-i, folad-ovan-i, yinul-ovan-i, web-ovan-i, wl-ovan-i arasrulwl-ovan-i, aTasfer-ovan-i, erTfer-ovan-i, erTsul-ovan-i, erTgvar-ovan-i, erTsax-ovan-i, didsul-ovan-i, orazr-ovan-i, srulfas-ovan-i, saukun-ovan-i, ujred-ovan-i, tkbilxm-ovan-i, Zvalsaxsr-ovan-i, xSirfoTl-ovan-i

cxrilSi moyvanili magaliTebi adasturebs im tendencias, romelsac

esa Tu is mawarmoebeli iCens substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan mimarTe-

biT. kerZod, gamoikveTa, rom -ian, -ier, -ovan, -osan m a a d i e q t i v e b e -

l i t r a n s l a t i v e b i a , r o d e s a c i s i n i d a e r T v i a n

a r a a d i e q t i u r i g a g e b i s s i t y v a s. meoreuli unda iyos is

SemTxvevebi, rodesac CamoTvlilsufiqsiani erTeulebi geografiuli

obieqtebis saxeldebisTvis substantivdebian. am mawarmoeblebidan

substantivaciis yvelaze met tendencias -osan afiqsiani sityvebi iCenen.

-a sufiqsi ki Wrel suraTs gviCvenebs. pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos,

rom am sarTiani sityvebi raRacasTan msgavsebas, raime Tvisebis qonas

gamoxataven xolme. -a zogjer adieqtiur Sinaarss aniWebs sityvas, magram

xSirad aseTi sityvebi botanikur Tu teqnikur terminologiaSi

substantiuri gagebisani xdebian. -a-s masubstantivebeli unari kargad

ikveTeba qonebis sxva mawarmoeblian formaze misi darTvisas sityvis

arsebiT saxelad qcevaSi. amitom ufro swori iqneba, Tu ar

ganvaxorcielebT -a-s saboloo kvalifikacias substantivacia-

adieqtivaciasTan mimarTebiT, radgan aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT mis

funqcias yovelTvis konkretuli SemTxveva gansazRvravs.

-ed-sufiqsiani sityvebi rom substantivebia, es aSkarad Cans, magram,

misi miCneva masubstantivebel translativad uiSviaTesi SeTxvevebis

garda Wirs, radgan -ed Zalian xSirad sityvebs isedac substantivebisgan

50

awarmoebs, amitom -ed S e i Z l e b a g a n v i x i l o T r o g o r c

s u b s t a n t i u r o b i s i n d i k a t o r i ( m a C v e n e b e l i).

amrigad, udavo translativebad, kerZod, maadieqtivebel

translativebad, SeiZleba miviCnioT -ian, -ier, -ovan, -osan. ra Tqma unda,

CamoTvlilafiqsiani sityvebic SesaZloa gardaiqmnan sxva metyvelebis

nawilad am formaTa kvlav translirebis gziT.

axla TiToeuli translativisTvis warmovadgenT translaciis

grafikul gamosaxulebas.

coliani sxivosani wignieri gogirdovani A

col ian sxiv osan wign ier gogird ovan N t

s a i l u s t r a c i o m a g a l i T e b i

-ian sufiqsiani sityvebi

adieqtivis funqciiT:

ucxoeTSi gadaxvewili qarTveli qalebi _ yvelaze sevdiani emigrantebi

dedamiwis zurgze (turaSvili, 2011: 5).

guls daevana mTvariani, wynari saRamo (kalandaZe, 1987: 22).

ufrosma iatakidan Jangiani Caidani aiRo (xvedeliZe, 2010: 356).

iq riyiani da xmiani iori maswavlida qarTuli leqsis musikas! (leoniZe,

2011: 3)

Semdeg wverebiani da saTvaliani daTo gavicani (qarTveliSvili, 2010: 202).

mcxeTas vumtvrie saketurebi, vlewe taZrebi kelaptriani! (leoniZe, 2008: 57)

ar ukvnesiaT sikvdilis drosac sisxlian perangs gaSlidnen qarSi (korp.:

1).

im zafxuls beretian bebos sxva wignebi gamohqonda CemTvis (korp.: 2).

suli swuxs WuWyian qarebs, mkvradSobil ocnebebs valalebs (lebaniZe,

2006: 24).

madliani ostatis xeliTa da yalmiT iyo moxatuli saydris Sinamo (goTua,

1980: 5).

wina oTxi SemTxvevis zogadi grafikuli gamosaxuleba

51

-ovan sufiqsiani sityvebi


erTic vnaxoT, es wlovani kaci ukanasknelad vxedav tfiliss? (goTua, 1980:

99)

saqaleTzeRa iyo mimdgari saxelovani gvari (leoniZe, 2011: 76).

didad saxelovani mcodne gaxlavsT varskvlavTmricxvelobisa (turaSvili,

2011: 61).

da isev... Dayanebuli, yvavilovani mindvrebi (leoniZe, 2011: 4).

xelovanma sutkneinam Zalian cbierobiTa Tqva es ukanaskneli sityva (korp.:

3).

is gadaxunebul balaxovan napirebs Soris miedineba (korp.: 4).

qali mZimed wamodga, rogorc qvrivsa da asakovan adamians SeSvenis (korp.:

5).

... cecxlovan sityvebs uZvelesi anbaniT awers (CitiSvili, 2010: 87).

vityvi, Tu rogor gviyvarda guliT firosmani da Tbilisis Rame,

laJvardovani mtkvaris duduni... (asaTiani, 1988: 30)

...nulovani aTvlis wertili TavisTvis moniSna (taveliZe, 2010: 551).

-osan sufiqsiani sityvebi


uxaroda brolosani laJvardi, vardnari, Tavayrili yana... (leoniZe, 2011: 43)

morielebis ambavi ki im WaRaraTmianma, Savosanma qalmac daadastura (korp.:

6).

aba me ra ufleba maqvs, vinme patiosan qimikoss vtaco xeli?! (korp.: 7)

...didkacebis Torosan cxenebs daaseirnebdnen mejinibeni (korp.: 8).

samarTlian da patiosan cicikores ar uyvarda arc Rletura da

gansakuTrebiT, qlarci enis patroni... (leoniZe, 2011: 166)

dedofali darejani gaeSura Tavisi gvirgvinosani meuRlis misagebeblad

(korp.: 9).

aq mefeT mefe Tamari iyo naxati Tavisi gvirgvinosani mamaSviliTurT

(goTua, 1980: 5).

sibrZne warmodgenilia gvirgvinosan dedakacad, dedoflad, romelic

dReniadag unda axldes mefes (korp.: 10).

52

-ier sufiqsiani sityvebi


aq miwieri qaluroba ebrZoda angelozur zeciurobas (goTua, 1980: 14).

Zlieri tenianoba mraval avadmyofobas aCens (turaSvili, 2011: 65).

werilebSi naTlad Cans... is sulieri naTesaoba, rac maT Soris arsebobda

(turaSvili, 2011: 56).

guam madlieri da gaocebuli TvalebiT Sexeda (ergemliZe, 2010: 175).

mere yvelaze gonierma Zmam Tqva: vacaloT... sikvdili vacaloT (korp.: 11).

netav ra aqvs dasaRonebeli am yovelmxriv bednier batoniSvils, rom ese

sabralod utiris guli?! (korp.: 12)

erT mSvenier dRes rom ar daimsaxures am cixeebis cxraklitulebi

(amaRlobeli, 2011: 27).

$ 3. uqonlobis saxelebi

saenaTmecniero literaturaSi uqonlobis saxelTa mawarmoeblebad

saxeldeba u-, u_o, u_ur (//u_ul) da u_ar. miiCneva, rom CamoTvlilTagan

yvelze Zveli aris u-, romelic Tanamedrove qarTulSi `mxolod oriode

saxelSi gvxvdeba: u-ricxv-i, u-srul-i. maT SeiZleba mivamatoT o-ze

daboloebuli ramdenime saxelic: u-Sno, u-Rvino, u-samSoblo, u-saxelo~


uaryofis yvelaze aqtiuri konfiqsia u_o. mniSvnelovania, rom

garkveuli sityvebi uaryofas awarmoeben erTdroulad u_o da u_ur

(//u_ul) prefiqs-sufiqsebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi ena miRebul sityvebs mcire

semantikur sxvaobas sZens. `Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiaSi~

warmodgenilia amgvar paralelur formaTa mniSvnelobis mxriv gamijvnis

mcdeloba: `erTsa da imave fuZesTan sxvadasxva mawarmoeblis darTvisas

gvaqvs semantikuri sxvaoba: u_o sagnis uqonlobas gamoxatavs, u_ur ki _

niSan-Tvisebis uqonlobas: uwigno _ uwignuri, ukaco _ ukacuri, usaxo _

usaxuri, udabno _ udaburi~ (gogolaSvili... 2011: 218)...

53

i S v i a T i g a m o n a k l i s e b i s g a r d a, r o d e s a c

u q o n l o b i s a f i q s T a d a r T v i s S e d e g a d m i R e b u l i

s i t y v a g a s u b s t a n t i v e b u l i a ( S d r . : u-dabn-o u-daba-n-o) ,

Z i r i T a d a d a m g v a r i w a r m o e b i s r e z u l t a t i a d i e q t i -

v i a, r o m e l i c a n i s e v a d i e q t i v i s g a n m o m d i n a r e o b s,

a n s u b s t a n t i v i s g a n. S e s a b a m i s a d, t r a n s l a c i i s

T v a l s a z r i s i T a m g v a r i m a w a r m o e b l e b i T a v i s u -

f l a d a a S e s a Z l e b e l i, r o m m i v i C n i o T m a a d i e q t i v e b e l

t r a n s l a t i v e b a d (sxva metyvelebis nawili zedsarTavi procesis

SemTxvevaSi) a n a d i e q t i u r o b i s i n d i k a t o r e b a d (zedsarTavi

zedsarTavi procesis dros).

yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT warmovadgenT uqonlobis

aqtiur mawarmoebelTa cxrils translaciasTan (substantivacia-

adieqtivaciasTan) mimarTebiT.


u_o


u-adgil-o, u-alag-o, u-amind-o, u-amis-o, u-avtor-o, u-bed-o, u-bileT-o, u-bina-o, u-fas-o, u-fer-o, u-fesv-o, u-miw-o, u-ful-o, u-mef-o, u-mizez-o, u-mizn-o, u-niW-o, u-pir-o, u-yb-o, u-qmr-o, u-tye-o, u-Tu-o, u-Tvis-o, u-Cem-o, u-Sen-o, u-zambar-o, u-Tix-o, u-inerci-o, u-saden-o, u-qar-o, u-qviS-o

u-sulgul-o, u-SvilZir-o, u-ZalRon-o, u-colSvil-o, u-Tvistom-o, u-ujred-o, u-xelfas-o, u-gemban-o

u_ur (//u_ul) (awarmoebs adieqtivebs)

u-bed-ur-i, u-dab-ur-i, u-dRe-ur-i, u-fas-ur-i, u-gem-ur-i, u-mad-ur-i, u-neb-ur-i, u-saqm-ur-i, u-sax-ur-i, u-wign-ur-i, u-wmind-ur-i, u-fer-ul-i

u_ar (awarmoebs adieqtivebs)

u-SiS-ar-i, u-tyu-ar-i, u-wyin-ar-i, u-Cum-ar-i, u-tif-ar-i

sainteresoa, rom uaryofiT formaTa warmoebisas dadasturda iseTi

arasrulmniSvnelovani erTeulis adieqtivaciis SemTxvevac, rogoricaa:

kavSiri Tu (u-Tu-o).

axla TiToeuli translativisTvis warmovadgenT translaciis

grafikul gamosaxulebas.

54

umiwo ugemuri uSiSari A

u miw o u gem ur u SiS ar t N t


u_o konfiqsiani sityvebi


uwigno kaci iyo, magram wignebs makiTxebda (leoniZe, 2011: 42).

dioda Jami undo da mtruli... (CitiSvili, 2010: 86)

ca lurjze lurji da uwarwero, mercxlebma kalmad frTa amoawes

(CitiSvili, 2010: 205).

veJo, sad unda sdio im unamuso maiors? _ uTxra mamam (korp.: 13).

asulic idga da amziurebuli TvalebiT mas umzerda, mas _ Soridan

mosuls, martoxelasa da sul usityvo mxatvars (goTua, 1980: 8).

ezos SuagulSi mdgar ufanjro da saxuravaxdil saxls foto gadavuRe

(xvedeliZe, 2010: 347).

RmerTs vevedrebi, gagxados kveTebuli locvis msxverpli, rom saWirvel

gaorebas, gasamebas, uboloo daxacicebas moeRos bolo! (kvaracxelia, 2010: 409)

Tavis rxeviT usiamovno fiqrebis gandevnas vcdilob (malaciZe, 2010: 168).

da marTlac umamulo, usarCoo eliozis Camongreuli miwuris win mudam

gube idga (leoniZe, 2011: 10).

u_ur konfiqsiani sityvebi


ai misi xma _ igi iq, dilegSi... Mis iq, ubeduri mama ki gareT (goTua, 1980:

34).

...nebismieri teqsti sityvebis, frazebis, sintaqsuri konstruqciebis

saxeldaxelod SeTiTxnil nazavs emsgavseba da sruliad uSinaarso xdeba,

uamuri suni aqvs (taveliZe, 2010: 553).

SoriSor midis Cveni cxovreba _ civi, umzeo da uamuri (CitiSvili, 2010:

50).

wina sami SemTxvevis zogadi grafikuli gamosaxuleba

55

mravali gonji qali gaTxovila koxtad SeRerebul biWze da mravali

usaxuri, magram SeZlebuli, vaJi mRvdlis imediT, lamazi qalis patroni

gamxdara (leoniZe, 2011: 225).

...cremlebi RapaRupiT Camosdis da ZaliT ylapavs ugemur fafas (korp.: 14).

kneina sdumda. uferul TvalebSi siamis naperwklebi ukrToda (korp.: 15).

ugzauri niSarZeulis wyali sofelSi CamoviyvanoT (leoniZe, 2011: 231).

mara sxvis ugunur sityvas ar avyolivar Cems dReSi (korp.: 16).

u_ar konfiqsiani sityvebi


uSiSarma maZiebelma mas irgvliv Semouara (korp.: 17).

omSi uSiSar mefes muxlebSi JrJolam Caurbina da sTqva... (korp.: 18)

... Seni wyalobiT momdis me eg, Sen gadamkide utifar suliers, Sen,

vaJbatono! (korp.: 19)

isini loculobdnen zevss, iupiters, cecxls, elvas da aTas cxadsa da

uCinar RmerTs (korp.: 20).

nebsiTi Tu uneblie! araviTari! _ xmamaRla irwmunebda Tavis uCumar

fiqrebs (korp.: 21).

... xolo daniSnuleba ese daakisra iseT martiv da am SemTxvevaSi uwyinar

sagans, rogoricaa sigareti (korp.: 22).

venacvale biWikosa. _ CaurTo fiqriam garsias gaxsenebaze, romelic

zaalis sasaxleSi arsenas utyuar Tvalad da yurad hyavda (korp.: 23).

$ 4. warmomavlobis saxelebi

Tanamedrove qarTulSi warmomavlobis saxelTa sawarmoeblad

yvelaze aqtiurad gamoiyeneba -el da -ur ( -ul). pirvelis darTvis

Sedegad viRebT adamianTa warmomavlobis gamomxatvel leqsikur

erTeulebs, meore ki adamianis garda yvelafris sadaurobis aRsaniSnavad

mierTvis sityvebs:

Tbilisi _ Tbilis-el-i, Tbilis-ur-i

56

gor-i _ gor-el-i, gor-ul-i

inglisi _ inglis-el-i, inglis-ur-i...

gvaqvs gamonaklisi SemTxvevebic, rodesac -ur-is darTviT miiReba

adamianis warmomavlobis gamomxatveli saxeli: guria _ gur-ul-i (gur-

ul-i Rvezeli, gur-ul-i kaci), magram Sdr.: guri-el-i (guriis

mflobelTa sagvareulos aRmniSvnelad).

-ur (-ul) sufiqsis kvlevisas T. vaSakiZem daaskvna, rom `Tanamedrove

qarTulSi -ur ( -ul) daerTvis: a) sazogado arsebiT saxelebsa da

gvarebs, agreTve _ zedwodebebs (rusTvel-ur-i, baraTaSvil-ur-i,

vaxtang-ur-i, platon-ur-i...), g) adgilis saxelebs (Tbilis-ur-i,

quTais-ur-i...), d) zedsarTav saxelebs (laCr-ul-i, gaiZver-ul-i,

axalgazrd-ul-i...), e) rigobiT ricxviT saxelebs: meore-ul-i, meoTxe-ul-i

(periodi) geol., v) wilobiT ricxviT saxelebs (meoTxed-ur-i, merved-ul-i...),

z) zmnisarTebs (aqa-ur-i, iqa-ur-i...), T) Tandebuls: Tana-ur-i~ (vaSakiZe,

2009: 103).

a. SaniZe xazs usvams imasac, rom `warmomavlobis sufiqsi -ur (-ul)

geografiul saxelTagan sadaurobas gviCvenebs, magram igive sufiqsi sxva

saxelTagan aRniSnavs Tvisebas saTanado saganTan mimarTebiT: kac-ur-i,

qal-ur-i, bavSv-ur-i, mgl-ur-i, mxec-ur-i da sxv.~ (SaniZe, 1980: 128).

Cveni azriT, Tvisebis gamomxatveli unda iyos -ur iseT terminebSic,

romlebSic igi qonebis mawarmoebel -a-sTan erTad dasturdeba: kub-ur-a,

zol-ur-a, wvet-ur-a, Rar-ul-a, gvirist-ul-a da sxv. Sdr.: kub-ur-i kub-ur-a,

zol-ur-i zol-ur-a...

adieqtivaciis TvalsazirisiT sainteresoa, rom -ur T v i s e b i s

g a m o m x a t v e l s a x e l e b s a w a r m o e b s r o g o r c a r s e b i T i

d a r i c x v i T i s a x e l e b i s g a n , i s e _ z m n i z e d e b i s g a n a c.

s u b s t a n t i v a c i a s T a n m i m a r T e b i T k i y u r a d R e b a s

i q c e v s i s, r o m -ur q a r T ul m a g a m o i y e n a g v a r e b i s

s a w a r m o e b l a d: beqa-ur-i, wikla-ur-i, gogola-ur-i, gomela-ur-i...

rac Seexeba -el-s, mas Seswevs unari sadaurobis garda gamoxatos

mimdevroba (kantian-el-i, hegelian-el-i...) an saqmianoba-profesia (razm-el-

i, kalaTburT-el-i, fexburT-el-i...). -el sufiqsi, m i s g a n

n a w a r m o e b i s i t y v e b i s s p e c i f i k i s g a T v a l i s w i n e b i T,

57

m a a d i e q t i v e b e l t r a n s l a t i v a d S e g v i Z l i a m i v i C n i o T.

Tanamedrove qarTulis doneze gamonaklisi iqneba iseTi SemTxvevebi,

rodesac -el-iT saqmianoba-profesiis gamomxatveli sityvebi miiReba:

CogburT-el-i, kalaTburT-el-i, wyalburT-el-i, fexburT-el-i, gvardi-el-i,

gimnazi-el-i, armi-el-i, seminari-el-i, parti-el-i, polici-el-i, razm-el-i,

partizan-el-i... aseT dros aRniSnuli sufiqsi masubstantivebelia, rac,

Cveni azriT, iseTive meoreuli movlena unda iyos, rogoric

sazRvrulCavardnil poziciaSi warmomavlobis sxva sityvaTa

substantivacia. gansxvaveba isaa, rom saqmianoba-profesiis semantikis

leqsikur erTeulebs Tanamedrove qarTulSi sazRvruli wevri ar

sWirdeba.

garda -el da -ur sufiqsebisa, warmomavlobas Tanamedrove qarTulSi

sxva afiqsebic awarmoebs, magaliTad, -el-is garTulebuli variantebi -del

da -mdel. a. SaniZe Tvlis, rom del-i dR-el-isgan aris miRebuli, xolo

mdel-i `mde + el~ kontaminaciis Sedegad miiCneva lingvistur

literaturaSi. -del gamoiyeneba drois semantikis saxelebTan (guSin-del-i,

axlan-del-i, xvalin-del-i), -mde sufiqsi ki `gamoxatavs drois

TvalsazrisiT warmomavlobas, vin jgufis saxelebTan aRniSnavs asaks, ra

jgufis saxelebTan _ gansazRvrul droSi arsebobas: skolamdeli asakis

bavSvebi, omamdeli ambavi~ (gogolaSvili... 2011: 225).

garTulebuli varianti moepoveba -ur sufiqssac _ -iur ( -iul),

romelsac a. SaniZe -iv-ur-isgan momdinared Tvlis (SaniZe, 1980: 129). am

kontaminirebuli afiqsis gamoyenebis magaliTebia: wl-iur-i, qveyn-iur-i,

zec-iur-i, mz-iur-i da sxv.

warmomavlobis gamosaxatavad Tanamedrove qarTulSi gvxvdeba -eul

formantic. igi fuZes daerTvis an pirdapir (Cem-eul-i, Sen-eul-i, Rirs-

eul-i), an naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis Semdeg: dedaCemis-eul-i, mamis-eul-i,

rusTavelis-eul-i da sxv. aRsaniSnavia, rom -eul-s warmomavlobis garda,

am sityvebSi kuTvnilebiTobisa an Tvisebis niuansic Seaqvs.

`Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiis~ saxelmZRvaneloSi

garCeulia arsebiT da ricxviT saxelebze -eul-is darTvis Sedegad

miRebul sityvaTa semantikac: `Tanamedrove qarTulSic arsebiT saxelTa

fuZeze darTuli -eul sufiqsi gamoxatavs krebiTobas erTi niSniT

58

gaerTianebuli sagnebisas da am funqciiT igi gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad

gamoiyeneba: xil-eul-i, Tevz-eul-i, bostn-eul-i, rkin-eul-i, bewv-eul-i...

ricxviT saxelebze darTuli -eul gamoxatavs garkveuli sagnebisa da

adamianebis Semcvelobas, erTianobas: sam-eul-i, as-eul-i, aTas-eul-i~


zemomoyvanili msjeloba erT saintereso niuanss usvams xazs _ -eul

r o d e s a c e r T v i s n a c v a l s a x e l s a d a a r s e b i T i

s a x e l i s n a T e s a o b i T i b r u n v i s f o r m a s, s i t y v a

g a n i c d i s t r a n s l a c i a s d a v i R e b T a d i e q t i v s.

r i c x v i T s a x e l s T u d a e r T v i s -eul, x d e b a s i t y v i s

s u b s t a n t i v a c i a, x o l o a r s e b i T i s a x e l i s m a r t i v

f u Z e z e -eul-i s d a r T v a t r a n s l a c i i s T v a l s a z r i s i T

a r a f e r s c v l i s.

warmomavlobis mawarmoeblad m. tuskia gamoyofs -ion-sac, magram igi

Tanamedrove qarTul saliteraturo enaSi araproduqtiulia da amitom aq

mas ar ganvixilavT.

yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom -el,

-ur, -iur, -eul, -mdel, -del m a a d i e q t i v e b e l i s u f i q s e b i a .

gamonakliss qmnis:

1) -ur-ze mqoneblobis -a darTuli variantebi terminologiur

leqsikaSi;

2) -el-iT miRebuli profesia-xelobisa da garkveuli mimdinareoba-

mimdevrobis gamomxatveli saxelebi;

3) arsebiTi saxelis martiv fuZes mirTuli -eul sufiqsiani sityvebi,

romlebic aRniSnavs erTi niSniT gaerTianebuli sagnebis krebiTobas.

Tanamedrove qarTulis gadasaxedidan gamonaklisad ver CaiTvleba -ur

mawarmoebliT miRebuli gvarebi, radgan es sityvebi didi xania

gasubstantivda da amJamad amgvari sityaTqmnadoba ar gamoiyeneba.

substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan dakavSirebiT yovelive zemoT

aRniSnulis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia ganvaxorcieloT qonebis

mawarmoebelTa klasifikacia translaciasTan mimarTebiT.

59


-el

awarmoebs adieqtivebs

ukrain-el-i, litv-el-i, amerik-el-i, azerbaijan-el-i, Cin-el-i, britan-el-i, egvipt-el-i, imer-el-i, kax-el-i, aWar-el-i

ar awarmoebs adieqtivebs

neokant-el-i, nicSean-el-i, vegetarian-el-i, wyalburT-el-i, kalaTburT-el-i, fexburT-el-i

-ur // -ul


absolut-ur-i, adekvat-ur-i, avtonomi-ur-i, abstraqt-ul-i, grafik-ul-i, zRvr-ul-i, lazer-ul-i, marwux-ul-i, sxiv-ur-i, period-ul-i, proporci-ul-i, efeqt-ur-i, statistik-ur-i, rgol-ur-i, vakuum-ur-i, molekul-ur-i, stadi-ur-i, stiqi-ur-i statik-ur-i, Semodgom-ur-i, seqci-ur-i, subieqt-ur-i, stamb-ur-i, Teori-ul-i, teqnik-ur-i, Sina-ur-i, arab-ul-i, ukrain-ul-i, somx-ur-i, spars-ul-i, Sved-ur-i, berZn-ul-i, Seneb-ur-i, Cemeb-ur-i, aqa-ur-i, iqa-ur-i induqci-ur-i, ujred-ul-i, diagonal-ur-i, antiseptik-ur-i, antifraqci-ul-i, astronomi-ul-i, stomatologi-ur-i, terminologi-ur-i, bipolar-ul-i, sociologi-ur-i, terorist-ul-i, vaJkac-ur-i, virtual-ur-i, qveSqveS-ur-i

-iur (awarmoebs adieqtivebs)

dR-iur-i, zec-iur-i, zRv-iur-i, Tv-iur-i, mz-iur-i, miw-iur-i, ty-iur-i, c-iur-i, wl-iur-i

-del (awarmoebs adieqtivebs)

adrin-del-i, axlan-del-i, dRevan-del-i, SarSan-del-i, dilan-del-i, guSin-del-i, gvian-del-i, uwin-del-i, weRan-del-i, wlevan-del-i, wuxan-del-i, xvalin-del-i, zegin-del-i amdilan-del-i, amJamin-del-i, bolodroin-del-i, guSinwin-del-i, imRamin-del-i, imdroin-del-i, imJamin-del-i, imdRevan-del-i, winadroin-del-i, SarSanwin-del-i

-mdel (awarmoebs adieqtivebs)

istoria-mdel-i, skola-mdel-i, wveva-mdel-i, warRvna-mdel-i, oma-mdel-i, reforma-mdel-i, revolucia-mdel-i

-eul

awarmoebs adieqtivebs

adr-eul-i, Cem-eul-i, bunebis-eul-i, bostn-eul-i, dedis-eul-i, dednis-eul-i, mamis-eul-i, mefis-eul-i, mis-eul-i, papis-eul-i, qmris-eul-i

ar awarmoebs adieqtivebs

marcvl-eul-i, funTuS-eul-i, Tevz-eul-i, xil-eul-i, xorc-eul-i

TiToeuli mawarmoeblisTvis warmovadgenT translaciis grafikul

gamosaxulebas.

amerikeli lazeruli zeciuri

amerik el lazer ul zec iur

60

istoriamdeli dediseuli A

istoria mdel ded-is eul N t

guSindeli A

guSin del Adv t


-el sufiqsiani sityvebi


patara tobis avstralieli babua samoci wlis biznesmeni iyo (korp.: 24).

baRdadSi Zveli qarTveli meomari ufro advilad Sedioda, vidre

dRevandeli amerikeli jariskaci (turaSvili, 2011: 414).

magaliTad, avstrieli sociologi gumploviCi erovnebas axasiaTebs... (korp.:

25)

rad daiviwyes isini dRevandelma qarTvelma dedebma (leoniZe, 2011: 137).

oliam yvelas CamoarTva xeli, mere axalgazrda mimtans uxmo da Sampanuri

SesTavaza amerikel stumrebs (korp.: 26).

gavixsenoT arSuSa pitiaxSi, romelic sparseTis mefis iezdiger II-is

brZanebiT sxva qarTvel, somex da albanel warCinebulebTan erTad qtesifons

Cavida (korp.: 27).

avstralieli aborigenebis religiuri warmodgenebisa da ritualebis

ganxilvisas diurkheimma daaskvna... (korp.: 28)

im qarTveli mgosnis sevdiani ambavi miambo (turaSvili, 2011: 36).

... werda erTi qarTveli aToneli hagiografi qarTveli moRvawis

gardacvalebaze (korp.: 29).

xalxo qarTvelo, Sen gaixare, bednierebis var momlocveli! (leoniZe, 2008:

116)

wina xuTi SemTxvevis zogadi grafikuli gamosaxuleba

ukanakneli SemTxvevis grafikuli gamosaxuleba

61

-ur ( ul) sufiqsiani sityvebi


ra aris is adamianuri grZnoba, romlis meSveobiTac osia cdilobs

Seicnos uflisa da misi eris urTierToba? (korp.: 30)

dioda Jami undo da mtruli (CitiSvili, 2010: 86).

yvela aziur mogonebas cremliT morecxavs TqveniT uzomod moxibluli

kavkasieli (korp.: 31).

Cems bavSvur Rimils sevdam uyela (CitiSvili, 2010: 86).

erTxel, TianeTSi kidec Sehyroda vaJas da Rvinoc erTad gadaekraT iqaur

duqanSi (leoniZe, 2011: 89).

... guSindeli vaJkacuri pasuxis Semdeg, kavkasiurs rom eZaxian, uaris Tqma

moerida (imedaSvili, 2010: 240).

...nebismieri teqsti sityvebis, frazebis, sintaqsuri konstruqciebis

saxeldaxelod SeTiTxnil nazavs emsgavseba... (taveliZe, 2010: 553)

isev mominda Cemi sofeli xalxur leqsebiT da sakravebiT (asaTiani, 1988:

32).

albaT, Sublic stkioda, mainc, mefur ieriT, iwva... (lebaniZe, 2006: 104)

dideba Senda, Cemo naTelo, _ qarTulo sityvav, qarTulo sityvav! (leoniZe,

2008: 11)

-iur sufiqsiani sityvebi


mis axalgazrduli periodis fetvebsac imTaviTve etyobodaT RvTiuri niWi

(turaSvili, 2011: 33).

meSinia, warsulis aCrdilma myudroebis dRiuri ulufa xelebidan ar

gamomglijos (taveliZe, 2010: 548).

vis, vis unda gaezomna misi dRiuri sazrunavi, sayovelTao fiqrebi

sofelze (leoniZe, 2011: 174).

axla, aq myofs, misi mWaxe sicili yurebSi midgas, rogorc yvelafer im

Rirebulis maradiuli dacinva (xvedeliZe, 2010: 349).

Semodgomamde magdanam dRiur lukmas imdeni gadaarCina, rom... (korp.: 32)

rjuli ambobda, rom xalxs ar unda hyoloda kerpebi da mxolod zeciur

ufals unda damorCileboda (korp.: 33).

... bolos mTis mwvervalze miaRwevs miwiur samoTxes (korp.: 34).

yoveldRiuri xetialisa da wanwalisaTvis mudam CanTiT, weraqviTa da

WogritiT mavals wanwalosans uwodebdnen (leoniZe, 2011: 218).

62

mSobliur baRidan gadmoyvanili, ucxo miwaze ver gavixareb (asaTiani, 1988:

39).

patarZeulo, RvTiuro vardo, SenTan sizmrebiT gadaWdobili... (leoniZe,

2008: 141)

-eul sufiqsiani sityvebi


iq mzrdida xalxi... iq mzrdida deda da xalxis fiqri aTaswleuli

(leoniZe, 2008: 118).

laSam pirvelma alRo auRo enis Seswavlis Cemeul meTods (taveliZe, 2010:

551).

me kvlav Cemeul bilikebs mivdev (CitiSvili, 2010: 32).

amiT avtoriseul msoflmxedvelobriv poziciasac moesinjeba niadagi

(korp.: 35).

dediseul taxtze miwva da Camaval mzes gauswora Tvali (korp.: 36).

es nusxa Cawerilia iliaseul erT xelnawerSi (korp.: 37).

axla sxva cxovrobs maikos ezoSi, magram maikoseuli bostnis kvlebi isev

sicocxliT xaroben da saamod fSvinvareben (leoniZe, 2011: 149).

ra saocaric ar unda iyos, is, rac galaktioniseul siaxled aris

miCneuli, sinamdvileSi akaki wereTlis poeziis kuTvnilebaa (korp.: 38).

im xis fesvebSi melandeboda xalxis mzis oqro da ganZeuli (leoniZe, 2008:

118).

-del sufiqsiani sityvebi


wlevandeli zamTari gacilebiT Tbilia, vidre wina da miT umetes _

rogorc amboben _ winiswina (turaSvili, 2011: 254).

baRdadSi Zveli qarTveli meomari ufro advilad Sedioda, vidre

dRevandeli amerikeli jariskaci (turaSvili, 2011: 414).

... guSindeli vaJkacuri pasuxis Semdeg, kavkasiurs rom eZaxian, uaris Tqma

moerida (imedaSvili, 2010: 240).

rad daiviwyes isini dRevandelma qarTvelma dedebma (leoniZe, 2011: 137).

amas garda, davalebuli gvaqvs, gTxovoT, Cvens dRevandel mitings mTeli

SemadgenlobiT daeswroT (korp.: 39).

arc erTi maTgani arc saerTo ganwyobilebiT, arc Tundac romelime

calkeuli poeturi saxiT an motiviT, ar imeorebs adrindel leqss (korp.: 40).

63

weRandel daRlasac aRar grZnobda (goTua, 1980: 186).

Sinaarsis da formis garkveuli urTierTkontrastuloba, rogorc

Taviseburi mxatvruli xerxi, ilia WavWavaZis adrindel leqsebSic SeimCneva

(korp.: 41).

kulturologiis sxvadasxva sferoSi mimdinare procesebSi TaobaTa

amgvari cvlis warmatebul magaliTebs dRevandel qarTul realobaSic

vxvdebiT (korp.: 42).

... da ra davwero, ar vici, _ wuxandel Ramis namReri? (leoniZe, 2008: 166)

-mdel sufiqsiani sityvebi


alCera istoriamdeli dro da adgilia (korp.: 43).

pirvel praqtikul ganxorcielebas sparta warmoadgens, sxvaTa Soris,

platonamdeli qalaqi-saxelmwifo (korp.: 44).

am dros miRebuli travma ki misi aracnobieris fundaments qmnis, romelic,

rogorc enamdeli STabeWdileba, enobriv struqturaSi ar iTargmneba (korp.: 45).

aq vadamdeli arCevnebis ismis gniasi... (korp.: 46)

Cveulebriv, ver xvdebian, Tu ra moculobis iyo mecnierebamdeli

sazogadoebis adamianebis gaurkvevloba imis aRsaqmelad, rasac... (korp.: 47)

sakuTari miwidan devnili afxazeTis omamdeli mosaxleobis 80%-is bedi...

(korp.: 48)

...sadac guramiSvili yofnamdeli yofnis, adamiswinare, dabadebamdeli

mdgomareobis xsovnas acocxlebs (korp.: 49).

... gavifiqre platoniseburad da warRvnamdeli veneciis Camuqebul cas

avxede (korp.: 50).

... SevecadeT, gveCvenebina islamamdeli da islamis Semdegdroindeli

arabuli kulturis zogadi suraTi (korp.: 51).

Sedegad sabWoTa kavSirSi revoluciamdeli epoqisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac

marTlmadidebel qristianobas gansakuTrebuli roli hqonda... (korp.: 52)

64

$ 5. abstraqtuli saxelebi

abstraqtuli saxelebis mawarmoeblebad Tanamedrove qarTulSi

gamoiyeneba -oba, -eba, si_e. aRsaniSnavia, rom samive gvxvdeba Zvel

qarTulSi, sxvaoba isaa, rom Zvel qarTulSi ufro produqtiuli si_e

iyo, romelic Tanamedrove qarTulSi poziciebs Tmobs sufiqsuri

warmoebis sasargeblod. amas a. martirosovi Semdegnairad xnis:

`istoriulad prefiq-sufiqsiani warmoebidan odensufiqsian warmoebaze

simZimis centris gadanacvleba da axal saliteraturo enaSi sufiqsuri

warmoebis warmoCena da gabatoneba si- prefiqsis uZvelesi funqciis

TandaTanobiTi moSlis Sedegia~ (martirosovi, 1958: 125). d. meliqiSvili

ki ioane petriwisa da efrem mciris enis Seswavlis safuZvelze erT

saintereso daskvnas akeTebs. kerZod, mecnierma masalis kvlevis

safuZvelze aRmoaCina, rom filosofiur terminTa qmnadobisaTvis ioane

petriwica da efrem mcirec aqtiurad iyeneben abstraqtulobis -oba

sufiqss. aRniSnulis Sesaxeb mkvlevari wers: `ioane petriwi -oba sufiqss

urTavs yovelgvar Zirs, Tuki amas cnebis sworad gamoxatvis saWiroeba

moiTxovs. amasTan, aRniSnul sufiqss igi urTavs arsebiT saxelebs,

zedsarTavebs, ricxviT saxelebs, nacvalsaxelebs, zmnisarTebs,

Tandebulebs, zmnis pirian formas (romelic mimReobis funqciis mqonea),

brunvian fuZes, warmoqmnil fuZes, kompozits... aseve iqceva efrem mcirec~

(meliqiSvili, 1974: 117).

amJamad abstraqtul saxelTa sawarmoeblad ufro aqtiurad -oba da

-eba gvxvdeba, vidre si_e. mniSvnelovania, rom met-naklebad gamijnulia

maTi gamoyenebis sferoebi. m. tuskias dakvirvebiT, -oba sufiqsiT

abstraqtuli saxelebi miiReba: moqmedebiTi da vnebiTi gvaris

mimReobebisgan, arsebiTi, zedsarTavi da ricxviTi saxelebisgan,

nacvalsaxelebisgan, zmnizedebisa da nawilakebisgan. -eba ki xsenebuli

daniSnulebiT dasturdeba warsuli drois vnebiTi gvaris mimReobebTan,

zedsarTavebTan, iSviaTad, arsebiT da ricxviT saxelebsa da

nacvalsaxelebTan. aseve aRniSnulia isic, rom si_e ZiriTadad

mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebisgan awarmoebs abstraqtulobis

gamomxatvel sityvebs (tuskia, 2004: 76-80).

65

zogjer -oba awarmoebs garkveuli drois, dResaswaulis aRmniSvnel

sityvebs. magaliTad, rTvloba, atmoba, aluCoba, SoTaoba, iliaoba,

vaJaoba, alilooba, eliaoba, alaverdoba. aRniSnul SemTxvevebSi -oba ar

aris abstraqtulobis gamomxatveli da verc substantivis mawarmoeblad

CavTvliT, radgan CamoTvlil sityvebs ufro drouli gageba aqvT.

gvxvdeba iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac -oba-Ti nawarmoebi saxeli

araa abstraqtuli da igi simravles, krebiTobas aRniSnavs. magaliTad,

àxalgazrdoba~ winadadebebSi: Cveni qalaqis axalgazrdoba xeebis

dasargvelad Seikriba (àxalgazrdoba~ aq krebiTobis gamomxatvelia);

qalbatoni qeTevani Tvalcremliani igonebda Tavis axalgazrdobas, uceb

gafrenil wlebs (aq àxalgazrdoba~ abstraqtuli saxelia). masalis

analizma dagvanaxa, rom -oba afiqsis krebiTobis semantika kidev ufro

ikveTeba -eul-iT warmoqmnil iseT sityvebze darTvisas, romlebic

erTnair saganTa erTobliobas gamoxataven: Tevz-eul-i _ Tevz-eul-oba,

xil-eul-i _ xil-eul-oba....

