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TRANSPORT AND LAND USE TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results www.eu-portal.net TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

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Page 1: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

Transparencies 2003

EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results

www.eu-portal.net

TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

Page 2: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

DEFINITION

• Transport Planning and Land-use relates to two main aspects

• the general spatial and land-use patterns that have an impact on transport volumes and

• the spatial/land-use requirements of transport infrastructure.

Page 3: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

OBJECTIVES

• To understand the interrelation of land-use and transportation needs.

• To realise the transport planning problems within urban and suburban areas.

• To be informed about latest trends, policies and practices in this field, forming a valuable background for their future work.

• To develop and exercise critical skills that will help in evaluation, assessment and (later on) the design of transportation plans in urban and suburban regions.

Page 4: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

OBJECTIVES - EXAMPLES

• Assessment of French administrative procedure to ensure the consistency of road projects with urban land-use plans

• The spatial effects of the Oresund bridge between Copenhagen and Malmo

• Assessment of a new legal provision in Italy aimed at fostering concertation between local bodies in transport and land-use policies

• Assessment of the Delta Plan programme in Barcelona, which groups a set of land-use and transport projects

Page 5: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

CHALLENGES

To provide solutions in order to

• Minimize traffic congestion

• Make transportation in urban and suburban areas more efficient, safer and environmentally friendlier

• Improve the working and living conditions within the cities

• Enhance economic growth

Page 6: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

CHALLENGES REFRAMING OF TRANSPORT PLANNING

• Professional structures: from transport engineers to transport planners

• Transport Policy: from road schemes to integrated packages

• Modeling: from gravity models to accessibility indices

• Developer contributions: from developer contributions of highways to public transport improvements and

• Technology: from structural to managerial technologies

Page 7: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

EXAMPLES – FROM THE OLD TO THE NEW LOGIC

• Professional structures: structural engineers and planners will work together with other actors to develop integrated packages

• Transport Policy: instead from road building initiatives, re-allocation of resources towards more demand oriented approaches

• Modeling: transport models for areas of low accessibility using Public Transport instead of road building

• Developer contributions: instead of improving road capacity, create and improve Public Transport

• Technology: investment of smaller traffic calming schemes and information and road pricing schemes to find ways of managing demand

Page 8: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

NEW LOGIC

• Commitment to significantly improved public transport

• Introduction of traffic calming and pedestrianisation measures

• Advanced information technology based systems to get the most out of the existing infrastructure

• Road pricing

• Reduction in the building of new roads

Page 9: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

COMPARISON OF THE OLD AND NEW LOGIC

Old Logic Feature New Logic

expand networks Manage and integrate

Predict and provide forecasts Predict and manage

Hard – supply oriented technology Soft – demand oriented

Engineers Professional culture Managers open

Hermetic and sectoral Policy making Discourse and Integration

Reduce travel time time Niche, certainty

Homogenous space Customised

Site specific externality enviroment Global emissions

Dis-engaged users Re-engaged

Macro extrapolation modelling Micro level responsive

Standadised, static Knowledge and information Tailored dynamic

Source: Guy and Marvin, 1996

Page 10: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

RELEVANT EU POLICIES

• The Land Use and Transport Research (LUTR) cluster

• The Common Transport Policy

• The Urban Audit (1997)

• Towards a Local Sustainability Profile – European Common Indicators

Page 11: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

LAND USE AND TRANSPORT INTERACTION

• The “Land-use transport feedback cycle”

• Theoretical approach

• Empirical approach

• Policies for better integration

• Policy objectives and policy effects

Page 12: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

THEORETICAL APPROACH

• Technical theories (urban mobility systems)

• Economic theories (cities as markets)

• Social theories (society and urban space)

Page 13: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

THEORETICAL AND TECHNICAL APPROACH

• Impacts of land-use policies to transport

• Essential factors

• Residential density• Employment density• Neighbourhood design• Location city size

• Impacts on

• Trip length• Trip frequency • Mode choice

Page 14: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL APPROACH

Impacts of transport policies to land-use in terms of accessibility

• Impacts on

• Residential location

• Industrial location

• Office location

• Retail location

Page 15: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL APPROACH

Impacts of transport policies to transport

• Essential factors

• accessibility

• Travel cost

• Travel time

Impacts on

• Trip length

• Trip frequency

• Mode choice

Page 16: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

POLICIES FOR BETTER INTEGRATION OF LAND USE AND TRANSPORT

• Policy objectives and policy effects

• Type of policies• Investment and services• Planning• Regulation• Pricing• Information and informal services

• Policies for land-use and transport are analysed according to the type of policies

Page 17: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

INSTRUMENTS OF TRANSPORT POLICY (Transland, del 2b)

Definitionthere are means by which the policy objectives can be achieved and the problems identified overcome.

