transport, health and environment - the pep · transport, health and environment pan-european...
TRANSCRIPT
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
REGIONAL OFFICE FOR EUROPE
UNITED NATIONS
ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
UNECE
Transport, Health and Environment: Trends and Developments in the UNECE-WHO European Region
(1997–2007)
Transport, Health and Environment: Trends and Developments in the UNECE-WHO European Region
(1997–2007) Prepared under the auspices of the
Transport, Health and Environment Pan-European Programme
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
REGIONAL OFFICE FOR EUROPE
UNITED NATIONS
ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE
UNECE
New York and Geneva, 2008
N o t e
E x e c u t i v e s u m m a r yA c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s
List of tables 6
List of figures 6
Abbreviations 7
Acknowledgements 8
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11
1 INTRODUCTION 15
2 TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN TRANSPORT ACROSS THE UNECE-WHO EUROPEAN REGION 17
3. TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS REGARDING EFFECTS OF TRANSPORT ON HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT 27
4. PROGRESS MADE IN POLICY INTEGRATION, SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORT
AND DEMAND MANAGEMENT (1997–2007) 39
5. CONCLUSIONS 53
Annexes 55
Annex I 55
Annex II 57
Annex III 59
Annex IV 61
C o n t e n t s
Ta b l e sTable 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7
Map
List of figures
F i g u r e sFigure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14
Figure 15
Figure 16
Figure 17
A b b r e v i a t i o n s
Bel
CAFE
CEE (=CSEC)
CEI
CIS (=EECCA)
CLRTAP
CO
CO2
CSEC (=CEE)
dB
EBRD
EC
ECMT (=ITF)
EEA
EEA-17
EECCA (=CIS)
EFTA
EIA
EMEP
ENHIS
ESCAP
EU
EU-10
EU-15
EU-25
EU-27
EUR A
EUR B
EUR C
GDP
GHG
IBRD
IDA
IEA
IPPC
ITF
km
km/h
LAeq,T
LAmax
MACs
MMT
NGO
NIIAT
NO2
NOx
NWE
OECD
OSCE
PCFV
p-km
PM
PM2.5
PM10
POPs
ppm
PPP
REC
SEA
SEE (9)
SEE (6)
SO2
TERM
THE PEP
t-km
toe
TREN
TSP
UNECE
UNEP
VAT
VOCs
WHO
WHO Europe
E x e c u t i v e s u m m a r y
General trends in transport across the UNECE-WHO European region
Trends and developments regarding effects of transport on health and the environment
Air quality
Road traffic casualties
Noise
Energy use
Carbon dioxide emissions
Progress made in the three priority areas: policy integration, urban transport and demand management
Policy integration
Sustainable urban transport
Demand management and modal shift
Conclusions
1.1 The Transport, Health, and Environment Pan-European Programme
1 1 The Transport Health and
1 - I n t r o d u c t i o n
1.2 Objectives, methodology, and limitations of this review
1.3 Structure of the report
2 - Trends and Deve lopments in Transport across the UNECE-WHO European Reg ion
2.1 Introduction to the Study Area
2.1.1 UNECE-WHO European region 2.1.2 EECCA and SEE countries
2.2 General transport trends
2.2.1 Overview for Western Europe
2.2.2 Overview for EECCA and SEE countries
Volume of passenger transport relative to GDP in Western Europe
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Ind
ex o
f in
lan
d p
asse
ng
er
tra
nsp
ort
vo
lum
e r
ela
tive
to
GD
P
(19
95
=1
00
)
EFTA countriesEU-15
Passenger cars per thousand inhabitants in Western European countries
1995-2004
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1995 2004
Ca
rs/1
00
0 i
nh
ab
ita
nts
EU (25 countries)
EU (15 countries)
EFTA (3 countries)
2.3 Passenger transport2.3.1 Introduction to passenger
transport
2.3.2 Passenger transport in Western Europe
2.3.3 Passenger transport in EECCA and SEE
2.3.3.1 Passenger transport by rail and by coach and bus in EECCA and SEE
2.3.3.2 Trends in the delivery of public transport relevant to EECCA and SEE countries
2.3.3.3 Passenger cars (including taxis), passenger cars per 1,000 persons and the age of the vehicle fleet in EECCA and SEE
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Azerbaijan Georgia Moldova Russian Fed.
1990
2000
2004
2005
2.3.4 Cycling and walking
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
EECCA / CIS
Azerb
aija
n
Georg
ia
Kazak
hstan
Kyrgyz
stan
Mol
dova
Russia
n Fed
.