-oba-s mier krebiTobis niuansis gamovlenas l. bakuraZe -oba

sufiqsiani saxelebis gadaazrebiT xsnis: `-oba sufiqsis Tavdapirveli

funqciac unda iyos Tvisebis da ara simravlis, ricxvis gamoxatva. -oba

sufiqsiani krebiTi saxelebi xSirad iTxoven msazRvrelad simravlis

sisrulis maxasiaTebels mTeli, radgan, ara mxolod ricxvi, aramed

garkveuli Tvisebis, maxasiaTeblis simravlea gamoxatuli konkretuli

elementebiT~ (bakuraZe, 2009: 21).

a b s t r a q t u l o b i s a f i q s e b i d a k o n f i q s i

s x v a d a s x v a s a x e l i s g a n a w a r m o e b e n a r s e b i T

s a x e l e b s, a m i t o m a R n i S n u l i e l e m e n t e b i T a m a m a d

S e g v i Z l i a m i v i C n i o T m a s u b s t a n t i v e b e l t r a n s l a t i -

v e b a d, g a r d a i m S e m T x v e v e b i s a, r o d e s a c Z i r e u l i

s i t y v a a r s e b i T i s a x e l i a ( a s e T S e m T x v e v a S i i g i

s u b s t a n t i u r o b i s i n d i k a t o r i a ) a n m i R e b u l i

l e q s i k u r i e r T e u l i (-oba sufiqsiani forma) s e m a n t i k u r a d

d r o i s / d R e s a s w a u l i s g a m o m x a t v e l i a .

Tqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, warmovadgenT abstraqtulobis

mawarmoebelTa klasifikaciis cxrils translaciasTan mimarTebiT.

66


-oba

awarmoebs substantivebs

albaT-oba, damwvr-oba, erT-oba, me-oba, daqancul-oba, brm-oba, brZn-oba

aqaur-oba, iqaur-oba, aqtualur-oba, madlian-oba, magier-oba, agznebad-oba, aalebad-oba, avtonomiur-oba, airian-oba, colian-oba, amorCeviT-oba, anTebad-oba, bmul-oba, arazomvad-oba, antikoroziul-oba, antifraqciul-oba, aorTqlebad-oba, araTanazomvad-oba, aramdgrad-oba, afeTqebad-oba, aqtiur-oba, benzinmedeg-oba, bipolarul-oba, burRvad-oba, gazian-oba, amosavlian-oba, gamoyenebad-oba, ganaTebad-oba, gansazRvrul-oba, ganSlad-oba, ganxorcielebad-oba, gafxvierebad-oba, deformirebad-oba, dafenad-oba, denad-oba, dnobad-oba, drekad-oba, zomvad-oba, Tbomdgrad-oba, Tbotevad-oba, TviTafeTqebad-oba, TviTanTebad-oba, induqciur-oba, krebad-oba, kumSvad-oba, madnian-oba, mankian-oba, periodul-oba, polarul-oba, proporciul-oba, stadiur-oba, tevad-oba, SeduRebad-oba, ugzo-oba, Runvad-oba, Seguebad-oba, Sevsebad-oba, Sewyobad-oba, weboian-oba, wvad-oba, wonad-oba, wrTobad-oba

ar awarmoebs substantivebs

alubl-oba, aluC-oba, elia-oba, barbar-oba, bed-oba, rTvl-oba, alaverd-oba, SoTa-oba, ilia-oba, balaxeul-oba, bambeul-oba, dedaSvil-oba

-eba (awarmoebs

substantivebs)

sam-eba, ars-eba, Tqmul-eba, Txzul-eba

abreSumovn-eba, erTsaxovn-eba, webovn-eba

si_e (awarmoebs

substantivebs)

si-advil-e, si-amay-e, si-anc-e, si-av-e, si-axl-e, si-axlov-e, si-bevr-e, si-briyv-e, si-brmav-e, si-civ-e, si-Cqar-e, si-cru-e, si-cud-e, si-Cum-e, si-did-e, si-giJ-e, si-magr-e, si-maRl-e, si-msuqn-e, si-mwvan-e, si-Rarib-e, si-yru-e, si-Rrm-e, si-Sav-e, si-wvril-e, si-wmind-e, si-xam-e, si-xSir-e

si-avkac-e, si-mSvenier-e

arsebuli masalis bazaze substantivaciasTan mimarTebiT sanimuSod

warmovadgenT translaciis grafikul gamosaxulebebs. ramdenadac

terminologiur sityvaTqmnadobaSi abstraqtuli saxelebi xSirad ukve

nawarmoebi an rTuli fuZidan miiReba, magaliTisTvis warmovadgenT

rogorc substantivis miRebis martiv, iseve rTul gzas. ufro swori

iqneba, Tu vityviT _ erTmagi da ormagi translaciis nimuSebs.

brZnoba sameba siave

brZen oba sam eba si av e

67

cnobilia, rom qarTulSi brunebisas Tu sityvawarmoebisas SesaZloa

fuZem ganicados cvlileba: SeikumSos an Seikvecos. Cven Zireul fuZes

warmovadgenT afiqsis darTvamde mdgomareobiT, anu sruli formiT.

zemoT warmodgenili gamosaxulebebi simboloebiT Semdegnair saxes

miiRebs:

N N N

A t Num t t A t

axla vuCvenebT ormagi translaciis SemTxvevebis grafikul

gamosaxulebebs.

N N

abreSumovneba aqauroba

abreSumovan eba (t) aqaur oba (t)

A A A

abreSum ovan (t) aqa ur (t)

N Adv

ormagi translaciis pirvel nimuSSi substantivisgan miviReT

adieqtivi, romlis xelaxali translirebis Sedegi kvlav substantivia,

oRond Tavdapirvelisgan gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT. meore magaliTi

gviCvenebs zmnisarTisgan _ zedsarTavis, xolo Semdeg arsebiTi saxelis

warmoebis gzas. warmodgenili grafikuli gamosaxulebebi TvalsaCinos

xdis ramdenimejeradi translaciis ganxorcilebis process.

68


-oba sufiqsiani sityvebi

substantivis funqciiT:

daZleul iqna simbolistebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli abstraqtuloba da sxv.

(korp.: 53).

lelaim igrZno munjis martooba (goTua, 1980: 16).

... misi uprecedento saqcielis gamo bewvze ekida misi arseboba (korp.: 54).

mizezad zneobis ucodinaroba moudes (leoniZe, 2011: 95).

waagondeboda Tavisi ukbiloba, uZlureba... (leoniZe, 2011: 95)

gaqres mzisnoba, mwvanosnoba... (leoniZe, 2011: 141)

...zedmeti realizmi ki adamians yvelaze mTavars, adamianurobas, arTmevs

(korp.: 55).

Sida mxatvrobas ki sul cota aklda (goTua, 1980: 5).

Sen rom gmirobas uwodeb, me is silaCre mgonia (CitiSvili, 2010: 104).

-eba sufiqsiani sityvebi


... da amgvarad Seiqmna mzis simboluri sameba (korp.: 56).

eg WeSmariteba mec aTjer da asjer gamomicdia (korp.: 57).

ucrosi vaJis bedniereba undoda enaxa (lorTqifaniZe, 2010: 10).

ex, Sviliereba Cemi dasrulda! (leoniZe, 2011: 47)

waagondeboda Tavisi ukbiloba, uZlureba... (leoniZe, 2011: 95)

misi azris bundovaneba galaqtikis bundovanebas hgavs (korp.: 58).

odesRac naCuqar avgarozs gulSi iseTi sasoebiT ikravda, TiTqos

dakargul bednierebas dastiroda (korp.: 59).

me ki megona, rom, rac unda Sors gadge adamianebisgan, am cxovrebis

biwierebas ver gaeqcevi (korp.: 60).

am qveynad mainc arsebobs samarTali, jayo! is urmiT dasdevs-meTqi

borotebas... bolos ueWvelad wamoeweva (korp.: 61).

SeTqvirebul yanebSi rom dganan sxivmosili sitkboebiTa da idumalebiT

(leoniZe, 2011: 3).

69

si_e konfiqsiani sityvebi


ras izam, Cemo maqsime! kacis buneba aseTi yofila, yvela siave male

aviwydeba (korp.: 62).

gare kamarebisa da kabadonebis gamofargvlis sizuste da simsubuqe

Seafasa (goTua, 1980: 9).

saxes atyvia simwuxare da gulSi elavs sxva tragedia (graneli, 2005: 44).

Sen rom gmirobas uwodeb, me is silaCre mgonia (CitiSvili, 2010: 104).

zRvis siaxlovem, nestma Tu qarma saxe dauSaSra (korp.: 63).

Tavi uxerxulad igrZno, rom sizarmacem lamis dajabna (korp.: 64).

Sercxva da YTavi daxara, siwiTlem gadauara... (asaTiani, 1988: 44)

maSin Cemgvari enamwarenic ver gakilavdnen Zvel silamazes... (asaTiani, 1988:

50)

... mavTulze Citi Tvlemas mieces, yvelaferi mieces nela Zils da simSvides


$ 6. daniSnulebis saxelebi

daniSnulebis mawarmoeblebad saenaTmecniero literaturaSi

dasaxelebulia sa_o, sa_e, sa_ur, m. tuskia da `Tanamedrove qarTuli

enis morfologiis~ avtorebi am funqciiT gamoyofen sa_ar-sac. TiToeul

maTgans erTnairi produqtiuloba ar axasiaTebs. rogorc qarTuli, ise

ucxouri fuZeebidan daniSnulebis saxelTa misaRebad yvelaze aqtiuria

sa_o. igi gamoirCeva aRniSnuli SinaarsiT axal terminTa SeqmnaSic. amis

Sesaxeb m. osaZe da n. daTeSiZe weren: `sa_e da sa_o konfiqsebi

daniSnulebisa da kuTvnilebis gamomxatveli mawarmoeblebia. sa_o-s

damatebiT Tvisebis gamoxatvac SeuZlia. terminologiur sistemaSi am

konfiqsTagan ufro produqtiulia sa_o~ (osaZe... 2009: 171).

m a r T a l i a, d a n i S n u l e b i s s a x e l e b i a r s i T

a d i e q t i u r i b u n e b i s a n i a r i a n, m a g r a m i s i n i i C e n e n

g a s u b s t a n t i v e b i s Z l i e r t e n d e n c i a s. mag., sa-stumr-o, sa-

70

maj-ur-i, sa-yur-e, sa-kac-e... amitom translaciis TvalsazrisiT

aRniSnuli mawarmoeblebis kvalificireba sakmaod Wirs. xSirad erTi da

imave formis orive: adieqtiuri da substantiuri _ funqciiT gamoyenebaa

SesaZlebeli. Sdr.: es Tinas saavadmyofo furcelia da Tina

saavadmyofoSia. zogi aseTi sityvis substantivaciis mizezi, SesaZloa,

misi xSiri xmareba da sazRvruli wevris dausaxeleblobis

SesaZlebloba iyo, ramac xeli Seuwyo aseTi leqsikuri erTeulebis

arsebiT saxelad qcevas. da mainc, i s i n i a d i e q t i v e b i m e t a d

a r i a n, v i d r e _ s u b s t a n t i v e b i. m a s a l i s a n a l i z m a

d a g v a r w m u n a , r o m s u b s t a n t i v a c i a s u f r o x S i r a d

sa_ur m a w a r m o e b l i a n i l e q s i k u r i e r T e u l e b i

g a n i c d i a n. aqve unda SevniSnoTYerTic: daniSnulebis saxelTa

klasifikaciisaTvis araiSviaTad mniSvneloba eniWeba konteqsts.

warmovadgenT daniSnulebis konfiqsTa klasifikaciis cxrils,

romelSic gaTvaliswinebulia maTi substantivacia-adieqtivaciis unaric.


sa_o

umetesad aqvT adieqtivis funqcia

sa-alers-o, sa-amay-o, sa-dav-o, sa-Tav-o, sa-mgzavr-o, sa-patron-o, sa-varaud-o, sa-tvirT-o, sa-aqci-o, sa-amis-o, sa-imis-o, sa-adre-o, sa-Cem-o, sa-dReis-o, sa-erT-o, sa-gare-o, sa-gund-o, sa-imaT-o, sa-iubile-o, sa-kadr-o, sa-leqci-o, sa-magaliT-o, sa-model-o, sa-mis-o, sa-mogzaur-o, sa-monastr-o, sa-mT-o, sa-Zieb-o, sa-lazer-o, sa-varaud-o, sa-magier-o, sa-muxruW-o, sa-mSenebl-o, sa-saqonl-o, sa-sistem-o, sa-sofl-o, sa-stamb-o, sa-telefon-o, sa-feiqr-o

sa-laqlaq-o, sa-konsultaci-o, sa-adgilmamul-o, sa-amdro-o, sa-imdro-o, sa-imqveyn-o, sa-bediswer-o, sa-Wirborot-o

umetesad aqvT substantivis

funqcia

sa-agent-o, sa-amqr-o, sa-amwyob-o, sa-bad-o, sa-elC-o, sa-lar-o, sa-mrekl-o, sa-mxerxa-o, sa-rZl-o, sa-siZ-o, sa-warm-o, sa-yel-o, sa-laparak-o, sa-Wora-o, sa-aqa-o, sa-iqi-o, sa-bed-o, sa-durgl-o

sa-avadmyof-o, sa-xelosn-o, sa-avtosaremont-o

sa_e


sa-qsel-e, sa-Rved-e, sa-yuT-e, sa-cecxl-e


funqcia

sa-agur-e, sa-Tav-e, sa-qusl-e, sa-yalib-e, sa-Sxap-e, sa-WurWl-e

sa_ur umetesad aqvs adieqtivis funqcia

sa-am-ur-i

71


funqcia

sa-xel-ur-i, sa-yel-ur-i, sa-dgur-i, sa-fex-ur-i, sa-gz-ur-i, sa-maj-ur-i, sa-msax-ur-i, sa-cd-ur-i, sa-Ta-ur-i, sa-Tib-ur-i, sa-wveT-ur-i

sa_ar


sa-fic-ar-i, sa-qeb-ar-i, sa-zizR-ar-i, sa-om-ar-i


funqcia sa-gub-ar-i, sa-wvim-ar-i, sa-bud-ar-i, sa-mZim-ar-i

adieqtivaciad ver miviCnevT iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac adieqtiuri

gagebis sityvis amosavalic (Zireuli erTeulic) adieqtivia. Sesabamisad,

substantivaciis kvalifikacias ver mivcemT iseT nawarmoeb formebs,

romlebic substantividan momdinareobs.

amjerad warmovadgenT daniSnulebis konfiqsian iseT formaTa

grafikul gamosaxulebebs, romelTa translaciac eWvs ar iwvevs.

saerTo A

sa erT o t Num t

sacecxle saficari A A

sa cecxl e sa fic ar t N t


sa_o konfiqsiani sityvebi


imxanad gazeTSi vmuSaobdi. saavtoro sveti mqonda (korp.: 65).

mxatvars samgzavro kaba arc ki gauxdia, ise Seudga saqmes (goTua, 1980: 12).

SeRamda Tu ara, maxlobeli soflebidan xalxma Tavi iq moiyara, sadac

gaSlili saagarako adgili mdebareobda (korp.: 66).

mas ecva Zveli, erT dros saucxoo, SvidTumniani palto Savi ferisa da

eyrdnoboda xeljoxs (morCilaZe, 2010: 305).

vis, vis unda gaezomna misi dRiuri sazrunavi, sayovelTao fiqrebi

sofelze (leoniZe, 2011: 174).

72

iqneb saiubileo sufraze mowveuli romelime stumari siurprizs gviwyobs

(ldokoneni, 2010: 116).

sxvisi sagmiro saqmeebis gamgone Tinas meuRlis danaxva aRar undoda

(imedaSvili, 2010: 254).

amas avadmyofobis samedicino terminologiiT aRwera mohyveboda

(iaTaSvili, 2010: 77).

Cemo pawia, sabralo dedav, bedkruls, gatanjuls, gaZarcvuls gxedav

(lebaniZe, 2006: 73).


es Cveni klubia, Cveni forumi, Cveni asamblea, Cveni sainformacio saagento

(korp.: 67).

sa_e konfiqsiani sityvebi


nakuTvnilari sabalaxe mTa ukan daebrunebinaT... (leoniZe, 2011: 47)

erTi Tvis mere im dReis swors moigo safure xbo Zroxam (korp.: 68).

xom siyvaruliT da xumrobiT SegipatiJeT: saxinkle xorci xom davkepe, xom

gagaxareT? (korp.: 69)

... erTi sityviT, ar viyavi sajare ymawvili (korp.: 70).

warmodgena ki albaT grZeldeba, gugunebs, zanzarebs sasule orkestris

akompanimentiT (korp.: 71).

droTa ganmavlobaSi gaizarda sasuraTe sibrtyis zomebi (korp.: 72).

cxel agvistos ukve dauxrukia xeivanze foToli, sasufre yurZnis

didroni, marcvlebCaCutuli mtevnebi, gamoReWili jiqnebiviT hkidia (korp.: 73).


tyavis budeSi moTavsebuli saTvale... (korp.: 74)

Cemi saxli da saZvale rCeba duSmans da macilsa... (CitiSvili, 2010: 23)

ra kargi iyo Cveni wynari safutkre! (leoniZe, 2011: 4)

aleqsi marto darCa, aleqsi sacolem miatova, aleqsim wveri mouSva (korp.:

75).

sa_ur konfiqsiani sityvebi


oTaxSi rkinis Jangiani Rumeli davdgi, sakvamuri mili quCaSi gavayofine

(korp.: 76).

73

saRamur perangs mogcem da imaSi daiZineb (korp.: 77).


es saTauri swored rom qarTulad maxsovs (korp.: 78).

ai, es samajuri, moicaT... (korp.: 79)

am kedelSi gamoWrili iyo is saTofuri, saidanac dRis Suqi aRwevda

(korp.: 80).

... Cailaparaka griSam da vagonis sami maRali safexuri aiara (korp.: 81).

mcxeTas vumtvrie saketurebi, vlewe taZrebi kelaptriani! (leoniZe, 2008: 57)

... sagzuris mixedviT sruli ufleba gvaqvs sakuTari manqanis gaCerebisa

(korp.: 82).

sa_ar konfiqsiani sityvebi


me vemsgavsebi sawvimar aminds, zecas Rrublians da Rrubels caze (korp.:

83).

ai, is meore ki, agre CafiqrebiT rom dascqeris im gafenil saomar rukas,

uTuod lanCelotia (korp.: 84).

.... statiis ucnobi avtori arc Tavis mxriv iSurebs saqebar sityvebs

`kavkasiis momRerlis~ TviTmyofadi niWis dasaxasiaTeblad (korp.: 85).

kaci Zalian Zvel da sazizRar manqanaSi Cajda, daqoqa, Tavi gamoyo da

Tqva... (korp.: 86)

yvelaze saSiSar yofaSi am SemTxvevaSi germaniaa (korp.: 87).

iq dResac sawyevar sityvad iTvleba `gamorCeuli~ (korp.: 88).


netav ra gqondaT Sesandobari da riT vawveTeb me purze Rvinos (leoniZe,

2008: 157).

... mocecxle veli, wivis xanZari, iwvis qalaqTa gasadevari (leoniZe, 2008: 20).

axla farna Seiqna CeCnebisTvis saficari (imedaSvili, 2010: 156).

74

$ 7. wina viTarebis saxelebi

wina viTarebis saxelebs awarmoebs na_ar ( na_al), na_ev (na_eb),

na_ur konfiqsebi da na- prefiqsi. amaTgan na- _ yvelaze Zvel, xolo

na_ar da ne_ev yvelaze aqtiur mawarmoeblebad aris miCneuli. amgvari

saxelebi ZiriTadad miiReba arsebiTi saxelebisa da saxelzmnebisgan

(romlebic zmnuri warmoSobis saxelebia). Zireul fuZed naklebi

sixSiriT, magram mainc, gamoiyeneba zedsarTavi saxeli da zmnizeda.

a. SaniZem wina viTarebis saxelTa klasifikacia maTi Sinaarsobrivi

aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT ganaxorciela. mecnieris daskvniT, aseTi

sityvebi `aRniSnavs: a) sagans, romelic winaT igive iyo, rac ZireuliT

aRniSnuli (mwyemsi: na-mwyems-ar-i); b) adgils, sadac winaT is sagani iyo,

romelsac Zireuli aRniSnavs (sofeli: na-sofl-ar-i); g) sagans, romelic

im adgilas iyo, romelzedac Zireuli miuTiTebs (mTa: na-mT-ev-i); g) dros,

rodesac ukve gavlilia ZireuliT aRniSnuli xani (SuaRame: na-SuaRam-ev-i)~

(SaniZe, 1980: 133). mniSvnelovania, rom amgvari warmoeba zogjer

geografiuli punqtis saxelwodebaSic gvxvdeba, aseTebia: na-taxt-ar-i, na-

qalaq-ev-i da sxv.

w i n a v i T a r e b i s s a x e l T a s e m a n t i k u r i T a v i s e -

b u r e b i d a n g a m o m d i n a r e, Z n e l i a m a T i z u s t i g a m i j v n a

s u b s t a n t i v a c i a - a d i e q t i v a c i a s T a n m i m a r T e b i T,

r a d g a n z o g j e r S e s a Z l e b e l i a a m g v a r s a x e l T a

g a m o y e n e b a r o g o r c a r s e b i T i, i s e z e d s a r T a v i

s a x e l i s f u n q c i i T. Sdr.: es na-sofl-ar-i adgilia // es na-sofl-ar-

ia; na-mwyems-ar-i ivane axla Sin ijda // na-mwyems-ar-is mogonebebi... Tumca

Tu CavuRrmavdebiT wina viTarebis sityvaTa arss, SevamCnevT, rom i s i n i

i s e T i a d i e q t i u r i m n i S v n e l o b i s l e q s i k u r i e r T e -

u l e b i a, r o m e l T a c m k v e T r a d a q v T g a m o x a t u l i

g a s u b s t a n t i v e b i s u n a r i. es SesaZloa imanac gamoiwvia, rom

aRniSnuli warmoeba Zalian produqtiulia geografiul saxelTa

miRebisas. saxeldeba ki, ra Tqma unda, substantivacias moiazrebs, Tumca

aseve Wirs maTi masubstantivebel translativebad calsaxa miCneva,

gansakuTrebiT iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac sawarmoebeli Ziric da

75

miRebuli sityvac substantivia. Sesabamisad, z e m o T

d a s a x e l e b u l i m a r k e r e b i a n s u b s t a n t i u r o b i s

i n d i k a t o r e b i (ars. saxeli / saxelzmna ars. saxeli SemTxvevaSi)

a n m a a d i e q t i v e b e l i t r a n s l a t i v e b i g a m o d i a n (ars.

saxeli / saxelzmna zedsarTavi saxeli SemTxvevaSi).

zemoaRniSnuli adasturebs, rom wina viTarebis saxelTa mkacri

gamijvna substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan mimarTebiT ar xerxdeba, magram,

miuxedavad am siWrelisa, SevecadeT warmodgenil cxrilSi

mawarmoebelTa kvalifikacia SeZlebisdagvarad zustad gangvesazRvra. ra

Tqma unda, aq ar viTvaliswinebT iseT SemTxvevebs, roca wina viTarebis

saxelTa afiqsebi geografiuli terminebis SeqmnaSi monawileobs.


na_ar

//

na_al


na-om-ar-i, na-avadmyof-ar-i, na-baton-ar-i, na-cix-ar-i, na-giJ-ar-i, na-mwyems-ar-i, na-avazak-ar-i, na-mex-ar-i, na-Cinovnik-ar-i, na-mowaf-ar-i, na-muxl-ar-i, na-yvavil-ar-i, na-krux-al-i, na-mewyr-al-i


funqcia

na-codv-ar-i, na-moRvaw-ar-i, na-fuZ-ar-i, na-eSmak-ar-i, na-Waob-ar-i, na-dedofl-ar-i, na-mef-ar-i, na-mosaxl-ar-i, na-ostat-ar-i, na-ministr-al-i, na-qalaq-ar-i, na-saxl-ar-i, na-sofl-ar-i, na-baRC-ar-i, na-Tavad-ar-i, na-venax-ar-i, na-yaCaR-ar-i, na-terf-al-i na-megobr-al-i, na-oficr-al-i, na-sadgur-al-i, na-Segird-al-i, na-sufr-al-i,

na_ev //

na_eb


na-marxul-ev-i, na-mZinar-ev-i, na-abrag-ev-i, na-adr-ev-i, na-Cqar-ev-i, na-gvian-ev-i, na-iar-ev-i, na-mTvral-ev-i, na-Zalad-ev-i, na-abano-eb-i


funqcia

na-anderZ-ev-i, na-azr-ev-i, na-mxr-ev-i, na-ngr-ev-i, na-qmr-ev-i

na_ur umetesad aqvT substantivis

funqcia

na-fex-ur-i, na-mze-ur-i, na-wib-ur-i

na- umetesad aqvT substantivis

funqcia

na-mxar-i, na-kbil-i, na-sisxl-i, na-setyv-i, na-sityv-i, na-buq-i, na-cvar-i, na-wvim-i, na-qaf-i, na-qar-i, na-sicx-i

warmovadgenT wina viTarebis saxelis, rogorc translirebeli

erTeulis, grafikul gamosaxulebas.

76

nayvavilari A A

na yvavil ar t N t


na_ar ( na_al) konfiqsiani sityvebi


nakuTvnilari sabalaxe mTa ukan daebrunebinaT... (leoniZe, 2011: 47)

saqarTvelo naqarali, naqorali, gaglejili, gamoglejili, _ daWrili

arwivi, vefxvi usulod danarcxebuli (leoniZe, 2011: 212).

hoda, uzers lomTaTa naomar adgilebs da usmens ucnobis kriWaSekrul

Txrobas (korp.: 89).

fifqi pirveli atmis totis naavdral suls axalisebs (korp.: 90).

aq yoveli sityva naweraqval qvasaviT quxs da xmianobs (korp.: 91).

oxero da namexaro, martoxeo ole! (leoniZe, 2008: 77)


saerTod nasoflarebi, naqalaqarebi, nasaydralebi, nafuZvrebi,

nabazralebi imdenia saqarTveloSi, rom didze didi eris istoriasac yvela

xarvezs amouvsebda (goTua, 1980: 113).

vardebiani bardnari, bulbulTa naamborali... (asaTiani, 1988: 46)

mzis Casvlisas miaRwia nabanakars (goTua, 1980: 39).

vin icis, ramdens viTvli natyviars (CitiSvili, 2010: 189).

na_ev ( na_eb) konfiqsiani sityvebi


fermkrTal saxeze naadrevi Raruli dasdeboda (goTua, 1980: 8).

naadrevi xili mSvenieri icis dasavleTSi (korp.: 92).

Savgvremani, momRimari Wabuki nagvianeb stumars karebSi Seegeba (korp.: 93).

is Cqarobda, naadrev sikvdils Tu ugrZnobda guli (korp.: 94).

dedis werili zepirad icis, am nagvianev stumrobasac ise Sexvda, rogorc

aucilebelsa da gardauvals (korp.: 95).

nabaxusev TavSi tkbili mogonebani mware fiqrebs SeerTo (korp.: 96).

is imdenad lmobieria, rom nabaxusev TavebSi milionobiT axali idea

feTqdeba da gvewyeba Tavis tkivili (korp.: 97).

77

agondeba xevisTavs Soreuli warsuli da gulSi naadrev siberis JrJolas

grZnobs (korp.: 98).


meurmem papis Sublze mxolod axla SeamCnia naiarevi (goTua, 1980: 56).

na_ur konfiqsiani sityvebi


mlaSe tba, nazRvauri udabno... (korp.: 99)

namzeur saxeze Tvalebi ugizgizebs kacs (korp.: 100).


amis nakvalevs devis nafexuri hqvia (korp.: 101).

axal mosul Tovls, yinva-dakruls, arsad ar aCnda nafexuri adamianisa

(korp.: 102).

mucelze ganivi, grZeli naiarevi SevniSne _ sqeli nawiburi zed Wipze

gadioda (korp.: 103).

na- prefiqsiani sityvebi


efrem berma fexi rom moinacvla, nasisxli kvali darCa senakis lorfinze

(korp.: 104).

Sen SemamSrale nawvimi sevda da wiwvebgaSlil naZvs damamsgavse (korp.: 105).

...gagayoleb wvimiT nasetyv Tvalebs sagzlada... (korp.: 106)

gavixedoT da... erTxelac Camovarda Cognis burTi. naqari atamiviT ar

gagorda dibis qaTibSi?! (korp.: 107)

mzis qorwils eswreba cieri mayari, naqari foTlebis namqerSi vqrebi

(korp.: 108).

nasisxli xelebiT sxvebis dalocvac ver miyo gulma (korp.: 109).


beletaJis kuTxeSi, mavTulis wnuliT Semortymuli, beberi vazis namxari

TiTqmis mTel ezos faravs (korp.: 110).

moCqefs `kometas~ Rvino Sxefebad, orTqlavs rost-bifi sisxliT nacvari

(korp.: 111).

macocxlebeli iyo siyvaruli igi, viT ukvdavebisa zeciT nacvari (korp.:

112).

78

$ 8. xeloba-profesiis saxelebi

xeloba-profesiis saxelTa mawarmoeblebad a. SaniZe gamoyofda me_e-sa

da me_ur-s ( me_ul). qarTul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi am

daniSnulebiT damatebiT warmodgenilia mo_e konfiqsic (m. tuskia, g.

gogolaSvili...). marTalia, aRniSnuli jgufis sityvebs xelobis

saxelebad moixsenieben umetesad, magaram zogjer amgvar saxelTa

semantika scildeba xeloba-profesiis gamoxatvas da ufro Tviseba-

daniSnulebas uaxlovdeba. aseTebia, magaliTad, me-anabr-e, me-Tav-e, me-Zvir-e,

me-ocneb-e da a. S. erTi warmoebis farglebSi amdenad mravalferovani

mniSvnelobis sityvaTa arsebobam afiqrebina m. tuskias, rom `xelobis

saxelebi~ zustad ver gamoxatavs xsenebuli jfufis semantikur

specifikas da aRniSnuli warmoebisaTvis mosaZebnia axali, ufro

Sesatyvisi, termini (tuskia, 2004: 105).

xeloba-profesiis saxelebi miiReba umetesad arsebiTi saxelebisgan

(me-qaTm-e, me-nav-e, me-bad-ur-i, mo-wil-e...), iSviaTad am daniSnulebiT

gamoiyeneba zedsarTauli (me-did-ur-i), zmnisarTuli (mo-wina-v-e...) da

saxelzmnuri (me-marx-ul-e...) Zirebi.

CamoTvlili mawarmoeblebidan ufro aqtiurad gvxvdeba me_e da

me_ur, vidre mo_e. es ukanaskneli warmoebisa da mniSvnelobis mxriv did

msgavsebas iCens saSuali gvaris mimReobebTan (mo-cimcim-e, mo-cigurav-e).

mniSvnelovania, rom aseTi mimReobebi xSirad substantivdebian kidec

(tuskia, 2004).

x e l o b a - p r o f e s i i s s a x e l e b z e S e i Z l e b a i T q v a s,

r o m i s i n i Z i r i T a d a d s u b s t a n t i v e b i a r i a n. C v e n i

a z r i T, a m g v a r s a x e l T a a d i e q t i v a d g a m o y e n e b i s

S e m T x v e v e b i m e o r e u l i x a s i a T i s a a d a p i r v a n d e l i

f u n q c i a a m g v a r i s a x e l e b i s a m a i n c s u b s t a n t i u r i a.

qarTul enas rom udidesi potencia aqvs sityvaTa klasebis cvlilebisa,

es cnobili faqtia da sakvirveli namdvilad araa adieqtivis rolSi

xeloba-profesiis saxelebis gamosvla maSin, rodesac Zireuli

substantivebis adieqtivaciasac ar erideba ena saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi.

Sdr.: ori Wiqa wyali, erTi godori simindi, sami boTli Rvino da a. S.

79

Tqmulidan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia x e l o b a -

p r o f e s i i s k o n f i q s e b i m a s u b s t a n t i v e b e l t r a n s l a -

t i v T a r i g S i S e v i y v a n o T i m S e m T x v e v e b i s T v i s,

r o d e s a c s i t y v e b i i w a r m o e b a a r s e b i T i s a g a n g a n s x v a -

v e b u l i m e t y v e l e b i s n a w i l e b i s g a n, d a n a r C e n

v i T a r e b a S i x e l o b a - d a n i S n u l e b i s m a r k e r e b i s a x e l -

T a s u b s t a n t i u r o b i s i n d i k a t o r e b i ( m a C v e n e b l e b i )

i q n e b i a n m x o l o d.

zemoT warmodgenil msjelobas emyareba xeloba-profesiis

mwarmoebelTa kvalifikacia substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan mimarTebiT.


me_e


me-alilo-e, me-marcxen-e, me-marjven-e, me-ocneb-e, me-ojax-e


funqcia

me-anabr-e, me-baJ-e, me-baR-e, me-buxr-e, me-Cai-e, me-Ceqm-e, me-kar-e, me-Congur-e, me-cxvar-e, me-daviTn-e, me-dol-e, me-droS-e, me-etl-e, me-ezov-e, me-futkr-e, me-kvl-e, me-manqan-e, me-mkvidr-e, me-montaJ-e, me-nav-e, me-naxir-e, me-pur-e, me-Rvin-e, me-saaT-e, me-sanTl-e, me-sazRvr-e, me-tiv-e, me-val-e, me-venax-e, me-warm-e, me-yvavil-e, me-zRapr-e, me-Zrox-e, me-agur-e, me-air-e, me-baTqaS-e, me-brZmed-e, me-eqskavator-e, me-xanZr-e

me_ur //

me_ul


me-did-ur-i, me-dRe-ur-i, me-Ta-ur-i, me-rZe-ul-i


funqcia

me-bad-ur-i, me-barg-ul-i, me-zRva-ur-i

mo_e umetesad aqvT substantivis

funqcia mo-Sair-e, mo-val-e, mo-nadir-e, mo-keT-e, mo-krimanWul-e

moyvanili magaliTebic adasturebs, rom xeloba-profesiis saxelebis

umravlesoba substantivia, oRond isev substantivisgan miRebuli.

rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, iSviaT SemTxvevaSi xsenebuli

mawarmoeblebiT xdeba adieqtivaciac. warmovadgenT xeloba-profesiis

sarTebis meSveobiT ganxorcielebuli translaciis oriode magaliTis

struqturul gamosaxulebas.

80

merZeuli mealiloe A

me rZe ul me alilo e t N t


me_e konfiqsiani sityvebi


meRore yatala Roris afesvaSi rom eSveleboda Tayas, _ xelTuyari,

weliwyvetia, gamoniWuli (leoniZe, 2011: 94).

vanom naRvlianad gauRima meezove qals da gza ganagrZo (korp.: 113).


oTaxis karebSi Cemi Zveli nacnobi meetle idga (korp.: 114).

... da madls arigebT sxivCamdgar muWiT TviT upovari meudabnove

(CitiSvili, 2010: 46).

metiveebi sadRac mRerian, soflis gubeSi gaCrila mTvare (leoniZe, 2008: 32).

meurmem papis Sublze mxolod axla SeamCnia naiarevi (goTua, 1980: 56).

-vaime! _ aRmoxda Cumi kvnesa meCibuxes da aTive TiTi TmebSi itaca (korp.:

115).

monadires, meTevzes, mewisqviles, poetebs xandaxan unda apatioT ocnebis

gadaduReba (leoniZe, 2011: 178).

kokam mTvarian Rames gadaayvanina daWrili kuka meTevzeebs kunZulze

nacnob qirurgTan (TabukaSvili, 2010: 16).

me_ur ( // me_ul) konfiqsiani sityvebi


ase rom TxrobaSi aRweril angelozebs sxvas verafers vuwodebT, Tu ara

`megzur sulebs~ (korp.: 116).

sicelqis iStam isev daria medidur mgzavrs xeli (korp.: 117).

... Cems lurjTvaleba mezRvaur papas (korp.: 118).


Cemodnebiani mebarguli win miuZRoda (korp.: 119).

wyals perangiani mebaduri damklavebuli misdevda (korp.: 120).

me viyav, Zmano, baRdadeli mebarguli (korp.: 121).

81

... Tavazianad mimarTa megzurma da myis dainaxa, rom misi aseTi

CarevisTanave kaci moeSva (korp.: 122).

- oh, batono morel! _ Sehyvira Tvalcremlianma axalgazrda mezRvaurma

(korp.: 123).

mezRvaurma yanCas niskartSi staca xeli da zRvis zedapirze ase SeCerda

(korp.: 124).

mesame mezRvaurs ki damiznebuli revolveri xelSi SerCenoda uazrod

(korp.: 125).

mo_e konfiqsiani sityvebi


... Semdeg welSi gadaxrili moWidave isev TviTonve gaaswora da aaTamaSa

(korp.: 126).

es monadire xalxis warmomadgenelia (korp.: 127).

mxatvrebi da moqandakeebi xataven da aqandakeben panis gamosaxulebas

(korp.: 128).

maharajam brZana, saswrafod SeekribaT im mxaris saukeTeso monadireebi

(korp.: 129).

roca ganTiadma moatana, ucnaurma moWidavem uTxra iakobsa... (korp.: 130)

TviTon waiqca da sanam wamoayenebdnen, moWidaveebma icnes sastumroSi

nanaxi mamuliSvili (korp.: 131).

mociquls ki mgosans, poets, moSaires uwodebdnen (korp.: 132).

monadires, meTevzes, mewisqviles, poetebs xandaxan unda apatioT ocnebis

gadaduReba (leoniZe, 2011: 178).

ara, ugmiroba ki ar gvWirs _ Tavad martoxela gmirs... calke

mokrimanWules... yavli gauvida (goTua, 1980: 112).

gTxovT momitevoT, rom eg Tqveni moTxovna Tqveni nebiTve unda uaryoT da

Tqvens movaled unda davrCe (korp.: 133).