Measures

• Land use measures

• Infrastructure measures

• Management measures

• Information provision

• Pricing measures

Page 18: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

LAND USE - TRANSPORT MODELS

• Mathematical models simulate human decision making and its consequences

• They are able to forecast unknown situations and to determine the effect of a single factor

• Land use transport models incorporate the most essential processes of spatial development including

• Transport may be modeled either endogenously or by an exogenous transport model.

Page 19: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

EVOLUTION OF URBAN LAND-USE TRANSPORT MODELS

Transport model

Land use model-

T1

T2 T3

T4 -

None

Activity and

judgement

No public transport no modal split

Public transport no logit 24 h

Public transport logit peak hour

Multi-modal activity-based

-

-

-

-

No market based Land allocationLogit allocationWith price signalsMarket based Land use modelActivity Based Land use model

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

L6

Source:Transland, Figure 2.2. Evolution of urban land-use transport models (adapted from1 Miller, E.J., Kriger, D.S., Hunt, J.D., Badoe, D.A. (1998): Integrated Urban Models for Simulation of Transit and Land-Use Policies. Final Report, TCRP Project H-12. Toronto: Joint Program of Transportation, University of Toronto)

Page 20: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

URBAN SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS

Environmental• Air pollution• Consumption of natural resources• Environmental quality

Social• Health• Equity• Opportunities

Economic• Total net benefit from transport• Total net benefit from land-use• Regional economy and competitiveness

Page 21: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

EXAMPLES – CASE STUDIES

TRANSLAND PROJECT

STRASBOURG

Aim:

modal share of 25% two-wheels & others

25% public transport

50% private vehicles.

Page 22: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

EXAMPLES – CASE STUDIES

STRASBOURG

TRANSLAND PROJECT

Strategies:• The City of Strasbourg implemented a

set of policies calling for:• Hypercentre traffic ban;• Pedestrian area extension• Cycle-ways extension;• Public transport re-organisation, and• Parking policy modification• Accompanied by a strong political

support, formation of a technical pilot committee

• Consulation of Citizens

Page 23: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

EXAMPLES – CASE STUDIES

STRASBOURG

TRANSLAND PROJECT

Results:• The use of public transport has increased with negativ

repercussions on walking and cycling• The car modal share has raised (slightly in the downtown area,

significantly in the urban area as a whole);• The tran share raised at 40% in the downtown area • The tram service has brought about the renovation of the facade

of 29% of the buildings located alongside the routes;

The policy has been successful downtown, while the urban area as a whole has not benefit from it as it has experienced an increase of private modal share.

A general lack of coordination has been reported. Furthermore, uncontrolled and car-driven urban sprawls still exist

Page 24: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

EXAMPLES – CASE STUDIES

• Park & ride facilities have been developed;• Private dweilling rents raised at a faster rate in fringe areas well served

by public transportation than in central areas;• Downtown traffic has shown 17% reduction as compared to 2-3%

reduction over the past years. I the whole urban area motorway traffic has increased

• The policy has been successful downtown, while the urban area as a whole has not benefit from it as it has experienced an increase of private modal share;

• A general lack of coordination has been reported. Futhermore, uncontrolled and car-driven urban sprawls still exist.

STRASBOURG

TRANSLAND PROJECT

Page 25: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

EXAMPLES – CASE STUDIES

• Achieve an overall Regional Plan

• Improve conditions in the four metroplitan sectors setting medium term (10 – 15 years) planning goals

MADRID

TRANSLAND PROJECT

Page 26: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

EXAMPLES – CASE STUDIES

• Implementation of collaborative model for all convenios of the Madrid Region by the local territorial agency

• Involve governmental agencies (agency of public works and transportation)

• Involve neighbourhood organisations as instrucmental partners.

MADRID

TRANSLAND PROJECT

Page 27: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

EXAMPLES – CASE STUDIES

MADRID

TRANSLAND PROJECT

Results:• Eased institutional consentration• Promoted intence public participation• Developed social cohesion• Provided adequate housing• Located residents in the original land• Developed an urban centrality using criteria of urban quality• Improved the quality of lodging, education health, culture and leasure• Improved accessibility

Page 28: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

EXAMPLES – LAND-USE TRANSPORT MODELS

MEPLAN• SPARTACUS project (USE-IT model, MEPLUS, RASTER

module)• LASER (application of MEPLAN for London and the South

East Region, England)• MEMOTO (application of MEPLAN in Kanto Region, Tokyo,

Japan)

MENTOR

EUNET/RASTER-NET

TRANUS

IRPUD

Page 29: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

EXAMPLES - MEPLAN

• MEPLAN is based on representation of markets in land (space); transport and economy

• used in the SPARTACUS project for test cities

together with - the Raster methodology (to assess urban sustainability indicators),

• the USE-IT model (a Microsoft Visual Basic application)

• and MEPLUS (a GIS-based policy analysis tool)

Land Use Transport

Land Uses(activities)

Travel, freight

Land, floorspace Transport-systems

Demand for

transport

Accessibilities

The MEPLAN model framework

Page 30: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

EXAMPLES – LAND-USE TRANSPORT MODELS

• MENTOR is a land-use planning software than can be linked with existing transport/traffic models such as SATURN, TRIPS, EMME2 or CONTRAM.

