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Implemented by
The ASEAN – German Technical Cooperation Programme “Cities, Environment and Transport”
Transport and Climate Change
Transport and Climate Change Policy in the ASEAN Region
EST Forum18/11/2015
Kathmandu, Nepal
Tali TriggTeam Leader
Implemented by
ASEAN – German Technical CooperationTransport and Climate Change
About GIZ
• GIZ’s purpose is to promote international cooperation for sustainable development.
• GIZ is a 100% federally owned, public-benefit enterprise.• GIZ operates in more than 130 countries worldwide.• GIZ employs approximately 17,000 staff members
worldwide.• GIZ is active in a variety of sectors, including e.g.
education; health care; agriculture; infrastructure (water, energy, transport).
Implemented by
ASEAN – German Technical CooperationTransport and Climate Change
About GIZCurrent Activities in the Transport and Mobility Sector
Implemented by
ASEAN – German Technical CooperationTransport and Climate Change
Transport and Climate Change (TCC)
We develop an ASEAN regional policy to increase
energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in
the land transport sector.
We develop guidelines and templates for national
policies and action plans for member states.
We develop action plans and measures in five countries
and support their implementation according to
national plans in at least three ASEAN member
states.
We support the improvement of the measurement,
reporting and verification (MRV) system in five
countries.
What we do in the Project
Implemented by
ASEAN – German Technical CooperationTransport and Climate Change
Motorisation
0.023 0.023 0.027 0.030 0.032 0.033 0.037 0.039 0.042
0.273 0.268 0.282
0.296 0.312
0.327 0.343
0.360 0.376
0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.108 0.108 0.121 0.128 0.134 0.140
0.149 0.160
0.177
0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.008 0.008 -
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.400
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Pass
enge
r ca
rs p
er c
apita
Year
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Thailand
Vietnam
Passenger cars per capita in TCC partner countries from 2004 to 2012
Source: ASEAN Statistics (2014)
Implemented by
ASEAN – German Technical CooperationTransport and Climate Change
Motorisation
0.129 0.127 0.143
0.182 0.204
0.222
0.254
0.282
0.309
0.276 0.271 0.283
0.296 0.311
0.322 0.334
0.347 0.362
0.026 0.025 0.028 0.030 0.033 0.035 0.037 0.041 0.043
0.224 0.222 0.240 0.244 0.249 0.252 0.261
0.273 0.287
0.198 0.195
0.221
0.254
0.297
0.328
0.358
0.384
0.416
-
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.400
0.450
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Mot
orbi
kes
per c
apita
Year
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Thailand
Vietnam
Motorbikes per capita in TCC partner countries from 2004 to 2012
Source: ASEAN Statistics (2014)
Implemented by
ASEAN – German Technical CooperationTransport and Climate Change
World’s mobility habits are diverseMost regions and countries increasingly relying on energy intensive
transportation modes -> Avoid/Shift/Improve strategy needed
Source: IEA 2012, Energy Technology Perspectives 2012
Implemented by
ASEAN – German Technical CooperationTransport and Climate Change
Main challenges and opportunitiesIn EE&CC in the land transport sector in ASEAN
• Regional differences: development (factor of 50), environmental considerations, political diversity
• Process of integration (ASEAN Economic Community) with transport/connectivity as key topic
• Increasing awareness of environmental issues• No energy-efficiency standards in the land transport
sector• Wide-spread use of two-wheelers
Implemented by
ASEAN – German Technical CooperationTransport and Climate Change
Motorisation in ASEAN• Large spread in PC vs 2W ownership per capita• Vehicle taxes/subsidies and fuel pricing policies• Transport policy geared towards increasing motorisation
instead of sustainable mobility (derived demand)• Budget constraints, limited capacity, and lack of data
make things hard e.g. for proper MRV systems• However, Vietnam includes objectives such as
“controlling growth of individual means of transport” in certain strategies (carrots and sticks towards desired outcomes)
Implemented by
ASEAN – German Technical CooperationTransport and Climate Change
Fuel efficiency policies and measures• Fuel economy standards considered in four out of five