82

$ 9. geografiuli saxelebi

geografiul saxelTa mawarmoeblebis gamoyofisas qarTul

lingvistur literaturaSi didi sxvaoba SeiniSneba.

a. SaniZe amgvar saxelTa mawarmoeblebad Semdeg konfiqsebs

asaxelebs: sa_e, sa_o, sa_is, sa_ur. igi amave daniSnulebiT ganixilavs -ian,

-ovan afiqsebs, na_ev, na_ar, na_ur prefiqs-sufiqsebs da iqve saubrobs e.w.

nagenetivar Tu oden -eT, -iT-iTa da sa-eT sarTebiT geografiuli

saxelebis miRebaze (SaniZe, 1980: 136-140).

m. tuskia aRniSnavs, rom geografiul terminTa SeqmnisTvis ena

mimarTavs nairgvar saSualebas, amitom igi sakuTriv geografiul

saxelTa mawarmoeblebiT miRebul formebs ganixilavs. amgvar

elementebad mkvlevari gamoyofs Semdeg sarTebs: -eT, sa_eT, -nar, -ob, -o

(tuskia, 2004: 114-118).

gansxvavebuli viTareba gvaqvs `Tanamedrove qarTuli enis

morfologiaSic~. aq naSromis avtorebi cal-calke warmoadgenen adgilis

gamomxatvelsa da geografiul saxelebs. pirvel maTganSi SeaqvT -ob-isa

da -nar-is darTviT miRebuli sityvebi, xolo meore maTganSi aerTianeben

rogorc oden geografiul saxelTa afiqsebiT (-eT, -iT, sa_eT, sa_is), ise

sxvadasxva funqciis mawarmoeblebiT (-ian, -ovan, na_ar, na_ur, na_ev,

sa_e, sa_o, sa_is, sa_ur) Seqmnil leqsikur erTeulebs (gogolaSvili...

2011: 231-233).

miuxedavad am gansxvavebuli TvalTaxedvisa, CvenTvis principuli

mniSvneloba mxolod am mawarmoebelTa funqciur datvirTvas aqvs da ara

imas, gamoiyeneba Tu ara CamoTvlili afiqsebi sxva daniSnulebiTac.

geografiuli Tu adgilis gamomxatveli sityvebi, rasakvirvelia,

substantivebia. aRsaniSnavia, rom zogjer saxeldebisTvis gamoiyeneba

Tvisebis saxelebi, nawarmoebi -ian, -ovan, sa_e, sa_o sarTebiT da am

SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa visaubroT sityvis substantivaciaze. danarCen

viTarebaSi miRebul saxels imTaviTve substantivis gageba aqvs an

Zireuli sityvac substantivia da amdenad translaciaze aqcentireba

zedmetia.

83

Cven geografiul terminTa Sesaxeb srulyofili suraTis SeqmnisTvis

gavaanalizeT `saqarTvelos geografiuli saxelebis orTografiuli

leqsikonis~ masala. yvelaze xSirad amgvar terminTa Sesaqmnelad

gamoyenebulia Semdegi mawarmoeblebi:

sa_e: sa-batkn-e, sa-bu-e, sa-irm-e, sa-jixv-e, sa-kalmax-e, sa-naxSir-e,

sa-orb-e, sa-Tiv-e, sa-Tovl-e, sa-Tx-e

sa_o: sa-adami-o, sa-badl-o, sa-baJ-o, sa-berulav-o, sa-guram-o,

sa-imed-o, sa-imerl-o, sa-javax-o, sa-lxin-o, sa-madl-o, sa-Tavad-o,

sa-Tem-o, sa-wisqvin-o

sa_is: sa-cxen-is-i

sa_ur: sa-bad-ur-i, sa-cix-ur-i

sa_eT: sa-ber-eT-i, sa-bu-eT-i, sa-cxen-eT-i, sa-mRer-eT-i, sa-rkin-eT-i,

sa-sir-eT-i, sa-van-eT-i

-eT: abano-eT-i, alg-eT-i, argv-eT-i, baral-eT-i, beRl-eT-i, bevr-eT-i,

bJol-eT-i, bu-eT-i, dadian-eT-i, gogol-eT-i, gomar-eT-i, grigol-eT-i,

gvel-eT-i, kvern-eT-i, murman-eT-i, mzian-eT-i, nigoz-eT-i orb-eT-i, qveS-eT-i,

riy-eT-i, simon-eT-i, Tagv-eT-i, tb-eT-i, Ton-eT-i, van-eT-i, zamTar-eT-i,

zvar-eT-i

-nar: baR-nar-i, mux-nar-i, pant-nar-i, tiv-nar-i, Txil-nar-i.

mniSvnelovania, rom saxeldebisTvis, rogorc Cans, xSirad

gadamwyvetia sanominacio obieqtis garegnuli mxare, Tviseba da a.S. am

niSniT Seqmnil geografiul terminebSi, rasakvirvelia, sxvadasxva

funqciis afiqsebia gamoyenebuli. yvela mawarmoebeli, rogorc

mosalodnelic iyo, araa erTnairad produqtiuli. am daniSnulebiT

gvxvdeba Semdegi mawarmoeblebi:

qonebis afiqsebi:

-a: bosel-a, bostan-a, didmux-a, didwifel-a, kibur-a, kidegan-a, maxaT-a,

naxSir-a, Rrubel-a, ryevis-a, Tbilis-a, TeTr-a, TeTrwyal-a, Txel-a,

Txil-a, unagir-a, velis-a, velur-a, wablan-a, wiTel-a, zekar-a

-ovan da -ovan-a: citrus-ovan-i, lam-ovan-i, nar-ovan-i, Txil-ovan-i,

Wal-ovan-i, wifl-ovan-i; Svind-ovan-a, wabl-ovan-a, zurg-ovan-a

-ian da ian-a: baR-ian-i, birk-ian-i, Cit-ian-i, fiWv-ian-i, gul-ian-i,

gvimr-ian-i, javSn-ian-i, kakl-ian-i, mux-ian-i, mz-ian-i, nak-ian-i, nar-ian-i,

84

pant-ian-i, qar-ian-i, qv-ian-i, Samb-ian-i, tex-ian-i, til-ian-i, wabl-ian-i;

Txil-ian-a

uqonlobis afiqsi u_o: u-dabn-o, u-saxel-o

warmomavlobis afiqsebi: -el, -ur // -ul, -eul: van-el-i; badia-

ur-i, ban-ur-i, tex-ur-i; arsena-ul-i, ser-ul-i; mzis-eul-i

wina viTarebis saxelTa mawarmoeblebi: na_ar, na_ev // na_eb,

na_ur: na-cix-ar-i, na-dikv-ar-i, na-duqn-ar-i, na-taxt-ar-i; na-bak-ev-i, na-

bosl-ev-i, na-darbaz-ev-i, na-gom-ev-i, na-maril-ev-i, na-Rvar-ev-i, na-venax-ev-i;

na-bostn-eb-i; na-dab-ur-i, na-jix-ur-i, na-xid-ur-i.

geografiul obieqtTa saxelebSi gvaqvs rogorc -eb-iani, ise

narTaniani maravlobiTis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebic: adaZe-eb-i, bag-eb-i,

bosl-eb-i, darCiZe-eb-i, diakoniZe-eb-i, gelaZe-eb-i, qv-eb-i, vel-eb-i, wyl-eb-i;

rko-n-i, Rrma-n-i, ToTiaur-n-i, akaur-Ta, bosel-Ta, buCukur-Ta, gulian-Ta,

kalo-Ta, lix-Ta, van-Ta, wyaro-Ta.

warmodgenil sailustracio maslaze zedapiruli dakvirvebiTac

kargad Cans, rom i s S e m T x v e v e b i, r o d e s a c m q o n e b l o b i s a

d a w a r m o m a v l o b i s a f i q s e b i a n i f o r m e b i g a m o i y e n e b a

g e o g r a f i u l t e r m i n T a s a w a r m o e b l a d, m a S i n a S k a r a a

a d i e q t i u r f o r m a T a s u b s t a n t i v a c i a. a s e T s a v e

S T a b e W d i l e b a s t o v e b s sa_e k o n f i q s i T m i R e b u l i

s i t y v e b i c. d a n a r C e n S e m T x v e v e b S i s u b s t a n t i v a c i a z e

s a u b a r i g a W i r d e b a. Tqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, struqturul

gamosaxulebas warmovadgenT mxolod qonebis afiqsian da sa_e

mawarmoebliani TiTo-TiTo SemTxvevisTvis.

N (semantikuri gadaazrebiT) N

sabue A TeTra A

sa bu e t N t TeTr a N t

85

$ 10. daskvnebi

winamdebare qveTavSi warmovadgineT sityvaTmawarmoebeli morfemebi

da semantikur-funqciuri analizis Sedegad SevecadeT maT klasifikacias

substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan mimarTebiT.

marTalia, naSromSi afiqsebi dalagebulia semantikuri niSniT,

rogorc es tradiciuladaa miRebuli, magram CvenTvis mniSvnelovani aris

ara warmoebis Sedegad miRebuli sityvis semantika (qonebis saxelia,

uqonlobis, wina viTarebis, warmomavlobis Tu sxva), aramed am erTeulis

ZiriTadi funqciuri datvirTva winadadebaSi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,

translaciis kvlevisTvis mniSvneloba eniWeba imas, Tu ra mimarTebas

amyarebs miRebuli sityva sxva sityvebTan, romel metyvelebis nawils

ganekuTvneba igi. translaciis arsidan gamomdinare, umTavresia, rom

warmoebis Sedegad enobrivma erTeulma Seicvalos klasi, anu Zireuli da

warmoqmnili sityvebi sxvadasxva klasis unda iyos. Sesabamisad, Tu

sityvawarmoeba ar iwvevs klasis cvlilebas, maSin ar xdeba translacia.

s u b s t a n t i v a c i a - a d i e q t i v a c i a s i t y v i s e r T i k l a s i -

d a n m e o r e S i g a d a s v l a s g u l i s x m o b s, s u b s t a n t i u r o -

b a - a d i e q t i u r o b a k i S e s a Z l o a a m a T u i m e r T e u l i s

p i r v a n d e l i n i S a n i i y o s. magaliTad, rodesac vambobT, rom sityva

`azr-ian-i~ adieqtiuri gagebis aris, es niSnavs, rom is an pirveladi

adieqtivia, an translaciis Sedegad miRebuli. am formaSi Zireuli

erTeuli arebiTi saxelia, warmoebis Sedegad miRebuli sityva ki _

zedsarTavi. anu aRniSnuli forma adieqtivi Tavidan ki ar yofila,

aramed translaciis Sedegad gamxdara, Sesabamisad, -ian maadieqtivebeli

translativi gamodis. xdeba isec, rom erTi da igive mawarmoebeli erT

sityvasTan translativia, xolo meoresTan _ ara. magaliTisTvis

ganvixiloT abstraqtulobis sufiqsi -oba sityvebSi `erT-oba~ da `ded-

oba~. orive forma substantiuri gagebisaa, oRond pirvelSi Zireuli

sityva ricxviTi saxelia, meoreSi _ arsebiTi, amitom substantivaciaze

mxolod pirvel SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia visaubroT. meore formaSi -oba

mxolod substantiurobis maCvenebelia (indikatoria).

86

masalaze dakvirvebam gviCvena, rom translaciisTvis aseve

mniSvnelovania sityvis semantika. amis dasturia isic, rom, magaliTad, -eul

sufiqsi xan maadieqtivebelia, xan _ ara. wesiT marcvl-eul-i, xil-eul-i

adieqtivebi unda iyos, radgan -eul-iT miiReba adieqtivebi (Cem-eul-i,

dedis-eul-i), magram formebSi `marcvleuli~ da `xileuli~ aRniSnulma

mawarmoebelma arc warmomavloba gamoxata (rac am afiqsis semantikuri

niSania) da arc adieqtivi awarmova, aRniSnul sityvebs man mxolod

erTnair saganTa simravlis, krebiTobis niuansi SesZina. krebiTobis es

niSani kidev ufro ikveTeba aseT sityvebze -oba-s darTviT: marcvl-eul-oba,

xil-eul-oba da a.S. enobrivi erTeulis am rTul bunebasa da misi

analizisas kompleqsuri midgomis saWiroebas xazi gausva b. jorbenaZemac

Semdegi sityvebiT: `morfologiuri analizis ZiriTadi mizania sityvis

formisa da misi cvlilebis kanonzomierebaTa Seswavla. morfologiuri

analizi iTvaliswinebs: a) formis sintaqsur funqcias, b) formis

semantikas. am momentebis gaTvaliswineba TviT formis srulyofili

morfologiuri analizisTvis aris aucilebeli. sintaqsuri da

semantikuri faqtorebi moqmedeben formaTwarmoebaze~ (jorbenaZe, 1995: 27).

afiqsTa zemoT warmodgenili specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT SevecadeT

warmogveCina konkretuli sityvaTmawarmoebeli sarTebis matranslire-

beli Zala. sakiTxis kvlevis Sedegad gamoikveTa Semdegi:

1. qarTul enas Seswevs unari nebismieri arasaxeli aqcios

saxelad, anu gaasubstantivos, xolo saxelTa klasebis

cvlilebisTvis nairgvar saSualebebs mimarTos.

2. saxelebisgan saxelTa miRebis erT-erTi yvelaze produqtiuli

saSualebaa sityvawarmoeba.

3. sityvaTmawarmoebel afiqsebs aqvT translaciis unari. maT

SeuZliaT Seqmnan axali leqsikuri erTeuli axali funqciiT;

4. erTi da igive afiqsi SeiZleba erT SemTxvevaSi iyos

translativi, meore SemTxvevaSi _ ara.

5. erTi da imave sityvidan sityvawarmoebiT SesaZlebelia

miviRoT translirebuli varianti, an _ ara (Sdr.: erTi mxriv _

kac-ob-a da meore mxriv _ kac-ur-i).

87

6. translirebisTvis umniSvnelovanesia semantikuri faqtori. amas

adasturebs, magaliTad, qonebis afiqsian atributul formaTa

gasubstantiveba saxeldebisaTvis amgvar erTeulTa

gadaazrebiT: Cit-ian-i, qv-ian-i, qar-ian-i, wabl-ian-i da sxv.

7. translirebisTvis xSirad gadamwyveti ara marto sityvis,

aramed mawarmoeblis semantikacaa (anu ra mniSvnelobis,

funqciis leqsikur erTeulebs viRebT). SevadaroT ori forma:

sa-agent-o da sa-agent-e*. orive daniSnulebis konfiqsTa

darTviTaa miRebuli, magram ena pirvel formas iyenebs

aqtiurad, meores ki ugulebelyofs miuxedavad

morfonologiuri SezRudvis ararsebobisa. Sdr.: sakalte,

salente, sisxarte da a.S.

8. zogjer ena erTi sityvisgan erTi da imave semantikis afiqsTa

monawileobiT qmnis sityvebs: sa-Tav-e da sa-Tav-o. orive

leqsikuri erTeuli daniSnulebis konfiqsebis darTviTaa

miRebuli, magram enam maTi mniSvnelobisa da funqciis

diferencireba moaxdina: mdinaris saTave (substantivi), saTavo

ofisi (adieqtivi).

9. SeiZleba erTi da igive sityva konteqstSi dakisrebuli

funqciis mixedviT sxvadasxva klasis kuTvnileba iyos. Sdr.:

inglis-el-i stumari (adieqtivi) da inglis-el-ebi gvestumren

(substantivi). Tumca es mainc poziciuri xasiaTis movlenaa. -el-i

maadieqtivebeli translativia. meore SemTxvevaSi sityvis

substantivacia morfologiuri ki ara, sintaqsuri meqanizmis

meSveobiT ganxorcielda.

10. zogjer metaenis Taviseburebani gansazRvravs ama Tu im

mawarmoeblis produqtiulobas. SesaZlebelia romelime afiqsi

Cveulebriv metyvelebaSi naklebaqtiuri iyos, magram dargobriv

terminologiaSi Zalian nayofierad gamoiyenebodes.

11. ama Tu im mawarmoeblis aqtiuroba gansxvavebulia enis

ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze. magaliTad, Zvel qarTulSi

abstraqtul saxelebs ufro xSirad si_e konfiqsi awarmoebda

88

maSin, roca axal qarTulSi xsenebulma sarTma poziciebi

daTmo odensufiqsuri warmoebis sasargeblod.

12. mawarmoeblis produqtiuloba gulisxmobs ara marto imas, rom

igi bevr sityvaSi gvxvdeba, aramed imasac, Tu ramdenad bevr

metyvelebis nawilTan gamoiyeneba igi. magaliTad, samecniero

literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom -oba sufiqsi ufro meti

ragvarobis fuZeebTan dasturdeba, vidre _ -eba; amgvarad,

logikuria, rom produqtiul mawarmoeblebs translirebis

meti unaric aqvT, rac nairgvar fuZeebze maTi darTvis

SansiTaa ganpirobebuli.

13. nebismierma translirebulma formam SeiZleba kidev ganicados

translacia. am daniSnulebiT morfologiur saSualebad

gamoiyeneba translativebis kvlav darTva, ris Sedegadac

viRebT ormagi translaciis formebs. translirebuli formis

kvlavtranslirebis sintaqsuri meqanizmis arsi ki modelSi

gansxvavebuli rolis dakavebiT gamoixateba (aRniSnul sakiTxs

ganvixilavT translaciis sintaqsur saSualebaSi).

14. ramdenimejeradi translaciis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia yvela

jerze sxvadasxva metyvelebis nawili miviRoT an, magaliTad,

Tavdapirveli sityva da saboloo, translirebis Sedegad

miRebuli, erTeuli erTi da imave klasis iyos, Sualeduri

safexurisa ki _ sxva (ormagi translaciis orive SemTxvevis

grafikuli gamosaxuleba warmodgenilia zemoT).

15. sityvaTmawarmoebeli afiqsebi SegviZlia davajgufoT imis

mixedviT, ZiriTadad substantivebs awarmoeben, Tu adieqtivebs.

gvaqvs iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT maTi

kvalificireba ar xerxdeba.

dasasrul, sityvaTmawarmoebeli afiqsebisTvis warmovadgenT

sailustracio gamosaxulebas, romelSic elementTa ganawilebisas

gaTvaliswinebulia maT mier nawarmoebi sityvebis substantiuroba-

adieqtiuroba, rogorc aRniSnuli afiqsebiT sityvaTa ama Tu im saxis

translirebis rezultatiuri niSani.

89

CamoTvlili afiqsebiT nawarmoebi sityvebi:

adieqtivebia

substantivebi da adieqtivebia

substantivebia

III. brunvis niSnebi matranslirebel elementebad

zogadad brunvis niSnebi mimarTebiTi morfemebia, romelTa ZiriTadi

daniSnuleba aris sityvis im formiT warmodgena, romelic winadadebaSi

sxva sityvebTan mimarTebisTvisaa saWiro. winadadebis struqturul

modelSi brunvaTa gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas xazs usvams C. filmori,

romelmac specialuri naSromi miuZRvna brunvebs, maTi funqciebi

sintaqsis TvalsazrisiT ganixila da isini siRrmiseul struqturul

modelSic warmoadgina (filmori, 1977). miuxedavad brunvis niSanTa

umTavresi (mimarTebiTi) daniSnulebisa, arcTu iSviaTad maT SeiZleba

Seicvalon funqcia da derivatebad mogvevlinon, amitom qarTul

saenaTmecniero literaturaSi sityvawarmoebis ganxilvisas yovelTvis

-a; sa_o, sa_e, sa_ur, a_ar;

na_ar//na_al, na_ev//na_eb;

me_ur//me_ul

me_e,

90

aRniSnaven brunvis niSanTa am unars. `kargad aris cnobili saxelTa

brunvis niSnebis ormagi buneba: (1) garkveul pirobebSi brunvis niSnebi,

kargaven ra fleqsiur bunebas, translirdebian derivaciul elementebad

_ warmoqmnian sxva metyvelebis nawilebs; fleqsiur elementTa rangSi

maT aseve SeuZliaT metyvelebis sxva nawilTa saxelad moqceva. yovelive

es xorcieldeba paradigmidan amovardniT an paradigmaSi CarTviT; (2)

yovelgvari pirobis gareSe brunvis niSani maSinve derivatiul elementad

moiqceva, rogorc ki mas sityvaformaSi igive an sxva brunvis niSani

mohyveba, rac Teoriulad gamoricxavs ormag da sammag brunebas~, _ wers

T. uTurgaiZe (uTurgaiZe, 2013: 22) da xazs usvams brunvis niSanTa

sityvaTmawarmoebel da matranslirebel funqciebs.

brunvis niSnebiT axali leqsikuri erTeulebis miReba qarTuli enis

ganviTarebis yvela doneze aqtiuri Cans. magaliTad, Zvel qarTulSi aris

rigi sityvebisa, romlebic naTesaobiTbrunviani formiT gamoxataven

drois garemoebas. `zogierTi aseTi saxeli am mniSvnelobiT xSiri

xmarebis gamo zmnizedad iqca. aseTia, magaliTad, gz-is (gza _ gz-is) da

my-is (meyi _ my-is), romlebic warmoSobiT drois zmnizeda unda iyos~

(imnaiSvili, 1957: 174). Zvel qarTulSi brunvis niSanTa derivaciul unars

xazs usvams z. sarjvelaZec: `naTesaobiTis, moqmedebiTisa da viTarebiTis

niSnebi zogjer axal fuZes warmoqmnian~, _ wers mkvlevari (sarjvelaZe,

1997: 187). aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ioane petriwi da efrem mcire

nayofierad iyenebdnen brunvis niSnebs axal leqsikur erTeulTa

misaRebad (meliqiSvili, 1974).

yovelive zemoTqmuli udavod adasturebs brunvis niSanTa

sityvawarmoebiTi daniSnulebis, rogorc faqtis, siZveles.

aRsaniSnavia, rom brunvis niSanTa derivaciuli unari sakmaod

aqtiuria Tanamedrove qarTulSic. magaliTad, a. SaniZe miiCnevs, rom -iT

da -ad gamoiyeneba zedsarTav saxelTa misaRebad: dadeb-iT-i, uaryof-iT-i,

Cveneb-iT-i; Tval-ad-i, tan-ad-i, fer-ad-i, pur-ad-i... (SaniZe, 1980: 145). masve

aqvs SeniSnuli amgvari warmoebis aqtiuroba terminologiur

sityvaTqmnadobaSi. m. tuskiac iziarebs azrs, rom `brunvis niSanTa

derivatebad gamoyeneba qarTuli enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa~

(tuskia, 2004: 123) da am funqciiT gamoyofs naTesaobiTi, moqmedebiTi da

91

viTarebiTi brunvis niSnebs (-is, -iT, -iv, -ad). T. uTurgaiZe ki xazs usvams

micemiTi brunvis niSnis sityvawarmoebiT daniSnulebas: `mravali

arsebiTi saxelis moqceva SeiZleba zmnisarTad ise, rom forma ar

Seecvalos; mag., zafxuls, Semodgomas, kviras... `forma Seecvalos~ exeba

gamoxatulebis plans, mxolod bgerobriv igiveobas, gramatikulad isini

(saerTo bgerobrivi Sedgenilobis arsebiTi saxeli da zmnisarTi) didad

arian gansxvavebuli: `zafxuls~ arsebiT saxelSi -s fuZeSi ar Sedis,

brunvis niSania (`zafxuls Semodgoma mosdevs~), romelic paradigmaSi

SeiZleba Canacvlebul iqnes sxva brunvis niSniT (zafxul-i, zafxul-ma...

`zafxulma kargad Ciara~ da sxv.), zmnisarT `zafxuls~ formaSi ki -s

daboloeba fuZis kuTvnilebaa, rogorc warmomqmneli elementi (`am

zafxuls zRvaze isvenebda~). zmnisarTi `zafxuls~ paradigmas

moklebulia da arc Sinaarsobrivad niSnavs arsebiTi saxelis micemiTi

brunvis `zafxulis~ formas~ (uTurgaiZe, 2005: 256). msgavs SemTxvevebs

mecnieri saxelisgan zmnisarTis translirebis kvalifikacias aZlevs.

`Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiaSi~ warmoqmnis elementebad

miCneulia mxolod naTesaobiTi, moqmedebiTi da viTarebiTi brunvis

niSnebi, Tumca naSromSi damatebiTaa SeniSnuli, rom `Tanamedrove

saliteraturo enaSi -is, rogorc warmoqmnis elementi, ar gvxvdeba,

samecniero terminologiaSi ki xSirad gamoiyeneba: Tval-is-i, afr-is-i,

ujred-is-i, safex-is-i~ (gogolaSvili... 2011: 238).

zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba SevajamoT, rom

derivaciuli daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba Semdegi brunvis niSnebi: -s

(micemiTi), -is/-s (naTesaobiTi), -iT (moqmedebiTi) da -ad/-d (viTarebiTi).

Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enisTvis zemoT miTiTebuli

afiqsebis funqciebi samecniero literaturis (klasifikaciisas

veyrdnobiT `qarTuli enis morfemebisa da modaluri elementebis

leqsikons~) Sesabamisad SeiZleba ganisazRvros Semdegnairad:

1. micemiTi brunvis niSani -s gamoiyeneba zmnisarTebis

sawarmoeblad (dRes, saRamos, dilas, wels, Zirs, Sors...).

2. naTesaobiTi brunvis niSani -is da misi varianti -s (aseve -Ta

daboloeba naTesaobiTis funqciiT) gvxvdeba substantiuri

msazRvrelis mawarmoeblad; -is-s, rogorc sityvaTmawarmoebel

92

formants, gamoyofen pirisa da ukuqceviT saxelTagan miRebul

kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelebSi (mis-i, imis-i, Tavis-i...) da aseve

iseT geografiul saxelebSi, romlebmac savaraudod dakarges

sazRvruli wevri (Sind-is-i; ru-is-i...) (jorbenaZe... 1988: 241)

Cveni azriT, naTesaobiTi brunvis yvela zemoCamoTvlili

funqciis arsi sityvaTa adieqtivaciaSi mdgomareobs.

3. -iT sufiqsiT iwarmoeba zmnisarTebi Semdegi metyvelebis

nawilebisgan: zedsarTavisgan (maRl-iT, dabl-iT...), drois

aRmniSvneli arsebiTi saxelebisgan (dil-iT, Ram-iT...),

masdarisgan (SemTxvev-iT, gadaWarbeb-iT). ukanaskneli saxis

zmnisarTi SeiZleba iqces zedsarTavad mTeli formis saxelis

fuZed gamoyenebiT (SemTxveviTi nacnoboba, SemTxveviTma

nacnobobam...). gvxvdeba -iT-mawarmoeblian formaTa xelaxali

warmoebac (gul-iT-ad-i) (jorbenaZe... 1988: 227).

4. -ad/-d Tanamedrove qarTulSi awarmoebs: wilobiT ricxviT

saxelebs (meore-d-i, mexuTe-d-i...), zmnisarTebs (mSvenivr-ad,

cud-ad, bednier-ad...), zedsarTav saxelebs (guliT-ad-i, Soba-d-i,

feTqeba-d-i).

zemomoyvanilis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom brunvis niSnebs

namdvilad aqvT sityvawarmoebis unari. swored amis gaTvaliswinebiT

werda b. jorbenaZe `substantivebisagan atributivebis warmoebisas

upirveles yovlisa yuradRebas iqcevs is faqti, rom sityvawarmoebiTi

daniSnulebiT gamoyenebulia brunvis niSnebi~ (jorbenaZe, 1995: 56). Cven ki

am debulebas Semdegnairad davazustebT: qarTulSi a d i e q t i v e b i s

m i s a R e b a d g v x v d e b a m x o l o d n a T e s a o b i T i, m o q m e d e b i -

T i d a v i T a r e b i T i b r u n v i s n i S n e b i, a m d a n i S n u l e b i T

a r g v x v d e b a m i c e m i T i b r u n v i s s u f i q s i.

adieqtivaciis mizniT warmoSobiT brunvis afiqsTa sityvaT-

mawarmoebeli Zala araa erTnairi. aRsaniSnavia, rom isini enis sxvadasxva

funqciur doneze gansxvavebuli aqtiurobiT xasiaTdebian. magaliTad, -ad

Zalian produqtiulia teqnikuri terminebis SeqmaSi. is aseve ifarToebs

gamoyenebis sferos Tanamedrove qarTulis zepir metyvelebaSi maSin,

rodesac saliteraturo qarTulSi SedarebiT naklebad nayofieria.

93

sainteresoa derivatad gamoyenebuli TiToeuli brunvis niSnis

funqciis ganxilva substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan mimarTebiT. Tanamim-

devrobis gaTvaliswinebiT pirvel rigSi naTesaobiT brunvas SevexebiT.

rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, naTesaobiTi brunvis niSani

gamoiyeneba geografiul terminTa sawarmoeblad. amgvarad miRebuli

saxelebia: niCb-is-i, Tbil-is-i, quTa-is-i, ru-is-i, Sind-is-i, tb-is-i... rac

Seexeba e. w. substantiuri msazRvrelis formebSi amave afiqsis

kvalifikacias, amis Sesaxeb qarTul lingvistikaSi araa erTgvarovani

Sexedulebebi. arsebiTi saxelis msazRvrelad gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi

Zvel qarTul enaSic aqtiurad gvxvdeboda. naTesaobiT brunvisniSnian

amgvar formaTa saxeldebisaTvis iqna SemoRebuli terminebi `marTuli~

da `marTul-SeTanxmebuli~ msazRvrel-sazRvruls Soris sintaqsuri

urTierTobis marTvad da marTva-SeTanxmebad miCnevis safuZvelze. `xis

saxlis~ tipis formebs `marTul msazRvrelebs~ uwodeben i. imnaiSvili,

c. kalaZe, a. kiziria, a. SaniZe, l. kvaWaZe, z. sarjvelaZe da sxv.

(imnaiSvili, 1957; kalaZe, 1961; kiziria, 1963; SaniZe, 1976; kvaWaZe, 1996;

sarjvelaZe, 1997) termini `marTuli msazRvreli~ ganpirobebulia

SexedulebiT, romlis Tanaxmadac sazRvruli wevri msazRvrelis mier

marTulia naTesaobiT brunvaSi. amgvar formaTa Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli

Tvalsazrisi aqvT gamoTqmuli a. daviTiansa da T. uTurgaiZes.

a. daviTiani miiCnevs, rom `arsebiTi saxelis arsebiTTan

daqvemdebarebisaTvis aucileblad saWiroa daqvemdebarebulma arsebiTma

miiRos axali semantikuri datvirTva, igi Tavisi semantikiT zedsarTavs

unda dauaxlovdes da aRniSnos ara sagani, aramed niSan-Tviseba~

(daviTiani, 1973: 391). mkvlevris TvalsazrisiT, im SemTxvevaSi, roca xdeba

msazRvreli arsebiTi saxelis formis cvlileba da naTesaobiT brunvaSi

Cayeneba, `naTesaobiTi brunva misTvis aRar aris damokidebulebis forma,

aramed saderivacio (semantikurad gardamqmneli) mniSvnelobisaa, amdenad

amgvar sityvaTSexamebaSi damokidebulebis forma aris SeTanxmeba da ara

marTva an marTva-SeTanxmeba~ (daviTiani, 1973: 392).

`marTuli msazRvrelis~ gamoyofis princips ar iziarebs T. uTurgaiZec.

`radgan sazRvrulica da msazRvrelic _ orive saxelia da erTi da igive

gramatikuli kategoriebi (bruneba, ricxvi) aqvT, sazRvrulsa da

94

msazRvrels Soris Teoriulad gamoricxulia marTva... Zveli qarTulis

`marTul~ da `marTul-SeTanxmebul~ formebSi -is/-isa warmoqmnis

elementebia. swored amis gamoa SesaZlebeli maTi gameoreba brunebis

kategoriis Sepirispirebul yvela formaSi _ brunvebSi~ _ aRniSnavs

mecnieri (uTurgaiZe, 2004: 170). mkvlevari aseve dauSveblad miiCnevs e. w.

ormagi da sammagi brunebis arsebobas Zvel qarTulSi: `saerTod, ormagi

da sammagi brunebis Sesaxeb unda iTqvas, rom isini ar arsebobs... saxelTa

formebSi brunvis niSani erTia mxolod, rac mis win dgas, yvelaferi

fuZes ganekuTvneba: Tu brunvis niSanis win sxva brunvis niSani

aRmoCndeba, warmoqmnis elementad moiqceva, aseTi SeiZleba iyos micemiTi,

naTesaobiTi, moqmedebiTi da viTarebiTi brunvis niSnebi~ (uTurgaiZe, 2013:

27). Tanamedrove qarTulSi amgvar substantiur msazRvrelTan brunvis

niSnebis materialur ararsebobas (roca msazRvreli postpoziciuria)

sityvis ubrunvelobiT xsnian, rac aseve umarTebulod CaTvala T.

uTurgaiZem, es faqti gamoxatulebis planSi ekonomiurobiT

ganpirobebulad miiCnia da sazRvruli wevri brunvis niSanTa nulovani

alomorfebiT warmoadgina (uTurgaiZe, 2009: 176).

warmodgenili mosazrebebis Tanaxmad, substantiuri msazRvrelis

formebisaTvis naTesaobiTi brunvis -is (-s; -Ta _ br. + mr. r.) niSani

SeiZleba miviCnioT sityvaTmawarmoebel afiqsad. m i u x e d a v a d i m i s a,

r o m a R n i S n u l i m o r f ol o g i u r i c v l i l e b a s i n t a q s u r

s a f u Z v e l z e x o r c i e l d e b a, i g i -is s a r T i s s i t y v a T m a -

w a r m o e b e l f o r m a n t a d g a n x i l v a s n a m d v i l a d u W e r s

m x a r s. a s e T i -is m a a d i e q t i v e b e l i s u f i q s i a.

substantiur msazRvreliani formebi unda yofiliyo warmoSobiT is

geografiuli saxelebic, romlebic zemoT CamovTvaleT da romlebSic

sazRvrulis dakargvis gamo mxolod msazRvrelia darCenili.

rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, moqmedebiTi brunvis niSani -iT aseve

gamoiyeneba sityvaTa sawarmoeblad: albaTob-iT-i, amorCev-iT-i, SerCev-iT-i,

araarseb-iT-i, gamoyeneb-iT-i, garCev-iT-i, droeb-iT-i, dro-iT-i, zebger-iT-i,

moCveneb-iT-i, odenob-iT-i, ocob-iT-i, pirob-iT-i, Jangv-iT-i, rig-iT-i,

rigob-iT-i, rxev-iT-i, Sedegob-iT-i, Semovl-iT-i da sxv. warmodgenili

magaliTebi adasturebs, rom -iT d a e r T v i s r o g o r c m a r t i v,

95

i s e w a r m o e b u l a n r T ul s i t y v e b s d a a d i e q t i u r i

S i n a a r s i s e r T e u l e b s a w a r m o e b s a r s e b i T i s a x e l e -

b i s a d a m a s d a r e b i s g a n (sawyisebisgan).

rac Seexeba warmoSobiT viTarebiTi brunvis -ad sufiqss,

sityvawarmoebis TvalsazrisiT misi gaaqtiureba araerTi samecniero

naSromisa Tu statiis Temad iqca. terminologiis SeqmnaSi -ad sarTiani

modelis produqtiulobas xazs usvams r. RambaSiZe da asaxelebs

magaliTebs: feTqeba-d-i, kleba-d-i, mileva-d-i, gamosxiveba-d-i, anTeba-d-i,

daSla-d-i, agzneba-d-i... mecnieri imasac aRniSnavs, rom xSirad aseTi

modelebi sxva afiqsebiTaa garTulebuli: aorTqleba-d-oba, gamosxiveba-

d-oba, TviTaaleba-d-oba, dasveleba-d-oba, xilva-d-oba, zomva-d-oba da

sxv. (RambaSiZe, 1986: 132).

-ad-afiqsian formebs statia miuZRvna m. kobalaZemac. man masalis

Seswavlisa da moqmedi tendenciis gaanalizebis safuZvelze daaskvna,

rom `sawyisi + -d modeliT axal-axali formebis warmoeba da maTi

gavrceleba, rogorc ityvian, Seuqcevadi procesia~ (kobalaZe, 2003: 63).

s. omiaZem ki -ad/-d mawarmoeblian sityvaTa kvlevis safuZvelze daadgina,

rom aRniSnuli yalibiT miRebuli zedsarTavi saxelebis semantika

gansxvavebulia imis mixedviT, amosavali arsebiTi saxelia Tu sawyisi:

`arsebiTTagan nawarmoebi zedsarTavebiT gamoxatuli Tviseba aRniSvnis

momentSic realizebulia, magaliTad, tanadi, Tvaladi da sxv., xolo

sawyisis fuZeze -d ( ad) sufiqsis darTviT im Tvisebis gamoxatva xdeba,

romelic aRniSvnis momentSi ar aris realizebuli, magram SesaZlebelia~

(omiaZe, 2009: 163).

-ad/-d formantiT sityvawarmoebis nimuSebia: aaleba-d-i, agzneba-d-i,

advilaaleba-d-i, advilanTeba-d-i, advilaqrola-d-i, advilaRdgena-d-i,

advildnoba-d-i, advilxsna-d-i, amortizeba-d-i, amoxsna-d-i, anTeba-d-i,

araaaleba-d-i, araafeTqeba-d-i, araacileba-d-i, aragamofitva-d-i,

aradaSla-d-i, aradasveleba-d-i, aradacementeba-d-i, aradena-d-i, arade-

formireba-d-i, aradreka-d-i, arazomva-d-i, araTanazomva-d-i, araTvla-d-i,

aramdgra-d-i, aramileva-d-i, araregulireba-d-i, araRunva-d-i, afeTqeba-d-i,

acileba-d-i, gamoxda-d-i, gamofitva-d-i, gansazRvra-d-i, ganfena-d-i,

ganSla-d-i, ganxorcieleba-d-i, gayofa-d-i, daSla-d-i, dnoba-d-i, zomva-d-i,

96

zrda-d-i, kreba-d-i, orjer-ad-i, meor-ad-i, regulireba-d-i, teva-d-i, Runva-

d-i, Segueba-d-i, SeduReba-d-i, Sekvra-d-i, SeRweva-d-i, Sewova-d-i...

moyvanili magaliTebi gviCvenebs, rom warmoSobiT v i T a r e b i T i

b r u n v i s n i S a n i s i t y v a T m a w a r m o e b l a d g a m o i y e n e b a

r o g o r c m a r t i v, i s e T x z u l f u Z e e b T a n d a a m g v a r i

d e r i v a c i i s S e d e g a d m i i R e b a a d i e q t i u r i S i n a a r s i s

s i t y v e b i.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT davaskvniT:

1. brunvis niSnebi, romlebic mimarTebiTi morfemebia, SeiZleba

gamoyenebul iqnen warmomqmneli morfemebis funqciiT. es faqti

martivad aixsneba enis ekonomizmis principiT. kerZod, ena

axali leqsikuri erTeulebis misaRebad iyenebs ukve arsebul

inventars.

2. derivatebad qceuli brunvis niSnebi awarmoeben rogorc

zmnisarTebs, ise zedsarTavebs.

3. translaciis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania, rom

n a T e s a o b i T i, m o q m e d e b i T i d a v i T a r e b i T i

b r u n v i s n i S n e b i T i w a r m o e b a a d i e q t i v e b i.

Zireul sityvebad gamoyenebulia rogorc arsebiTi da ricxviTi

saxelebi, aseve _ masdarebi.

4. e. w. substantiuri msazRvrelis formaTa analizi adasturebs,

rom amgvar formebSi naTesaobiTi brunvis niSani swored rom

sityvaTmawarmoebelia. aseT SemTxvevebSi substantivebisgan

miiReba garkveuli Tvisebis gamomxatveli saxeli _ adieqtivi.

5. mniSvnelovania isic, rom brunvis niSanTa warmomqmneli unari

gansxvavebulia enis funqcionirebis sxvadasxva sferoSi, zepir

da werilobiT metyvelebaSi.