Nu
mb
er
1990
2003
2.4 Freight transport
2.4.1 Introduction to freight transport 2.4.2 Freight transport in Western Europe
Trends in the market share (in %) of modes
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1995 2000 2005
Fre
igh
t tr
an
sp
ort
in
t-k
m
Road
Rail
Inland waterways
2.4.2.1 Freight transport by road in Western Europe
2.4.2.2 Freight transport by rail in Western Europe
2.4.3 Freight transport in EECCA and SEE Countries
3 - Tr e n d s a n d D e v e l o p m e n t s R e g a r d i n g E f f e c t s o f Tr a n s p o r t o n
H e a l t h a n d t h e E n v i r o n m e n t
3.2.1 Air pollution effects from transport in Western Europe
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Transport-related air pollution and its effects
3.2.2 Air pollution effects from transport in EECCA and SEE
0
10
20
30
4050
60
70
80
90
100
Mos
cow
- 20
02
Almaty
- 19
99
Armeni
a - 1
987
Armeni
a - 1
998
Azerb
aija
n-
2002
Georgia
- 19
91
Georgia
- 20
01
Kyrgyz
stan
- 19
88
Kyrgyz
stan
- 19
98
Tajikis
tan
- 19
90
Tajikis
tan
- 20
02
Ukrain
e - 19
98
Uzbek
ista
n- 2
002
Tashkent
- 200
2
Pe
r c
en
t
p
3.3 Road traffic crashes and injuries
3.3.1 Overview
3.3.2 Trends
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
EECCA EU-15 EU-10 SEE
2001
2004
3.3.3 Road traffic crashes and injuries in EECCA and SEE
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Albania Bosnia & Herzegovina Croatia FYR Macedonia
1995
2000
2002
2003
2004
3.3.4 Road traffic crashes and injuries in Western Europe
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
EECCA / CIS Russian Fed. Ukraine Kazakhstan
1995
2000
2002
2003
2004
0
50
100
150
200
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Thousands
Europe North America UNECE countries
3.4 Effects of transport-sector noise
3.4.1 Overview
3.4.2 Traffic noise effects
3.5 Psychological and social effects
3.6 Effects of transport-sector land use 3.7 Transport-related energy
use and climate change
3.7.1 Energy use
3.7.2 Carbon dioxide emissions
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Kyrgyz
stan
Pe
r c
en
t
Other modes of
transport
Road transport
Armenia
Azerb
aija
n
Bel
arus
Georgia
Kazakh
stan
Republic
of Mol
dova
Russia
nFed
eratio
n
Tajikis
tan
Turkm
enista
n
Ukrain
e
Uzbek
ista
n
3.7.3 Climate change
3.8 Effects related to transport subsidies and external costs
4 - P r o g r e s s m a d e i n Po l i c y I n t e g r a t i o n , S u s t a i n a b l e U r b a n Tr a n s p o r t a n d
D e m a n d M a n a g e m e n t ( 1 9 9 7 – 2 0 0 7 )
4.1 Integration of environmental and health aspects into transport policy
4.1.1 Policy integration in Western Europe
4.1.2 Policy integration in EECCA and SEE
4.2 Sustainable urban transport policy issues
4.2.1 Transport-sector air pollution 4.2.1.1 Regulatory framework
4.2.1.2 Air quality: general progress in Western Europe
4.2.1.3 Air quality: general progress in EECCA and SEE countries
4.2.1.4 Air quality: specific progress
4.2.2 Transport-related energy use and climate change
4.2.3 Road traffic crashes and injuries
4.2.4 Cycling and walking
4.2.5 Transport-sector noise
4.2.6 Psychological and social effects
4.3 Demand management and modal shift
4.3.1 Demand management in Western Europe
4.3.2 Demand management in EECCA and SEE
Note: The numbers for subsidies comprise on-budget subsidies, annual public funding or infrastructure and exemptions from or reductions to fuel tax and VAT. The numbers for external costs includes costs of accidents, noise, air pollution, climate change, nature and landscape, up- and downstream processes and additional urban costs.
4.3.3 Land use for transport
4.3.4 Internalizing the costs of transport
4.3.4.1 Progress in Western Europe
4.3.4.2 Progress in EECCA and SEE
5 - C o n c l u s i o n s
A n n e x e s
A n n e x I
A n n e x I I
A n n e x I I I
A n n e x I V
R e f e r e n c e s
Designed and printed by the Publishing Service, United Nations, Geneva—GE.08.26272—December 2008—1,530—ECE/AC.21/3Designed and printed by the Publishing Service United Nations Geneva—GE 08 26272—December 2008—1 530—ECE/AC 21/3
Designed and printed by the Publishing Service, United Nations, Geneva—GE.08.26272—December 2008—1,530—ECE/AC.21/3