TCC countries (not Malaysia)• In Vietnam they are also considered for motorcycles
• Car labelling is almost in place in Vietnam and Thailand, though still missing average comparative value
• CO2-based taxation is coming online in Thailand, but there are exemptions for pick-up trucks, which skew the overall effect
• No policies in place nor considered for low-rolling resistance tyres
Implemented by
ASEAN – German Technical CooperationTransport and Climate Change
Unlocking the Potential of e-bikes in ASEAN• Large potential in all countries, but little policy support
• E2Ws emit between 1/3 and 4/5 less CO2 per km compared to petrol-powered 2W
• Scattered few in Vietnam and Malaysia, otherwise China and Netherlands
• Consumers regard high purchase prices, low range of E2W, and long charging times compared to conventional 2Ws as disadvantages
• Public demonstration projects could promote the advantages of E2Ws
Implemented by
ASEAN – German Technical CooperationTransport and Climate Change
Institutional challenges• Avoid/Shift policies often with Ministry of Transport, ‘Improve’
with Ministry of Energy
• Exception: Vietnam
• Important roles for Ministries of Trade, Industry, Finance, Environment
• Conflicting policy objectives (industry versus transport/environment) complicate decisionmaking
• Ministries of Transport do not always possess a mandate for policy design, but sometimes function as an implementing and licensing body.
• Scattered responsibilities and insufficient inter-ministerial coordination
Implemented by
ASEAN – German Technical CooperationTransport and Climate Change
Overview of responsibilities for transport policymaking in Thailand
Source: GIZ Thailand Stocktaking Report on Sustainable Transport and Climate Change (2014)
Implemented by
ASEAN – German Technical CooperationTransport and Climate Change
INDCs in ASEAN
Source: TCC (2015)
• In developing sectoral contributions, some countries mostly relied on consultants, while in others the Ministry of Transport was in the lead, supported by consultants and different institutions, and in some cases our project;
• Transport-related mitigation options included in the INDCs appear to be based on existing plans and strategies for most countries. Selection of these involved one or more rounds of discussions with stakeholders. There is no evidence that marginal abatement cost curves played a major role, but at least one country was using it;
• There are significant challenges in estimating business-as-usual emissions, emission reduction potentials of mitigation options, and in some countries, historical emissions. Analyses are done using various kinds of energy-emissions focused models, such as LEAP.
Implemented by
ASEAN – German Technical CooperationTransport and Climate Change
Conclusions 1(2)We can change the status quo and cut transport emissions via a combination of: Strong efficiency improvements in fuel economy Rapid uptake of advanced technology vehicles (e.g.
electric two-wheelers), but avoid silver bullet bias Increasing the efficiency of freight to decrease costs
and emissions (road freight makes up 9% of the fleet but emits 54% of road transport CO2 emissions in Asia)
Integrated land-use planning (TOD & NMT) and shifting to more efficient modes of transportation (buses and rail)
THE Question: which solution and by when?
Implemented by
ASEAN – German Technical CooperationTransport and Climate Change
Conclusions 2(2)
Nothing ever changes… Until it does. International conferences such as this provide
policymakers opportunities to learn/exchange and may impact national policies in multiple countries
Similarly, for INDCs, even if no transport sector details were included in the final INDC, there were extensive discussions as to what the sectoral contribution to the INDC could be -> How can we take this forward?
Implemented by
ASEAN – German Technical CooperationTransport and Climate Change
Thank you!
For more, please visit our booth outside, and:
www.TransportandClimateChange.org
Implemented by
ASEAN – German Technical CooperationTransport and Climate Change
Time permitting…
Implemented by
ASEAN – German Technical CooperationTransport and Climate Change
Road space and human
beings…
Source: Claes Tingvall, SRA
Implemented by
ASEAN – German Technical CooperationTransport and Climate Change
Implemented by
ASEAN – German Technical CooperationTransport and Climate Change
Implemented by
ASEAN – German Technical CooperationTransport and Climate Change