6. gramatikul morfemaTa distribuciis cxrilSi zemoT

ganxiluli brunvis niSnebi unda ganawildes rogorc

mimarTebiTi, ise _ warmomqmneli afiqsebis velSi, xolo

translaciasTan dakavSirebiT kvalifikaciisas isini

samarTlianad daikaveben adgils maadieqtivebel translativTa

Soris.

97

radgan garkveul formebSi brunvis niSnebi sityvaTmawarmoebel

morfemebad da amavdroulad matranslirebel, kerZod ki, maadieqtivebel,

translativebad miviCnieT, sanimuSod warmovadgenT ramdenime

translirebuli formis grafikul gamosaxulebas.

A

ocobiTi zrdadi A

ocoba iT (t) zrda d N t

N

O oc oba (t)

NNum


-is/-Ta matranslirebel elementebad (warmodgenil magaliTebSi

translaciis safuZveli sintaqsuria):

im xis fesvebSi melandeboda xalxis mzis oqro da ganZeuli (leoniZe, 2008:

118).

iq gairCeva, vina varT naTlis da bnelis mgzavrebi (CitiSvili, 2010: 48).

saxeSeSlili mivekvrebi caxcaxa karebs, gaitaceben SiSis asuls koWli

qajebi (iaSvili, 2011: 37).

... cis nams vsvam leqsis fialiT (CitiSvili, 2010: 176).

... siyvarulis seni, rad Semyare urcxvo! (gomelauri, 2010: 36)

brunviT wisqvilis borbali rom ixeTqeba sawyali (maWavariani, 1990: 165).

... susti var, magram menatreba gmirebis xmali! (iaSvili, 2011: 45)

uwin arwivTa samkvidros yvav-yornis gundi exveva (CitiSvili, 2010: 23).

98

-iT matranslirebel elementad (warmodgenil magaliTebSi translacia

morfologiuria)


swored aq aris arsebiTi gansxvaveba Zveli aRmosavleTis (Sumeri da aqadi,

finikia, xeTebi, xuritebi, egvipte...) kulturebisagan (korp.: 134).

kacebrivi suli, romelsac Tavisi arCeviTi Tavisufleba aqvs... (korp.: 135)

...winamecnierul codnas aRweriTi xasiaTi aqvs, mecnieruls ki _ axsniTi

(korp.: 136).

mxatvroba, xelsaqme, gamoyenebiTi xelovneba _ ras aRar SeamCnevdiT

irgvliv, Tumca, binas arc simyudrove aklda (korp.: 137).

me unda mcodnoda im adamianis daaxloebiTi biografia, romelTanac

saqmian partniorobas vgegmav (korp.: 138).

eqvTime monurad ar misdevs berZnul teqsts, Seaqvs Sig sxvadasxva

wyarodan damatebiTi cnobebi, gansakuTrebiT iseTi, romelic qarTvelebs

Seexeba (korp.: 139).

eg aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi raRa SuaSia, don (korp.: 140).

SemTxveviTi da droebiTi araferi ainteresebda (korp.: 141).

sabWos winaSe aRiarebiTi CvenebiT umaRlesi msajulis Svili gamodis

(korp.: 142).

balavaris romani, rogorc araerTxel aRniSnula, yuradRebas iqcevs ara

marto filosofiuri siRrmiT, aramed Tavisi mxatvruli RirsebebiTa da

aRmzrdelobiTi mniSvnelobiTac (korp.: 143).

-ad matranslirebel elementad (warmodgenil magaliTebSi translacia

morfologiuria)


fizikuri sivrce da dro aris grZnobadi, gazomvadi, dakvirvebadi sivrce

da dro (korp.: 144).

beRurebs cvalebadi xasiaTi aqvT... (korp.: 145)

SarSan gamocemulma ortomeulma ki es zrdadi naprali pirdafCenil

ufskrulad aqcia (korp.: 146).

es xom yvela guladi meomris Tvisebaa (korp.: 147).

maTi daxmarebiT xdeba modernizaciis gavlenis qveS momxdari mkveTrad

cvladi urbanuli garemos dakavSireba istoriul warsulTan da igiveobis

gancdis gaRviveba (korp.: 148).

99

amiT pazolini Zalauflebis struqturaTa mier marTvadi kulturis

mimTvisebluri bunebis Temas ubrundeba (korp.: 149).

...modiodnen jgrod, areulni, najaxebiTa da nedli, drekadi rtoebiT

xelSi (korp.: 150).

... gogisgan moZRvnili tevadi ubis wignaki sxvadasxva CanaweriT... (korp.:

151)

...SeeZlo cocxlad daewva nebismieri arseba an gaenadgurebina advilad da

arc ise advilad aalebadi nivTierebebisagan Seqmnili sxvadasxva obieqti am

manZilze (korp.: 152).

IV. translacia (substantivacia-adieqtivacia)

Tandebulebis gamoyenebiT

naSromis wina qveTavSi ganivixileT mimarTebiTi morfemebis

warmomqmnel morfemebad transformaciis SemTxvevebi, romlis drosac

gamoikveTa enis potencia axali datvirTva SesZinos enaSi sxvadasxva

funqciiT moqmed elementebs. amjerad SevCerdebiT arasrulmniSvnelovan

enobriv erTeulTa, kerZod ki Tandebulebis, mawarmoeblebis

daniSnulebiT gamoyenebaze. CvenTvis derivacia imdenadaa saintereso,

ramdenadac igi warmoadgens translirebis (substantivacia-adieqtivaciis)

erT-erT saSualebas. am TvalsazrisiT Tandebulebis kvlevac udavod

imsaxurebs yuradRebas. Cven amjerad SevCerdebiT Tandebulebis erT-erT

niuansze, romelic gamoixateba Tandebulebis translativebad da

indikatorebad funqcionirebaSi.

Tandebuls tradiciulad ganmartaven rogorc `damoukidebeli

mniSvnelobis uqonel sityvas an bgeraTa kompleqss, romelic daerTvis

saxelis ama Tu im brunvis formas, rom aRniSnos mdebareoba,

mimarTuleba, daniSnuleba da sxva raime damokidebuleba dasaxelebul

saganTan~ (SaniZe, 1980: 598). maT ajgufeben imis mixedviT, Tu romeli

brunvis formasTan gvxvdebian da uSualod erTvian sityvas Tu calke

100

dganan. sakvlev sakiTxTan mimarTebiT Cven SevexebiT rogorc calke

mdgom, ise uSualod sityvaze darTul Tandebulebs.

zemoCamoTvlil funqciaTa garda SeniSnulia Tandebulebis

sityvawarmoebis unaric. mniSvnelovania, rom Tandebulebi

sityvaTmawarmoeblad gamoiyenebodnen rogorc Zvel, ise saSual

qarTulSic. magaliTad, d. meliqiSvili aRniSnavs: `ioane petriwis

sityvawarmoebis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli xerxTagani Tandebuliani

warmoqmnaa. axal sityvaTa (terminTa) sawarmoeblad igi iyenebs -gan, -ebr,

Soris, mier, mimarT, Sina, gamo, kerZo Tandebulebs~ (meliqiSvili, 1974:

119). Tandebulebis amave funqcias exeba q. goCitaSvilic, romelic

xsenebul sakiTxs saSuali qarTulis monacemTa gaTvaliswinebiT ikvlevs.

aSkaraa Tandebulebis sityvawarmoebiTi daniSnuleba Zvelsa da saSual

qarTulSi, sainteresod gvesaxeba TandebulTa xsenebuli datvirTviT

funqcionirebis sakiTxi Tanamedrove qarTulSic.

`erTi Tavisebureba qarTuli enisa imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mas

SeuZlia TandebuldarTuli forma arsebiTi saxelis fuZed aqcios da

gamoiyenos zedsarTavis sawarmoeblad~ (SaniZe, 1980: 116), _ aRniSnavs a. SaniZe

`qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebSi~ da mohyavs Tqmulis

damadasturebeli magaliTebi: ueWvelia, TagvTagani magas ver gabedavda~,

lomiseburi, Taviseburi da sxv. saxelTa afiqsuri warmoebis Seswavlisas

amave sakiTxs Seexo m. tuskia. `TandebulTagan axal qarTul enaSi

derivatad gvxvdeba: -ebr ( ebur), -mier, -gan~ (tuskia, 2004: 127), _ wers

mkvlevari da sailustraciod imowmebs Semdeg sityvebs: jaWvisebri,

TaTisebri... vardisebrni, TuTisebrni... bagismieri, cxvirismieri...

mRvdelTagani, kacTagani... da sxv. amgvari warmoebis araerTi sityvis

moZiebaa SesaZlebeli qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis 8-tomeulSi:

badisebri (Tvalis badisebri garsi), kacebri (kacebri guli), minisebri,

farisebri, qolgisebri, xaWosebri, gonebrivi, zebunebrivi,

sazogadoebrivi, moqalaqeobrivi, magnoliasebrni, matitelasebrni,

mixakisebrni, fiTrisebrni da sxv.

garda imisa, rom moyvanili magaliTebiT kargad Cans Tandebulebis

sityvaTmawarmoebeli Zala, aseve ikveTeba Tandebulebis unari _ klasi

Seucvalon sityvas da igi metyvelebis nawilTa erTi jgufidan meoreSi

101

gadaanacvlon. amis SemCneva zemoT moxmobil sailustracio masalaze

martivi dakvirvebiTac ki SeiZleba. Sdr: jaWvi (subst.) jaWvisebri

(adieqt.), xaWo (subst.) xaWosebri (adieqt.). gansakuTrebulad

aqtiurdeba Tandebulebis es roli terminologiuri sityvawarmoebisas:

matitelasebrni, mixakisebrni da a.S.

sainteresoa, derivatebad qceuli Tandebulebi yovelTvis

translativebad unda miviCnioT Tu ara. analizisTvis aviRoT formebi:

lamazisTvis da megobrisTvis. lamazi aris adieqtivi, lamazisTvis forma

ki substantiuri gagebisaa. aseT SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom -Tvis

translativia?! SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom sityvam (lamazi) jer ganicada

translacia, sintaqsuri meqanizmis gavleniT gasubstantivda da Semdeg

dairTo -Tvis Tandebuli. aseT SemTxvevaSi -Tvis Tandebuls araviTari

saerTo ar aqvs translativTan, igi gvxvdeba ukve gasubstantivebul

sityvasTan da Tavdapirvelad arasubstantivi erTeulis gasubstantivebis

(translaciis) indikatoria mxolod. magaliTad, -gan, -ze, -Tan...

Tandebulebi substanitivaciis indikatorebia. Tu imasac

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom igive Tandebulebi gvxvdeba substantivebTanac,

maT SeiZleba substantiurobis / substantivaciis indikatorebi vuwodoT.

Tandebulian formebze dakvirvebis Sedegad irkveva, rom

n e b i s m i e r i a r a s a x e l i j e r s u b s t a n t i v d e b a m o d e l i s

g a v l e n i T d a S e m d e g i r T a v s T a n d e b u l s . a s e T

S e m T x v e v e b S i T a n d e b u l i m x o l o d t r a n s l a c i i s

i n d i k a t o r i a m a S i n , r o c a s a x e l i s a d i e q t i v a c i a

T a n d e b u l i s g a v l e n i T C v e u l e b r i v i a .


Tandebuli maadieqtivebeli translativia

ebr: Sen-ebr-i, sxivis-ebr-i, TaTis-ebr-i, ujredis-ebr-i, varskvlavis-ebr-i,

vazis-ebr-i, xaos-ebr-i, xaverdis-ebr-i, xaWos-ebr-i, zRvis-ebr-i,

Rrublis-ebr-i, faris-ebr-i, jaWvis-ebr-i, qolgis-ebr-i;

mier: ukanaenis-mier-i, winaenis-mier-i, wyvilbagis-mier-i, xorxis-mier-i,

Zalis-mier-i, nebis-mier-i, bagis-mier-i, cxviris-mier-i, enakbilis-mier-i;

gareSe: Stat-gareSe, klas-gareSe, TamaS-gareSe.

102

Tandebuli substantivaciis (translaciis) indikatoria

-gan:

magram gamoricxulia, rom kargisgan ukeTesis gakeTeba ar SeiZlebodes

(korp.: 153).

mas mxolod is misia gaaCnia, rom Savi TeTrisgan ganarCevinos (korp.: 154).

mesame SemTxveva wina orisgan radikalurad gansxvavdeba (korp.: 155).

-ze:

TeTrze eubnebian Saviao, Savze _ TeTriao (korp.: 156).

me is kaci var, visac yvela mwvaneze metad uyvars saqarTvelos buneba

(korp.: 157).

sul male ki oTxis ufleba-movaleobebi samze gadanawildeba (korp.: 158).

-Tan:

maxinji lamazTan yofnas mieltvis mudam (korp.: 159).

Tavis mxriv Taya sxvasTan gadadioda alaverds (leoniZe, 2011: 105).

... Tuki orTan `gauvidaT~, mesamesTanac aucileblad `gauvaT~ (korp.: 160).

-Tvis:

yvela Cemi klienti masTan mivida, raRa ucxosTvis gaesaRebinaT (korp.: 161).

... magram am samisTvis adgili ar iZebneba (korp.: 162).

pirvelisTvis codna ar eyofa (korp.: 163).

-urT:

... romelsac miuZRvis aseTi saTauri wiTliTurT (korp.: 164).

-Si:

...saocari, TeTrSi gardamavali yavisfris, TeTris, mwvanis sxvadasxva gamiT

gamoxatul xilvas mohkariT Tvali (korp.: 165).

lamazSi igulisxmeba tradiciuli ilustraciebi... (korp.: 166)

mag orSi lia ufrosia (korp.: 167).

-ken:

borotisken midrekili ufro metad borotdeboda (korp.: 168).

mere kidev ise gaiqca maRlisken, rom veRaravin miswvda (korp.: 169).

103

cisferTvaleba erT jgufs moscilda da meorisken gaemarTa

(solomanaSvili, 2010: 570).

-mde/-mdis:

mxolod daTos SeeZlo aseTi Wreli, mravalferovani sazogadoebis

Sekreba: yvelaze mdidridan yvelaze eqstravagantulamde, yvelaze uniWodan

yvelaze niWieramde, uSnodan lamazamde (korp.: 170).

ferTa diapazoni mkrTali yviTlidan yavisframde icvleba (korp.: 171).

taimis miwuruls manve angariSi oramde gazarda (korp.: 172.

garda:

am oris garda, gundSi adgilobrivi axalbeda... (korp.: 173

isini mTeli 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi muxlCauxrelad ibrZodnen yvela feris

winaaRmdeg, wiTlis garda (korp.: 174).

magram pirSi vin gaubedavda oriodes garda (leoniZe, 2011: 172).

gareSe:

rogor ityodiT sxvanairad, sityva Savis gareSe? (korp.: 175)

Tumca pirveli ar arsebobs meoris gareSe (korp.: 176).

erTis aRiareba meoris gareSe SezRudulobaa (korp.: 177).

mier:

... Tu pataris mier TavSi Casafarebeli da wamosartymeli aRmoCnda... (korp.:

178)

bevris mier misi Sefaseba gardacvalebis mere moxda (korp.: 179).

icinoda da delegaciis saxeze pirvelis mier aRbeWdil SiSsa da gaocebas

anelebda (korp.: 180).

mimarT:

cudis mimarT radikalurebi davrCebiT (korp.: 181).

gaaRviZon CvenSi Tandayolili gulisxmiereba rogorc kargis, aseve cudis

mimarT (korp.: 182).

xolo ukanasknels pirvelis mimarT upiratesobis grZnoba ver daebadeba

(korp.: 183).

104

Semdeg:

...irakli labaZe jeims bleiks oTxjer Sexvedroda da wagebuli pirvelis

Semdeg misTvis zedized sami matCi moego (korp.: 184).

meore afeTqeba pirvelis Semdeg male moxda (korp.: 185).

Sesaxeb:

... pirovneba borotisa da keTilis Sesaxeb informacias iRebs ara

uSualod, aramed sxvisgan (korp.: 186).

erTis Sesaxeb ukve mogaxseneT (korp.: 187).

maTgan mxolod erTis Sesaxeb vamcnob mkiTxvels (korp.: 188).

Soris:

daRupulebs Soris oTxi gamvlelia (korp.: 189).

es aris mijna kargebsa da cudebs Soris (korp.: 190).

... am pirvelebs Soris unda iyos lideri (korp.: 191).

Sua:

TiTqos gaCxiruli xar am ors Sua (korp.: 192).

da dReidan Cven ors Sua mociquli aris tyvia (korp.: 193).

guli madlia da madli marto ors Sua hsaqmobs (korp.: 194).

aqve unda SevniSnoT erTic: e.w. calke mdgomi Tandebulebi,

magaliTad, gareSe da mier, rodesac erTvian sityvas uSualod, viRebT

adieqtivebs (anu arian maadieqtivebeli translativebi), xolo, Tu isini

calke dganan, maTTan dakavSirebuli saxeli substantivia / gasubstanti-

vebulia, xolo Tandebulebi _ substantiurobis/substantivaciis

indikatorebi.

Sdr.:

qristesmieri, kacismieri...

qalis/maRlis/meoris mier daxatuli suraTi ekida kedelze.

aseve:

klasgareSe, TamaSgareSe...

am qalebis/mwvanis/oris gareSe ar minaxavs es sofeli.

105

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis safuZvelze warmovadgenT TandebulTa

klasifikaciis cxrils, romelic iTvaliswinebs am TandebulTa

kvalifikacias translaciasTan mimarTebiT.

substantiurobis /

substantivaciis

indikatori

Tandebuli Sedis sityvis

SemadgenlobaSi Tandebuli dgas calke

-gan, -ze, -Tan, -Tvis, -urT,

-Si, -ken, -mde/-mdis

garda, gareSe, mier, mimarT,

momarT, Semdeg, Sesaxeb,

Soris, Sua

maadieqtivebeli

translativi -ebr, gareSe, mier

Tu zemomoyvanil cxrilSi Tandebulebis ganawilebas davakvirdebiT,

CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxTan mimarTebiT gamovitanT ramdenime daskvnas:

1. Tandebulebi, rogorc translativebi, funqcionireben mxolod

adieqtiuri sityvawarmoebis mimarTulebiT;

2. substantivaciisaTvis ena Tandebulebs ar iyenebs;

3. gansxvavebuli funqciiT SeiZleba gamoiyenebodnen erTi da

igive Tandebulebi, rodesac uSualod mierTvian sityvas da

roca calke dganan;

4. rogorc viciT, Tandebulebi ganixileba damazustebeli

morfemebis rangSi, maTi sityvawarmoebaSi (romelsac

ukavSirdeba translaciac) gamoyeneba maT funqciur

cvlilebasac gulisxmobs. kerZod, aseT viTarebaSi

Tandebulebi damazustebeli morfemebis rangidan gadadian

warmomqmneli morfemebis jgufSi;

5. Tandebulebis translativebad gamoyeneba, marTalia, ar aris

produqtiuli, magram igi kidev erTxel usvams xazs wina

TavSi naxseneb enis ekonomiurobis princips.

Tandebulebis translativad gamoyenebis SemTxvevisTvis

warmovadgenT translaciis grafikul gamosaxulebebs.

106

vazisebri StatgareSe A

vaz-is ebr Stat gareSe N t

V. zmnisagan saxelebis translireba

Tanamedrove qarTulSi

wina qveTavebSi Cven ganvixileT sityvaTmawarmoebeli afiqsebi,

brunvis niSnebi Tu Tandebulebi translaciasTan mimarTebiT. TiToeuli

es SemTxveva warmoaCenda saxelisagan saxelis warmoebis mravalferovan

enobriv unars. amjerad substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan dakavSirebiT

SevexebiT zmnisgan saxelis (masdarisa da mimReobis) miRebis saSualebebs.

tradiciulad, gramatikis saxelmZRvaneloebSi masdari (sawyisi) da

mimReoba calkea gatanili `saxelzmnaTa~ jgufSi da aRniSnulia, rom

brunvis unaris gamo masdars (sawyiss) `SeuZlia iyos winadadebis wevri:

subieqti, obieqti (pirdapiri, iribi), damateba, garemoeba~ (SaniZe, 1980:

559), xolo mimReoba `ibrunvis da winadadebaSi umetesad isea

gamoyenebuli, rogorc zedsarTavi~ (SaniZe, 1980: 567). araa erTiani

pozicia masdarisa da mimReobis saxelTa Tu zmnaTa jgufisTvis

mikuTvnebis Taobaze. `saxelzmna ganekuTvneba upiro zmnebs anu

uuRlebels. upiro formebi zmnisa qarTulSi yvela brunviania da

winadadebaSi maT iseTive funqcia aqvT, rogorc saxelebs~ (SaniZe, 1980:

557). arn. CiqobavasTvis masdari da mimReoba saxelebia: `zmnisgan

iwarmoeba orgvari saxeli: 1. nazmnari arsebiTi saxeli (masdari anu

`saxelzmna~) da 2. nazmnari zedsarTavi saxeli (mimReoba)~ (Ciqobava, 1998-

a: 84). b. jorbenaZes miaCnia, rom `metyvelebis nawilebi unda gamoiyos

maTi formobrivi niSnis mixedviT, kerZod, formaTcvlilebis principebis

mixedviT~ (jorbenaZe, 1995: 23) da bunebrivia, mas masdari da mimReoba

translaciis orive SemTxvevis simboluri grafikuli gamosaxuleba

107

zmnisgan nawarmoeb saxelebSi Seaqvs. ufro konkretulad ki, masdari _

substantivebSi, xolo mimReoba _ atributivebSi. azrTa am sxvadasxvaobis

erTgvari pasuxia `Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiaSi~, romelSic

gatarebulia b. jorbenaZis pozicia da arsebiT saxelTa jgufSi

`moqmedebis saxelebis~ saTauris qveS ganxilulia masdari, xolo

zedsarTavebis rigSi dganan mimReobebi. `radgan am sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs, calke unda iTqvas, rom

yvela saxis mimReoba, rogorc sityvawarmoebis produqti, mimarTebiTi

zedsarTavi saxelebis klasSi eqceva~ _ vkiTxulobT xsenebul naSromSi

(gogolaSvili... 2011: 149). e. w. `saxelzmnebis~ am bolo kvalifikaciam,

Cveni azriT, sruliad samarTlianad daumkvidra adgili masdarsa da

mimReobas saxelTa Soris. amitom, rodesac Cven substantivebsa da

adieqtivebze vimsjelebT, bunebrivia, masdars zmnisgan miRebul

substantivebSi moviazrebT, xolo mimReobas _ adieqtivebSi.

zmnis substantivacia-adieqtivaciis analizisas Cveni kvlevis

sferoSi, rasakvirvelia, ar Semova iseTi sityvebi, romelTa saxeluri da

zmnuri formebi erTi Ziridanaa nawarmoebi da erTi meores (CvenTvis

saintereso SemTxvevaSi zmna _ saxels) amosavlad ar varaudobs. avT.

arabuli monografiaSi `zmnuri da saxeluri fuZeTqmnadobis problema

qarTvelur enebSi~ wers: `zmnur da saxelur fuZeTa istoriuli

formirebis warmosadgenad TvalsaCino ilustraciad gvevlineba wiT-s _

wiT-el- mimarTeba... formalurad zmnisTvisac da saxelisTvisac

amosavalia wiT-, romelic, erTi mxriv, gvaZlevs zmnas (wiT-s), meore

mxriv _ saxels (wiT-el-i). isini erTi sinamdvilis gamoxatvis sxvadasxva

aspeqtebia: wiTs igive wiTeli-a~ (arabuli, 2001: 303). aseTi warmoebis

sityvebi, rasakvirvelia, Cvens sakvlev masalaSi ver moeqceva.

arsebobs kidev erTi jgufi sityvebisa (maT a. SaniZe `usawyiso

zmnebs~ uwodebs), romelTac, a. SaniZis sityvebiT, sawyisis magivrobas

TviT is saxeli uwevs, romlisaganac nawarmoebia es zmnebi. aseTi zmnebia:

vlaparakob (laparak-i), vbaasob (baas-i), vsaubrob (saubar-i)... msgavsive

viTareba aqvs im saSuali gvaris zmnebsac, romlebic ebiT aris

nawarmoebi gaorkecebuli fuZeebisagan an -ial-ze gaTavebuli

108

saxelebisagan: zanzareb-s (zanzar-i), kaSkaSeb-s (kaSkaS-i), kakaneb-s (kakan-i)

(SaniZe, 1980: 656)...

ra Tqma unda, aseTi sityvebis analizic araa Cveni mizani.

aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom jer kidev Zvel qarTulSi iyo

SesaZlebeli zmnuri fuZis saxelad qceva raime gansakuTrebuli

mawarmoeblis gareSe. amis magaliTia geografiuli termini xerTvis-i

(xerTvis is mas _ zmna). aseTivea: ars (zmn.) _ ars-i (sax.), dgam-s (zmn.) _

dgam-i (sax. = `saerTo saxelwodeba oTaxis an binis mosawyobi nivTebisa:

skami, magida, karada _ aveji~; qegl, 1951) da sxv. zmnisgan saxelis

miRebis msgavs procesze saubrobs b. jorbenaZec da asaxelebs Semdeg

magaliTebs: `Cxer-s _ Cxir-a Cxir-i; u-mzer-s _ u-mzir-a mzir-i; a-Cen-s

_ a-Cin-a Cin-i~ (jorbenaZe, 1995: 49). udavod sainteresoa aRniSnuli

magaliTebi, rogorc SemTxvevebi zmnis substantivaciisa, romelic

yovelgvari translativis gareSe xorcieldeba. aseTi magaliTebis

analizisas yuradRebas iqcevs is, rom zmnur formaSi warmodgenili

piris niSnebis Camocileba sakmarisi xdeba imisTvis, rom zmnam zmnuroba

dakargos da iguos brunvis niSnebi, rogorc saxeluri niSan-Tvisebis

gamoxatuleba. aseTi yalibiTaa miRebuli adieqtivi `cqviti~, romlis

formirebis gzas b. jorbenaZe Semdegnairad warmoaCens: cqvet-s _ cqvit-a

cqvit-i (jorbenaZe, 1995: 56). Tumca aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom amgvari

warmoeba araa aqtiuri Tanamedrove qarTulSi.

warmovadgenT zmnisgan saxelis miRebis zemoT ganxiluli SemTxvevis

grafikul gamosaxulebas. ramdenadac aseT formebSi translativi ar

gvaqvs, translaciis grafikuli simbolos (`T~-is) fexs ar eqneba

translativisTvis gankuTvnili bolo.

dgam-i N

dgam-s V

zmnisgan saxelis miRebis TvalsazrisiT Cvens yuradRebas iqcevs

masdari da mimReoba, rogorc zmnis substantivacia-adieqtivaciis

109

rezultatiuri Sedegi da zmnis saxeluri translaciis yvelaze

produqtiuli SemTxveva. ganvixiloT masdarisa da mimReobis warmoeba

cal-calke.

$ 1. masdaris warmoeba

masdari (//sawyisi) qarTul gramatikul literaturaSi

araerTgvarovnadaa kvalificirebuli. magaliTad, a. SaniZe, romelic

xazs usvams `sawyisis~ brunebis unars da winadadebis wevris gamoxatvis

mxriv mis sxva saxelebisgvar qcevas, wers, rom `sawyisi hqvia zmnis

uuRlebel formas, romelic zmnis leqsikuri mniSvnelobis matarebelia

uRlebis kategoriaTagan ganyenebulad (pirisa, droisa, kilosi da

sxvaTa)~ (SaniZe, 1980: 558). aRniSnuli ganmartebiT mecnieri `sawyisis~

`zmnurobas~ ufro met mniSvnelobas aniWebs, vidre mis `saxelur~

funqciebs. arn. Ciqobava masdars, miuxedavad misi zmnuri warmomavlobisa,

saxelebSi aerTianebs: `masdari arsebiTi saxelia. sxva arsebiTi

saxelebisagan igi gansxvavdeba rogorc warmoebiT (zmnisgan nawarmoebi

saxelia!), ise _ SinaarsiTac: masdari im moqmedebis saxelia, rasac zmna

aRniSnavs anda im viTareba-mdgomareobisa, rac zmnaSia aRniSnuli: keTeba,

Seneba, Wra, kerva, xvna, Tesva... _ moqmedebis saxelebia; kvdoma, tydoma,

skdoma, arseboba... _ viTareba-mdgomareobis saxelebia~ (Ciqobava, 1998-a: 85).

analogiur poziciaze dgas b. jorbenaZec masdaris saxelurobasTan

dakavSirebiT. `masdari nazmnari substantivia, amitomac misi warmoeba

substantivis warmoebasTan erTad unda iqnes ganxiluli~, _ aRniSnavs

mkvlevari (jorbenaZe, 1995: 50). masdari, rogorc moqmedebis saxeli,

arsebiTi saxelisadmi miZRvnil TavSia ganxiluli `Tanamedrove qarTuli

enis morfologiaSic~.

brunebis unarisa da winadadebaSi dakisrebuli rolis mixedviT

masdari namdvilad unda ganvixiloT substantivTa jgufSi. magaliTad,

`xatva~ substantivia (zmnisgan nawarmoebi) iseve, rogorc _ `webovana~

(adieqtivisgan translirebuli). Tumca aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom yvela

110

masdars ver miviCnevT zmnisgan translirebis Sedegad miRebul

substantivad, radgan yvela maTgani ar momdinareobs zmnisgan, zogi,

piriqiT, TviTonaa amosavali zmnisTvis. lingvistur literaturaSi aseT

masdarebs e. w. pirvelad masdarebs uwodeben. aseT masdarebad arn.

Ciqobava asaxelebs Semdeg sityvebs: Sriali, griali, triali, bibini,

sisini, titini, qviTini, guguni, duduni, wuwuni, burtyuni... (Ciqobava, 1998-

a: 85). Tumca aqve unda aRniSnos, rom arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazrebac.

kerZod, a. SaniZes `braguni~ tipis sityvebi zmnisgan momdinared miaCnia.

`moipoveba rigi saxelebisa, romlebic nawarmoebia zmnaTa fuZeebisagan un

da an sufiqsis saSualebiT. es zmnaTa fuZeebi umetesad xmovan-

monacvleebia: zmnis fuZis e saxelSi a-d gadakeTdeba. mniSvneloba aseTi

saxelebisa uaxlovdeba saTanado zmnis sawyisisas: JRar-un-i = JReris

xmna; rak-un-i = rekis xma... msgavsi saxelebia: baguni, bakuni, braguni

(=bragvani), bracuni, braxuni, glarjuni, dgafuni, zapuni, kapuni, knatuni

( kvnatuni) da misT... am saxelebisagan advilad keTdeba axali zmnebi:

fexebs abakunebs, zurgSi ubragunebs (ubagunebs)... sayuradReboa, rom aseT

zmnebs sawyisi ara aqvT (gansakuTrebiT, Tu zmna gardauvalia) da

sawyisis magivrobas zemoT moyvanili formebi eweva~, _ aRniSnavs

gramatikosi (SaniZe, 1980: 566).

Tu gavizirebT e. w. `pirveladi masdarebis~ Teorias, maSin `braguni~

tipis saxelebi zmnisgan translirebiT miRebul substantivebad ar unda

ganvixiloT.

rac Seexeba iseT saxelebs, romlebic zmnis substantivaciis Sedegad

SeiZleba miviCnioT, maTi zmnisgan saxelad translireba, bunebrivia,

garkveuli morfologiuri elementebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba.

zmnisgan substantivi miiReba -a translativiT, romelic daerTvis zmnis I

seriis gauvrcobel Temas.

`masdaris sawarmoeblad SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes: a) Ziri, b)

awmyos fuZe, g) -n, -ol, -om formantebiT garTulebuli fuZe~ (jorbenaZe,

1995: 51).

-a translativis darTvis Sedegad garkveul fonetikur cvlilebas

ganicdian zmnur formaSi arsebuli Temis niSnebi. amis Sesaxeb a. SaniZe

wers: `inian zmnebSi ikveceba Temis niSani i, xolo av da amianebSi

111

ikargeba Temis niSnis xmovani a da rCeba v da m. amasTanave Tu avian

zmnebSi fuZe Tavdeba narnara (n, r, l) bgerebiT v gadainacvlebs da

fuZis SigniT amohyofs Tavs~ (SaniZe, 1980: 560).

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom zmnisgan saxelis translirebisas zmnuri

formidan amovardeba piris, ricxvis, qcevisa da gvaris niSnebi, zmniswini

ki SenarCundeba. yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT zmnis

substantiuri translaciis (masdaris warmoebis) magaliTebi grafikulad

Semdegnairad gamoisaxeba:

grexa xatva N

grex-s -a xatav-s -a V t

Zveli qarTulidan SemorCenilia rigi masdarebisa, romelTa

substantivaciac -il translativis zmnaze darTvis Sedegad

ganxorcielda. aseTi masdarebi CamoTvlili aqvs a. SaniZes: duR-il-i

(duR-s), dum-il-i (dums), wux-il-i (wuxs), qux-il-i (quxs), Cxav-il-i

(Cxavis), knav-il-i (knavis)... amave jgufSi Semohyavs mecniers si- TavsarTiT

garTulebuli -il-iani da -ul-iani ( -il) formebi: si-rb-il-i (rbis),

si-kvd-il-i (kvdeba), si-xar-ul-i, si-yvar-ul-i da sxv. (SaniZe, 1980: 563).

masdarTa prefiqsiani warmoeba Tanamedrove qarTulSi produqtiuli

araa. arn. Ciqobava miiCnevs, rom masdaris mawarmoeblad mxolod -a da -l-

sufiqsi SeiZleba gamovyoT: `es -l-, -a- sufiqsebia, zmnur fuZes rom

saxelad aqceven (warmoSobiT es sufiqsebi igive determinanti sufiqsebia,

romelnic gamoiyofian saxelebSi Zm-a-, dab-a-... vaS-l-, cecx-l-...)~

(Ciqobava, 1942: 231). misive azriT, masdaris Zveli konfiqsis TavsarTs

nivTis kategoriis gamoxatvis funqcia unda hqonoda da qarTulSi nivTis

klaskategoriis niSniT iseve ganzogadebulad gadmoicemoda ama Tu im

moqmedeba-mdgomareobis saxeli, rogorc es dRes aris mTis kavkasiuri

enebidan xunZurSi _ ganyenebuli uklaso formis ararsebobis pirobebSi

xunZuri masdars zogadi mniSvnelobis gadmosacemad nivTis klasis

translaciis orive SemTxvevis simboluri grafikuli gamosaxuleba

112

niSniT aformebs da `nivTis kategoriis formas ekisreba zogadi

mniSvnelobis gadmocema~ (Ciqobava, 1942: 232).

a m g v a r a d, S e i Z l e b a i T q v a s , r o m T a n a m e d r o v e

q a r T ul i s T v i s m a s d a r T a m a w a r m o e b l a d, a n u z m n i s

m a s u b s t a n t i v e b el t r a n sl a t i v a d, S e i Zl e b a d a s a x eld e s

-a. -il translativi Zveli qarTulidan SemorCenilad miiCneva,

Tanamedrove qarTulSi is aRaraa produqtiuli elementi da mxolod

gaqvavebuli translaciis magaliTebSi dasturdeba.


