WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

REGIONAL OFFICE FOR EUROPE

UNITED NATIONS

ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE

UNECE

Transport, Health and Environment: Trends and Developments in the UNECE-WHO European Region

(1997–2007)

Transport, Health and Environment: Trends and Developments in the UNECE-WHO European Region

(1997–2007) Prepared under the auspices of the

Transport, Health and Environment Pan-European Programme

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

REGIONAL OFFICE FOR EUROPE

UNITED NATIONS

ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE

UNECE

New York and Geneva, 2008

N o t e

E x e c u t i v e s u m m a r yA c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s

List of tables 6

List of figures 6

Abbreviations 7

Acknowledgements 8

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11

1 INTRODUCTION 15

2 TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN TRANSPORT ACROSS THE UNECE-WHO EUROPEAN REGION 17

3. TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS REGARDING EFFECTS OF TRANSPORT ON HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT 27

4. PROGRESS MADE IN POLICY INTEGRATION, SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT

AND DEMAND MANAGEMENT (1997–2007) 39

5. CONCLUSIONS 53

Annexes 55

Annex I 55

Annex II 57

Annex III 59

Annex IV 61

C o n t e n t s

Ta b l e sTable 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Map

List of figures

F i g u r e sFigure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 10

Figure 11

Figure 12

Figure 13

Figure 14

Figure 15

Figure 16

Figure 17

A b b r e v i a t i o n s

Bel

CAFE

CEE (=CSEC)

CEI

CIS (=EECCA)

CLRTAP

CO

CO2

CSEC (=CEE)

dB

EBRD

EC

ECMT (=ITF)

EEA

EEA-17

EECCA (=CIS)

EFTA

EIA

EMEP

ENHIS

ESCAP

EU

EU-10

EU-15

EU-25

EU-27

EUR A

EUR B

EUR C

GDP

GHG

IBRD

IDA

IEA

IPPC

ITF

km

km/h

LAeq,T

LAmax

MACs

MMT

NGO

NIIAT

NO2

NOx

NWE

OECD

OSCE

PCFV

p-km

PM

PM2.5

PM10

POPs

ppm

PPP

REC

SEA

SEE (9)

SEE (6)

SO2

TERM

THE PEP

t-km

toe

TREN

TSP

UNECE

UNEP

VAT

VOCs

WHO

WHO Europe

E x e c u t i v e s u m m a r y

General trends in transport across the UNECE-WHO European region

Trends and developments regarding effects of transport on health and the environment

Air quality

Road traffic casualties

Noise

Energy use

Carbon dioxide emissions

Progress made in the three priority areas: policy integration, urban transport and demand management

Policy integration

Sustainable urban transport

Demand management and modal shift

Conclusions

1.1 The Transport, Health, and Environment Pan-European Programme

1 1 The Transport Health and

1 - I n t r o d u c t i o n

1.2 Objectives, methodology, and limitations of this review

1.3 Structure of the report

2 - Trends and Deve lopments in Transport across the UNECE-WHO European Reg ion

2.1 Introduction to the Study Area

2.1.1 UNECE-WHO European region 2.1.2 EECCA and SEE countries

2.2 General transport trends

2.2.1 Overview for Western Europe

2.2.2 Overview for EECCA and SEE countries

Volume of passenger transport relative to GDP in Western Europe

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

104

1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Ind

ex o

f in

lan

d p

asse

ng

er

tra

nsp

ort

vo

lum

e r

ela

tive

to

GD

P

(19

95

=1

00

)

EFTA countriesEU-15

Passenger cars per thousand inhabitants in Western European countries

1995-2004

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1995 2004

Ca

rs/1

00

0 i

nh

ab

ita

nts

EU (25 countries)

EU (15 countries)

EFTA (3 countries)

2.3 Passenger transport2.3.1 Introduction to passenger

transport

2.3.2 Passenger transport in Western Europe

2.3.3 Passenger transport in EECCA and SEE

2.3.3.1 Passenger transport by rail and by coach and bus in EECCA and SEE

2.3.3.2 Trends in the delivery of public transport relevant to EECCA and SEE countries

2.3.3.3 Passenger cars (including taxis), passenger cars per 1,000 persons and the age of the vehicle fleet in EECCA and SEE

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Azerbaijan Georgia Moldova Russian Fed.

1990

2000

2004

2005

2.3.4 Cycling and walking

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

EECCA / CIS

Azerb

aija

n

Georg

ia

Kazak

hstan

Kyrgyz

stan

Mol

dova

Russia

n Fed

.

