transport in animals gastrovascular cavities –flatworms and cnidarians nutrients and gases can...
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Transport in Animals
• Gastrovascular cavities– flatworms and cnidarians
• Nutrients and gases can move by processes such as diffusion and active transport.
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Figure 42.1 Internal transport in the cnidarian Aurelia
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Earthworm
Closed Circulation
Water
Water
Water
Water Water
MouthWater
Incurrentpore
Sponge Hydra Nematode
Gastrovas-cular cavity
Gastrovas-cular cavity
Gastrovascular cavity
Osculum(excurrentopening)
a.
b. c.
No Circulatory System
Grasshopper
Open Circulation
Anus
Hemolymph
Heart HeartLateralhearts
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Open Circulatory systems
• Insects, other arthropods and most mollusks
• No distinction between blood and the interstitial fluid
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Open Circulatory systems
• Hemolymph– name of general body fluid– directly bathes the internal organs
• System of sinuses
• Heart and body movements cause circulation
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Open Circulatory systems
• Slower circulation
• sluggish animals BUT...– Insects are very active
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Figure 42.2 Open and closed circulatory systems
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Closed Circulatory Systems
– Earthworms, squids, octopuses, and vertebrates
• Blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from interstitial fluid
• Consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood
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Blood• Plasma – about 55% of blood volume
– 90% water– inorganic salts (electrolytes), metabolites
(vitamins, aa, glucose), wastes & hormones– proteins
• osmotic balance, viscosity
• buffers, transport lipids, antibodies, clotting factors (fibrinogen)
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Plasma(92% water, 55%of whole blood)
Formedelements
Platelets andleukocytes (<1%)
Red blood cells(erythrocytes)(45% of wholeblood)
Other solutes (1.5%) Electrolytes Nutrients Gases Regulatory substances Waste products
Water (91.5%)
Plasma proteins (7%) Albumin (54%) Globulins (38%) Fibrinogen (7%) All others (1%)
Blood Plasma Red Blood Cells
PlasmaRed blood
cells
White blood cellsPlatelets
Platelets
4 million–6 million/mm3 blood
Neutrophils Eosinophils
Basophils LymphocytesMonocytes
3–8%
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
0.5–1% 20–25%
60–70% 2–4%
150,000–300,000mm3 blood
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Figure 42.14x Blood smear
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BloodCellular Elements:
• Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)– Most numerous (5-6 million in one cubic ml)– Transport oxygen & carbon dioxide
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BloodCellular Elements:
• White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)– Function in body’s defense– A cubic ml of blood has about 5,000 – 10,000– in interstitial fluid or in the lymphatic system –
where your body fights pathogens
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4. Threads of fibrin trap erythrocytes and form a clot.
1. Vessel is damaged, exposing surrounding tissue to blood.
5. Once tissue damage is healed, the clot is dissolved.
3. Cascade of enzymatic reactions is triggered by platelets, plasma factors, and damaged tissue.
2. Platelets adhere and become sticky, forming a plug.
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Thrombin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin
Cellular Elements:
Platelets are cell fragments that pinch off from larger cells in the bone marrow
-Function in the formation of blood clots
Blood
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Figure 42.16x Blood clot
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Heart
• one atrium or two atria
• one or two ventricles
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Heart
• one atrium or two atria– chambers that receive blood returning to the
heart
• one or two ventricles– chambers that pump blood out of the heart.
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Blood vessels
• Arteries– branch into arterioles
• Capillaries
• Veins– venules merge into veins
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Blood vessels
• Arteries– branch into arterioles– carry blood away from heart
• Capillaries– materials are exchanged
• Veins– venules merge into veins– carry blood back toward heart
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Blood Vessel Structure
• Walls of arteries or veins have three layers:– epithelium– smooth muscle with elastic fibers– connective tissue – Arteries have thicker walls than veins
• Capillaries only have the inner epithelium layer
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Capillary Exchange• Law of Continuity
– blood flows slowly in capillaries because larger total cross-section
– allows materials to be exchanged
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Figure 42.10 The interrelationship of blood flow velocity, cross-sectional area of blood vessels, and blood pressure
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Capillary Exchange• About 85% of the fluid that exits capillaries
re-enters at the venule end.