-a:

SeumZimdaT qarTvelT Tavisuflebis dakargva (goTua, 1980: 50).

wera am samyaros gavleniT daiwyo (samadaSvili, 2010: 142).

mgoni, eSinia Cvenken zurgiT dajdoma... (nanobaSvili, 2010: 155)

Suqis anTeba ar Rirs (baxsoliani, 2010: 453).

sxvisi sagmiro saqmeebis gamgone Tinas meuRlis danaxva aRar undoda

(imedaSvili, 2010: 254).

wignis dawera marTlac hgavs saxlis aSenebas (turaSvili, 2011: 5).

me dilidan saRamomde ver avdiodi brZolis velidan mosuli werilebis

kiTxvas patronebisTvis da iqve, sapasuxo werilebis weras, radgan wera-kiTxva

bevrma ar icoda (leoniZe, 2011: 143).

si_ul:

mezareba fexiT siaruli... (javaxiSvili, 2010: 109)

113

$ 2. mimReobis warmoeba

zmnisgan saxelis miRebis erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli

SemTxvevaa mimReobis warmoeba. mimReoba isevea zmnis saxeluri

translaciis Sedegi, rogorc _ masdari, Tumca winadadebaSi

Sesasrulebeli ZiriTadi rolis TvalsazrisiT maT Soris sxvaobaa (amis

Sesaxeb dawvrilebiTi msjeloba warmodgenilia qvemoT).

aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom mimReobis Sesaxebac, iseve rogorc es

masdaris SemTxvevaSi gvqonda, qarTul lingvistur literaturaSi araa

erTgvarovani pozicia. kerZod, a. SaniZe mimReobasac zmnis uuRlebel

formad miiCnevs, Tumca iqve SeniSnavs, rom [igi] `ibrunvis da

winadadebaSi umetesad isea gamoyenebuli, rogorc zedsarTavi: damweri,

dasaweri, dawerili, dauwereli~ (SaniZe, 1980: 567). arn. Ciqobava mimReobas

nazmnar saxelad ganixilavs, ufro konkretulad ki _ nazmnar zedsarTav

saxelad. b. jorbenaZec e. w. `Tvisebis saxelebs~ miakuTvnebs mimReobebs

da `gawiTlebulsa~ da `gajavrebuls~ imave sibrtyeze ayenebs, razec

dgas: `keTili~, `boroti~ da `wiTeli~ (jorbenaZe, 1995: 41). saxelad

Tvlis mimReobas avT. arabulic: `mimReobis amosavali semantika zmnuria,

xolo is, rogorc sityvawarmoebiTi produqti, saxelTa klass

ganekuTvneba da misi ormagi bunebac amaSi mdgomareobs: erTdroulad

Seicavs rogorc zmnisgan namemkvidrev kategoriebs (gvari, anu

sasubieqto-saobieqto mimarTebebi, dro, gez-orientacia, aspeqti,

kontaqti); amave dros, formawarmoebis TvalsazrisiT eqvemdebareba

saxelis morfologiur sistemas (bruneba, ricxvi...). yuradReba

gansakuTrebiT eqceva imas, rom mimReoba Tavisi saxeluri bunebiT

zedsarTavis klass ekedleba~ (arabuli, 2001: 286). `Tanamedrove qarTuli

enis morfologiaSic~ gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis warmoCenis Semdeg

mimReoba saxelebSi aris Setanili. `radgan am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT

azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs, calke unda iTqvas, rom yvela saxis

mimReoba, rogorc sityvawarmoebis produqti, mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi

saxelebis klasSi eqceva: mwuxare, mduRare, mSrali, mSenebeli, aRwerili,

namuSevari, saToxni, daulagebeli~, _ vkiTxulobT naSromSi. mimReobis

saxelebis klasSi gaerTianebas upirvelesad misi brunebis unari da

114

winadadebaSi Sesasrulebeli ZiriTadi roli ganapirobebs. amave niSniT

ekedleba masdari saxelebsac. rogorc Cans, enisTvis ufro

mniSvnelovania ama Tu im sityvaformis funqciuri datvirTva da enobriv

sistemaSi dakavebuli adgili, vidre misi momdinareoba romelime

konkretuli metyvelebis nawilidan. da es asea TviT zmnisgan nawarmoebi

iseTi sityvebis SemTxvevaSic, rogorebicaa masdari da mimReoba. zmnisgan

nawarmoeb sityvebs imitom gavusviT xazi, rom masdari da mimReoba

inarCuneben zmnur kategoriebs, magram funqciuri roliT isini

erTiandebian saxelebTan.

aqve unda iTqvas, rom yvela mimReoba araa zmnisgan translirebiT

miRebuli saxeli. qarTul enaSi dasturdeba masdarisgan nawarmoebi

mimReobebic. aseTebia: w-ol-a m-w-ol-i, qr-ol-a m-qr-ol-i, brZ-ol-a

me-brZ-ol-i, TrT-ol-a m-TrT-ol-i, ZR-ol-a m-ZR-ol-i...


ra Tqma unda, masdarisgan mimReobis warmoeba ver ganixileba

zmnisgan saxelis warmoebad. es aris substantivisgan adieqtivis miRebis

procesi. translirebis xsenebuli gza (zmna saxeli: mimReoba) zemoT

damowmebuli magaliTebisTvis mxolod Sualeduri safexuris gavliT

xerxdeba. kerZod, zmna substantivi adieqtivi. anu jer xorcieldeba

zmnis substantivacia, Semdeg ki substantivis _ adieqtivacia. aseTi

mimReobebi saxeluri substantivaciis CarCoSi moeqceva, Tu amosavlad

masdars vivaraudebT: masdari (substantivi) mimReoba (adieqtivi). am

dros erTsafexuriani (erTmagi) saxeluri translacia gveqneba. xolo Tu

aRniSnuli translaciis sawyis wertilad zmnas miviCnevT, maSin miviRebT

orsafexurian (ormag) translacias zmnisgan adieqtivis miRebis

Sualeduri _ substantiuri translaciis _ rgolis gavliT: zmna

masdari (substantivi) mimReoba (adieqtivi). isic unda iTqvas, rom

zemoT CamoTvlili mimReobebis umetesoba winadadebaSi sazRvrul wevrs

ZiriTadad aRar saWiroebs da isini iCenen kvlav gasubstantivebis

tendencias.

ganxiluli magaliTebisTvis sanimuSod warmovadgenT translaciis

grafikul gamosaxulebebs:

115

A A

mwoli t N

V t

m- (t) wol-a

N

O wev-s -a (t)

N V

zemoT warmodgenili magaliTi exeba substantivisgan adieqtivis,

kerZod ki, masdarisgan mimReobis miRebas. aRniSnuli SemTxveva

winamdebare paragrafSi mxolod imitom moxvda, rom masdari, Tavis mxriv,

zmnis substantiuri translaciis Sedegia. garda xsenebulisa, mimReoba

SeiZleba aseve iwarmoos zedsarTavisa da yvelaze xSirad _ zmnisagan.

pirveli sainteresoa im mxriv, rom adieqtivisgan adieqtivis miRebisaTvis

aseve Sualeduri safexuria gamoyenebuli: adieqtivi zmna adieqtivi.

daismis kiTxva, Tu amosavali da rezultatiurad miRebuli sityvebi

erTsa da imave klass ganekuTveba, ratom mimarTavs ena aseT

translirebas?! pasuxi martivia _ aseTi adieqtivebi erTmaneTisagan

gansxvavdebian semantikurad. amis Sesaxeb b. jorbenaZe wers: `erTmaneTis

gverdiT SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes pirveladi atributivi da am

atributivis fuZisgan nawarmoebi zmnis mimReoba: Savi _ gaSavebuli, didi

_ gadidebuli, avi _ gaavebuli, boroti _ gaborotebuli, mSvidi _

damSvidebuli... dasaSvebia amgvari Sepirispirebac: (bedi ) bednieri _

gabednierebuli... d a p i r i s p i r e b a x d e b a s e m a n t i k u r i

n i u a n s i s m i x e d v i T : ` a v i ~ m u d m i v i T v i s e b a a v i R a c i s

T u r a R a c i s , ` g a a v e b u l i ~ _ g a r k v e u l i m o m e n t e b S i

m i s T v i s n i S a n d o b l i v i ~ (jorbenaZe, 1995: 41). swored aman

116

ganapiroba, rom enaSi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba saxelTa warmoebis xsenebuli

procesi (adieqtivi zmna adieqtivi).

ormagi translaciis ganxiluli SemTxveva grafikulad Semdegnairad

gamoisaxeba:

A A

gaTeTrebuli V t

A t

TeTrdeb-a -ul (t)

V

TeTr-i -d (t)

NA

mimReobis miRebis mesame da, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, yvelaze

gavrcelebuli SemTxvevaa zmnisgan mimReobis warmoeba. Tu zemoT

ganxilul orive variantSi gvqonda ramdenimesafexuriani translacia,

ukanaskneli ufro martivi translaciuri meqanizmisaa safexurebrivi

TvalsazrisiT (gamonakliss qmnis nasaxelari zmnebisgan mimReobis

miReba). zmnis saxelad translirebis aRniSnuli modeli sakmaod

mravalferovania _ erTi da imave zmnisgan sxvadasxva elementis

meSveobiT semantikurad gansxvavebuli sityvebi iwarmoeba. Sdr.: xatavs

(zmna) daxatuli // dasaxati // dauxatavi (mimR.) da sxv. ra Tqma unda,

aq CamoTvlili TiToeuli mimReoba saxelia, magram _ gansxvavebuli

semantikuri elferisa.

ganvixiloT zmnisgan adieqtivaciuri translaciiT mimReobis

warmoebis SemTxvevebi.

tradiciulad ganarCeven moqmedebiTi, vnebiTi da saSuali gvaris

mimReobebs. a. SaniZe aRniSnavs, rom `moqmedebiTi gvaris mimReoba aris

forma, romelic moqm. gvaris zmnis subieqturi piris moqmedebas

117

warmogvidgens ganyenebulad uRlebis kategoriebisagan... vnebiTi gvaris

mimReoba aris forma, romelic moqm. gvaris pirdapir-obieqtur pirze

damarTul moqmedebas warmogvidgens uRlebis kategoriebisagan

ganyenebulad~... da sxv. (SaniZe, 1980: 570-572).

`Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiaSi~ ki mimReobebi dayofilia

or jgufad: sasubieqto da saobieqto mimReobebad. isini Semdegnairadaa

ganmartebuli: `sasubieqtoa mimReoba, romelic aRniSnavs moqmeds,

subieqts, anu im pirs, romelic saTanado zmnur formaSi subieqtis

niSnebiTaa gadmocemuli~ (gogolaSvili... 2011: 256), `saobieqtoa mimReoba,

romelic aRniSnavs samoqmedo sagans, anu im pirs, romelic saTanado

zmnur formaSi obieqtis niSnebiTaa gadmocemuli~ (gogolaSvili... 2011:

259). miuxedavad imisa mimReobebis klasifikaciis romel princips

avirCevT (terminologiurad), zmnis saxelad translirebisTvis amas

principuli mniSvneloba ar eqneba. Sesabamisad, translaciis

kvlevisaTvis sainteresoa zmnis adieqtivaciis saSualebebi da ara

miRebuli sityvebis (mimReobebis) Semdgomi dajgufeba ama Tu im

kriteriumebis mixedviT. amitom Cven aq SevexebiT zmnisgan mimReobis

(adieqtivis) miRebis meqanizms.

mimReobebis mawarmoeblebia:

prefiqsebi

m-: da-m-wer-i, da-m-xat-av-i; me-: me-ryev-i, me-rxev-i; mo-: mo-zard-i, mo-kvdav-i;

na-: mo-na-ber-i, mo-na-xev-i; sa-: ga-sa-xev-i, da-sa-wer-i;

u-: u-nax-av-i, da-u-xat-av-i

sufiqsebi

-il: da-wer-il-i, da-Tes-il-i; -ul: a-mRer-eb-ul-i, da-dum-eb-ul-i

prefiqs-sufiqsebi

m _ el: m-Tl-el-i, m-xvn-el-i; ma _ el: ga-ma-TeTr-eb-el-i, ga-ma-did-eb-el-

i; m _ e: mo-m-won-e; mo _ ul: mo-yvar-ul-i; mo _ e: mo-kakan-e, mo-rakrak-e;

m _ are: m-qux-are, m-dum-are; m _ ar-i: m-xatv-ar-i, da-m-dn-ar-i;

na _ ar: na-Cuq-ar-i; na _ el: gamo-na-cvl-el-i; sa _ el: sa-keT-eb-el-i,

mo-sa-Tl-el-i; u _ el: ga-u-keT-eb-el-i, a-u-Sen-eb-el-i (gogolaSvili...

2011: 256-262)

118


riyeze meTevze idga da marcxena xeliT sasroli badis lanZvebs, Cangis

simebiviT, TiTebSi ikrefda (goTua, 1980: 78).

im abjarSi udreki mebrZoli ki aRar ijda, aramed gaTelili da

gzadaxSuli tyve am abjrisa (goTua, 1980: 36).

Sefenili tyis mwvane bolqvebian xaliCaze qvemodanve gamoCnda amayad

aziduli gumbaTi (goTua, 1980: 8).

iqneb sulac ver gaego maTi udroo daRupva, qveynis waxdena _ misi

uZleveli mefis damarcxeba (goTua, 1980: 58).

amas gardacvlilis qamarSi garWobili galesili culic adasturebda da

jibeSi CarCenili aryis boTlic (imedaSvili, 2010: 235).

zemodan dalewili SuSis namsxvrevebi alesili kbilebiviT hqonda

Casmuli... (solomanaSvili, 2010: 578)

kokam mTvarian Rames gadaayvanina daWrili kuka meTevzeebs kunZulze

nacnob qirurgTan (TabukaSvili, 2010: 16).

akakis ar uyvarda zamTarSi wowiali, magram mTels qalaqSi yvelaze

ganTqmuli da gamocdili msesxebeli iyo (morCilaZe, 2010: 306).

... raRaciT mainc unda gamemxnevebina nawvalebi almera (sulakauri, 2010:

318).

mSromeli xalxis interesTa pirveli damcveli da pirveli qarTveli

revolucioneri swored jinsebiT gaecilebinaT ukanasknel gzaze (turaSvili,

2010: 414).

ukvirda am ori mokamaTe kacis... (TabukaSvili, 2010: 16)

imave wams muxruWebis saSineli RrWiali Semomesma (javaxiSvili, 2010: 597).

Seecoda uqoneli gogo (megreliSvili, 2010: 437).

didad saxelovani mcodne gaxlavsT varskvlavTmricxvelobisa (turaSvili,

2011: 61).

gamofxizlebuli Turme xelis faTuriT eZebda sizmrad nanax sarCos

(leoniZe, 2011: 51).

axla quCaSi SevCivle nacnobsa Tu ucnobs (leoniZe, 2011: 227).

eliozis Tvalwin... Aayvavebuli xe idga da sxvas veRaras xedavda...

(leoniZe, 2011: 11)

... qlarci eniT mkmevarma, krZaluli da Tavaziani laparaki icoda (leoniZe,

2011: 204).

gza daxeTqili, mtvriani... (leoniZe, 2011: 22)

119

ucxoeTSi gadaxvewili qarTveli qalebi _ yvelaze sevdiani emigrantebi

dedamiwis zurgze... (turaSvili, 2011: 5)

win sayvareli qalaqi da sofeli eloda, ukve asakovani deda da aSlili

qveyana (turaSvili, 2011: 109).

siCumes mxolod orRobeSi WriWinobelas damRleli WriWini arRvevs

(leoniZe, 2011: 150).

magram soflis damcinar Tvals ra daemaleboda (leoniZe, 2011: 41).

oriveni ucolSviloni iyvnen SeZlebuli mamis danatovar samkvidroze

(leoniZe, 2011: 154).

sainteresoa, rom zogjer erTi zmnisgan mimReoba iwarmoeba

sxvadasxva, TiTqos erTi da imave daniSnulebis, mawarmoebliT, magram

miRebuli sityvebi semantikurad gansxvavebulia. b. jorbenaZes aseT

magaliTebad mohyavs: damaxasiaTebeli (rac visme an rasme axasiaTebs,

visime an risame arsebiTi niSan-Tvisebis maCvenebeli) da damxasiaTebeli

(is, vinc sxvas axasiaTebs, sxvas daxasiaTebas aZlevs), masesxebeli (vinc

asesxebs, raimes valad aZlevs sxvas) da msesxebeli (vinc isesxa an

sesxulobs, sesxis amRebi) da sxv. (jorbenaZe, 1985: 176). aRniSnuli

movlena sainteresoa ara marto imitom, rom igi warmoaCens enis unars,

zmnisgan saxelebi awarmoos met-naklebad gansxvavebuli niuansiT, aramed

translaciasTan mimarTebiTac. kerZod, zogi aseTi sityva

gasubstantivebis met unars iCans, vidre _ wyvilis meore cali.

warmovadgenT zmnisgan mimReobis (adieqtivis) miRebis grafikul

gamosaxulebebs:

A A

damxatavi (da)mRleli

m- (t) xatav-s (t) m- Rli-s -el (t)

V V

120

zogadad, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mimReobebi zmnis adieqtivaciuri

translaciis Sedegad SeiZleba miviCnioT winadadebaSi maTi ZiriTadi

rolis gamo, Tumca isini garkveul SemTxvevebSi iCenen substantivaciis

tendenciasac. aseTi movlenebi rom bunebrivia enaSi, amas mowmobs b.

jorbenaZis Semdegi sityvebic: `atributivs aqvs potencia, iqces

substantivad, anu: konstruqciaSi daikavos is adgili, romelsac

Cveulebriv ikavebs substantivi (am rigisaa: mSobeli, maswavlebeli,

mwerali, mxatvari...) da ibrunos substantiviviT~ (jorbenaZe, 1995: 41).

dRes winadadebaSi masdari ZiriTadad substantivis funqciiT Tu

gamoiyeneba, xolo mimReoba _ adieqtivis, es meoreuli movlena unda iyos

(gamoTqmulia mosazreba istriulad masdarisa da mimReobis

gaudiferencireblobis Sesaxeb). Tavdapirvelad mniSvnelovani mxolod

zmnisgan saxelis miReba unda yofiliyo. `mimReobisa da masdaris

diferenciacia mermindelia. es apriori cxadia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, ra

sawarmoeblebi gaaCnda masdarsa da mimReobas istoriulad: prefiqsica da

sufiqsic orives moepoveboda. sufiqsi fuZis determinanti iyo, e. i. iseTi

afiqsi iyo, rasac ekisreboda zmnuri fuZis saxelad gaformeba: -a, -al, -el,

-ur... sufiqsebi masdarsa da mimReobas saziaro hqonda pirvelads

saxelebTan (Zm-a, Zu-al-, -ჴ-el-, y-ur-...)~ (Ciqobava, 1953: 47). rogorc Cans,

Tavdapirvelad mTavari iyo zmnisgan saxelis miReba, es saxeli ki xan

substantiur funqcias iZenda, xan _ adieqtiurs. amis Sesaxeb vrclad

msjelobs avT. arabuli, romelic askvnis: `amgvar arqaul warmoebebSi

upirvelesad unda davinaxoT saxelis fuZis warmoqmnis derivaciuli

meqanizmi, romelic saxeldebis etapze, rogorc Cans, unda gaviazroT,

rogorc mxolod sagnis (movlenis) saxeli da masSi saxelzmnuri

Sinaarsis aqtualizacia da Sesabamisi morfologiur-semantikuri

diferenciacia mxolod enis Semdgomi ganviTarebis bunebriv Sedegad

SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli~ (arabuli, 2001: 174).

sainteresoa is faqtic, rom zmnisgan saxelTa sawarmoeblad igive

elementebi gamoiyeneba, romlebic istoriulad aRdgeba saxelTa

formirebisTvis. `mimReobis sufiqsebi imeoreben arsebiTi da zedsarTavi

saxelebis sufiqsebs~, _ aRniSnavs arn. Ciqobava (Ciqobava, 1942: 70).

mawarmoebelTa analizis Sedegad ki mecnieri askvnis, rom `mimReobidan

121

ki ar gadasula arsebiTsa da zedsarTav saxelebSi es afiqsebi, aramed,

piruku, mimReobebis saWiroebisaTvis iReben imas, rac ukve gamoiyeneboda

arsebiTsa da zedsarTav saxelebSi. es afiqsebi pirveladia

saxelebisTvis, meoreuli _ mimReobisTvis~ (Ciqobava, 1942: 112).

sainteresoa, rom masdaris marker -a-sac saxelis mawarmoeblad miiCnevs

avT. arabuli: `SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom sawyisis -a sufiqsi istriulad

ukavSirdeba masubstantivebel -a elements; kerZod, is, rac saxeluri

derivaciis arqaul etapze gamoyenebuli iyo zmnuri Ziris

masubstantivebel elementad, Semdegi periodis morfologiur inventarSi

mogvevlina funqciur-semantikurad monaTesave poziciaSi: zmnuri

fuZisagan saxelzmnis (igive _ saxelis), kerZod, masdaris mawarmoeblis

rolSi~ (arabuli, 2001: 85).

yuradRebas iqcevs wina viTarebis saxelTa da warsuli drois

mimReobis formebis semantikuri da mawarmoebelTa msgavseba: na-sofl-ar-i,

na-sauzm-ev-i _ na-val-i, na-sauzm-eb-i... es msgavseba maTi aRrevis mizezic

xdeba.

zemoTmoxmobili mosazrebebi gansakuTrebul Rirebulebas iZens

translaciasTan mimrTebiT. saxelis (arsebiTisa Tu zedsarTavis)

mawarmoebel elementTa igiveobrivoba zmnisgan saxelis (mimReobisa Tu

masdaris) miRebis SemTxvevaSic kidev erTxel usvams xazs imas, rom ena

saxeluri translaciisTvis erTsa da imave markerebs iyenebs. is

magaliTebi ki, rodesac mimReoba substantivdeba, meoreuli movlena Cans

da xSir SemTxvevaSi Sepirobebuli unda iyos warmoqmnili saxelis

semantikuri niuansiT. gansakuTrebiT xSirad substantivdeba e. w.

moqmedebiTi gvaris (anu aqtiuri Sinaarsis) mimReobebi: maswavlebeli,

matarebeli da sxv.

122

$ 3. daskvnebi

aRniSnul qveTavSi warmodgenili masala cxadyofs, rom qarTul enas

Seswevs unari substantivi da adieqtivi morfologiuri translaciis

gziT iwarmoos ara mxolod saxelisgan, aramed _ zmnisganac. zmnisgan

saxelis (substantivisa Tu adieqtivis) miRebis saSualebebis Seswavlisas

gamoikveTa ramdenime ZiriTadi debuleba:

1. winadadebSi Sesrulebuli ZiriTadi rolis mixedviT masdari

SegviZlia miviCnioT zmnis substantivaciis, xolo mimReoba _

adieqtivaciis Sedegad. ra Tqma unda, TiToeul warmoebas aqvs

Tavisi matranslirebeli elementebi.

2. zmnis substantiuri translaciis saxeliT ver ganvixilavT

iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac zmisgan ki ar miiReba masdari,

aramed is TviTon warmoadgens zmnisTvis amosaval formas:

laparaki, baasi, saubari, zanzari, kaSkaSi, kakani, Sriali,

griali, triali, bibini, sisini, titini, qviTini, guguni, duduni,

wuwuni, burtyuni da sxv.

3. samecniero literaturaSi SemCneulia zmnis saxelad qcevis

iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac araa gamoyenebuli raime

mawarmoebeli. ukanasknelis magaliTebad SeiZleba

davasaxeloT: xerTvis (zmn.) xerTvis-i (subst.), ars (zmn.)

ars-i (subst.), dgams (zmn.) dgam-i (subst.), Cxers, Cxira (zmn.)

Cxir-i (subst.), aCens, aCina (zmn.) Cin-i (subst.), cqvets,

cqvita (zmn.) cqvit-i (adieqt.).

4. zmnisgan substantivi (masdari) ZiriTadad miiReba -a

translativis meSveobiT. Relavs (zmn.) Relv-a (subst.), wers

(zmn.) wer-a (subst.), xatavs (zmn.) xatv-a (subst.)... es -a

elementi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba saxeluri translaciisTvisac

rogorc substantivaciis, ise adieqtivaciis mimarTulebiT.

barbac-a (Sdr.: barbac-i (subst.) barbac-a (adieqt.) barbac-a

(semantikuri gadaazrebiT _ subst.), farian-i (adieqt.)

farian-a (semantikuri gadaazrebiT _ subst.), lorwovan-i

123

(adieqt.) lorwovan-a (semantikuri gadaazrebiT _ subst.),

webovan-i (adieqt.) webovan-a (semantikuri gadaazrebiT _

subst.)... mniSvnelovania, rom CamoTvlil SemTxvevebSi webovani

da webovana iseve, rogorc lorwovani da lorwovana da sxv.

mcire semantikuri sxvaobisa Cans. kerZod, -a

m a w a r m o e b l i a n i v a r i a n t e b i T v i s e b i s m u d m i v

m q o n e b l o b a s u n d a g a m o x a t a v d n e n , a m e l e m e n -

t i s g a r e S e a r s e b u l i f o r m e b i k i _ T v i s e b i s

k o n k r e t u l S e m T x v e v a S i m q o n e b l o b a s.

sainteresoa, rom -a t r a n s l a t i v i T v i s e b i s m u d m i v i

m q o n e b l o b i s u n a r s u n d a s Z e n d e s e. w. p i r v e -

l a d i m a s d a r e b i s g a n d a -il/-ul-iani (si_il-iani //

si_ul-iani) s a w y i s e b i s a g a n n a w a r m o e b T v i s e b i s

s a x e l e b s a c . Srial-i (subst.) Srial-a (adieqt.), sisin-i

(subst.) sisin-a (adieqt.), titin-i (subst.) titin-a (adieqt.),

wuwun-i (subst.) wuwun-a (adieqt.), wuxil-i (subst.) wuxil-

a (adieqt.), sikvdil-i (subst.) sikvdil-a (subst.), sixarul-i

(subst.) sixarul-a (adieqt.). Tvisebis mudmivi mqoneblobis

niuansi ganapirobebs imasac, rom xSirad aseTi sityvebi aRar

saWiroebs sazRvrul wevrs, kargavs mas da winadadebaSi

damoukideblad gamoiyeneba. Tvisebis es eqspresia igrZnoba im

SemTxvevaSic, roca -a niSan-Tvisebis qonaze ufro metad am

niSnis intensiurobas usvams xazs. es kargad Cans iseT

saxelebSi, rogorebicaa: lurj-a (Zalian lurji, lurji

ferisa), cxvir-a (didi cxviris mqone), mucel-a (visac bevri Wama

uyvars = `didi muceli aqvs~)... udavoa, rom kninobiTi formebis

gverdiT, romelTa erT-erT mawarmobelad aseve -a elementi

gvevlineba, am -a-s Tvisebis intensiurobis / mudmivi mqoneblo-

bis niuansic SeuZlia SesZinos sityvas da zmnisgan

substantivi, substantivisgan ki adieqtivi awarmoos.

5. zmnisagan substantivis (masdaris) misaRebad aseve gvxvdeba -il

translativic, Tumca es ukanaskneli Tanamedrove qarTulSi

124

araa produqtiuli. -il SeiZleba garTulebuli iyos si-

TavsarTiTac: dum-il-i, wux-il-i, si-rb-il-i...

6. zmnis adieqtivaciuri translaciisTvis gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva

mawarmoebeli. esenia: m- (da-m-wer-i, da-m-xat-av-i), me- (me-ryev-i,

me-rxev-i), mo- (mo-zard-i, mo-kvdav-i), na- (mo-na-ber-i, mo-na-xev-i),

sa- (ga-sa-xev-i, da-sa-wer-i), u- (u-nax-av-i, da-u-xat-av-i); -il (da-

wer-il-i, da-Tes-il-i), -ul (a-mRer-eb-ul-i, da-dum-eb-ul-i), m _ el

(m-Tl-el-i, m-xvn-el-i), ma _ el (ga-ma-TeTr-eb-el-i, ga-ma-did-eb-el-i),

m _ e (mo-m-won-e), mo _ ul (mo-yvar-ul-i), mo _ e (mo-kakan-e, mo-

rakrak-e), m _ are (m-qux-are, m-dum-are), m _ ar (m-xatv-ar-i, da-m-

dn-ar-i), na _ ar (na-Cuq-ar-i), na _ el (gamo-na-cvl-el-i), sa _ el

(sa-keT-eb-el-i, mo-sa-Tl-el-i), u _ el (ga-u-keT-eb-el-i, a-u-Sen-

eb-el-i). es mravalferovneba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom erTi da

imave Zirisgan SesaZlebelia Sinaarsobrivad gansxvavebuli

adieqtivebis warmoeba. magaliTad, daxatuli, danaxati,

damxatavi, dasaxatavi, mxatvari... sainteresoa isic, rom aqtiuri

Sinaarsis mimReobebi iCenen gasubstantivebis tendencias, magram

es, rogorc Cans, am mimReobebis semantikuri niuansiT unda

aixsnas da meoreuli movlena Cans.

7. yvela mimReoba ar miiReba uSualod zmnisgan, ramdenadac

zogjer mimReobis amosavlad masdari iTvleba. es masdari

TavisTavad zmnisgan nawarmoebi saxelia, amitom aseT

SemTxvevebSi zmnis adieqtiuri translacia Sualedur safexurs

(zmna substantivi (masdari) adieqtivi (mimReoba)

saWiroebs. aseTi mimReobebia, magaliTad: mdgomi, mwoli,

mqroli, mebrZoli, mTrToli, mZRoli...

8. Tu mimReobas translirebiT miRebul adieqtivad ganvixilavT,

aRmoCndeba, rom zogjer gvaqvs iseTi adieqtiuri wyvilebi,

romelTa erTi cali Tvisebas zogadad gamoxatavs, meore ki _

konkretul situaciaSi SeZenil am Tvisebas. Sdr.: Savi _

gaSavebuli, didi _ gadidebuli, boroti _ gaborotebuli...

CamoTvlili adieqtivebis meore cali warmoadgens pirveladi

125

adieqtivisgan zmnis gavliT nawarmoeb adieqtivebs (Savi

(adieqt.) _ aSavebs (zmn.) _ gaSavebuli (adieqt.).

9. xdeba isec, rom erTi zmnisgan mimReoba iwarmoeba sxvadasxva,

TiTqos erTi da imave daniSnulebis, afiqsebiT, magram

miRebuli sityvebi semantikurad gansxvavebulia. aseT

wyvilebad b. jorbenaZe asaxelebs Semdeg formebs:

damaxasiaTebeli _ damxasiaTebeli, masesxebeli _ msesxebeli...

aRniSnuli movlena sainteresoa ara marto imitom, rom igi

warmoaCens enis unars, zmnisgan saxelebi awarmoos met-

naklebad gansxvavebuli niuansiT, aramed translaciasTan

mimarTebiTac. kerZod, zogi aseTi sityva gasubstantivebis met

unars iCans, vidre _ wyvilis meore cali.

10. gamoTqmulia mosazreba masdarisa da mimReobis Tavdapirveli

gaudiferencireblobis Sesaxeb. samecniero literaturaSi

xazgasmulia is faqtic, rom mimReobis misaRebad saxelis

mawarmoebeli afiqsebi gamoiyeneba. es ki sainteresoa

translaciasTan dakavSirebiT. kerZod, ikveTeba, rom saxeluri

fuZis qmnadobisaTvis saWiro elementebi enam zmnisgan saxelis

warmoebisTvisac gamoiyena. gamodis, rom ganurCevlad

amosavlisa, ena saxelis misaRebad mimarTavs erTsa da imave

translativebs.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba iTqvas, rom masdarisa

da mimReobis warmoeba erT saintereso Strixs sZens translaciis

Seswavlas zmnisgan saxelis miRebisa da saxelTa warmoebis erT WrilSi

warmoCenis kuTxiT.

126

VI. ZiriTadi daskvnebi morfologiur translaciasTan

(substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan) dakavSirebiT

naSromis dasawyisSive aRvniSnavdiT, rom ena, kerZod ki am

konkretuli SemTxvevisTvis _ qarTuli, sityvaTa translaciisTvis

(klasis cvlilebisTvis) mimarTavs rogorc morfologiur, ise sintaqsur

saSualebebs. morfologiuri translaciis arsi sityvis klasis

cvlilebis iseT SemTxvevas gulisxmobs, rodesac translirebisTvis ena

iyenebs garkveul translativebs. am translativebs SesaZloa hqondeT

sxvadasxva daniSnulebac. magaliTad, sakiTxis Seswavlisas gamovlinda,

rom qarTulSi translativebis funqciiT gvxvdeba sityvaTmawarmoebeli

afiqsebi, brunvis niSnebi, Tandebulebi da sxv. miuxedavad imisa, rom

CamoTvlili morfemebi sxvadasxva gramatikuli Tu leqsikuri

daniSnulebisaa, translaciisTvis amas mniSvneloba ara aqvs. ufro metic,

isini am TvalsazrisiT asruleben erT ZiriTad rols _ sityvas ucvlian

klass da metyvelebis nawilTa erTi jgufidan meoreSi gadaanacvleben.

matranslirebel elementebs, miuxedavad Tavdapirveli gansxvavebuli

funqciisa, aerTianebT sityvisTvis klasis cvlilebis unari.

translaciis morfologiuri saSualebebis Seswavlis Sedegad

ikveTeba ramdenime ZiriTadi daskvna:

1. qarTul enas aqvs unari nebismieri arasaxelis saxelad

qcevisa, risTvisac mimarTavs mravalferovan enobriv

saSualebebs: sityvamawarmoebel afiqsebs, brunvis niSnebs,

Tandebulebs da sxv.

2. aRmoCnda, rom ena zmnisgan saxelis miRebisTvisac imave

elementebs iyenebs, romlebic istoriulad saxelTa

mawarmoeblebi iyo. es xazs usvams enis ekonomizmis princips.

3. erTi da imave semantikuri jgufis sityvaTmawarmoebel afiqsTa

matranslirebeli Zala gansxvavebulia. zogjer gadaWriT

SeuZlebelia imis mtkicebac esa Tu is mawarmoebeli ZiriTadad

romeli saxis translativia: masubstantivebeli Tu

maadieqtivebeli. xSirad es Tu is translativi metad aqtiuria

romelime dargis terminologiaSi, vidre, zogadad, enaSi.

127

translativis produqtiulobaze rodesac vsaubrobT, ar unda

dagvaviwydes isic, rom maTi sityvawarmoebis unari SeiZleba

gansxvavebuli iyos enis funqcionirebis sxvadasxva etapisaTvis.

magaliTad, si_e translativi ufro aqtiuri iyo Zvel

qarTulSi, TanamedroveSi ki moqmedebis asparezi -oba-sa da -eba-s

sasargeblod daTmo.

4. xdeba isec, rom erTi da imave sityvisagan msgavsi

daniSnulebis mawarmoebelTa darTviT viRebT or variants,

romelTagan erTi substantivad gamoiyeneba, meore _ adieqtivad.

Sdr.: mdinaris saTave (saTave _ substantivi), saTavo ofisi

(saTavo _ adieqtivi).

5. sakvlev masalaze dakvirvebam cxadi gaxada, rom xSirad

translaciisTvis mniSvnelovania sityvis semantika. mag.,

sityvebSi: marcvl-eul-i, xil-eul-i _ -eul sufiqsi adieqtiuri

Sinaarsis sityvebs ki ar awarmoebs substantivebisgan (rogorc

es mosalodneli iyo. Sdr.: Cem-eul-i, dedis-eul-i _

adieqtivebi), aramed krebiTobis niuansi Seaqvs aRniSnul

leqsikur erTeulebSi maTTvis klasis yovelgvari cvlilebis

gareSe.

6. rogorc cnobilia, brunvis niSnebi mimarTebiTi morfemebia,

magram maT SeswevT unari gadainacvlon warmomqmnel afiqsTa

jgufSi da axali leqsikuri erTeulebi awarmoon. amis

magaliTebia: dadeb-iT-i, Cveneb-iT-i, tan-ad-i, fer-ad-i... brunvis

niSnebiT miiReba rogorc zmnisarTebi, ise _ zedsarTavebi.

substantivebis mawarmoeblad isini ar gamoiyeneba da, Tu

brunvisniSniani forma substantivis funqciiT dasturdeba, es

meoreuli unda iyos: ru-is-i, Sind-is-i, Tbil-is-i da sxv.

CamoTvlili sityvebi sazRvrulCavardnili wyvilis

msazRvrelebi unda yofiliyvnen Tavdapirvelad.

7. e. w. substantiuri msazRvrelis formaTa analizis Sedegad

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SesaZlebelia am formebSi naTesaobiTi

brunvis niSani sityvaTmawarmoebel elementad miviCnioT,

128

ramdenadac misi gamoisobiT substantivebisgan miiReba

adieqtiuri Sinaarsis sityvebi.

8. maadieqtivebel translativebad gvxvdeba naTesaobiTi,

moqmedebiTi da viTarebiTi brunvis niSnebi.

9. garda sityvaTmawarmoebeli afiqsebisa da brunvis niSnebisa

(romlebic am SemTxvevaSi derivaciul elementebad gvevlineba),

translativebad SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes Tandebulebic.

TandebulebiT axali sityvebis miRebis unari gansakuTrebiT

aqtiuria specialur terminologiaSi: minis-ebr-i, faris-ebr-i,

gon-ebr-iv-i, sazogado-ebr-iv-i, matitelas-ebr-n-i, mixakis-ebr-n-i

da sxv.

10. Tandebulian formebze dakvirvebis Sedegad irkveva, rom jer

xdeba nebismieri arasaxelis gasubstantiveba modelis

gavleniT da Semdeg Tandebulis darTva (aseT SemTxvevebSi

Tandebuli mxolod translaciis indikatoria) maSin, roca

saxelis adieqtivacia Tandebulis gavleniT Cveulebrivia.

11. e.w. calke mdgomi Tandebulebi, magaliTad, gareSe da mier,

rodesac uSualod erTvian sityvas, viRebT adieqtivebs (anu

arian maadieqtivebeli translativebi), xolo, Tu isini calke

dganan, maTTan dakavSirebuli saxeli substantivia / gasub-

stantivebulia. am SemTxvevaSi maT SeiZleba vuwodoT

substantiurobis/substantivaciis indikatorebi. Sdr.:

qristes-mier-i, kacis-mier-i da qalis/maRlis/meoris mier

daxatuli suraTi ekida kedelze; klas-gareSe, TamaS-gareSe da

am qalebis/mwvanis/oris gareSe ar minaxavs es sofeli.

12. substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan dakavSirebiT yuradRebas

iqcevs zmnisgan masdarisa da mimReobis, rogorc substantivisa

da adieqtivis, miReba. Sesabamisad, masdarisa da mimReobis

mawarmoeblebi ganixileba masubstantivebel da maadieqtivebel

translativebad. mniSvnelovania, rom masdaris -a

gansakuTrebul siaxloves iCens saxelur sityvawarmoebaSi

aqtiurad gamoyenebul -a-sTan. sainteresoa, rom zogjer -a-s

Seswavs Zala adieqtiuri Sinaarsis sityvis warmoebisac:

129

Srial-a, sisin-a, titin-a, wuwun-a, braxun-a, mucel-a, cxvir-a da

a.S. gamodis, rom -a zmnisgan awarmoebs substantivebs (xatv-a,

Tesv-a, wer-a), xolo substantivebisgan _ adieqtivebs (ix. zemoT

CamoTvlili magaliTebi).

13. qarTulSi erTmaneTis gverdiT SeiZleba Segvxvdes erTi da

imave Zirisa da msgavsi semantikis iseTi sityvebi, rogorebicaa:

mwvane _ ga-mwvan-eb-ul-i, civ-i _ ga-civ-eb-ul-i da a. S. am

adieqtivTa pirveli cali pirveladia, meore _ adieqtiuri

translaciis gziT nawarmoebi. rogorc samecniero

literaturaSi (jorbenaZe, 1995: 41) aris SeniSnuli, aseTi

pirveladi adieqtivebi Tvisebis mudmiv qonas gamoxataven,

meoreni ki _ konkretuli momentisTvis SeZenil am Tvisebas.

14. SesaZlebelia morfologiurad translirebulma sityvam kvlav

ganicados morfologiuri an sintaqsuri translacia. meore

jerze morfologiur translacias iwvevs axali

matranslirebeli elementi, sintaqsurs ki _ winadadebis

abstrahirebul modelSi am erTeulis mier dakavebuli adgili.

Tqmulis magaliTebia:

a)

vaJkac-ur-i saqcieli (vaJkac-i (subst.) + -ur (maadieqtiv.

translativi) _ vaJkac-ur-i (adieqt.)

vaJkac-ur-oba gamoiCina (vaJkac-i (subst.) + -ur (maadieqtiv.

tranlativi) + -oba (masubstant. translativi) _ vaJkac-ur-oba

(subst.)

b)

Tbilis-el-i eqimi movida. (Tbilis-i + -el _ Tbilis-el-i:

morf. translacia adieqtivaciis mimarTulebiT)

Tbilis-el-i movida. (sintaqs. translacia, modelis gavleniT

adieqtivis substantivacia).

15. ormagi morfologiuri translaciis Sedegad SesaZloa

miviRoT rogorc pirvelad satranslirebeli sityvis klasis

sityva (qal-ur-oba: substantivi adieqtivi substantivi),

130

aseve misgan gansxvavebuli (aqa-ur-oba: zmnizeda adieqtivi

substantivi).

16. Seswavlili masalis, substantivacia-adieqtivaciis meqanizmis,

masubstantivebeli da maadieqtivebeli translativebis

analizis Sedegad SeiZleba warmovadginoT translativebis

cxrili, romelSic maT gavaerTianebT miuxedavad imisa, isini

saxelebs saxelebisgan awarmoeben Tu zmnisgan. dajgufebis

mTavar principad miviCnevT rezultatiurad miRebuli sityvis

ama Tu im klasisadmi kuTvnilebas. aqve unda iTqvas erTic:

marTalia, garkveuli mimReobebi iCenen gasubstantivebis

tendencias, magram es mainc meoreuli movlena unda iyos

(ganpirobebuli am sityvaTa xSiri gamoyenebiT da sazRvruli

wevris dasaxelebis aucileblobis ararsebobiT), amitom

mimReobis mawarmoeblebs maadieqtivebel translativTa rigSi

SevitanT. cxrilSi gaTvaliswinebulia mimarTebiTi da

damazustebeli morfemebis translativebad gamoyenebic unaric.

sax

elis

gan

masubstantivebeli translativebi

masubstantivebeli da

maadieqtivebeli translativebi

maadieqtivebeli translativebi

-eba; -ed; -el (g); na_ur; -oba; si_e

-a; me_e; me_ur//me_ul; na_ar//na_al; na_ev//na_eb; sa_ar; sa_o; sa_ur; -eul; -eul (g); -ian; -ian (g); -ovan; -ovan (g); sa_e; sa_e (g); -ur//-ul; -ur//-ul (g)

-a; -el; -ier; -iur; -del; -mdel; -osan; sa-; sa_el; u_ar; u_ur//u_ul; -ad/-d; -is/-s; -iT; -ebr; -viT; gareSe; mier

zmnis

gan si_il//si_ul -il m; m_are; m_ar-i; m_e; m_el;

ma_el; me-; u-; u_el; mo-; mo_e; mo_ul; na-; na_ar; na_el

sax

elis

gan/

zmnis

gan -a (g.); -a -ul

131

translaciis morfologiuri saSualebebis Seswavlis Sedegad

ikveTeba, rom qarTuli ena sxvadasxva klasis sityvaTa qmnadobisaTvis ar

izRudeba translativebis gamoyenebisas da am mizniT Tavisuflad

mimarTavs enaSi moqmed sxvadasxva funqciis elementebs. es faqti, rogorc

ukve araerTgzis aRvniSneT, xazs usvams enis moqnilobasa da ekonomizmis

princips.