• RASTER-NET is a GIS developed for EUNET, EUFRANET and SCENE EC

Page 31: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

EXAMPLES – LAND-USE TRANSPORT MODELS

• MEPLAN and TRANUS are multiregional input-output models capable of modeling intermodality and having a freight transport model.

• TRANUS is an integrated land-use and transport model. It can simulate the probable effects of applying particular land-use and transport policies and projects and evaluate these effects from social, economic, financial and energy points of view.

• IRPUD is a simulation model of intra-regional location and mobility decisions in a metropolitan area. It consists of 6 interlinked submodels: transport; ageing; public programmes; private construction; labour market and housing market.

Page 32: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

CONCLUSIONS (Transland)

• Land-use and transport policies are only successful with respect to criteria essential for sustainable urban transport if they make car travel less attractive

• Land-use policies to increase urban density or mixed land-use without accompanying measures to make car travel more expensive or slower have only little effect.

• Large spatially not integrated retail and leisure facilities increase the distance travelled by car and the share of car travel.

• Fears that land-use and transport policies designed to constrain the use of cars in city centres are detrimental to the economic viability of city centres have in no case been confirmed by reality.

Page 33: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

CONCLUSIONS

'Best practices' are 'good practices' when they have worked successfully in a wide range of situations and have been shown to produce results satisfying integration and sustainability objectives.

• sustainability is mainly seen as the promotion of environmentally friendly modes, and their accessibility for different social groups, while reducing dependence on the private car.

Page 34: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

QUESTIONS

How can we promote a balanced sustainable regional structure

Which are the most efficient policy measures to obtain it?

What does extensive growth of Athens Metropolitan area mean?

What does maximal use of land resources in Athens mean in other cities and municipalities?

What kind of impacts would the new tram line in Athens have in the greater metropolitan area?

How do the regional settlement patterns change due to faster or slower growth of Gross National Product (GNP)?

Page 35: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

OVERVIEW OF POLICY EFFECTS

Policy area

Policy type Policy effects Primary objective

Land - use Investiment and services

Reduction of travel distances

Reduction of land - consumption

Reduce the need for travel

Planning Reduction of travel distances

Reduction of land – consumption

Efficient use of infrastructure

Regulations Reduction of land – consumption

Princing Reduction of land – consumption

Change in settlement behaviour

Information Reduction of land – consumption

Change in settlement behavioursource: TRANSLAND, Deliverable 2b

Page 36: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

OVERVIEW OF POLICY EFFECTSPolicy area Policy type Policy effects Primary objective

Transport Investiment and services

Change in modal split

Efficient use of infrastructure

Make the remaining traffic sustainable

Planning Change in modal split

Efficient use of infrastructure

Regulations Change in modal split

Change in travel behaviour

Change in settlement behaviour

Princing Change in modal split

Change in travel behaviour

Change in settlement behaviour

Information Change in modal split

Change in travel behaviour

Efficient use of infrastructure

source: TRANSLAND, Deliverable 2b

Page 37: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

OVERVIEW OF POLICY OBJECTIVESPolicy area Policy type Policy effects Primary objective

Land - use Investiment and services

Dense, mixed-use structures

Co-ordination of urban development with transport infrastructure

Reduce the need for travel

Planning Dense, mixed-use structures

Co-ordination of urban development with transport infrastructure

Regulations Dense, mixed-use structures

Accessibility by public transport

Princing Restriciting pricing – Dense, mixed-use structures

Subsidies: Co-ordination of urban development with transport infrastructure

Information Dense, mixed-use structures

Co-ordination of urban development with transport infrastructure

source: TRANSLAND, Deliverable 2b

Page 38: TRANSPORT AND LAND USE Transparencies 2003 EU-funded Urban Transport Research Project Results  TRANSPORT TEACHING MATERIAL

TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

OVERVIEW OF POLICY OBJECTIVESPolicy area

Policy type Policy effects Primary objective

Transport Investiment and services

Co-ordination of transport modes

Extension and densification of (public) transport network

Reduce the need for travel

Planning Co-ordination of transport modes

Extension and densification of (public) transport network

Co-ordination of transport network with urban development

Regulations Restriction in car use

Restriction in parking

Princing Restriciting Pricing :Restriction in car use; Restriction in parking

Subsidies: Co-ordination of transport modes; Extension and densification of (public) transport network; Co-ordination of transport network with urban development

Information Restriction in car use

source: TRANSLAND, Deliverable 2b