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Return of Blood to Heart
• Pressure too low in veins
• contraction of skeletal muscles move blood
• one-way valves in veins prevent backflow
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Variation in Vertebrate Circulation
FISH
• Two chambered heart and a single circuit of blood flow
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Systemiccapillaries
Respiratorycapillaries
Gills
Sinusvenosus Ventricle
Conusarteriosus
Atrium
Body
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Vertebrate Circulatory Systems
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Variation in Vertebrate Circulation
AMPHIBIAN
• Three chambered heart (two atria and one ventricle) and double circulation (two circuits of flow)
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Lungs
Body
Pulmonarycapillaries
Systemiccapillaries
Ventricle
Conusarteriosus
Right atrium Pulmonary vein
Pulmocutaneousartery
Posterior vena cava
Truncus arteriosus
AortaCarotid arterySystemic artery
Left atriumSinus venosus
Ventricle
Conusarteriosus
Right atrium
Left atrium
a. b.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Amphibian Circulation
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Variation in Vertebrate Circulation
AMPHIBIAN
• Pulmonary circuit– blood is pumped to the lungs, where it is
oxygenated and carried back to the left atrium
• Systemic circuit– blood is pumped to the rest of the body, where
it gives up oxygen and is carried back to the right atrium
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Variation in Vertebrate Circulation
AMPHIBIAN
• Double circulation assures a vigorous flow of blood to the vital organs
• single ventricle --some mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood.
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Variation in Vertebrate Circulation
MAMMALS & BIRDS
• Have a four chambered heart and double circulation
• The left side of the heart handles oxygen-rich blood and the right side handles only oxygen-poor blood.
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Head
Body
Lungs
Systemiccapillaries
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonarysemilunar valve
Inferiorvena cava
Superiorvena cava
Aorta
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Leftventricle
Right atrium
PulmonaryveinsLeft atrium
Bicuspidmitralvalve
Systemiccapillaries
Pulmonaryartery
Superiorvena cava
Inferiorvena cava
Artery
PulmonaryveinAorta
Respiratorycapillaries
a. b.
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Mammalian or Bird Heart
• Valves prevent backflow of blood when the ventricles contract– Between each ventricle and atrium is an
atrioventricular (AV) valve• tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral)
– At the exits of the heart are the semilunar valves
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Head
Body
Lungs
Systemiccapillaries
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonarysemilunar valve
Inferiorvena cava
Superiorvena cava
Aorta
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Leftventricle
Right atrium
PulmonaryveinsLeft atrium
Bicuspidmitralvalve
Systemiccapillaries
Pulmonaryartery
Superiorvena cava
Inferiorvena cava
Artery
PulmonaryveinAorta
Respiratorycapillaries
a. b.
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
QS
Mill
ivo
lts
Seconds
R
P wave
1 sec
+1
-1
0
1. The impulse begins at the SA node and travels to the AV node.
2. The impulse is delayed at the AV node. It then travels to the AV bundle.
SA node(pacemaker)AV node
AV bundle
Left and rightbundle branches
Left and rightbundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Purkinje fibers
Left atriumRight atrium
Purkinje fibers
Interventri-cular septum
AV bundle
Interventricularseptum
AV
AV bundle
Internodalpathway
3. From the AV bundle, the impulse travels down the interventricular septum.
4. The impulse spreads to branches from the interven- tricular septum.
5. Finally reaching the Purkinje fibers, the impulse is distributed throughout the ventricles.
T waveThe control of heart rhythm
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Cardiac Cycle
• a complete sequence of the heart contracting to pump blood, relaxing to fill with blood.
• total length is about 0.8 s– The contraction phase is called systole– The relaxation phase is called diastole
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Figure 42.6 The cardiac cycle
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Cuff
Blood pressuregauge
Stethoscope
050
150100200
250
1. Cuff pressure: 150 mm Hg No sound: Artery closed
2. Cuff pressure: 120 mm Hg Pulse sound: Systolic pressure
3. Cuff pressure: 75 mm Hg Sound stops: Diastolic pressure
050
150100200
250 050
150100200
250
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.