II Tavi

translaciis (substantivacia-adieqtivaciis) sintaqsuri

saSualebebi Tanamedrove qarTulSi

I. zogadi mimoxilva

translaciis saxeebis Seswavlisas ukve ramdenjerme SevexeT sityvis

klasis cvlilebis im meqanizmebs, romlebic qarTul enaSi moqmedebs.

wina TavSi vrclad ganvixileT translaciis morfologiuri saSualebebi

da iqve mivuTiTeT, rom ena klasis cvlilebisTvis iyenebs sintaqsur

berketsac. amjerad swored am ukanasknels gavaSuqebT.

zogadad, translirebis procesi ase unda warmovidginoT: nebismieri

sityva ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT miekuTvneba ama Tu im klass,

magram enas aqvs unari mosaubris survilisamebr, saTqmelis ukeT

gamoxatvis mizniT, es sityva Semosos iseTi saburveliT, rom sxva klasSi

gadaanacvlos. magaliTad, sityva `yvavili~ substantivia, `yvaviliani~ _

adieqtivi. substantivisgan -ian translativis meSveobiT adieqtivi

miviReT. miRebuli sityva `yvaviliani~ amjerad ukve aRWurvilia

adieqtivis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebiT, Tumca mas inerciis ZaliT

garkveulwilad SerCenili aqvs satranslirebeli sityvis semantikac.

analogiuradaa SesaZlebeli adieqtivis substantivad gadaqceva.

132

magaliTad, `TeTri~ adieqtivia, xolo `siTeTre~ _ substantivi. adieqtivi

substantivad gardaiqmna masubstantivebeli translativebis _ prefiqs-

sufiqsis (si_e) meSveobiT da SeiZina substantivis maxasiaTeblebi.

`siTeTres~ ukve cnebiToba axasiaTebs, TvisebasTan mimarTeba ki mas

satranslirebeli sityvidan inerciiT SerCenia. substantiuri

translaciis Sedegad miRebul sityvas mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebisa

(Tu, ra Tqma unda, semantikuri SezRudva ar gvaqvs) da msazRvreli

wevris gaCenis unaric Seswevs. igi winadadebaSi SeiZleba Segvxvdes yvela

im funqciiT, romelic damaxasiaTebelia substantivisTvis.

naSromSi araerTgzisaa aRniSnuli, rom morfologiuri translaciis

gziT SesaZlebelia erTma sityvam translacia ramdenjerme ganicados.

magaliTad, àqauroba~ aris substantivi, romelic miRebulia

adieqtivisgan (aqauri), is ki Tavis mxriv momdinareobs zmnizedisgan (aqa).

xsenebul sityvaSi translaciis TiToeuli saxe erTmaneTisgan

gansxvavebulia, Tumca dasaSvebia, ase arc momxdariyo. Sdr.: wign-ier-eba

(subst.) wign-ier-i (adieqt.) + -eba wign-i (subst.) + -ier.

n e b i s m i e r m a s u b s t a n t i v m a a n a d i e q t i v m a ,

m i u x e d a v a d i m i s a , p i r v e l a d i a T u t r a n s l i r e b u l i ,

S e i Z l e b a k v l a v g a n i c a d o s t r a n s l a c i a r o g o r c

m o r f ol o g i u r i , i s e s i n t a q s u r i m e q a n i z m i s

m e S v e o b i T. morfologiuri translaciis buneba wina TavSi sakmaod

vrclad iyo warmodgenili, amjerad warmovaCenT im sintaqsur

saSualebebs, romelTa daxmarebiTac sityva (an sityvasTan gaTanabrebuli

erTeuli) translirdeba (an kvlav, meored/mesamed... translirdeba).

magaliTad, SesityvebaSi `wiTeli vaSli~ wiTeli adieqtivia, magram

winadadebaSi `wiTlebi Sevidnen qalaqSi~ wiTeli (wiTlebi) substantivia.

rogorc vxedavT, sityvam `wiTeli~ yovelgvari mawarmoeblis gareSe

SeZlo gasubstantiveba da winadadebaSi aqtantis funqciiT gamosvla.

amis mizezi sintaqsuria. kerZod, sityvam `wiTeli~ struqturul modelSi

daikava is adgili, romelic gankuTvnili iyo substantivisTvis.

àdgilSi~ ar vgulisxmobT winadadebaSi sityvaTa rigs, pozicias, es

ufro funqciuri àdgilis~ Sesabamisia. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, xSirad es

àdgili~ poziciuradac ar aris xolme SemTxveviTi. Sdr., substantivis

133

adieqtivaciis Semdegi magaliTi: `Wiqa Rvino~. am SemTxvevaSi `Wiqa~

poziciurad Sepirobebul adgilze, sazRvrulis win, dgas. sxvagvarad igi

ver gaxdeboda adieqtivi.

winadadebis modelis rolze Cven vrclad visaubreT naSromis

dasawyisSi da davimowmeT araerTi mecnieris mosazreba. amjerad

aRniSnul sakiTxs aRar mivubrundebiT, mxolod SevecdebiT warmovaCinoT

translaciis sintaqsuri meqanizmi substantivacia-adieqtivaciis

ganmapirobebeli sakiTxebis ganxilvis gziT.

erTs ki aRvniSnavT: rogorc Cans, translacia, rogorc sityvaTa

klasebis cvlilebis saSualeba, imdenad rTuli bunebisaa, rom igi

moiTxovs sakiTxis morfologiur da sintaqsur WrilSi erTdroul

ganxilvas. ramdenadac `morfologiursa da sintaqsur movlenebs Soris

mWidro kavSiri maTs urTierTSepirobebulobaSi gamoixateba~ (daviTiani,

1973: 38), sityva aris morfologiisa da sintaqsis Seswavlis sagani,

mxolod gansxvavebuli TvalsazrisiT. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom `sityva

morfologiis ZiriTadi erTeulia, imave dros igi winadadebis

Semadgeneli nawilic, zRvruli sintaqsuri erTeulicaa~ (daviTiani, 1973:

116). ufro metic, `morfologiuri da sintaqsuri movlenebi gramatikaSi

sakmaod mkafiod aris gamijnuli erTimeorisgan Semadgeneli

elementebisa da elementTa urTierTobis kanonzomierebaTa mixedviT

saTanado doneTa farglebSi, magram maTi absoluturi gamijvna

SeuZlebelia, radgan enis globalur sistemaSi isini erTdroulad

moqmedeben da erTmaneTis funqciaTa realizaciaSi sruliad bunebrivad

iReben monawileobas~ (uTurgaiZe, 2009: 146).

amrigad, translacia, rogorc sityvaTa klasebisa da maTi

gramatikuli kategoriebis cvlilebis, axal leqsikur erTeulTa Seqmnisa

da gadaazrebis saSualeba, morfologiasTan erTad sintaqsis kvlevis

saganicaa.

winamdebare TavSi, ra Tqma unda, srulad ver gavaSuqebT

translaciis sintaqsuri meqanizmis yvela niuanss, magram SevecdebiT

warmovadginoT is ZiriTadi meqanizmi, romelsac qarTuli ena

substantivacia-adieqtivaciisTvis mimarTavs.

134

sintaqsuri translaciis ganxilvamde aucilebelia aRiniSnos

Semdegic: morfologiurisgan gansxvavebiT, sintaqsuri translacia

iZleva imis saSualebas, rom translirdes ara mxolod sityva, aramed

mTeli fraza, Sesityveba da winadadebac ki. miuxedavad imisa, rom

sintaqsuri translaciis zemoCamoTvlili yvela SemTxvevisTvis

gamoiyeneba erTi da igive meqanizmi (vrclad _ qvemoT), migvaCnia, rom

mxolod erTi sityvisa da sxva enobrivi odenobis (frazis, Sesityvebis,

winadadebis...) translaciis SemTxvevebi cal-calke unda warmovadginoT.

II. sityvaTa klasebi da maTi ZiriTadi sintaqsuri funqciebi

zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom sityvas swavlobs morfologiaca da

sintaqsic, magram gansxvavebuli TvalsazrisiT: morfologiisTvis sityva

sainteresoa rogorc avtonomiuri erTeuli, misi formacvalebis unari

da gramatikuli kategoriebi. sintaqsis sagani ki sityvis sxva sityvebTan

mimarTebebia. miuxedavad imisa, rom morfologiasa da sintaqss Seswavlis

mizani gansxvavebuli aqvT, isini erTmaneTisgan mkacrad ver imijneba

sakvlevi obieqtis (sityvaformis) identurobis gamo. sityvis esa Tu is

forma, rogorc formacvalebis Sedegi, SeiZleba arsebobdes imdenad,

ramdenadac is saWiroa sxva sityvebTan mimarTebis dasamyareblad,

dasakavSireblad. es mimarTebebi ki, rogorc ukve iTqva, sintaqsis

kvlevis sferoa. gamodis, rom sintaqsuri urTierTobani ganapirobebs

sityvis formas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, morfologiis Seswavlis sagania.

bunebrivia, ar gvaviwydeba semantikis rolic ama Tu im sityvaformis

arsebobis doneze. amdenad, gramatikul-semantikuri da funqciuri

erToblioba warmoadgens sityvis, rogorc ama Tu im klasis erTeulis,

ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs. sityva Tu icvlis am maxasiaTeblebs, is ukve

sityvaTa sxva jgufSi gadadis.

Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom `enaSi

specialuri leqsikuri klasis arseboba, kerZod, leqsikuri klasisa,

135

romlis wevrebi ukavSirdebian erT sintaqsur rols, nakleb saWiros

xdis am enaSi xsenebuli rolisa da frazis, romelSic es roli gvxvdeba,

sintaqsuri an morfologiuri markirebis aucileblobas~ (hengeveldi...

2004: 546). Sesabamisad, `fleqsiuri leqsemebis~ SemTxvevaSi gardauvalia

am erTeulebis morfologiuri an sintaqsuri markireba. `rodesac

fleqsiuri leqsema warmoiTqmis, msmenelma unda gansazRvros, rogor

gamoiyeneba es leqsema, magaliTad, rogorc frazis mTavari wevri

(arsebiTi saxelis funqciiT), Tu rogorc msazRvreli (zedsarTavis

funqciiT)~ (hengeveldi... 2004: 547). jer kidev a. SaniZe werda, rom `erTi

da igive saxeli SeiZleba TavisTavadadac vixmaroT da msazRvreladac~

(SaniZe, 1980: 49), Tumca qarTulSi sityvaTa klasebs mainc mkafiod aqvT

gamoxatuli ZiriTadi funqciebi, romlebsac isini umTavresad avlenen

winadadebebSi. sityvaTa klasebis ZiriTadi da meoreuli funqciebis

Sesaxeb a. daviTiani wers: `imisda mixedviT, Tu ra adgils ikaveben esa

Tu is sityvebi saerTod winadadebis an misi struqturuli nawilebis

(konstruqciis, Sesityvebis, sityvaTSexamebis) modelSi, vlindeba maTi

funqciac, e. i. mTqmels SeuZlia models Seuxamos garkveuli sityva da

amis mixedviT igi winadadebis garkveul wevrad warmogvidginos; magram

sityvaTa klass, garda nebismieri funqciisa, aqvs specifikuri niSan-

Tviseba, romlis mixedviTac is ufro xSirad asrulebs garkveul

funqcias; e.i. yovel sityvas moepoveba ZiriTadi, specifikuri da

meoreuli (sxvadasxva mizezis gamo Semdgom SeZenili) funqcia,

ukanasknels, Cveulebriv, sityvaTa klasis Secvla mohyveba xolme~

(daviTiani, 1973: 119). amitomac xazgasmiT aRvniSnavdiT translaciis arsis

ganxilvisas, rom sityvaTa klasis cvlileba upirvelesad misi ZiriTadi

funqciuri rolis, misi maxasiaTeblebis SecvlasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

sxva klasisadmi sityvis mikuTvneba mxolod rezultatis kvalifikaciaa.

Sesabamisad, substantivacia-adieqtivaciis sintaqsur saSualebaTa

Seswavlamde saWiroa dazustdes xsenebuli klasis sityvaTa ZiriTadi

funqciebi winadadebSi, raTa Semdeg visaubroT am funqciaTa cvlilebasa

da, Sesabamisad, sintaqsur translaciaze.

rogorc aRvniSneT, sityvebi garkveul jgufebSi erTiandeba

ZiriTadi morfologiur-semantikuri (formacvalebis saerTo principi,

136

saerTo gramatikuli kategoriebi da semantikuri maxasiaTeblebi) da

funqciuri (winadadebaSi Sesasrulebeli ZiriTadi roli) aspeqtebis

gaTvaliswinebiT. am jgufebs Cven `sityvaTa klasebs~ vuwodebT.

rogorc cnobilia, substantivi ibrunvis, aqvs ricxvis gramatikuli

kategoria da winadadebaSi SeiZleba iyos zmna-SemasmenliT gamoxatuli

qmedebis monawile _ aqtanti. mniSvnelovania, rom a q t a n t a d

w i n a d a d e b S i S e i Z l e b a i y o s m x o l o d d a m x o l o d

s u b s t a n t i v i a n g a s u b s t a n t i v e b u l i s i t y v a (T u

s i t y v a s T a n g a T a n a b r e b u l i e n o b r i v i o d e n o b a).

saxelebidan mxolod substantivi gvxvdeba `TavisTavad~ sityvad,

romelsac aqvs brunvisa da ricxvis gramatikuli kategoriebi. a. SaniZis

cnobili gamonaTqvami (`garkveul SemTxvevebSi qarTulSi SeiZleba

vabrunoT zmnis piriani formebic da `forma-ucvalebeli~ sityvebic~

(SaniZe, 1980: 44) zmnis piriani formebisa Tu formaucvleli sityvebis

brunebis Sesaxeb sxva araferia, Tu ara gasubstantivebuli erTeulebis

brunebis unarze miTiTeba. unda iTqvas isic, rom substantivisTvis

damaxasiaTebelia sagnobrioba an cnebiToba (miuxedavad imisa, igi,

rogorc sityva, konkretul aRsaniSns miemarTeba Tu abstraqtuls).

adieqtivi ki SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc sityva, romelic axlavs

sxva sityvas da mis niSan-Tvisebas, rogorobas da a.S. gamoxatavs.

adieqtivs brunva da ricxvi damoukideblad ar gaaCnia. igi mxolod

sazRvruli wevris brunvasTan mimarTebiT (sintaqsuri urTierTobidan

gamomdinare) gamoxatavs ama Tu im brunvis formas. magaliTad, a. papiZe

samarTlianad aRniSnavs Semdegs: `bunebrivia, rom zedsarTavi saxeli,

rogorc saxelis niSan-Tvisebis gamomxatveli, arsebobs imdenad,

ramdenadac arsebobs sagani, gansasazRvri, asaxsneli saxeli... misi

gramatikuli kategoriebic aRniSnuli semantikiT aris gansazRvruli...

semantikuri niSnidan gamomdinare, zedsarTav saxels ar unda (ar

SeiZleba!) hqondes ricxvis kategoria... amave kuTxiT SeiZleba SevxedoT

brunvis problemasac... bruneba substantivis ZiriTadi morfologiuri

maxasiaTebelia da brunvis srulyofili sistemac qarTulSi (Tumca ara

marto qarTulSi!) mxolod substantivs moepoveba... amosavali debuleba

am sakiTxze msjelobisTvis unda iyos is, rom arc zedsarTavi da arc

137

ricxviTi saxeli damoukideblad, sazRvrulis gareSe, Cveulebriv ar

funqcionireben~ (papiZe, 1998: 94-99). unda iTqvas, rom adieqtivi, rogorc

aqtanti, ar SeiZleba winadadebaSi ukavSirdebodes zmna-Semasmenels

gasubstantivebis gareSe. i g i T v i s e b i s g a m o m x a t v e l i

s i t y v a a, r o m e l s a c a q v s u n a r i u C v e n o s m a s T a n

s i n t a q s u r m i m a r T e b a S i m y o f i s a x e l i s T v i s e b a

( s a W i r o e b i s a m e b r _ T v i s e b i s x a r i s x i c ), b r u n v a d a,

S e s a Z l o a, r i c x v i c, S e p i r o b e b u l i s i n t a q s u r

u r T i e r T o b a S i m y o f i s a x e l i s b r u n v i T a d a r i c x v i T.

Tqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT: substantivsa da

adieqtivs (iseve, rogorc sxva jgufis sityvebs) aqvT TavianTi

morfologiur-sintaqsuri Tu semantikuri maxasiaTeblebi da es

maxasiaTeblebi wyvets substantivebisa Tu adieqtivebisadmi sityvis

mikuTvnebis sakiTxs. maxasiaTeblebis Secvla ki ganapirobebs sityvis

gamosvlas konkretuli jgufidan da sxva klasisadmi mikedlebas. sityvis

klasis cvlileba translaciaa, xolo am cvlilebis meqanizmis Seswavla

translaciis arsis garkvevas ukavSirdeba. Sesabamisad,

s u b s t a n t i v a c i a d g a n i x i l e b a n e b i s m i e r i e n o b r i v i

e r T e u l i s s u b s t a n t i v a d m o q c e v a, x o l o a d i e q t i v a -

c i a w a r m o a d g e n s s i t y v i s a d i e q t i u r i f u n q c i i T

a R W u r v a s.

Tu morfologiuri translaciis ganxilvisas vexebodiT im

elementebs (translativebs), romlebic uzrunvelyofen sityvis klasis

cvlilebas, sintaqsuri translaciis kvleva aseTi cvlilebis sintaqsuri

bunebis gamoaSkaravebas isaxavs miznad.

naSromis Semdeg qveTavebSi cal-calke warmovadgenT

substantivaciisa da adieqtivaciis sintaqsur saSualebebs translaciis

SesaZlo mizezebis miTiTebiT, Tumca aqve aRvniSnvT, rom sintaqsuri

translacia imdenad masStaburia, rom mas aq srulad, ra Tqma unda, ver

ganvixilavT. mxolod warmovaCenT sityvaTa klasis cvlilebis im

ZiriTad meqanizmebs, romlebsac qarTuli ena mimarTavs substantiuri da

adieqtiuri translaciisTvis.

138

III. sityvis substantiuri translaciis

sintaqsuri meqanizmi, buneba da gamomwvevi mizezebi

s i t y v i s s u b s t a n t i v a c i i s s i n t a q s u r i m e q a n i z m i

g u l i s x m o b s a m s i t y v i s a R W u r v a s s u b s t a n t i v i s T v i s

d a m a x a s i a T e b e l i y v e l a f u n q c i i T. amaTgan umTavresi misi

aqtantad (e.w. `TavisTavad saxelad~) gamoyenebis unaria. ra Tqma unda,

aqtantobisTvis translacia ar sWirdeba sityvebs, romelTa ZiriTadi

funqcia isedacaa aqtantoba. T. uTurgaiZe aRniSnavs: `aqtantis rolSi

mxolod arsebiTi saxeli gamodis. sxva metyvelebis nawilTaTvis

aucilebelia substantivacia _ arsebiT saxelad moqceva, rom qmedebis

monawiled iqcnen~ (uTurgaiZe, 2009: 48). Cveni mxridan davamatebdiT, rom

is nacvalsaxelebi, romlebic SeiZleba winadadebaSi aqtantebad

gamoviyenoT, faqtobrivad saxelTa monacvleebs warmodgenen.

nacvalsaxelis am bunebis gamo zogi mecnieri mas calke metyvelebis

nawilad arc ki gamoyofs. `nacvalsaxeli calke metyvelebis nawilad ar

gamoiyofa, radgan nacvalsaxeli, romelic cvlis substantivs, rogorc

metyvelebis nawili _ substantivia (misi ganzogadebuli saxeoba),

nacvalsaxeli, romelic cvlis atributivs, rogorc metyvelebis nawili

_ rCeba atributivad, rac Seexeba I da II piris nacvalsaxelebs,

sinamdvileSi isini arc arian nacvalsaxelebi: `me~ aris mosaubre piris

saxeli, misi saxeldeba da ara romelime saxelis Semcvleli, `Sen~ _

saubris adresatis saxeli (da ara nacvalsaxeli)~ (jorbenaZe, 1995: 25).

marTalia, `Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiaSi~ nacvalsaxelis

ganmartebisas gaziarebulia b. jorbenaZis Sexeduleba, magram

nacvalsaxeli mainc damoukideblad aris gatanili metyvelebis nawilTa

CamonaTvalSi. `kidev ufro gansxvavebulia enobrivi daniSnuleba im

ganzogadebuli (arakonkretizebuli) Sinaarsis sityvebisa, romlebic arc

konkretul sagnobriv semantikas Seicaven (rogorc arsebiTi saxelebi) da

arc gansazRvrul niSan-Tvisebas gadmoscemen (rogorc zedsarTavebi),

magram erTi klasis sityvebis Canacvlebac SeuZliaT da meorisac; am

`CanacvlebiTi~ daniSnulebidan gamomdinare, maT substitutebsac

uwodeben (laT. substitutum substitutio Senacvleba, substitucia). am klasis

139

sityvebs qarTulSi aerTianebs termini `nacvalsaxeli~, _ vkiTxulobT

xsenebul naSromSi (gogolaSvili... 2011: 64).

rac Seexeba zedsarTav da ricxviT saxelebs, maTi ZiriTadi funqcia

substantivebis Tviseba-raodenobis gamoxatvaa, amitom isini

gasubstantivebis gareSe ver iqnebian aqtantebi.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare da nacvalsaxelebis

Taviseburebis (`substitutiurobis~) gaTvaliswinebiT namdvilad

safuZvliania T. uTurgaiZis mosazreba mxolod arsebiTi saxelebis

aqtantobis unarze.

T u a q t a n t o b a s u b s t a n t i v a c i a s a v t o m a t u r a d

g u l i s x m o b s, g a m o d i s, r o m a q t a n t i s r o l S i g a m o s v l a

n e b i s m i e r i e n o b r i v i e r T e u l i s g a s u b s t a n t i v e b a s a c

u n d a u d r i d e s. es marTlac asea. Cven mier damowmebul magaliTebSi,

rodesac erTi sityva (mag., wiTeli) xan adieqtivia (wiTeli vaSli) da xan

_ substantivi (wiTlebi Sevidnen qalaqSi), meore SemTxvevaSi sityva

`wiTlis~ aqtantad gamoyeneba swored substantiuri translaciiT unda

aixsnas.

yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom qarTuls aqvs unari aqtantad aqcios

nebismieri arasaxeli, maT Soris formaucvleli sityvebi da

winadadebebic ki. es mxolod maTi gasubstantivebis Sedegadaa

SesaZlebeli. ra Tqma unda, gasubstantivebis yvelaze meti unari aqvs

brunebis unaris mqone sityvebs, anu saxelebs (zedsarTav, ricxviT

saxelebsa da nacvalsaxelebs).


gasubstantivebulia zedsarTavi saxeli:

avi ar makadriano, kargi ar maRirsiano (saxokia, 2012: 21).

lurjad dabindda, lurji edo aCalul yanebs (kalandaZe, 1987: 100).

isev mominda Cemi sofeli xalxur leqsebiT da sakravebiT, ezoSi _ mwvane

da uSobeli da mokuntruSe TeTri kravebi (asaTiani, 1988: 32).

TeTrze is ityvis Savs, aras magivrad _ xo-s (gomelauri, 2010: 78).

hyidis yvela: Tavadi, mRvdeli, vaWari, avazaki, didi da patara, Wkviani da

suleli... (lorTqifaniZe, 2010: 13)

140

pirvelive TaTbiris dros vTqviT da movilaparakeT, rom axali sezonidan

raRac axali da gansxvavebuli SevTavazoT mayurebels (praimtaimi, 2011: 3).

xeli auqnia maRalma bavSvs (solomanaSvili, 2010: 576).

mamasa da maRalTan cisferTvaleba kaci mivida (solomanaSvili, 2010: 568).

gasubstantivebulia ricxviTi saxeli:

bevri rad unda dedasa, erTi jobs saxelovani (saxokia, 2012: 41).

Tumca bevrs ukve arsebuli preparatebiT mkurnalobis SesaZleblobac ar

aqvT (kviris palitra, 2012: 36).

cisfer kafeSi SevdivarT orni, cisfer magidas SemovusxdebiT (asaTiani,

1988: 59).

Cven ori ram miveciT kacobriobas... yvelaze mtkice da yvelaze

aRmafrTovanebeli _ rkina da Rvino!.. da me vfiqrob, qarTul xasiaTSi orive

darCa (goTua, 1980: 114).

misma megobarma gogonebma orive gadaarCines (praimtaimi, 2011: 19).

oqro da kidev samni waiyvanes, saiT waiyvanes, isic ar vicodi (sulakauri,

2010: 320).

aviReT farnebi da wavediT samiveni saZebnelad (SataiZe, 2010: 28).

mariams arasodes gaurCevia erTmaneTisgan bavSvebi, erTi jamidan aWmevda

oTxives (megreliSvili, 2010: 444).

xuTives xarisxiani, moduri fexsacmeli ecva (amirejibi, 2010: 560).

skamebze orni isxdnen da RimiliT Semomyurebdnen. erTi odnav WaRara iyo,

meore _ Cemi asakis. orives samxedro forma ecvaT (xvedeliZe, 2010: 355).

erTi uSvelebel vercxlisfer burTs naZvis qveda totebze hkidebda,

meores makrateli eWira da wiTel lents Tanabari sigrZis naWerebad Wrida,

mesame saRebavebiT saxemoxatul, frTafarfata angelozs xis kenweroze

amagrebda (taveliZe, 2010: 555).

es imitom, rom meore pirveli ar aris da verc gaxdeba, garda im

SemTxvevisa, rodesac meore ukanaskneli ar aris, radgan mxolod ukanasknelebi

gaxdebian pirvelebi (qarTveliSvili, 2010: 221).

gasubstantivebulia nacvalsaxeli:

Tu SevecdebiT, gavigoT es kerZo `me~, igi sakuTar TavSi unda veZioT...

(naipoli, 2011: 6)

hm, aseTma Tu moawera xeli, uaresad ayefdeba (kikaCeiSvili, 2010: 531).

141

da rom uyvarda, sxva rom uyvarda arasdros uTqvams Tavis colisTvis


sxvas ufro bevrs vTxovT, vidre sakuTar Tavs (kviris palitra, 2012: 15).

taZris misavalSi sxvebic idgnen, magram igi mxolod àngelozs~ xedavda

(goTua, 1980: 10).

gonierTa msgavsad sxvebis gamocdilebas gaviTvaliswinebT (kviris

palitra, 2012: 25).

zogi ukve davardniliyo, zogic davardnaze iyo misuli (goTua, 1980: 39).

RmerTo, micocxle Cemi ded-mama, kargad mimyofe yvela Cemebi! (asaTiani,

1988: 78)

...dedamTili yovel kviras Cems Zvel saxlSi rekavs da saSinelebebs uyveba

Cemebs (kakulia, 2010: 64).

imaT saxls Cvenebis bombi jer kidev pirveli areulobisas deeca...

(lomouri, 2010: 11).

Cvenebsac CaeSvelnen mcire marqafni (goTua, 1980: 66).

gasubstantivebulia formaucvleli sityva:

ara _ aras, me vismendi mxolod ho-s (tabiZe, 1973: 136).

Camomiara sikvdilma, arc `ho~ vuTxari, arc _ àra~ (CitiSvili, 2010: 60).

rasac ar mTxov, getyvi xo-s... ra moxda, rom eWvi mWams (gomelauri, 2010: 41).

erTxel vixile da veRar vTqvi Tamami àra~ (iaSvili, 2011: 80).

Tavdapirvelad iyvnen `Tu~ da àn~ da mere ànu~ (amaRlobeli, 2011: 170).

anu `Tu~ iyo, Tu rame iyo Tavdapirvelad. da `Tu~-Si iyo sicocxle da

`Tu~ gaxda sinaTle, anu `Tu~-m gamoiwvia àn~ da àn~-ma ànu~... (amaRlobeli,

2011: 170)

giyvarda vinme, uyvardi vinmes? _ àu~! _ elodi pasuxad àus~? (lebaniZe,

2006: 65)

xolo rodesac `bravos~ `bisic~ da `vaSac~ uerTdeba, murmani ikmarebs

àuh!~-s... (lebaniZe, 2006: 114)

mudam viZaxi àmin~-s, saWiroa Tu ara (gomelauri, 2010: 134).

a R s a n i S n a v i a, r o m m o r f ol o g i u r a d t r a n s l i -

r e b u l m a s i t y v a m S e i Z l e b a m r a v a l j e r g a n i c a d o s

t r a n s l a c i a (rogorc kvlav morfologiuri, ise _ sintaqsuri),

x o l o s i n t a q s u r i t r a n s l a c i a e r T j e r a d i a.

142

morfologiurad translirebuli sityvebis sintaqsuri meqanizmiT

substantivaciis arsis naTelsayofad warmovadgenT sailustracio

magaliTebs da Semdeg nimuSisTvis erT-erTs ganvixilavT.


rad minda mivswvde miuwvdomels, vrcels da usazRvros? (tabiZe, 1973: 38)

Semdeg awowilma xeli jibisken waiRo (babunaSvili, 2010: 376).

gansakuTrebiT kusparas moyolilebi uyvars (nanobaSvili, 2010: 152).

gaeclebodnen is gasawyvetlebi, Sesxdebodnen, Seixorxlebodnen TuTaze...

(SataiZe, 2010: 25)

iaraRSemarTuls orRobisgan nabijiRa aSorebda (xvedeliZe, 2010: 346).

mis kenweroze Semomjdars fexebSi SiSis qari mivlida (arCuaSvili, 2010:

427).

umwobisagan daRlili adamianis saxe hqonda jvarze gakruls

(megreliSvili 2010: 441).

wamsvlels da momsvlels, uSecdomod, TiTqmis uklebliv, erTmaneTSi rom

aRricxaven Wirisuflebi (amaRlobeli, 2011: 78).

Tavs ar moiklavs qarTveli, ara... (asaTiani, 1988: 43)

aRaraa `Sinauri~ da aba, midi, mouare! (gigaSvili, 2010: 5)

sTqvi naRvliani Zveli qarTliviT, an aznauris qalze vimReroT (leoniZe,

2008: 32).

`volvo~ gaCerda, saidanac swrafad gadmoxta sami niRbosani (mosuliSvili,

2010: 275).

isini Zlierni aRmoCndnen (kakulia, 2010: 40).

Tavisi xeliT swiraven kurats urjulos sulis mosaxsenieblad

(arganaSvili, 2010: 504).

es is saqarTvelo iyo, sadac uRirss Rirseuli salams ar aZlevda (kviris

palitra, 2012: 17).

mere omsa da xetialSi upatronos Turme Wleqi Sehparvoda (leoniZe, 2011:

41).

marnisaebi mTvralebi arian ukve (fxakaZe, 2010: 481).

quCis landma sagani CabRuja, Semdeg dabla dado, Toki Sexsna da

farjrisas niSani misca (babunaSvili, 2010: 368).

143

ganvixiloT erTi magaliTi (rad minda mivswvde miuwvdomels,

vrcels da usazRvros?) translaciis sintaqsuri meqanizmis axsnis

mizniT.

mi-u-wvd-om-el-i zmnisgan translirebiT miRebuli adieqtivia,

u-sazRvr-o ki _ saxelisgan. orive maTgani winadadebis modelSi

dakavebuli adgilis gamo gasubstantivebulia da aqtantebadaa

gamoyenebuli. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs ormagi translacia, pirveli _

morfologiuri da translativebiT markirebuli (u_el, u_o), meore _

sintaqsuri. formebSi arsebuli micemiTi brunvis niSani SegviZlia

translaciis indikatorad davasaxeloT. T. uTurgaiZe aRniSnavs:

`warmoqmnis unari yvela brunvis niSans aqvs, magram amas gansxvavebulad

axorcieleben pirmimarTi da pirmiumarTavi aqtantebis brunvis niSnebi,

kerZod: pirmimarTi aqtantebis (sax., moTx., mic.) brunvis niSnebi nebismier

arasaxels saxelad moaqceven ise, rom TviTon inarCuneben brunvis niSnis

funqcias, sxvanairad: pirmimarTi aqtantebis brunvis niSanTa win sxva

metyvelebis nawilTa forma saxelis fuZed moiqceva~ (uTurgaiZe, 2009: 54).

Cven viziarebT mecnieris mosazrebas sityvebis aqtantad moqcevisas

saxelobiTi, moTxrobiTi da micemiTi brunvis niSnebis mier brunvis

niSnis funqciis SenarCunebis Taobaze, Tumca migvaCnia, rom arasaxelebis

gasubstantivebisa da aqtantad gamoyenebis mizezi winadadebis modelSi

dakavebuli adgilia da xsenebul brunvis niSnebs mxolod

substantivaciis indikatorebad vTvliT. kidev erTxel gavusvamT xazs,

rom modelSi dakavebul adgilze rodesac vsaubrobT, vgulisxmobT

sityvis funqciur rols. substantivaciis indikatorebad SeiZleba

miviCnioT mravlobiTi ricxvis niSanic, romelic `TavisTavad~ saxels

brunebis mTel paradigmaSi mihyveba. ra Tqma unda, aseT indikatorebad

ver ganvixilavT mravlobiTi ricxvis im niSnebs, romlebic sazRvruli

wevris ricxviTaa Sepirobebuli ama Tu im formaSi. a. papiZe aRniSnavs:

`brunva da ricxvi ar aris sakuTriv zedsarTavi saxelisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli kategoriebi. zedsarTavi da ricxviTi saxelebi, rogorc

formacvalebadi metyvelebis nawilebi, iReben brunvisa da rig

SemTxvevaSi mravlobiTi ricxvis niSnebs, rogorc sazRvrulTan

SeTanxmebuli sintaqsuri kavSiris maCvenebels~ (papiZe, 1998: 109). SeiZleba

144

davaskvnaT: Tu sityvaformaSi brunvisa da ricxvis (mr. r.) niSnebis

arseboba ar aris gamowveuli sxva saxelis brunviTa da ricxviT

sintaqsuri mimarTebis bazaze, maSin es brunvisa da ricxvis niSnebi

SeiZleba substantiuri translaciis indikatorebad kvalificirdes.

daismis kiTxva: ra aris formaucvleli sityvebisa da

arasubstantivebis translativebis gareSe gasubstantivebas mizezi?!

aRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema principulia translaciis sintaqsuri

bunebis warmoCenis TvalsazrisiT.

lingvistur literaturaSi sintaqsis sakiTxTa kvlevisas yuradReba

gamaxvilebulia frazis/winadadebis struqturuli modelis rolze

sityvaTa klasifikaciis saqmeSi. a. daviTianTan modeli ganmartebulia

Semdegnairad: `winadadeba aris metyvelebis gramatikulad gaformebuli

erTeuli, romelic obieqturi sinamdvilis raime nawils gamoxatavs.

obieqturi realobis gamoxatva ara marto cnebebiT SeiZleba, aramed _ am

cnebaTa Soris arsebuli mimarTebebiTac. mimarTeba logikuri cnebaa,

magram misi gamoxatva saTanado gramatikuli kategoriiT xdeba.

kategoriaTa erTianoba winadadebis struqturul konfiguracias, mis

modelsa da modelis variantebs qmnis. winadadebis modeli enaSi mza

formiT arsebobs da adamians ubnobis momentSi mxolod misi Sevseba,

sarealizacio leqsikur-semantikuri erTeulebis gamoZebna da azris

logikuri gegmisTvis maTi Sexameba sWirdeba~ (daviTiani, 1973: 107).

rogorc Cans, swored winadadebis abstrahirebul modelSi sityvis

mier dakavebuli adgili wyvets am enobrivi erTeulis, rogorc ama Tu im

klasis sityvis, kvalifikaciis sakiTxs. s i n t a q s u r i t r a n s l a c i a

w i n a d a d e b i s s t r u q t u r u l m o d e l S i s i t y v i s a r a Z i -

r i T a d a d g i l z e g a n T a v s e b i T x o r c i e l d e b a d a

a m i t o m p o z i c i u r i x a s i a T i s a a. substantivaciis, rogorc

sintaqsuri translaciis, modelismier meqanizmTanaa dakavSirebuli e. w.

`Sesityvebis SekumSvis~ iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac struqturul

modelSi gabatonebuli wevris adgilze jdeba daqvemdebarebuli da

Sesabamisad, aRiWurveba damqvemdebareblis unarebiTac (brunva, mr.

ricxvi), `amitomaa, rom yvelaze xSiria substantivaciis iseTi

SemTxvevebi, rodesac arsebiTis rolSi metyvelebis is nawilebi

145

gvevlinebian, romelTa ZiriTadi sintaqsuri funqcia gansazRvrebis

gamoxatvaa~ (daviTiani, 1973: 185). msazRvreli saxelis gasubstantivebis

(elifsis) gzas a. papiZe Semdegnairad warmoaCens: `winadadebis

mosalodneli wevris gamotoveba stiluri Tu sxva daniSnulebiT Tavis

kvals tovebs Sesityvebis struqturaze. formobrivad gauCinarebuli

wevri semantikurad isev winadadebSi rCeba, metic, misi gramatikuli

SesaZleblobani SenarCunebulia romelime wevris bazaze (sazRvruli

sityvis gamotovebis SemTxvevaSi aseTi wevri, rasakvirvelia,

msazRvrelia) (papiZe, 1998: 109).

sazRvruli wevris ararseboba zogjer ganpirobebulia mosaubris

stilistikuri gadawyvetilebiT, anac winadadebiT gamoxatuli

SinaarsisaTvis meti eqspresiulobis miniWebis surviliT. xdeba isec, rom

sazRvruli sityva arcaa saWiro, radgan igi zmna-SemasmenliT

igulisxmeba. aseTi viTareba xSirad iqmneba maSin, rodesac msazRvreli

wevri miemarTeba an mosaubres (I pirs) an msmenels (II pirs).

amrigad, substantivaciis sintaqsuri meqanizmi SemdegSi mdgomareobs:

winadadebis struqturul modelSi substantivisTvis gankuTvnil

adgilas Tu aRmoCndeba nebismieri arasubstantiuri erTeuli, is maSinve

SeiZens im unars, romelic substantivisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli da,

Sesabamisad, gasubstantivdeba. mniSvnelovania, rom brunvisa da

mravlobiTi ricxvis niSnebi, romlebic araa ganpirobebuli sxva saxelis

brunviTa da ricxviT, SeiZleba miviCnioT sityvis gasubstantivebis /

substantiurobis indikatorebad.

