TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE:LIBRARY SERVICES

& KNOWLEDGE PROFESSIONALS

Paul J Graham, MA, MLISPresented toUniversity of Washington, SeattleSeptember 14th 2012

Presentation Contents1) Knowledge System

Definition and Application2) State of the Art

Some current issues of Translational Science Research

3) Librarian Perspectives Library services

4) Knowledge Professionals Knowledge Management Being a Knowledge Broker

Translational Science can turn to Knowledge Studies for Innovation

Part 1: The Knowledge System

Production Organization

(Storage & Retrieval) Transfer, Diffusion Application Implementation

1979 publication Knowledge Application: The Knowledge System in Society by Holzner and Marx

P1: Knowledge Management Systems

Over a thousand citations since 2001 on the Web of Science

Over 4000 citations on Google Scholar

Knowledge Management and Knowledge Management Systems (2001) Alavi & Leidner MIS Quarterly Vol. 25 no. 1, 107-136.

P1: Library as Knowledge System

A.L. Dick, "Society's Knowledge System and Its Implications for Librarianship." South African Journal for Librarianship and Information Science 50, no. 1 (1982): 17-21.

Based on his thesis from the University of Washington, Seattle

He argues that libraries can reconsider their role and functions relative to Knowledge-Systems processes. He championed libraries becoming more involved in Knowledge Production and Application.

The Library has a Knowledge System and is part of a greater Knowledge System

P1: Translational Knowledge System

P1: Translational Knowledge System

Called a Translational Cycle, we can see it is a systems perspective

Results in better science and health benefits.

Revealing the judgements behind science, before science is conducted.

Kelley et al. 2012 champion a normative approach, but also provide their version of a Health Knowledge cycle.

Part 2: State of the Art

Definition History & Terminology Barriers Interdisciplinary Teams Community-Based Research Collaborative Methods Research Support Assessment Metrics

What are some of the current issues of Translational Science?

P2: Definition

What is Translational Science Research? A term first used in 1990s (Davidson, 2011) Popular in medical sciences Universities now expanding Translational Research credentials

General Definition Activities designed to transform ideas, insights, and discoveries

generated through basic scientific inquiry and from clinical or population studies into effective and widely available clinical applications. (Mitchell et al. 2010)

Includes Market trends, tendencies of the industry, capitalization, and

regulatory requirements (Kleinbeck et al. 2012)

What is the Definition of Translational Science? What are the components of Translational Science?

P2: History & Terminology

Terminology Transfer, Utilization, Translation, Dissemination, Distribution,

Diffusion, Uptake, Bridging the gap, research utilization, implementation research/science,

Theory Mode 2, Post Normal Science, Triple Helix,“Two Communities

Metaphors” “Sticky Knowledge” “Communities of Practice” “Epistemic Culture”, Habermas’s “Communicative Action”

Models Iowa Model of Research in Practice, Ottawa Model of Research Use,

CURN, Outcomes Focused KT, r2p2r Methods

Social Network Analysis, Environmental Scanning

“Translational Science” is a part of a larger societal project

P2: Barriers to Translation

Bridging the cultural divide separating investigators engaged in “fundamental” research vs. “applied” research. (Hobin & Galbraith, 2012) Investigators may find it difficult to publish

their works Tenure and promotion structure may

adversely affect time needed for quality Translation of knowledge.

Hobin & Galbraith, 2012 Addressing the issues academic perception

that Translational research is “not intellectually challenging, worthwhile, or good for [a] career.”

What are some of the stated Barriers to Translational Research

P2: Translational ModelsThe Development of Models for Translational Science is needed. Thematic analysis is championed to

produce a schema for clinicians, policymakers and researchers. (Mitchell et al. 2010)

EBP & RU Organizational Change Knowledge exchange & Synthesis Designing & Interpreting dissemination results.

Theories and frameworks enhance dissemination and implementation (Tabak et al., 2012)

Construct Flexibility Dissemination or Implementation Sociological Framework

P2: Collaborative Teams

Moise et al., 2006 Bridging the distance between the clinic floor and the bench top.

Clinical science and Pure Science. Having a collaborative team that includes clinical perspective and

fundamental research. Wagner & Srivastava, 2012

Championing the “It takes a village” paradigm for a shift in the approach to biomarkers research.

Hobin & Galbraith, 2012 Encouraging and engineering collaboration, cooperation,

communication, and respect between basic and clinical scientists. Byrne et al. 2012

Collaboration is fundamental to the enterprise.

Multidisciplinary, Interdisciplinary Collaborative teams are seen as a key to better Translational Science outcomes.

P2: Collaborative Outreach

Better health outcomes occur for the population when we evaluate key critical judgments. (Kelley et al. 2012) Ethical, social , cultural, economic Which disease to target, which programmes to fund, Offer a Normative Model of the Translational Process Who will advocate for disease and conditions that

impact smaller, more diffuse, or less empowered populations?

