transmission media ppt
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Transmission Media
![Page 2: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Overview
• Characteristics and quality determined by: — Medium— Signal
• Medium— Guided - wire— Unguided - wireless
• For Guided Medium— The medium is more important
• For Unguided— The bandwidth produced by the antenna is more important
• Key concerns are data rate and distance
![Page 3: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Design Factors
• Bandwidth
— Higher bandwidth gives higher data rate
• Transmission impairments
— Attenuation(losses due to primary constraint)
• Interference
— Issue especially in case of unguided medium
• Number of receivers
— Unicast (one sender, one receiver)
— Multi cast (multiple receivers can introduce more errors)
![Page 4: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Guided Transmission Media
• Twisted Pair
• Coaxial Cable
• Optical Fiber
![Page 5: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Transmission Characteristics of
Guided Media
Frequency Range
Typical Delay
Repeater Spacing
Twisted pair
0 to 3.5 kHz
50 µs/km 2 km
0 to 1 MHz 50 µs/km 2 km
Coaxial cable
0 to 500 MHz
4 µs/km 1 to 9 km
Optical fiber
186 to 370 THz
5 µs/km 40 km
![Page 6: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Twisted Pair
![Page 7: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Twisted Pair Architecture
Two Insulated copper wires
Issues(problems)
(1) Interference due to unwanted electrical coupling of two copper
(2) Interference due to unwanted electrical coupling between the neighboring
twisted pairs
![Page 8: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Twisted Pair Applications
• Most commonly used medium
• Telephone network
—Between house and local exchange (subscriber loop)
• Within buildings
—To private branch exchange (PBX)
• For local area networks (LAN)
—10Mbps or 100Mbps
![Page 9: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Twisted Pair - Pros and Cons
• Advantages
—Less expensive
—Easy to work with
• Disadvantages
—Low data rate
—Short range
![Page 10: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Twisted Pair (TP) Characteristics
• Analog transmission— Amplifiers every 5km to 6km
• Digital transmission— Use either analog or digital signals— repeater every 2km or 3km
• TP is Limited — Distance— Bandwidth — Data rate
• Susceptible to interference and noise— Easy coupling of electromagnetic fields
![Page 11: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Unshielded and Shielded TP
• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)—Ordinary telephone wire
—Less expensive
—Weak immunity against noise and interference
—Suffers from external EM interference
• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)—An extra metallic on each pair
—Relatively more expensive
—Provide better performance than UTP• Increased Data rate
• Increased Bandwidth
![Page 12: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
UTP Categories
• Cat 3— up to 16MHz
— Voice grade found in most offices
• Cat 4— up to 20 MHz
• Cat 5— up to 100MHz
— Commonly pre-installed in new office buildings
• Cat 5E (Enhanced)
• Cat 6
• Cat 7
![Page 13: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Coaxial Cable
![Page 14: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Coaxial Cable Architecture
![Page 15: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Coaxial Cable Applications
• Television (TV) signals distribution—Ariel to TV
—Cable TV
• Long distance telephone transmission—Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously
—Being replaced by fiber optic
• Short distance computer systems links—Local area networks (LAN)
—Metropolitan area network (MAN)
![Page 16: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Coaxial Cable Characteristics
• Analog—Amplifiers every few km
—Higher frequency
—Up to 500MHz
• Digital—Repeater every 1km
—Higher data rates
• Problem—Inter-modulation noise
—Thermal noise
![Page 17: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Optical Fiber
![Page 18: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Optical Fiber Architecture
![Page 19: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
An optical communications link
So, where does this optical fibre fit into the overall picture?
![Page 21: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Optical Fiber Benefits
• Greater capacity—Data rates of hundreds of Gbps
• Smaller size & weight—Made up of extremely thin fibers
• Lower attenuation—Electromagnetic isolation
• Greater repeater spacing—10s of km at least
![Page 22: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Optical Fiber - Transmission
Characteristics
• Operational range— 1014 to 1015 Hz
• Light source
—Light Emitting Diode (LED)• Cheaper
• Wider operating temperature range
—Injection Laser Diode (ILD)• Operates on laser principle
• More efficient
• Greater data rate
• Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
![Page 23: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Optical Fiber - Applications
• Long-haul trunks
• Metropolitan trunks
• Rural exchange trunks
• Subscriber loops
• LANs
![Page 24: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Wireless Transmission
Frequencies
• 2GHz to 40GHz (Microwave Frequency)—Highly directional
—Point to point devices
—Microwave communications
• 30MHz to 1GHz (Radio Frequency)—Omni directional
—Broadcast radio
![Page 26: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Antennas
• By definition
— Is a electrical device
• Transmission
— Radio frequency energy from transmitter
— Converted to electromagnetic energy
— By antenna
— Radiated into surrounding environment
• Reception
— Electromagnetic energy impinging on antenna
— Converted to radio frequency electrical energy
— Fed to receiver
• Same antenna often used for both
![Page 27: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Satellite Microwave (SM)
1. Satellite is relay station
2. Satellite
• receives on one frequency
• amplifies or repeats signal
• transmits on another frequency
3. Requires geo-stationary orbit
— Height of 35,784km
4. Applications
• Television
• Long distance telephone
• Private business networks
![Page 28: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Satellite Point to Point Link
ground based
microwave
transmitter
ground based
microwave
receiver
![Page 29: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Satellite Broadcast Link
Is it really broadcast??
![Page 30: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Broadcast Radio
1. Omni directional (travel in all directions)
2. Doesn’t need parabolic antenna
3. Example FM radio
![Page 31: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Wireless Propagation
• Signal travels along three routes
1. Ground wave• Follows contour of earth
• Up to 2MHz
• AM radio
2. Sky wave• Signal reflected from ionize layer of upper atmosphere
• BBC world service, Voice of America
3. Line of sight• Above 30Mhz
• Antennas must be physically aligned
• Atmosphere can reflect the microwave signal
![Page 32: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Sky Wave Propagation
![Page 33: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Ground Wave Propagation
![Page 34: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Line of Sight Propagation
![Page 35: Transmission media ppt](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021415/5a66d99c7f8b9a3c0e8b5a73/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Thank you
Presented by Shubham Singh