IV. sityvis adieqtivaciis sintaqsuri meqanizmi,

buneba da gamomwvevi mizezebi

adieqtivis gansazRvrisas zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom igi gamoxatavs

masTan sintaqsur mimarTebaSi myofi saxelis niSan-Tvisebas. adieqtivis

ZiriTadi sintaqsuri funqcia msazRvrelobaa. Sesabamisad, adieqtivaciis,

rogorc sintaqsuri translaciis, arsi sityvis adieqtiuri unariT

146

aRWurvisaTvis sintaqsuri meqanizmis gamoyenebaSi gamoixateba. àRWurva~,

ra Tqma unda, gulisxmobs, rom Tavdapirvelad es sityva adieqtiuri

niuansis ar unda iyos.

mniSvnelovania, rom rogorc morfologiuri, ise sintaqsuri

saSualebebiT translirebisas sityvam klasi Seicvalos. cnobilia, rom

`sityvaTa klasis Senacvleba nairgvari gziT xdeba; maTgan mTavaria ori:

a) leqsikuri transformacia (sityvawarmoeba) da b) winadadebaSi

logikur-gramatikuli funqciis Secvla~ (daviTiani, 1973: 199). pirveli

translaciis morfologiur saSualebas ganekuTvneba, meore _

sintaqsurs.

sintaqsuri berketis gamoyenebiT yvelaze xSirad adieqtiur

translacias ganicdis substantivi, Tumca gvxvdeba sxva metyvelebis

nawilebis adieqtivaciis SemTxvevebic.

sintaqsuri gziT substantivis adieqtiuri translacia xorcieldeba:

(1) yovelgvari mawarmoeblis gamoyenebis gareSe da (2) garkveuli

translativebis, kerZod ki, naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis, meSveobiT.

ramdenadac translaciis ukanaskneli SemTxvevis mizezi sintaqsuria,

xolo matranslirebeli elementi _ morfologiuri odenoba,

translirebis aRniSnuli tipi morfologiuri translaciis farglebSic

SevitaneT da sintaqsuri translaciis saTauris qveSac unda ganvixiloT.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, substantivi adieqtiuri translaciis

wyalobiT SeiZleba mogvevlinos sxva sityvis msazRvrelad. sintaqsis

saxelmZRvaneloebSi aseT sityvas àtributul gansazRvrebad~

moixseneben. àtributul gansazRvrebad Cveulebrivia zomis saxeli

(santimetri, metri, mtkaveli, adli, kilometri, heqtari, qceva...), wonisa

(grami, misxali, kilogrami, tona, fuTi...); sawyaosi (kodi, kasri, Wiqa,

abga, boTli, Cafi, doqi, ormo, uremi, vagoni, godori, gideli...),

profesiisa (eqimi, vaWari, mebaRe, maswavlebeli...), wodebaTa da

TanamdebobaTa saxelebi (glexi, aznauri, Tavadi, profesori, docenti,

direqtori...), agreTve mimarTvis dros saxmarebeli sityvebi (Zia, deida,

mamida, amxanagi, batoni...) da bevri sxvac (xeli, Reri, Ziri, frTa, uReli,

cali, wyvili, Tofi, komli...)~, _ aRniSnavs l. kvaWaZe (kvaWaZe, 1996: 195).

mniSvnelovania, rom adieqtivad translirebuli aseTi substantivi ukve

147

brunebis iseTive paradigmas gviCvenebs, rogoric aqvs msgavsi fuZis mqone

zedsarTavs. samecniero literaturaSi zemoT CamoTvlil arsebiT

saxelebs danarTebsac uwodeben. `Tu danarTi mosdevs sazRvruls

(Cveulebriv, sakuTar arsebiT saxels), igi ibrunvis, sazRvruli ki

ucvleli rCeba, ganurCevlad imisa, TanxmovanfuZiani saxelia Tu

xmovanfuZiani... Tu danarTi uswrebs sazRvruls da boloxmovniania, igi

ucvleli rCeba yvela brunvaSi (magaliTad: rkina kaci, rkina kacma, rkina

kacs...); boloTanxmovniani ki ibrunvis~ (cqitiSvili, 1983: 114). rogorc

Cans, adieqtivad moqceuli aseTi substantivi (danarTi saxeli) ara marto

semantikurad amJRavnebs saerTos sxva adeiqtiur msazRvrelebTan, aramed

formacvalebiTa da sintaqsuri roliTac maT gverdiT dgas.


mimwuxrisas, mzei roca dacxra, Tamar mefe locvad idga taZrad...

(kalandaZe, 1987: 51)

atenis cixeSi mefis deda _ mariam dedofali iyo Sexiznuli (goTua, 1980:

74).

mxolod saba moZRvari dadioda xalxSi... (goTua, 1980: 80).

magram grigol bers araferi ugrZvnia (goTua, 1980: 169).

efrem beri axla xelze emTxvia Tavis did maswavlebels (goTua, 1980: 175).

sigeli xom erekle mefis dros iyo dawerili (leoniZe, 2011: 63).

es RmerTma Cvens batons, mefe erekles gaumarjos (goTua, 1980: 63).

rodesac misi pirmSo _ mefe luarsabi damarcxda da qveda qarTlisken

gaiWra axali jaris saSovnelad, mariam dedofalma Tavad uTava, mTeli goris

mxare daxizna (goTua, 1980: 75).

beri gogia didxans dahyurebda miwaze ganrTxmuls (lorTqifaniZe, 2010: 15)

vera da ver gaego baton yadors... (leoniZe, 2011: 48)

gacecxlnavTebuli mama zaqaria ki xoTxoTiTa da wveris glejiT dabrunda

saxlSi (leoniZe, 2011: 279).

moyvanili magaliTebidan winadadebaSi _ `mimwuxrisas, mzei roca

dacxra, Tamar mefe locvad idga taZrad~ _ sityva `mefes~ SeZenili aqvs

`Tvisebis~ saxelTa niuansi da adieqtiuri translaciis Sedegad

warmogvidgeba sxva saxelis (aq: Tamaris) msazRvrelad.

148

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, substantivis sintaqsuri adieqtivaciis erT-

erTi SemTxvevaa agreTve naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis gamoyenebiT axali

sityvaformis warmoeba, romelSic es naTesaobiTi brunvis niSani

amovardnilia sxva brunvis niSnebTan paradigmatuli mimarTebidan,

gadasulia sityvaTmawarmoebeli elementis rangSi da awarmoebs

adieqtiuri Sinaarsis sityvebs. -is/-s (aseve mravlobiTis formaSi

gamoyenebuli -Ta) aseT dros kvalificirdeba rogorc translativi.

zemoaRniSnuli adieqtivacia morfologiuri elementebis gamoyenebiT

xorcieldeba, translaciis mizezi ki sintaqsuria, amitom adieqtivaciis

amgvari faqtebi morfologiisa da sintaqsis Seswavlis sagania

erTdroulad.


ise brwyinavda vercxlis xexili, gaocdebodiT ferTamxilveli (asaTiani,

1988: 22).

... cerissimsxo oqros jvari tyavze Tavmomwoned amoigdo (metreveli, 2010:

509).

oqros sabados ar eZebda sxvasaviT (leoniZe, 2011: 54).

erTi suli mqonda, rodis gavcdebodi amxela rkinis kars... (melaSvili,

2010: 191)

gaSale... yvela furceli aris foladis nacari... (leoniZe, 2008: 59)

xis kubos nela vexebi (kakulia, 2010: 41).

moSorebiT Jamisagan ganacrisferebuli xis ulamazesi saydaric moCanda

(sulakauri, 2010: 319).

saxli gvedga TeTri aguris, orsarTuliani (fxakaZe, 2010: 460).

brunviT wisqvilis borbali rom ixeTqeba sawyali (maWavariani, 1990: 165).

quCis landma sagani CabRuja... (babunaSvili, 2010: 368)

iqneb Cveneburi vazis Zirebi gamomigzavnoT (turaSvili, 2010: 419).

saxeSeSlili mivekvrebi caxcaxa karebs, gaitaceben SiSis asuls koWli

qajebi (iaSvili, 2011: 37).

gamoCnda rkali axali mTvarisa... vercxlis lumba... (leoniZe, 2011: 55)

ise moewona moazrovne bavSvi, rom maxsovs, Tavisi saidumloTa wigni aCuqa

mas (turaSvili, 2011: 17).

149

rogorc cnobilia, qarTul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi aseT

msazRvrelebs marTul an marTul-SeTanxmebul msazRvrelebs uwodeben

msazRvrelad gamoyenebuli saxelis prepoziciuri Tu postpoziciuri

mdebareobis Sesabamisad. aseve gamijnulia erTmaneTisgan da

sxvadasxvanairi sintaqsuri kvalifikacia eniWeba naTesaobiTbrunvis-

niSnian saxels imis mixedviT is arsebiT saxels gansazRvravs Tu

masdars. kerZod, tradiciulad pirveli msazRvreladaa (substantiur

msazRvrelad) miCneuli, meore ki _ ubralo damatebad. magaliTad, l.

kvaWaZis `Tanamedrove qarTuli enis sintaqsSi~ vkiTxulobT: `formis

TvalsazrisiT... gansazRvrebasa da ubralo damatebas Soris gansxvaveba

ar aris, xolo Sinaarsis mixedviT isini sxvadasxvaa. saxelTan Sewyobili

saxeli (amxanagis wigni, wignma amxanagisam) aRniSnavs kuTvnilebas da

gansazRvrebaa, saxelzmnasTan... Sewyobili saxeli realuri subieqtia

(amxanagis mosvla, mosvlam amxanagisam), an obieqti (amxanagis wayvana,

wayvanam amxanagisam), e. i. damatebaa~ (kvaWaZe, 1996: 217).

orive mosazrebis sapasuxod unda iTqvas, rom arsebobs

gansxvavebuli Sexedulebani xsenebul formaTa sintaqsuri mimarTebebisa

da kvalifikaciis Taobaze. magaliTad, a. daviTiani aRniSnavs:

`Tavdapirvelad naTesaobiTis formiT fuZed qceul saxels mxolod

kuTvnilebis mniSvneloba unda hqonoda. kuTvnilebis kategoria

naTesaobiTi brunvis formiTaa gamoxatuli TiTqmis yvela (rogorc Zvel,

ise axal) enaSi. kuTvnileba gamoxatulia sityvaTSexamebiT, romelTagan

erTi asaxelebs sagans, romelsac ekuTvnis, xolo meore _ sagans,

romelic miekuTvneba (qalis Tma, saxli amxanagisa da misT.).

rasakvirvelia, rig SemTxvevaSi aseT sityvaTSexamebebs aRara aqvT

konkretulad kuTvnilebis Sinaarsi. isini ufro xSirad ganzogadebul

semantikur damokidebulebas qmnian... vinaidan kuTvnilebis semantika ukve

ara sagnobriobis, aramed niSan-TvisebaTa wyebas ganekuTvneba, bunebrivia,

rom `naTesaobiTis forma~ ukve zedsarTavis funqciiT gvevlineba...

naTesaobiTi brunvisfuZian msazRvrels sintaqsuri damokidebuleba

zustad iseve aqvs gaformebuli, rogorc _ Sesabamisi fuZis mqone

atributul msazRvrels... amrigad, e. w. `marTuli~ msazRvreli iseTsave

viTarebas gviCvenebs, rogorsac _ Cveulebrivi atributuli: igi

150

SeTanxmebulia. marTalia, sityvaSi gamoiyofa brunvis ori niSani, magram

mimarTebas qmnis mxolod bolo morfi, mis win mdgomi naTesaobiTis

morfi ki aRar qmnis mas~ (daviTiani, 1973: 275-282). mecnieri ara marto

damajereblad xsnis naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis mqone msazRvrelis

adieqtivaciis sintaqsur meqanizms, aramed msjelobs arsebiT saxelsa da

masdarTan Sewyobili aseTi formebis sintaqsur definiciazec. igi

v. Tofurias mosazrebis damowmebis safuZvelze wers: `nanaTesaobiTari

msazRvrelis Taviseburebas gviCvenebs e. w. ubralo damateba

naTesaobiTSi... saxelTa Soris leqsikur-morfologiuri urTierToba

SeTanxmebaa. amitom sruliad Tavisuflad SeiZleboda gansazRvrebad

CagveTvala naTesaobiTis formebi iseT sityvaTSexamebebSi, rogoricaa:

xis moWra, nukris naambobi da sxv.~ (daviTiani, 1973: 283).

J. feiqriSvilic mxars uWers `xis saxli~ da `xis moWra~ tipis

SesityvebebSi formis `xis~ gansazRvrebad miCnevas. igi wers: `rogorc

TviTon mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, transformaciis (gardaqmna-gadakeTebis)

gziT yovelTvis advili ar aris ubralo damatebis warmoSobis dadgena.

isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom sintaqsuri damokidebulebisaTvis amas

araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs. zRvis Relva da zRvis wyali tipis

sintagmebi sintaqsurad ar gansxvavdebian~ (feiqriSvili, 1996: 104). igi

damatebiT aRniSnavs, rom `uxerxuloba advilad moixsneba, Tuki

naTesaobiT brunvaSi dasmul yovelgvar msazRvrels gansazRvrebad

miviCnevT~ (feiqriSvili, 1996: 146). mniSvnelovania, rom a. daviTianis

msgavsad isic e. w. substantiur gansazRvrebas (magaliTad, `xis~ forma

sintagmaSi `xis saxli~) marTul ki ara, SeTanxmebul msazRvrelad

Tvlis: `Cveni azriTac, yovelgvari msazRvreli SeTanxmebuli wevria~, _

askvnis mecnieri (feiqriSvili, 1996: 147).

a. papiZec SeTanxmebad miiCnevs msazRvrel-sazRvrulis sintaqsur

urTierTobas naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis mqone msazRvrelian

konstruqciaSi. igi adieqtivaciis procesad Tvlis e. w. marTul-

msazRvrelian SesityvebaSi arsebiTis monawileobas da aRniSnavs: `aq

naTesaobiT brunvas ufro sityvawarmoebiTi funqcia aqvs, vidre

gramatikuli. amas adasturebs is faqtic, rom postpoziciuri wyobisas

fuZed aRebulia naTesaobiTis forma da Semdeg xdeba SeTanxmeba

151

brunvaSi... dReisaTvis patara saxlisa da xis saxlis wevrebs Soris

sintaqsuri kavSiri erTnairia~ (papiZe, 1998: 110).

naTesaobiTi brunvisniSniani msazRvrelis kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb

vrclad msjelobs T. uTurgaiZe. igi aseT formebSi -is/-isa morfebs

warmoqmnis elementebad Tvlis da `xis saxlis~ tipis konstruqciebSi

msazRvrel-sazRvrulis sintaqsur urTierTobas SeTanxmebad miiCnevs.

mecniers miuReblad miaCnia mosazreba ormagi da sammagi brunebis

Sesaxebac. `saxelTa formebSi brunvis niSani erTia mxolod, rac mis win

dgas, yvelaferi fuZes ganekuTvneba: Tu brunvis niSnis win sxva brunvis

niSani aRmoCndeba, warmoqmnis elementad moiqceva~, _ aRniSnavs igi

(uTurgaiZe, 2013: 27). rac Seexeba aseTi saxelebis adieqtivaciis meqanizms,

mkvlevari mas Semdegnairad warmogvidgens: `(a) msazRvreli substantivi

adieqtivad translirdeba, raTa sazRvruli substantivis Tvisebis

gamomxatvelad moiqces. derivacia Cveulebriv xdeba brunvis niSanTa

warmoqmnis elementebad translirebiT sazRvrulTan SemaTanxmebeli

brunvis niSnis win... (b) SeTanxmebisTvis msazRvrelisaTvis aucilebelia

brunvis igive niSani, romelic sazRvruls aqvs~ (uTurgaiZe, 2013: 25).

Cven viziarebT T. uTurgaiZis zemoT warmodgenil Sexedulebas

substantivis adieqtiuri translaciis gzis Sesaxeb da migvaCnia, rom

w i n a d a d e b i s m o d e l S i a d i e q t i v i s a T v i s g a n k u T v n i l

a d g i l a s (msazRvrelis rols vgulisxmobT) s u b s t a n t i v i

S e i Z l e b a C a j d e s r o g o r c f o r m i s S e u c v l e l a d, i s e

f o r m i s S e c v l i T. a m g v a r v a r i a n t e b s S o r i s s x v a o b a

S e i Z l e b a s e m a n t i k u r i i y o s. Sdr.: `rkina kaci~ da `rkinis

kaci~. m i u x e d a v a d s e m a n t i k u r i d a f o r m o b r i v i

s x v a o b i s a (pirveli formis Seucvlelad iqca adieqtivad, meore _

formis SecvliT, translativiT), s i n t a q s u r a d i s i n i

e r T m a n e T i s t o l f a r d i a.

mniSvnelovania, rom substantivis adieqtiuri translaciis orive

zemoaRniSnuli variantis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs l. tenieri: `enebSi,

romelTac aqvT bruneba, adieqtiuri translaciis markerad Cveulebriv

gamoiyeneba genetivi~ (tenieri, 1988: 454). is aseve dasaSvebad miiCnevs

substantivis umarkerod adeiqtivacias.

152

amrigad, warmodgenili mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba

davaskvnaT, rom qarTul enaSi sintaqsuri saSualebebiT substantivis

adieqtivacia xorcieldeba rogorc formis Seucvlelad, ise formis

SecvliT (warmomqmneli morfemis saSualebiT, romelic warmoSobiT

naTesaobiTi brunvis niSania) modelSi adieqtivisaTvis gankuTvnil

adgilas sityvis ganTavsebiT. zemoT Cven ukve araerTxel aRvniSneT, rom

sityvaTa kvalifikaciisaTvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens sityvis

funqcia winadadebaSi.

substantivis adieqtivaciis mizezad SeiZleba dasaxeldes

sazRvruli wevris Cavardna, mosaubris stilistikuri gadawyvetileba,

naTqvamisaTvis meti eqspresiulobis miniWebis survili da sxv., ris

Sedegadac, magaliTad, adeiqtivisaTvis gankuTvnil adgilas substantivis

CasmiT viRebT adieqtiuri Sinaarsis sityvebs. qila erbo, mze qali da a.S.

a. daviTiani e. w. substantiuri msazRvrelis miRebis gzas ki Sesityvebis

SekumSvis safuZvelze Semdegnairad warmogvidgens: `sityvaTSexamebebi:

i l i a s l e q s i , f a l i a S v i l i s m u s i k a , s a q m i s k a c i da

misT. Sesityvebis SekumSvis Sedegadaa miRebuli. Sdr.: i l i a s

d a w e r i l i l e q s i , f a l i a S v i l i s S e q m n i l i m u s i k a ,

s a q m i s g a m k e T e b e l i k a c i da misT.~ (daviTiani, 1973: 180).

miuxedavad imisa, rom sityvis klasis cvlilebis mizezi SeiZleba

mravalgvari (Sesityvebis SekumSva, elifsi, mosaubris stilistikuri

ganzraxva...) iyos, translaciis TiToeuli SemTxvevis sintaqsuri meqanizmi

ukavSirdeba winadadebis struqturul modelSi enobrivi erTeulis mier

misTvis araZiriTadi, sxva wevrisTvis gankuTvnili adgilis dakavebas.

unda iTqvas isic, rom qarTulSi substantivis adieqtiuri

translaciis sintaqsuri meqanizmi axal funqciur erTeulTa Seqmnis

erT-erTi sakmaod produqtiuli saSualebaa.

153

V. sintaqsuri translaciis ramdenime

specifikuri SemTxvevisaTvis

translacia rom enobriv formaTa funqciur-semantikuri Tu

gramatikuli modifikaciis moqnili saSualebaa, amis Sesaxeb winamdebare

naSromSi ukve aRvniSneT da sailustracio magaliTebic warmovadgineT.

visaubreT imis Taobazec, rom translaciis meSveobiT SesaZloa ara

marto erTi sityvis klasis Secvla, aramed, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, _

mTeli frazisa Tu winadadebisa. ra Tqma unda, es ukanaskneli

SemTxvevebi ufro rTuli bunebisaa. Cveni mizani ar aris translaciis

yvela saxeobis dawvrilebiTi analizi, magram mizanSewonilad migvaCnia,

rom ramdenime sityviT SevexoT sintaqsuri translaciis am metad

saintereso saxes.

samecniero literaturaSi winadadebis wevrebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas

araerTgzisaa aRniSnuli is faqti, rom winadadebis wevrad SeiZleba

mogvevlinos ara mxolod sityva, aramed mTeli fraza an winadadebac.

magaliTad, l. kvaWaZesTan vkiTxulobT: `qvemdebare SeiZleba gadmoices

yovelgvari sityviT, romelic arsebiTi saxelis mniSvnelobiT aris

gamoyenebuli. igi SeiZleba gadmoices agreTve sityvaTa SekavSirebiTa da

mTeli winadadebiT~ (kvaWaZe, 1996: 85). J. feiqriSvilic SeniSnavs, rom

`SesaZlebelia winadadebis wevri sityvaTa SeerTebiT an mTeli

winadadebiTac gadmoices~ (feiqriSvili, 1996: 60). igi aRniSnavs imasac,

rom `winadadeba SeiZleba gadmoices sityvaTa myari SexamebiT _

frazeologizmebiT: ara, zedmetjer TvalSi SeCxireba ar SeiZleba. aseT

qvemdebares SeiZleba ewodos `frazeologiuri qvemdebare~ (feiqriSvili,

1996: 75). a. daviTiani ki miiCnevs, rom `saxeldebiTs winadadebas

uaxlovdeba nawarmoebis, wignis, dawesebulebis, sawarmos an sxva raime

dasaxeleba-saTaurebi, romlebic, Cveulebriv, konkretul winadadebaSi

myar erTeulebad (leqsikalizebul Sesityvebebad) gvevlinebian,

sityvaTSexamebaSi erTi wevris rols asruleben da amdenad struqturul

Taviseburebebs ar qmnian~ (daviTaini, 1997: 138).

154

faqtia, rom amgvari enobrivi erTeulebi mosaubrisa da msmenelis

mier erT odenobad aRiqmeba azrobrivad da isini winadadebis sxva

wevrebTan sintaqsur mimarTebebs ise amyareben, rogorc _ erTi sityva.


erT odenobad gaigeba

winadadeba / winadadebis ekvivalenti zmna-Semasmeneli:

da roca mamam `qriste aRsdga~ gviTxra mesamed _ mec `WeSmaritad~ vupasuxe

mowafesaviT (amaRlobeli, 2011: 53).

`gviboZesi~ ara gvinda rao! _ jiquri siamayiT iTmenda siRaribes (leoniZe,

2011: 17).

`daRamda~ fiqriT Sin iyo da sufridan bare orjer gaipara colis

Sesamowmeblad (leoniZe, 2011: 108).

rom giyvars `gagviZex, bero mindiao~, mere? (leoniZe, 2011: 173)

yovels winadadebaze aucileblad daatanda `Tu giyvardes~-s, `modi,

makoce~-s (leoniZe, 2011: 251).

sityvis Tavze `Cemi xar batoni~ ar daaviwydeboda (leoniZe, 2011: 262).

warmodgenil magaliTebSi winadadeba/winadadebis ekvivalenturi

zmna-Semasmeneli substantivis funqciiT aris gamoyenebuli, misi

Sesatyvisia.

myari gamoTqma:

dedas yovelTvis sjeroda, rom Zlierni ama qveynisani Cveulebriv

adamianebze zrunaven (ldokoneni, 2010: 112).

Zlieri ama qveynisa (semantikuri transformaciiT) Zalauflebiani

(adieqt.) sintaqsuri translaciiT _ substantivi.

Cveni erTi muWa jari da saqme ganwiruli iyo (goTua, 1980: 69).

erTi muWa = patara (adieqtivi)

TeTrad natexi Rameebi wiTlad uferavdnen TvalTa kiloebs (goTua, 1980:

76).

TeTrad natexi = uZilo (adieqtivi)

155

dasaxeleba-saxelwodebebi:

kiloc gaarkvia _ `gafrindi, Savo mercxalos~ mRerodnen pyrobilni

(goTua, 1980: 34).

ai _ Satberduli `oTxTavi~, banas gadawerili `wmindaTa cxorebani~ da

saxareba (goTua, 1980: 175).

rodesac Zalian daRlili xar, grZeli sizmris naxva iseTive marazmia,

rogoric `qaRaldis tyviis~ orjer yureba (baxsoliani, 2010: 449).

`mTebis ena~ mxolod 20 wuTs grZeldeba, magram is SesaZloa ganuwyvetliv

mimdinareobdes... (pinteri, 2011: 63)

axali sezonidan `nanukas Sous~ axali prodiuseri eyoleba (praimtaimi,

2011: 3).

`darCi CemTan~ paatas kinodebiutia (praimtaimi, 2011: 26).

zaza uruSaZis `sami saxli~ Cemi sayvareli filmia (praimtaimi, 2011: 27).

`kviris palitra~ daukavSirda qimiis maswavlebels (kviris palitra, 2012:

32).

Sesityveba:

amden xans arc mohgonebia mxatvari, axla ki etkina es `gzaze davardnili~

(goTua, 1980: 26).

daismis kiTxva: ra uzrunvelyofs winadadebisa Tu frazis erT

odenobad gamoyenebasa da mis organul Casmas mTeli winadadebis jaWvSi

yovelgvari orazrovnebis gareSe. mniSvnelovania, rom msmenelisaTvis

aseT enobriv erTeuliani winadadebis azri gaugebari ki ara, bundovanic

ki ar aris. amas igi enobrivi kompetenciis wyalobiT axerxebs.

magaliTad, citataSi _ `da roca mamam `qriste aRsdga~ gviTxra mesamed _

mec `WeSmaritad~ vupasuxe mowafesaviT~ _ winadadeba `qriste aRsdga~

erT erTeuladaa qceuli, substantivis gageba (cnebiToba) aqvs SeZenili

da pirdapiri obieqtis fard odenobadaa gamoyenebuli.

sainteresod gveCveneba iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac

frazeologizmebi jer semantikurad translirdeba erT erTeulad da

Semdeg isini sintaqsuri translaciis meqanizmis wyalobiT (modelSi

dakavebuli adgilis gamo) winadadebis romelime wevris rols asrulebs.

arsebobs mosazreba, rom `idiomatur gamoTqmas zedmiwevniT iseTive

sintaqsuri siRrmiseuli struqtura aqvs, rogoric mis saliteraturo

156

Sesatyviss~ (fraseri 1970: 26), amitom gasakviri ar unda iyos, rogor

axerxebs msmeneli mosaubris mier idiomiT gadmocemuli azris

zedmiwevniT gagebas. samecniero literaturaSi mocemulia Tvalsazrisi

frazeologizmiT gadmocemuli wevrisaTvis gansxvavebuli terminiT

aRniSvnis Taobazec. aseTi terminebia, magaliTad: frazeologiuri

qvemdebare, damateba, gansazRvreba da a. S. frazeologizmis, rogorc

sintaqsurad erTi odenobis, gamoyenebis mizezs, J. sordiac imiT xsnis,

rom frazeologiuri erTeulis komponentebi erTmaneTSi azrobrivad

Rrmad iWrebian da semantikurad erT mTlian cnebad aRiqmebian (sordia,

1986: 83). mkvlevars aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmi specialurad miZRvnil

statiaSi mohyavs winadadebis wevrebis frazeologizmebiT gadmocemis

SemTxvevebis magaliTebi da iqve gvawvidis ganmartebebs. magaliTad., `ara,

zedmetjer TvalSi SeCxireba mainc ar varga... TvalSi SeCxireba

semantikurad igivea, rac `Sexvedra~... (kikoliki) polonel studentebTan

SedarebiT tyidan gamosuls hgavda. tyidan gamosuls = velurs (iribi

damateba)~ (sordia, 1986: 80)...

translirebis ukanaskneli gza sakmaod rTuli bunebisaa da aseT

SemTxvevebSi sintaqsuri translacia semantikuri gardaqmnis Semdgomi

safexuria.

winadadebaSi aseve erT odenobas udris da erTi wevris rolSi

gamodis araerTsityviani saxelwodebebi Tu dasaxelebebic. faqtia, rom

amgvari saxelwodeba/dasaxeleba mosaubrisa da msmenelis mier

mTlianobaSi aRiqmeba azrobrivad. amgvari erTeulebi: frazeologizmebi,

idiomebi leqsikalizebul Sesityvebebad miiCneva. leqsikalizaciis

process a. daviTiani Semdegnairad warmoadgens: `SesityvebaSi

erTmaneTTan axlos ganlagebul wevrebs Soris zogjer mWidro

semantikuri kavSiri myardeba, ris Sedegadac xdeba an mTliani

Sesityvebis, an misi komponentis leqsikalizeba. am dros, rogorc wesi,

Sesityvebis danawevrebuloba iSleba da Sesityveba erT sintaqsur

erTeulad gvevlineba. am movlenis mizezi logikur-gramatikulia~

(daviTiani, 1973: 365).

garda imisa, rom sityvaTa myari Sexamebani da frazeologizmebi

emociur-azrobriv doneze winadadebas met eqspresiulobas sZenen,

157

CvenTvis isini sainteresoa imiT, rom dasaxelebuli enobrivi odenobebi

(miuxedavad imisa, Tu ramden sityviania esa Tu is konkretuli sityvaTa

myari Sexameba, frazeologizmi, winadadeba...) winadadebaSi erTi wevris

rols asruleben. faqtia, rom aseT SemTxvevaSic jer xorcieldeba am

enobrivi masalis semantikuri gaazreba erT odenobad, mTlianobad,

Semdeg ki SesaZloa am erTeulma translaciac ganicados da

winadadebaSi Seasrulos substantivis, adieqtivis, zmna-Semasmenlisa Tu

sxv. funqciebi. amrigad, sityvasTan gaTanabrebuli aseTi enobrivi

erTeulebis substantivisa Tu adieqtivis funqciiT aRWurvis mizezic maT

mier winadadebis struqturul modelSi substantivisTvis/adieqtivisTvis

gankuTvnili adgilis dakavebiT unda aixsnas. anu aseTi sintaqsuri

translaciac poziciuria.

translaciis specifikur, semantikur-funqciuri gardaqmnis

SemTxvevaTa Soris saintereso suraTs gviCvenebs agreTve gansazRvrebiTi

damokidebuli winadadebac, romelic gansasazRvr wevrs raime niSan-

Tvisebis mixedviT iseve warmoaCens, rogorc erTsityviani msazRvreli

wevri...

funqciuri analogiis TvalsazrisiT saintereso suraTs gviCveneben

amxsnel-damazustebeli wevrebic. aseTi erTeulebi winadadebaSi iseTsave

sintaqsur rols asruleben, rogorsac is sityvebi, romelTa amxsnel-

damazustebelnic arian da a. S.

sintaqsuri translaciis zemoT CamoTvlili SemTxvevebi, vfiqrobT,

sainteresoa translaciis meqanizmis srulyofili warmoCenisaTvis, Tumca

aRniSnuli sakiTxis didi moculobis gamo misi srulad ganxilva

winamdebare naSromis farglebs scildeba. Sesabamisad, isini samomavlo

Seswavlis sagnad gvesaxeba. ubralod gvsurda, am qveTavSi gveCvenebina is

mravalferovani problematika, romelic ukavSirdeba sintaqsur

translacias.

158

VI. ZiriTadi debulebebi translaciis sintaqsur

saSualebebTan dakavSirebiT

translaciis sintaqsuri meqanizmis kvlevis Sedegad ikveTeba

ramdenime ZiriTadi debuleba, romelsac warmovadgenT qvemoT:

1. sityvis translaciisTvis SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos rogorc

morfologiuri, ise sintaqsuri saSualebebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom

morfologiurad ukve translirebuli sityva SeiZleba

sintaqsuradac translirdes.

2. Tu morfologiurad erTma da imave erTeulma ramdenjerme

SeiZleba ganicados translacia (anu erT formaSi

dasturdebodes translaciis ramdenime markeri), sintaqsuri

translacia erTjeradi movlenaa.

3. sityvaTa klasebis klasifikaciisaTvis semantikurTan erTad

saWiroa formobriv-funqciuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswine-

bac. Sesabamisad, sityvebi klasebSi erTiandeba ZiriTadi

morfologiur-semantikuri (formacvalebis saerTo principi,

saerTo gramatikuli kategoriebi da semantikuri

maxasiaTeblebi) da funqciuri (winadadebaSi Sesasrulebeli

ZiriTadi roli) aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT. aRniSnuli

kriteriumebis erToblioba warmoadgens sityvis, rogorc ama

Tu im klass mikuTvnebuli erTeulis, ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs.

sityva Tu icvlis am maxasiaTeblebs, is ukve sxva jgufSi

gadadis.

4. Tu morfologiuri translacia erTi sityvis klasis

cvlilebas gulisxmobs, translaciis sintaqsuri meqanizmis

saSualebiT SesaZlebelia frazisa da winadadebis

translirebac. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa is faqti, rom

sintaqsurad translirebuli fraza Tu winadadeba winadadebis

erT wevrs udris, erTi wevris funqciiT gamoiyeneba.

5. sintaqsurad substantivacia gulisxmobs nebismieri sityvis (an

sityvasTan gaTanabrebuli odenobis: frazis, winadadebis...)

159

aRWurvas aqtantad gamoyenebis unariT. adieqtivacia ki

araadieqtivi sityvebis adieqtivad translirebaSi gamoixateba.

6. ama Tu im erTeulis substantivaciisa da aqtantad gamoyenebis

mizezi SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos: Sesityvebis SekumSva, elifsi

da sxv., Tumca meqanizmi erTia da igi struqturul modelSi

substantivisTvis gankuTvnil adgilze am erTeulis

ganTavsebiT xorcieldeba.

7. Tu sityvaformaSi brunvisa da ricxvis (mr. r.) niSnebis

arseboba ar aris gamowveuli sxva saxelis brunviTa da

ricxviT sintaqsuri mimarTebis bazaze, maSin es brunvisa da

ricxvis niSnebi SeiZleba substantiuri translaciis

indikatorebad kvalificirdes.

8. substantivis adieqtivacia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes rogorc

yovelgvari mawarmoeblis gareSe, ise garkveuli

translativebiT.

9. adieqtivs, miuxedavad imisa pirveladia Tu translirebis gziT

miRebuli, sazRvrul saxelTan mxolod SeTanxmebis saxis

sintaqsuri urTierToba aqvs.

10. Tu adieqtivi brunebis srul paradigmas gviCvenebs, an/da

mravlobiTi ricxvis niSani aqvs (romelic ar aris

ganpirobebuli sazRvruli wevris mravlobiTi ricxviT),

SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom is gasubstantivebulia.

11. sintaqsuri translaciis ZiriTadi meqanizmi winadadebis

struqturul modelSi ama Tu im wevrisaTvis gankuTvnil

adgilas iseTi sityvis Casmaa, romlisTvisac es adgili

araZiriTadia. amdenad, sintaqsuri translacia poziciuria.

amrigad, qarTul enas aqvs unari nebismieri enobrivi erTeulis

gasubstantivebisa Tu adieqtivaciisa, risTvisac igi mimarTavs rogorc

morfologiur, ise sintaqsur saSualebebs da saWiroebisamebr moqnilad

iyenebs maT.

160

translacia (substantivacia-adieqtivacia) Tanamedrove

qarTulSi

d a s k v n e b i

translaciis, rogorc sityvaTa formobriv-funqciuri cvlilebis,

enobriv erTeulTa axali unariT aRWurvis saSualebis, kvleva

gulisxmobs yvela im meqanizmis warmoCenas, romelsac enis mflobeli

translaciisTvis mimarTavs. winamdebare naSromis mizani iyo

translaciis saSualebebis gamovlena-analizi, magram translacia Tavisi

arsiT imdenad masStaburia (potenciurad SeiZleba nebismier enobriv

erTeuls Seexos), rom, bunebrivia, misi srulyofili kvleva ver

moeqceoda erTi naSromis farglebSi. miuxedavad amisa, Cven SevecadeT

gveCvenebina yvelaze ZiriTadi aspeqtebi translaciasTan dakavSirebiT da

warmogveCina is morfologiuri Tu sintaqsuri saSualebebi, romlebic

Tanamedrove qarTulSi am mizniT gamoiyeneba.

translacia SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc sityvaTa klasisa da,

Sesabamisad, funqciis cvlileba, xolo TviT movlena enis potenciisa da

struqturis gamovlenis saukeTeso saSualebad Sefasdes.

translaciis kvlevis Sedegad gamokveTili sakiTxebi vrclad

ganxilulia wina Tavebsa da qveTavebSi, amjerad aq ZiriTadi daskvnebis

saxiT mxolod yvelaze arsebiT debulebebs warmovadgenT.

1. Tavdapirvelad unda aRiniSnos, rom kvlevis validurobis mizniT

SevecadeT SevxebodiT enis funqcionirebis sxvadasxva sferos da

ise warmogveCina sityvaTa translirebis meqanizmebi, amitom

saanalizo masalad aviReT Tanamedrove qarTuli proza-poeziis

nimuSebi, presa, qarTuli enis erovnuli korpusi, qarTuli enis

ganmartebiTi leqsikonis (8-tomeuli), saqarTvelos geografiuli

saxelebis orTografiuli leqsikonisa da sxvadasxva dargis

terminologiuri leqsikonebis monacemebi. translaciis kvlevisa

da Sesabamisi masalis damuSavebisTvis Cven viyenebT aRweriT,

analizisa da sinTezis meTodebs, gramatikuli movlenis

161

diaqroniul WrilSi warmosaCenad saWiroebisamebr mivmarTavT

istoriul-SedarebiT midgomasac.

2. marTalia, translaciis saxeliT am gramatikuli movlenis

mecnierul Seswavlas arcTu xangrZlivi istoria aqvs, magram

TviT movlenas misi arsidan gamomdinare araerTi gramatikosi Tu

mkvlevari Seexo. qarTuli enis Sesaxeb samecniero literaturis

safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom translacia qarTuli enis

ganviTarebis yvela etapze funqcionirebda.

3. translacia aris gramatikuli movlena, romlis meSveobiTac

sityva/enobrivi erTeuli icvlis klass. Sesabamisad, substantiur

translaciad ganvixilavT Tavdapirvelad arasubstantivi sityvis/

enobrivi erTeulis substantivis funqciiT gamoyenebas, xolo

adieqtiuri translaciis kvalifikacias vaniWebT araadieqtiv

erTeulTa adieqtivis fuqciiT aRWurvas.

4. sityvis, rogorc ama Tu im klasis erTeulis, ZiriTad

maxasiaTeblebs warmoadgens gramatikul-semantikur da funqciur

TaviseburebaTa erToblioba, romelsac igi umTavresad

warmoaCens winadadebaSi. sityva Tu icvlis am maxasiaTeblebs, is

ukve sxva jgufSi gadadis. substantivi xsenebuli kriteriumebis

gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc brunebadi

sityva, romelsac aqvs ricxvis gramatikuli kategoria,

winadadebaSi aris zmna-SemasmenelTan dakavSirebuli wevri _

aqtanti da gamoxatavs sagans an cnebas. adieqtivi ki axlavs sxva

sityvas da mis niSan-Tvisebas, rogorobas gviCvenebs. mas brunva

da ricxvi damoukideblad ar gaaCnia. igi mxolod sazRvruli

wevris brunvasTan mimarTebiT (sintaqsuri urTierTobidan

gamomdinare) gamoxatavs ama Tu im brunvis formas. adieqtivi,

rogorc aqtanti, ar SeiZleba winadadebaSi zmna-Semasmenels

ukavSirdebodes gasubstantivebis gareSe. aRniSnuli

Taviseburebani wyvets substantivebisa Tu adieqtivebisadmi

sityvis mikuTvnebis sakiTxs. maxasiaTeblebis Secvla ki

ganapirobebs sityvis gamosvlas ama Tu im jgufidan da sxva

klasisadmi mikedlebas.