Dialectical Thinking (Crockett et al., 2012) Transformative Consumer Research emphasizing

societal welfare. Tracking social problems Getting the results into the hands of stakeholders

Collaborative methods for achieving greater health impact

P2: Community-Based Research

Community-Based Participatory Research Skills (DiGirolamo et al., 2012) Social determinants of Health Having community involved in all aspects of

the process Design, conduct, analysis, dissemination

Community Relation Building Many researchers did not have the

comprehensive package of CBPR skills Translational Research Teams (Crockett et

al. 2012) Includes public and community health

researchers, as well as community members.

Community Based Research is now seen as a vital part of Translational Science activities.

P2: Community-Based Research

Extensive Planning Environmental Scan to identify

key resources and people Formulating relevant

relationships Collaborative research

department or committee Creating a shared vision

Some Important Steps for Community Based Research Planning

P2: Research Support

Research Studios provide specific research advice for a specific problem from local specialists.

T1 Studio: Bench to Bedside, captures research and proposed research that involve uncovering pathophysiology and mechanisms of disease, as well as early-phase feasibility, safety, and efficacy trials.

T2 Studio: Bedside to Practice and Policy, captures research and proposed research that involve clinical

Two Directors for each major area Offers ability to overcome barriers identified by CTSA

academic health centres Research workforce, research operations, organizational

silos Reflects Mode 2 Knowledge Production

Interdisciplinary

Byrne et al. 2012 “Clinical and Translational Research Studios”

P2: Research SupportWhere are the Librarians in Research Studios? Not on the set…

P2: Other Supportive Models

Program Development Teams ( Hunt et al. 2012) To assist the individual researcher to navigate

through the myriad of resources provided. To help guide the researchers in proposal

development, study design, and identification of support components that can help bring projects to fruition.

Clinical Effectiveness Department (Damani & Fulton, 2010) Interdisciplinary groups

Mentorship Model (Sundgren, 2012) Facilitates smoother transition to researcher Gets assistance with ideas. Demonstrates strengths, explores potential

…but there are other Research Support Models to consider…

P2: Metrics & Assessment

Lee et al., 2012 Clinical and Translational Scientist Career Success: Metrics for Evaluation

Domains of Career Success Extrinsic Career Success Factors Intrinsic Career Success Factors

Determinants of Career Success Personal Factors Organizational Factors

Other Metrics in Process Experience Survey of the Association for Clinical

Research Training Research Support Survey of the Duke Translational

Medicine Institute Graduate tracking Survey System

Assessing Research Impact is a major component of any research endeavour today (Learning Cycle diagram from Center for Instructional Innovation, Western Washington University)

There are many Info Literacy Assessment tools we can adapt for the clinical environment.

Part 3: Librarian’s Perspective

Evaluation & Assessment

Research & Reference Outreach Information Literacy Database Services Collaborative Spaces

What can Librarianship offer to Translational Science?

P3: Evaluation & Assessment

Internal Analysis Survey/Focus groups to students, faculty & staff. Reviewing Grey Literature (e.g., memos, emails)

External Analysis Reviewing Health Library websites Informal conversations with key professionals In-depth review of scholarly literature Assessing Trends via STEEPLE method

Environmental Scan methodology allows for a full consideration of resources and services

P3: Research & Reference

iGuide Literature Reviews Literature reviews that compile the latest

apps in a subject field, e.g. Iphone apps for plastic surgeons (Mohan & Brandford, 2012)

Evidence Based Blogging Powell et al. 2012 suggests structured

blogging as a valid EB tool for sharing of methods and results, and conclusions.

Evolving Librarian skills McGown et al. 2010 assessed the

librarian’s ability to summarize information for physicians within 20 minutes of the request.

Hunt et al. 2012 bibliometrics used for social network analysis

We must now be concerned with “Evidence Based” everything.

P3: Research & Reference

Dealing with Data (Haendel et al., 2012) Eagle-i Network: accelerating the cycle of scholarly

communication by making research resources easy to find. Connects researchers to other researchers, and resources.

Resource Navigators, connects to not just research, but to lab protocols, instrumentation, human studies, software.

This expands the notion of Reference beyond typical sources of information to objects and services, and the location of those services for use.

We now must consider expanding our notion of reference beyond books, CDs, DVDs, etc. to scientific equipment.