Nu

mb

er

1990

2003

2.4 Freight transport

2.4.1 Introduction to freight transport 2.4.2 Freight transport in Western Europe

Trends in the market share (in %) of modes

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1995 2000 2005

Fre

igh

t tr

an

sp

ort

in

t-k

m

Road

Rail

Inland waterways

2.4.2.1 Freight transport by road in Western Europe

2.4.2.2 Freight transport by rail in Western Europe

2.4.3 Freight transport in EECCA and SEE Countries

3 - Tr e n d s a n d D e v e l o p m e n t s R e g a r d i n g E f f e c t s o f Tr a n s p o r t o n

H e a l t h a n d t h e E n v i r o n m e n t

3.2.1 Air pollution effects from transport in Western Europe

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Transport-related air pollution and its effects

3.2.2 Air pollution effects from transport in EECCA and SEE

0

10

20

30

4050

60

70

80

90

100

Mos

cow

- 20

02

Almaty

- 19

99

Armeni

a - 1

987

Armeni

a - 1

998

Azerb

aija

n-

2002

Georgia

- 19

91

Georgia

- 20

01

Kyrgyz

stan

- 19

88

Kyrgyz

stan

- 19

98

Tajikis

tan

- 19

90

Tajikis

tan

- 20

02

Ukrain

e - 19

98

Uzbek

ista

n- 2

002

Tashkent

- 200

2

Pe

r c

en

t

p

3.3 Road traffic crashes and injuries

3.3.1 Overview

3.3.2 Trends

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

EECCA EU-15 EU-10 SEE

2001

2004

3.3.3 Road traffic crashes and injuries in EECCA and SEE

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Albania Bosnia & Herzegovina Croatia FYR Macedonia

1995

2000

2002

2003

2004

3.3.4 Road traffic crashes and injuries in Western Europe

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

EECCA / CIS Russian Fed. Ukraine Kazakhstan

1995

2000

2002

2003

2004

0

50

100

150

200

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Thousands

Europe North America UNECE countries

3.4 Effects of transport-sector noise

3.4.1 Overview

3.4.2 Traffic noise effects

3.5 Psychological and social effects

3.6 Effects of transport-sector land use 3.7 Transport-related energy

use and climate change

3.7.1 Energy use

3.7.2 Carbon dioxide emissions

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Kyrgyz

stan

Pe

r c

en

t

Other modes of

transport

Road transport

Armenia

Azerb

aija

n

Bel

arus

Georgia

Kazakh

stan

Republic

of Mol

dova

Russia

nFed

eratio

n

Tajikis

tan

Turkm

enista

n

Ukrain

e

Uzbek

ista

n

3.7.3 Climate change

3.8 Effects related to transport subsidies and external costs

4 - P r o g r e s s m a d e i n Po l i c y I n t e g r a t i o n , S u s t a i n a b l e U r b a n Tr a n s p o r t a n d

D e m a n d M a n a g e m e n t ( 1 9 9 7 – 2 0 0 7 )

4.1 Integration of environmental and health aspects into transport policy

4.1.1 Policy integration in Western Europe

4.1.2 Policy integration in EECCA and SEE

4.2 Sustainable urban transport policy issues

4.2.1 Transport-sector air pollution 4.2.1.1 Regulatory framework

4.2.1.2 Air quality: general progress in Western Europe

4.2.1.3 Air quality: general progress in EECCA and SEE countries

4.2.1.4 Air quality: specific progress

4.2.2 Transport-related energy use and climate change

4.2.3 Road traffic crashes and injuries

4.2.4 Cycling and walking

4.2.5 Transport-sector noise

4.2.6 Psychological and social effects

4.3 Demand management and modal shift

4.3.1 Demand management in Western Europe

4.3.2 Demand management in EECCA and SEE

Note: The numbers for subsidies comprise on-budget subsidies, annual public funding or infrastructure and exemptions from or reductions to fuel tax and VAT. The numbers for external costs includes costs of accidents, noise, air pollution, climate change, nature and landscape, up- and downstream processes and additional urban costs.

4.3.3 Land use for transport

4.3.4 Internalizing the costs of transport

4.3.4.1 Progress in Western Europe

4.3.4.2 Progress in EECCA and SEE

5 - C o n c l u s i o n s

A n n e x e s

A n n e x I

A n n e x I I

A n n e x I I I

A n n e x I V

R e f e r e n c e s

Designed and printed by the Publishing Service, United Nations, Geneva—GE.08.26272—December 2008—1,530—ECE/AC.21/3Designed and printed by the Publishing Service United Nations Geneva—GE 08 26272—December 2008—1 530—ECE/AC 21/3

Designed and printed by the Publishing Service, United Nations, Geneva—GE.08.26272—December 2008—1,530—ECE/AC.21/3