162

5. translaciisTvis qarTuli ena iyenebs rogorc morfologiur,

ise sintaqsur saSualebebs. translaciis morfologiuri

meqanizmi sityvis morfologiuri elementebiT, translativebiT,

klasis SecvlaSi gamoixateba, sintaqsuri gziT

sityvis/sityvasTan gaTanabrebuli enobrivi odenobis

translireba ki modelis gavleniT mis gadaazrebaSi da

araZiriTadi funqciiT aRWurvaSi mdgomareobs, amitom

morfologiuri translacia srulia, xolo sintaqsuri _

poziciuri.

6. morfologiuri gziT translacia SeiZleba iyos erTjeradic da

mravaljeradic. es imas niSnavs, rom translativebis meSveobiT

ukve translirebuli sityva SeiZleba Tavidan aRmoCndes

satranslirebeli erTeuli da kvlav Seicvalos klasi.

sintaqsuri translacia ki, am saxeobis specifikidan gamomdinare

(translireba modelis gavleniT), mxolod erTjeradia. anu

morfologiurad translirebuli sityva SeiZleba kvlav

translirdes rogorc morfologiuri, ise sintaqsuri

meqanizmebis gavleniT, xolo sintaqsurad translirebuli sityva

aRar translirdeba.

7. Tu morfologiuri translacia erTi sityvis farglebs ar

scildeba, sintaqsuri translirebis gziT frazisa da mTeli

winadadebis funqciuri gadaazrebacaa SesaZlebeli.

8. ramdenimejeradi translaciis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba

translirebis pirveli da saboloo erTeulebi erTsa da imave

klass miekuTvnebodes, Sualeduri ki _ sxva klasisa iyos, Tumca

aseve xSiria iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac translaciis TiToeul

safexurze miRebuli sityva sxvadasxva klasis sityvaa.

9. morfologiuri translaciis ganxilvisas erTmaneTisgan vmijnavT

saxelisgan _ saxelisa da zmisgan saxelis miRebis SemTxvevebs.

saxeluri substantivacia-adieqtivaciis saSualebebad gamoiyeneba

sityvaTmawarmoebeli afiqsebi, brunvis niSnebi da Tandebulebi.

ukanaknel or SemTxvevaSi aSkaraa mimarTebiTi da damazustebeli

morfemebis funqciuri cvlileba.

163

10. substantivaciad ver miviCnevT iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac

substantiuri gagebis sityvis amosavalic (Zireuli erTeulic)

substantivia. Sesabamisad, adieqtiuri translaciis kvalifikacias

ver mivcemT iseT nawarmoeb formebs, romelic adieqtivisgan

mimdinareobs. amgvar erTeulebTan masubstantivebeli an

maadieqtivebeli translativebi mxolod substantiurobis an

adieqtiurobis indikatorebia. anu erTi da igive elementi

SeiZleba erT SemTxvevaSi masubstantivebeli/maadieqtivebeli

translativi iyos, sxva SemTxvevaSi mxolod substantiuro-

bis/adieqtiurobis indikatori. xSirad translirebisTvis

gadamwyvetia semantikuri faqtoric.

11. translaciis faqtis SefasebisTvis mniSvneloba eniWeba imas, Tu

ra mimarTebas amyarebs miRebuli (nawarmoebi) sityva sxva

sityvebTan, romel klass ganekuTvneba igi. translaciis arsidan

gamomdinare umTavresia, rom warmoebis Sedegad enobrivma

erTeulma Seicvalos klasi, anu Zireuli da warmoqmnili sityva

sxvadasxva klasis erTeulebs warmoadgendnen. Sesabamisad, Tu

sityvawarmoeba ar iwvevs klasis cvlilebas, maSin ar xdeba

translacia.

12. morfologiuri translirebisTvis qarTulSi gamoiyeneba

prefiqsebic, sufiqsebica da konfiqsebic.

13. zogjer SesaZlebelia afiqsTa klasificireba imis

gaTvaliswinebiT konkretuli afiqsi ZiriTadad substantivebs

awarmoebs, Tu adieqtivebs, magram zogjer translativTa amgvari

diferencireba Wirs. aRsaniSnavia, rom mawarmoebelTa

produqtiuloba gansxvavebulia enis ganviTarebis periodebisa da

enis funqcionirebis sxvadasxva sferos mixedviT. mawarmoeblis

produqtiuloba gulisxmobs ara marto imas, rom igi bevr

sityvaSi gvxvdeba, aramed imasac, Tu ramdenad bevr metyvelebis

nawilTan gamoiyeneba igi. xdeba isec, rom erTi da igive afiqsi

romelime konkretul erTeulTan translativia, sxvasTan ki _

ara.

164

14. erTi da imave sityvidan sityvawarmoebiT SeiZleba miviRoT an ar

miviRoT translirebuli erTeuli. es damokidebulia

satranslirebeli erTeulis klassa da translativis mier ama Tu

im klasis sityvis warmoebis unarze.

15. zogjer erTi sityvisgan identuri semantikis afiqsTa meSveobiT

Seqmnili sityvebi translaciis TvalsazrisiT gansxvavebuli

klasis erTeulebs warmoadgenen.

16. sityvaTmawarmoebeli afiqsebi, imis mixedviT ufro xSirad

romeli klasis sityvebs awarmoeben, SeiZleba davajgufoT

Semdegnairad:

substantivebs awarmoeben: -ed, -oba, -eba, si_e, na_ur; geografiul

saxelebSi: sa_e, -a, -ian, -ovan, -el, -ur//-ul, -eul;

adieqtivebs awarmoeben: -ian, -ier, -osan, -ovan, u_o, u_ur//u_ul,

u_ar, -el, -ur//-ul, -iur, -del, -mdel, -eul;

awarmoeben substantivebsac da adieqtivebsac: -a, sa_o, sa_e,

sa_ur, sa_ar, na_ar//na_al, na_ev//na_eb, me_ur//me_ul, me_e.

17. brunvis niSnebi zogjer sityvawarmoebiTi daniSnulebiT

gamoiyenebian. aseT SemTxvevaSi isini aRar ganixilebian

mimarTebiTi morfemebis rangSi. maTi warmomqmneli unari

gansxvavebulia enis funqcionirebis sxvadasxva sferoSi, zepir da

werilobiT metyvelebaSi. garda imisa, rom brunvis niSnebs axali

mniSvnelobis sityvis qmnadobis unari aqvT, isini amavdroulad

gvxvdebian translativebis rolSic.

18. translaciasTan mimarTebiT warmoSobiT naTesaobiTi, moqmedebiTi

da viTarebiTi brunvis niSnebi ganixileba maadieqtivebel

translativebad. aseT SemTxvevebSi Zireul sityvebad gamoiyeneba

rogorc arsebiTi da ricxviTi saxelebi, aseve _ masdarebi.

19. e. w. substantiuri msazRvrelis formaTa analizi adasturebs,

rom amgvar formebSi naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis funqcia

sityvawarmoebaa. am gziT SesaZlebelia substantivebisgan

garkveuli Tvisebis gamomxatveli saxelis _ adieqtivis _ miReba.

20. brunvis niSnebis garda, Tandebulebic iCenen translativebad

funqcionirebis unars. amgvar SesaZleblobas isini mxolod

165

adieqtiuri sityvawarmoebis mimarTulebiT gviCveneben.

substantivaciisTvis ena Tandebulebs ar iyenebs. isini mxolod

sityvis substantiurobis/substantivaciis indikatorebi SeiZleba

iyvnen.

21. substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan mimarTebiT gansxvevebul

funqcias avlens zogi Tandebuli, rodesac is uSualod mierTvis

sityvas da roca calke dgas.

22. zmnisgan saxelis miRebis TvalsazrisiT Cvens yuradRebas iqcevs

masdari da mimReoba, rogorc zmnis substantivacia-adieqtivaciis

rezultatiuri Sedegi da zmnis saxeluri translaciis yvelaze

produqtiuli saSualebis realizacia. im mcire SemTxvevebis

garda, rodesac masdari an mimReoba ar momdinareobs zmnisgan,

isini, Cveulebriv SegviZlia miviCnioT zmnisgan translirebul

saxelebad, ufro konkretulad ki, substantivebad da

adieqtivebad.

23. zmnis substantiuri translaciis saxeliT ver ganvixilavT iseT

SemTxvevebs, rodesac zmnisgan ki ar miiReba masdari, aramed,

piriqiT, is TviTonaa amosavali zmnisTvis. verc yvela mimReobas

miviCnevT zmnisgan translirebul adieqtivad, ramdenadac zogjer

mimReobis amosavlad masdari iTvleba. marTalia, es masdari

TavisTavad zmnisgan miRebuli saxelia, magram Sualeduri

safexuris (zmna substantivi (masdari) adieqtivi (mimReoba)

gavliT.

24. SesaZlebelia zmnisgan saxeli miviRoT yovelgvari mawarmoeblis

gareSe: xerTvis (zmn.) xerTvis-i (subst.), ars (zmn.) ars-i

(subst.), dgams (zmn.) dgam-i (subst.), Cxers, Cxira (zmn.) Cxir-i

(subst.), aCens, aCina (zmn.) Cin-i (subst.), cqvets, cqvita (zmn.)

cqvit-i (adieqt.).

25. zmnisgan substantivi (masdari) ZiriTadad miiReba -a

translativis meSveobiT. Relavs (zmn.) Relv-a (subst.), wers

(zmn.) wer-a (subst.), xatavs (zmn.) xatv-a (subst.)... es -a

elementi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba saxeluri translaciisTvisac

166

rogorc substantivaciis, ise adieqtivaciis mimarTulebiT.

barbac-a (Sdr.: barbac-i (subst.) barbac-a (adieqt.) barbac-a

(semantikuri gadaazrebiT _ subst.), farian-i (adieqt.) farian-a

(semantikuri gadaazrebiT _ subst.), lorwovan-i (adieqt.)

lorwovan-a (semantikuri gadaazrebiT _ subst.), webovan-i

(adieqt.) webovan-a (semantikuri gadaazrebiT _ subst.)...

mniSvnelovania, rom CamoTvlil SemTxvevebSi webovani da

webovana iseve, rogorc lorwovani da lorwovana da sxv.

semantikurad gansxvavebuli erTeulebi aris. kerZod, -a

mawarmoebliani variantebi Tvisebis mudmiv, xolo am elementis

gareSe arsebuli formebi _ Tvisebis konkretul SemTxvevaSi

mqoneblobas unda gamoxatavdnen. sainteresoa, rom -a

translativi Tvisebis mudmivi mqoneblobis unars unda sZendes

e. w. pirveladi masdarebisgan da -il-iani (si_il-iani // si_ul-iani)

sawyisebisagan nawarmoeb Tvisebis saxelebsac: Srial-i (subst.)

Srial-a (adieqt.), sisin-i (subst.) sisin-a (adieqt.), titin-i

(subst.) titin-a (adieqt.), wuwun-i (subst.) wuwun-a (adieqt.),

wuxil-i (subst.) wuxil-a (adieqt.), sikvdil-i (subst.)

sikvdil-a (subst.), sixarul-i (subst.) sixarul-a (adieqt.).

Tvisebis mudmivobis niuansi ganapirobebs imasac, rom xSirad

aseTi sityvebi aRar saWiroebs sazRvrul wevrs, kargavs mas da

winadadebaSi damoukideblad gamoiyeneba. Tvisebis es eqspresia

igrZnoba im SemTxvevaSic, roca -a niSan-Tvisebis qonaze ufro

metad, am niSnis intensiurobas usvams xazs. es kargad Cans iseT

saxelebSi, rogorebicaa: lurj-a (Zalian lurji, lurji ferisa),

cxvir-a (didi cxviris mqone), mucel-a (visac bevri Wama uyvars =

`didi muceli aqvs~)... udavoa, rom kninobiTi formebis gverdiT,

romelTa erT-erT mawarmoeblad aseve -a elementi gvevlineba,

am -a-s Tvisebis intensiurobis / mudmivi mqoneblobis niuansic

SeuZlia SesZinos sityvas da zmnisgan substantivi, substan-

tivisgan ki adieqtivi awarmoos.

167

26. zmnisagan substantivis (masdaris) misaRebad aseve gamoiyeneba -il

translativic, Tumca es ukanaskneli Tanamedrove qarTulSi araa

produqtiuli. -il SeiZleba garTulebuli iyos si- TavsarTiTac:

dum-il-i, wux-il-i, sirb-il-i...

27. zmnis adieqtivaciuri translaciisTvis gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva

afiqsi. es mravalferovneba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom erTi da

imave Zirisgan SesaZlebelia semantikurad gansxvavebuli

adieqtivebis miReba. magaliTad, daxatuli, danaxati, damxatavi,

dasaxatavi, mxatvari...

28. SesaZlebelia romelime konkretuli zmnisgan erTi da imave

daniSnulebis mawarmoeblebiT miRebuli mimReobebi semantikurad

gansxvavebuli iyos: damaxasiaTebeli _ damxasiaTebeli,

masesxebeli _ msesxebeli...

29. gvaqvs iseTi adieqtiuri wyvilebic, romelTa erTi cali Tvisebas

zogadad gamoxatavs, meore ki _ konkretul situaciaSi SeZenil

am Tvisebas: Savi _ gaSavebuli, didi _ gadidebuli, boroti _

gaborotebuli... CamoTvlili adieqtivebis meore cali

warmoadgens pirveladi zedsarTavi saxelebisgan zmnis gavliT

nawarmoeb adieqtivebs (Savi (adieqt.) aSavebs (zmn.)

gaSavebuli (adieqt.).

30. gasubstantivebis tendencias ZiriTadad aqtiuri Sinaarsis

mimReobebi iCenen, magram es, rogorc Cans, am mimReobebis

semantikuri niuansiT unda aixsnas da meoreuli movlena Cans.

31. Tu gaviziarebT masdarisa da mimReobis Tavdapirveli

gaudiferencireblobis Sesaxeb Tvalsazriss da imasac, rom

saxelis formirebisTvis saWiro elementebs ena zmnisgan saxelis

warmoebisTvisac iyenebs, dadasturdeba, rom ganurCevlad

amosavlisa, ena saxelis qmnadobisaTvis mimarTavs erTsa da imave

saxelur translativebs.

32. zmnisa da saxelisgan translirebiT miRebul sityvaTa analizis

safuZvelze SesaZlebelia substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan

mimarTebiT mawarmoebelTa Semdegnairi klasifikacia:

168

saxelTa masubstantivebeli translativebia: -eba, -ed, -el (g),

na_ur, -oba, si_e;

saxelTa maadieqtivebeli tranlativebia: -a, -el, -ier, -iur,

-del, -mdel, -osan, sa-, sa_el, u_ar, u_ur//u_ul, -ad/-d, -is/-s,

-iT, -ebr, -viT, gareSe, mier;

zmnis masubstantivebeli translativebia: si_il//si_ul;

zmnis maadieqtivebeli translativebia: m-, m_are, m_ar-i, m_e, m_el,

ma_el, me-, u-, u_el, mo-, mo_e, mo_ul, na-, na_ar, na_el;

saxelis masubstantivebel-maadieqtivebeli translativebia: -a,

me_e, me_ur//me_ul, na_ar//na_al, na_ev//na_eb, sa_ar, sa_o, sa_ur, -eul,

-eul (g), -ian, -ian (g), sa_e, sa_e (g), -ur//-u, -ur//-ul (g);

zmnis masubstantivebel-maadieqtivebeli translativia: -il;

saxelisa da zmnis masubstantivebeli translativebia: -a (g), -a

saxelisa da zmnis maadieqtivebeli translativia: -ul.

33. translaciis morfologiuri saSualebebis garda qarTuli ena am

mizniT mimarTavs sintaqsur meqanizmsac. morfologiuri

translaciisgan gansxvavebiT, sintaqsuri translacia iZleva imis

saSualebasac, rom translirdes ara marto sityva, aramed mTeli

fraza, Sesityveba da winadadebac ki. ukanaskneli SemTxveva

semantikuri gadaazrebis safuZvelze xorcieldeba. sintaqsuri

translaciis gamomwvevi mizezi SeiZleba bevri iyos, saSualeba ki

erTia: winadadebis struqturul modelSi, romelic mentalurad

arsebobs, substantivis an adieqtivisaTvis gankuTvnil adgilas

sityvis Casma. adgilze rodesac vsaubrobT, Cven funqciur

adgils (modelSi gankuTvnil adgils) vgulisxmobT, Tumca xdeba

isec, rom es adgili poziciuradac Sepirobebulia.

34. sityvis substantivaciis sintaqsuri meqanizmi SemdegSi

mdgomareobs: winadadebis modelSi substantivisTvis gankuTvnil

adgilas Tu aRmoCndeba arasubstantivi sityva, is maSinve SeiZens

im unarebs, romlebic substantivisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli (misi

aqtantad gamoyeneba da zmna-SemasmenelTan kavSiri...) da,

Sesabamisad, gasubstantivdeba. mniSvnelovania, rom brunvisa da

mravlobiTi ricxvis niSnebi, romlebic araa ganpirobebuli sxva

169

saxelis brunviTa da ricxviT, SeiZleba miviCnioT sityvis

gasubstantivebis/substantiurobis indikatorebad.

35. adieqtivaciis, rogorc sintaqsuri translaciis, arsi sityvis

adieqtiuri unariT aRWurvisaTvis sintaqsuri meqanizmis

gamoyenebaSi gamoixateba. `aRWurva~, ra Tqma unda, gulisxmobs,

rom Tavdapirvelad es sityva adieqtiuri niuansis ar unda iyos.

36. yvelaze xSirad sintaqsuri berketebis gamoyenebiT adieqtiur

translacias ganicdis substantivi. qarTul enaSi sintaqsuri

saSualebebiT substantivis adieqtivacia xorcieldeba rogorc

formis Seucvlelad, ise formis SecvliT (warmoSobiT

naTesaobiTi brunvis warmomqmneli morfemis saSualebiT)

modelSi adieqtivisaTvis gankuTvnil adgilas sityvis

ganTavsebiT. substantivis adieqtivaciis mizezad SeiZleba

dasaxeldes sazRvruli wevris Cavardna, mosaubris stilistikuri

gadawyvetileba, naTqvamisaTvis meti eqspresiulobis miniWebis

survili da sxv.

37. adieqtivs, miuxedavad imisa, pirveladia Tu translirebis gziT

miRebuli, sazRvrul saxelTan SeiZleba mxolod SeTanxmebis

saxis sintaqsuri urTierToba hqondes.

38. Tu adieqtivi brunebis srul paradigmas gviCvenebs, an/da

mravlobiTi ricxvis niSani aqvs (romelic ar aris ganpirobebuli

sazRvruli wevris mravlobiTi ricxviT), SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom

is gasubstantivebulia.

39. gvxvdeba iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac frazeologizmebi jer

semantikurad translirdeba erT erTeulad da Semdeg igi,

rogorc erTi odenoba, sintaqsuri translaciis meqanizmis gamo

(modelSi konkretuli adgilis dakavebiT) romelime wevris

fardad gamoiyeneba winadadebaSi. translirebis ukanaskneli gza

sakmaod rTuli bunebisaa da aseT SemTxvevebSi sintaqsuri

translacia semantikuri gardaqmnis Semdgomi safexuria.

winadadebaSi aseve erT odenobas udris da erTi wevris rolSi

gamodis araerTsityviani saxelwodebebi Tu dasaxelebebic.

faqtia, rom amgvari saxelwodeba/dasaxeleba mosaubrisa da

170

msmenelis mier mTlianobaSi aRiqmeba azrobrivad da is

winadadebis sxva wevrebTan sintaqsur mimarTebebs ise amyarebs,

rogorc erTi sityva. amgvari erTeulebi: frazeologizmebi,

idiomebi _ leqsikalizebul Sesityvebebad miiCneva.

40. translacia, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT da naSromSic araerTgzis

gamoCnda, aris gramatikuli movlena, romlis wyalobiTac

SesaZlebelia nebismieri sityvidan funqciurad gansxvavebuli

erTeulis miReba, enobriv erTeulTa gadaazreba da zogjer maTi

moulodneli `saburveliTac~ warmoCena. enis ganviTarebis

sxvadasxva etapze moqmedi translaciis mravalferovani

saSualebebi xazs usvams am enobrivi movlenis istoriul xasiaTs

da amavdroulad gamokveTs qarTuli enis moqnilobasa Tu

simdidres. translaciis mecnieruli Seswavla umniSvnelovanesia

enis bunebisa da potenciis gamosavlenad. amavdroulad is

saWirocaa morfologiur-sintaqsuri analizis srulyofili da

uSecdomo ganxorcielebisaTvis. zemoT ukve ganvixileT is

sakiTxebi, romlebic warmoiWreba morfologiurad Tu

sintaqsurad formaTa calmxrivi gaSuqebis dros (am problemaze

miuTiTebda jer kidev arn. Ciqobava). translaciasTan mimarTebiT

gadasaxedia (Cveni azriT, saerTod amosaRebia) qarTuli enis

gramatikis saxelmZRvaneloebSi mocemuli msjelobebic `calke

mdgomi~ ricxviTi da zedsarTavi saxelebis amgvarive fuZis

arsebiTi saxelebis msgavsad brunebis Taobazec. Tu saxelis

brunva da ricxvi (mravlobiTi) araa Sepirobebuli sxva, masTan

sintaqsurad dakavSirebuli saxelis (sazRvruli wevris)

brunviTa da ricxviT, maSin es sityva gasubstantivebulia.

sruliad zedmetia `calke mdgomi~ saxelis cnebis arseboba,

ramdenadac `calke mdgomi~ sityva aseT SemTxvevaSi substantiuri

translaciis rezultatis gamoxatulebaa.

igive problema dgeba bunebriv enaTa kompiuteruli

damuSavebis drosac. visac am mimarTulebiT umuSavia, yvelasTvis

udavoa is faqti, rom enobriv monacemTa aRwera morfologiur-

sintaqsuri analizatorebis Seqmnisa Tu sxva mizniT yovelTvis

171

saWiroebs Zalian mkafio da skrupulozur midgomas. `manqana~

enas ar flobs mentalurad, amitom sityvaTa kvalificireba

translaciis gauTvaliswineblad SeiZleba bundovanebisa da,

ufro metic, Secdomis safuZvelic gaxdes. ramdenadac

translacia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes rogorc sityvisaTvis

formis SecvliT, iseve formis Secvlis gareSec, sityvaformis

swori analizi SeuZlebelia am gramatikuli movlenis

ugulebelyofiT. enis aRwera saWiroa zusti, mkafio da erTiani

midgomiT.

naSromze muSaobisas kidev erTxel SevexeT `metyvelebis

nawilTa~ gamoyofa-dajgufebis kriteriumebs da miuxedavad imisa,

rom tradiciulad gaziarebul Tvalsazriss davafuZneT Cveni

naSromi, aq kidev erTxel xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom `metyvelebis

nawilTa~ definicia-dajgufebis sakiTxi seriozul damuSavebas

saWiroebs (an unda Seicvalos `metyvelebis nawilTa~

ganmartebebi, erTiani kriteriumebiT ganxorcieldes sityvaTa

kvalificireba, an unda gadaixedos is safuZvlebi, romelTa

mixedviTac xorcieldeba sityvaTa dajgufeba `metyvelebis

nawilebad~).

Tu vityviT, rom enaTmecniereba aris erT-erTi yvelaze

`zusti~ dargi humanitarul mecnierebebs Soris (da es marTlac

asea), maSin yovlad dauSvebelia raime bundovaneba enis

swavlebisa Tu damuSavis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT arsebobdes.

dasasrul, xazi unda gaesvas erTs: naSromis dasawyisSi Cven

aRvniSnavdiT, rom translacia aris globaluri enobrivi movlena, igi

exeba enis funqcionirebis yvela dones. winamdebare kvleva warmoadgens

translaciis Seswavlis cdas enis sistemis analizTan mimarTebiT. ra

Tqma unda, translaciis yvela problemis ganxilva sakiTxis didi

moculobis gamo erT naSromSi SeuZlebelia, amitom translaciasTan

dakavSirebul sxva sakiTxTa Semdgomi damuSaveba momavlis saqmed

gvesaxeba.

172

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37. uTurgaiZe, 2004: uTurgaiZe T., substantiuri msazRvreli Zvelsa da

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38. uTurgaiZe, 2005: uTurgaiZe T., zmnisarTebi -iT sufiqsiT, qarTvelur

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39. uTurgaiZe... 2007: uTurgaiZe T., manjgalaZe m., sxirtlaZe r.,

teteloSvili T., qarTuli enis saxelis fleqsiuri

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40. uTurgaiZe, 2009: uTurgaiZe T., qarTuli enis doneTa ZiriTadi

maxasiaTeblebis urTierTzemoqmedebisaTvis globalur

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41. uTurgaiZe, 2013: uTurgaiZe T., qarTuli enis istoriuli gramatikis

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is gam-ba, 2013

42. feiqriSvili, 1996: feiqriSvili J., qarTuli enis sintaqsi, quTaisi, ss

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43. filmori, 1977: Fillmore Ch. J., The Case for Case, New York, Cole P & Sodock J,

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45. fraseri, 1970: Fraser B., Idioms within a Transformational Grammar, Foundations of

language, vol. 6, N1, `Springer~, 1970

46. fromkini... 2009: fromkini a. v., kertisi s., heizi b. p., haiemzi n.,

kitingi p. a., kupmeni i., manro p., sportiSi d., steibleri e.,

steriade d., stoueli t., sabolci a., lingvistika

(lingvistikis Teoriis Sesavali), Tb., ilias saxelmwifo


47. fujita... 2007: Fujita S., Bond F., A Method of Creatin New Valency Entries,

Machine Translation, vol. 21, N1, `Springer~, 2007

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48. qarTuli... 2008: qarTuli ena (enciklopedia), Tb., `erovnuli

mwerloba~, 2008

49. qegl, 1950: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. I, Tb.,

saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gam-ba, 1950

50. qegl, 1951: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. II, Tb.,


51. qegl, 1953: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. III, Tb.,


52. qegl, 1955: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. IV, Tb.,


53. qegl, 1958: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. V, Tb.,


54. qegl, 1960: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. VI, Tb.,


55. qegl, 1962: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. VII, Tb.,


56. qegl, 1964: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. t. VIII, Tb.,


57. qurdaZe, 2013: qurdaZe r., transpoziciis mniSvnelobisaTvis

qarTulis, rogorc meore enis swavlebis dros,

kavkasiologTa III saerTaSoriso kongresis masalebi, Tb.,

Tbilisis universitetis gam-ba, 2013

58. RambaSiZe, 1986: RambaSiZe r., qarTuli samecniero terminologia da

misi Sedgenis ZiriTadi principebi, Tb, `mecniereba~, 1986

59. SaniZe, 1976: SaniZe a., Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, Tb., Tbilisis


60. SaniZe, 1980: SaniZe a., qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tb.,

Tbilisis universitetis gam-ba, 1980

61. Ciqobava, 1940: Ciqobava arn., gramatikis agebulebis ZiriTadi

sakiTxebi, ssrk mecnierebaTa akademiis saqarTvelos

filialis moambe, t. I, #2, Tb., 1940

177

62. Ciqobava, 1942: Ciqobava arn., saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba

qarTvelur enebSi, Tb., saq. ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gam-

ba, 1942

63. Ciqobava, 1953: Ciqobava arn., masdarisa da mimReobis istoriuli

urTierTobisaTvis qarTulSi, iberiul-kavkasiuri

enaTmecniereba, t. V, Tb., saq. ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis

gam-ba, 1953

64. Ciqobava, 1964: Ciqobava arn., `qarTuli ena~. misi agebuleba-

Sedgenilobis zogadi sakiTxebi, iberiul-kavkasiuri

enaTmecniereba, XIV, Tb., `mecniereba~, 1964

65. Ciqobava, 1998-a: Ciqobava arn., qarTuli enis zogadi daxasiaTeba, Tb.,

`Tbilisi~, 1998

66. Ciqobava, 1998-b: Ciqobava arn., ra Taviseburebani axasiaTebs qarTuli

enis agebulebas? Tb., `skola~, 1998

67. Ciqobava, 1998-g: Ciqobava arn., saxelisa da zmnis analizis principebi

qarTulSi, Tb., `skola~, 1998

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69. cqitiSvili, 1983: cqitiSvili n., danarTis ZiriTadi stilistikuri

funqciebi da marTlwerasTan dakavSirebuli zogi sakiTxi,

qarTuli sityvis kulturis sakiTxebi, V, Tb., `mecniereba~,

1983

70. janaSvili, 1906: janaSvili m., qarTuli gramatika, tfilisi, amx.

`Sromas~ st., 1906

71. jibuti, 1988: jibuti i., mqoneblobis erTi afiqsis Sesaxeb

terminologiur sityvawarmoebaSi, qarTuli sityvis

kulturis sakiTxebi, VIII, Tb., `mecniereba~, 1988

72. jorbenaZe... 1988: jorbenaZe b., kobaiZe m., beriZe m., qarTuli enis

morfemebisa da modaluri elementebis leqsikoni, Tb.,

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178

73. jorbenaZe, 1985: jorbenaZe b., qarTuli enis fakultatiuri

gramatikis sakiTxebi, Tb., Tbilisis universitetis gam-ba,

1985

74. jorbenaZe, 1995: jorbenaZe b., qarTuli enis morfologia, Tb.,

`mecniereba~, 1995

75. hengeveldi... 2004: Hengeveld K., Rijkhoff J., Siewierska A., Parts-of-Speech

Systems and Word Order, Journal of Linguistics, Vol. 40, N3, `Cambridge

University Press~, 2004

76. holmbergi... 2013: Holmberg A., Roberts I., The syntax-morphology relation, Lingua

130, `Elsevier~, 2013

wyaroebi

77. amaRlobeli, 2011: amaRlobeli r., axali qarTuli literatura, t.

3, leqsebi, Tb., `palitra L~, 2011

78. amirejibi, 2010: amirejibi r., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra

L~, 2010

79. arganaSvili, 2010: arganaSvili g., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb.,

`palitra L~, 2010

80. arCuaSvili, 2010: arCuaSvili i., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb.,

`palitra L~, 2010

81. asaTiani, 1988: asaTiani l., rCeuli, Tb., `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1988

82. babunaSvili, 2010: babunaSvili i., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb.,

`palitra L~, 2010

83. baxsoliani, 2010: baxsoliani m., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra

L~, 2010

84. gigaSvili, 2010: gigaSvili v., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra

L~, 2010

85. goTua, 1980: goTua l., TxzulebaTa krebuli eqvs tomad, t. IV,

moTxrobebi, Tb., `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1980

179

86. gomelauri, 2010: gomelauri n., rCeuli, Tb., `wignebi vakeSi~, 2010

87. graneli, 2005: graneli t., 100 leqsi, Tb., ìnteleqti~, 2005

88. ergemliZe, 2010: ergemliZe T., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra

L~, 2010

89. TabukaSvili, 2010: TabukaSvili r., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb.,

`palitra L~, 2010

90. iaTaSvili, 2010: iaTaSvili i., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra

L~, 2010

91. iaSvili, 2011: iaSvili p., qarTuli sityviereba, Tb., `saqpresa~, 2011

92. imedaSvili, 2010: imedaSvili l., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb.,

`palitra L~, 2010

93. kakulia, 2010: kakulia s., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra L~,

2010

94. kalandaZe, 1987: kalandaZe a., leqsebi, Tb., `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,

1987

95. kvaracxelia, 2010: kvaracxelia z., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb.,

`palitra L~, 2010

96. kviris... 2011: kviris palitra, #38 (894), Tb., 2011

97. kikaCeiSvili, 2010: kikaCeiSvili m., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb.,

`palitra L~, 2010

98. ldokoneni, 2010: ldokoneni m., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra

L~, 2010

99. lebaniZe, 2006: lebaniZe m., 100 leqsi, Tb., ìnteleqti~, 2006

100. leoniZe, 2008: leoniZe g., asi leqsi, Tb., ìnteleqti~, 2008

101. leoniZe, 2011: leoniZe g., qarTuli prozis saganZuri, t. 61, Tb.,

`palitra L~, 2011

102. lomouri, 2010: lomouri i., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra L~,

2010

103. lorTqifaniZe, 2010: lorTqifaniZe n., qarTuli prozis saganZuri,

t. 15, Tb., `palitra L~, 2010

104. malaciZe, 2010: malaciZe i., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra L~,

2010

180

105. maWavariani, 1990: maWavariani m., viZaxi da viZaxi da viZaxi, Tb.,

`nakaduli~, 1990

106. megreliSvili 2010: megreliSvili g., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb.,

`palitra L~, 2010

107. melaSvili, 2010: melaSvili T., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra

L~, 2010

108. metreveli, 2010: metreveli z., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra

L~, 2010

109. morCilaZe, 2010: morCilaZe a., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra

L~, 2010

110. mosuliSvili, 2010: mosuliSvili m., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb.,

`palitra L~, 2010

111. naipoli, 2011: naipoli v., leqciebi wakiTxuli nobelis premiis

miRebisas literaturis dargSi, Tb., `inteleqti~, 2011

112. nanobaSvili, 2010: nanobaSvili m., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb.,

`palitra L~, 2010

113. pinteri, 2011: pinteri h., leqciebi wakiTxuli nobelis premiis

miRebisas literaturis dargSi, Tb., `inteleqti~, 2011

114. praimtaimi, 2011: praimtaimi, #37 (131), Tb., 2011

115. saxokia, 2012: saxokia T., qarTuli andazebi, Tb., `siesta~, 2012

116. samadaSvili, 2010: samadaSvili z., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb.,

`palitra L~, 2010

117. solomanaSvili, 2010: solomanaSvili b., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb.,

`palitra L~, 2010

118. sulakauri, 2010: sulakauri g., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra

L~, 2010

119. tabiZe, 1973: tabiZe g., rCeuli, Tb., `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1973

120. taveliZe, 2010: taveliZe i., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra L~,

2010

121. turaSvili, 2011: turaSvili d., axali qarTuli literatura, t. I,

gurji xaTuni da TerTmeti moTxroba, Tb., `palitra L~, 2011

181

122. turaSvili, 2010: turaSvili d., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra

L~, 2010

123. fxakaZe, 2010: fxakaZe T., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra L~, 2010

124. qarTveliSvili, 2010: qarTveliSvili d., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb.,

`palitra L~, 2010

125. SataiZe, 2010: SataiZe n., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra L~, 2010

126. CitiSvili, 2010: CitiSvili m., mainc saqarTvelo erqva, Tb.,

`inteleqti~, 2010

127. xvedeliZe, 2010: xvedeliZe b., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra

L~, 2010

128. javaxiSvili, 2010: javaxiSvili d., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb.,

`palitra L~, 2010

eleqtronuli resursi

qarTuli enis erovnuli korpusi, vebgverdi: http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/corpus-

list?session-id=237916832845054

1. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=79251740

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(14.01.15, 21:42)


(14.01.15, 21:44)

http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/corpus-list?session-id=237916832845054

http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/corpus-list?session-id=237916832845054

http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=79251740








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193

S i n a a r s i

Sesavali ............................................................................................................................. ............................................................ 1

I. sakiTxis arsi da aqtualuroba ................................................................................................................ 2

II. translaciis saxeebi da saSualebebi ............................................................................................... 11

III. qarTuli lingvisturi azris istoria translaciasTan mimarTebiT ............... 15

$ 1. translaciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi gramatikis adrindel

saxelmZRvaneloebSi .................................................................................................................................................... 16

$ 2. sityvaTqmnadobis istoriuli procesebi translaciis WrilSi ........................ 18

$ 3. Zveli qarTuli enis kvleva da translaciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi

............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 23

$ 4. Tanamedrove enaTmecnieruli azri axal qarTulSi translaciis Sesaxeb

............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 31

IV. sakiTxis kvlevis meTodebi ........................................................................................................................... 39

I Tavi _ translaciis (substantivacia-adieqtivaciis) morfologiuri

saSualebebi Tanamedrove qarTulSi ............................................................................................................... 40

I. zogadi mimoxilva .................................................................................................................................................. 40

II. translacia (substantivacia-adieqtivacia) sityvaTmawarmoebeli afiqsebiT

............................................................................................................................... ..................................................................... 44

$ 1. zogadi mimoxilva ............................................................................................................................................. 44

$ 2. qonebis saxelebi ............................................................................................................................................... 46

$ 3. uqonlobis saxelebi ............................................................................................................................. .......... 52

$ 4. warmomavlobis saxelebi ............................................................................................................................ 55

$ 5. abstraqtuli saxelebi ................................................................................................................................. 64

$ 6. daniSnulebis saxelebi ............................................................................................................................. .. 69

$ 7. wina viTarebis saxelebi ............................................................................................................................ 74

$ 8. xeloba-profesiis saxelebi ................................................................................................................... 78

$ 9. geografiuli saxelebi ................................................................................................................................ 82

$ 10. daskvnebi ............................................................................................................................. ...................................... 85

III. brunvis niSnebi matranslirebel elementebad ....................................................................... 89

IV. translacia (substantivacia-adieqtivacia) Tandebulebis gamoyenebiT ........ 99

V. zmnisagan saxelebis translireba Tanamedrove qarTulSi ..................................... 106

$ 1. masdaris warmoeba ........................................................................................................................................... 109

$ 2. mimReobis warmoeba ......................................................................................................................................... 113

$ 3. daskvnebi .................................................................................................................................................................... 122

194

VI. ZiriTadi daskvnebi morfologiur translaciasTan (substantivacia-

adieqtivaciasTan) dakavSirebiT ........................................................................................................... 126

II Tavi _ translaciis (substantivacia-adieqtivaciis) sintaqsuri saSualebebi

Tanamedrove qarTulSi ................................................................................................................................................ 131

I. zogadi mimoxilva ...................................................................................................................... .......................... 131

II. sityvaTa klasebi da maTi ZiriTadi sintaqsuri funqciebi .................................... 134

III. sityvis substantiuri translaciis sintaqsuri meqanizmi, buneba da

gamomwvevi mizezebi ............................................................................................................................................ 138

IV. sityvis adieqtivaciis sintaqsuri meqanizmi, buneba da gamomwvevi mizezebi

.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 145

V. sintaqsuri translaciis ramdenime specifikuri SemTxvevisaTvis .................... 153

VI. ZiriTadi debulebebi translaciis sintaqsur saSualebebTan dakavSirebiT

.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 158

translacia (substantivacia-adieqtivacia) Tanamedrove qarTulSi (daskvnebi)

................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 160

damowmebuli literatura ......................................................................................................................................... 172

wyaroebi ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 178

translacia /transpozicia qartulsi (substantivacia da...

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