P3: Research & Reference

Assessing Familiar Tools within Academia Wikis: Collaborative annotated bibliographies (eg., PDBWiki) Twitter: Translational Twitter (e.g., CTSI information) Facebook: Providing an avenue for Knowledge Management. YouTube: Research/Training videos (e.g. Cancer Connection)

New & Developing Services Online BioMedexperts, mylabmeeting, Mendeley, Nature Network StickyWalls: wallwisher.com, primary wall, Stixy, Bizkit

Cloud Computing (Rosenthal el al., 2010) Evaluating a “cloud” for Biomedical purposes

Web 2.0 Technologies are only now being rigorously assessed for their Academic value

P3: Research & Reference

Budget for Library Resources Will there be a stable financial platform for the “Gold”

model of O.A. peer-reviewed journals? Will current library budgets be redirected to O.A. fees, or

free up funds for other projects? Open Access Journal funds supported by 30 universities

(Nariani & Fernandez, 2012). Responsibility for an Open Access Archive

Will Libraries be responsible for “Green” model of O.A. archives for the creation of university repositories?

Open Access resources are growing in importance, especially as a way to spread innovation, improving Translational Research.

P3: Outreach (Mobile Devices)

Mobile Webpage & LibGuide Drug Resources Library Catalog Requests Ask Us feature Calculators Wireless access and Device tips

StanMed: Stanford App for accessing clinically useful educational modules, tutorials, videos, podcasts at point of care.

CATs: Centre for EBM provides a software tool for creating Critically Appraised Topics

We can offer Mobile Webpages for Translational Research Services

P3: Outreach (Mobile Reference)

Librarian reported an increase in consultations by 400% from Prusin 2012 by simply having 2 sessions of 2 hour office hours.

P3: Outreach (Marketing)

Marketing Campaigns (Serenko et al., 2012) Targeted messages raising awareness of Information Literacy. Don’t oversell, be clear about training objectives

E-Options (from Matsoukas et al., 2011) USB Flash Drive marketing library services to Med students

at Columbia University. Other Ideas

Print is still important Book marks, pamphlets, one page research guides

Special Interest Groups Targeting Student organizations & other campus organizations

Any Translational Research effort needs marketing. You have to be an entrepreneur.

P3: Information Literacy

Foundational Health Science Teaching Services Clark & Esson, 2012 found that Information literacy training did not

prepare them adequately for Evidence Based Practice. Implementing Information Literacy Strategy

Awareness of Clinical & Pre-Clinical Translational Resources provided via NIH institutions. Research Match, Red Cap, CTSA-IP

Empirical Tools in Knowledge Translation Conferences, Journals, Grant Information Bioinformatics resources (e.g., directory links)

Integrated approach to instruction (MacEachern et al., 2012) Strategic sessions at different stages of education

Includes both in-person and virtual

Always accepting the challenges and opportunities of Information Literacy training is important to improve Translational Research.

P3: Information Literacy

P3: Database Services

Effectiveness of Intervention Databases Rx for Change (synthesis of global evidence) (Grimshaw

et al. 2012) Health Systems Evidence

Creating a Translational Database via Faceted Analysis KUPI Database, University of Saskatchewan Translational Science Blogging

McKibbon et al., 2012 Although not perfect search filters have been developed

for identifying “knowledge translation” articles in Medline

Creating a specialized database provides specialized service that general databases, and traditional cataloguing systems cannot.

P3: Collaborative Spaces

Collaborative Commons (U of Florida) Providing “neutral” collaborative spaces Emphasizes a variety of Technology

Smart & White boards Expanded videoconferencing

Comfortable seating/Table space Biomedical software (Vivo)

iCentre: A central facility where information, technology, learning, and teaching needs are supported by tech specialists. Considered an “instructional zone” Includes both print and online resources Professional information technology staff

Social Learning Ambience is as important as choice of technology…selecting the right tech for the right space.

Part 4: Knowledge Professionals

Knowledge Management Assessing research

projects form a KM perspective.

Knowledge Brokering A model for action.

We can offer additional services as Knowledge Brokers

P4: Knowledge Management

KM is vital simply because of the vast amount of knowledge and data tools available today. (Hunt et al, 2012)

Emphasis on Knowledge Sharing which is vital to Translational Knowledge

Combined thinking about Technology and People.

Epistemic thinking Communities of Practice Learning Community Knowledge-Based Organization

Converting Tacit to Codified knowledge

Knowledge Management perspectives can assist medical research.

P4: Knowledge Brokering

Typologies Organizational Brokering Individual Brokering Strategic Services

Characteristics Puts actual focus on outreach to

community and for research output. Networking & Marketing Collecting the best evidence for decision

making Breaking down knowledge barriers

Deciphering the best communication models

Being a Knowledge Broker is primarily about connecting people-to-people

Concluding Thoughts

Some Key Areas to Consider…

Taking a Knowledge Systems Perspective for critique and conceptual clarity of Translational Science processes.

Implementing Translational support such as Research Studios, Program Development teams, or Librarian Mentorship to Translational Researchers.

Marketing our services with USB packages directly to key stakeholders, and/or researcher

Applying Library services with a Translational Science focus, such as creating a Translational Science database.

Taking up a Knowledge Brokering paradigm to define the role of Translational Science & Collaboration Librarian.