transport of co - ieaghgieaghg.org/docs/general_docs/summer_school_2015/05_diannetran… · 3...
TRANSCRIPT
Transport of CO2
Professor Dianne WileySchool of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia
IEAGHG Summer School 2015University of Western AustraliaPerth AUSTRALIA6-12 December 2015
2
Transportation of CO2: Options
Road
Source: http://www.mfrbee.com/
Ship
Source: http://www.anthonyveder.com/
Source: http://www.bp.com/ Source: http://www.globaltrans.com/about-us/our-business/rolling-stock-fleet/
RailPipeline
3
Thinking about transportation
• CO2 can be transported as a solid, liquid or gas
• Because gaseous CO2
occupies a very large volume, transport uses supercritical (dense liquid) CO2
• Storage depths are such that CO2 is usually in the supercritical state
4
Preparing for transport
Manage temperature and pressure to ensure single phase flow to avoid:
Flow and compression issues
Remove water to avoid: Corrosion Formation of hydrates
Manage other impurites: Remove themand/or Manage compression requirements Manage design requirements (such as pipeline thickness,
crack arrestors)
Source: http://www.bakerhughes.com/
5
Effect of impurities on transport & storage
• Impurities change the critical T & P
• May need more compressors along pipeline or thicker pipe or greater compression at the well head
• May change storage efficiency and effectiveness
Capture technology
Critical temperature
(°C)
Critical pressure
(bar)
Re-pressure distance
(km)
Post-combustion 31 74 300
Pre-combustion 29 83 105
Oxy-fuel 27 93 35
Source: Seevam et al, ‘Transporting the Next Generation of CO2 for Carbon, Capture and Storage: The Impact of Impurities on Supercritical CO2 Pipelines, IPC2008-64063
6
Existing USA CO2 pipelines
Source: IPCC (2005), ‘Special Report on carbon dioxide capture and storage’
7
Proposed ROAD network in the Netherlands
Source: slideshare.net/globalccs/eusew-presentation-by-andy-read-road’
8
Short facts about pipeline transport
US has extensive experience with transport of supercritical CO2 by pipeline
Operating temperatures in the US are typically between 4 ºC to 24 ºCo requires high pressure (10 MPa to 19 MPa) to maintain
CO2 near supercritical conditions Approximately 3100 km of pipeline, capacity 48-58 Mt/yr >25 years of operation with good safety record
Pipeline design needs to consider risks of pipeline rupture transport through densely populated or environmentally
sensitive areas
9
CO2 dispersion & ductile pipeline fracture
Source: folk.ntnu.no/zhiliang/?page_id=322
Source: wiki.iploca.com/display/rtswiki/13.8+Innovations+in+CO2+Pipeline+Construction
10
Ductile fracture simulation
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dz_OhonS28
11
Short facts about ship transport
Depending on conditions, ships may be more cost-effective than pipelines at large distances for:
more than about 300 km off-shore more than about 500 km on-shore
Recommended transport conditions vary 0.7 MPa and -50 ºC (ZEP) 2 to 2.5 MPa and -10 to -20 °C (Chiyoda) compare with triple point (maximum liquid density) at -56.4 °C
and 0.52 MpaOther considerations:
Need to reheat and recompress for offshore discharge May need storage and filling facilities for loading Need to include fugitive emissions in project evaluation and
design for long distance transport
Source: Yoo et al, International Journal Greenhouse Gas Control 12 (2013) 323
12
Comparison of pipe and ship transport
PIPELINE SHIP
Higher upfront costs Lower upfront costs
Relatively little on-going cost Significant on-going costs
Limited flexibility after construction (no route flexibility, limited flow flexibility)
Flexible for route and flow once operational
Long lead time Shorter lead time
Low specific transport costs, especially on shore and for short distance off shore
Can have specific transport costs similar to (or less than) pipelines under some circumstances
13
Pipeline design resources
14
Transport and storage cost resource (onshore and offshore)
0.000001
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Pipe
line
pres
sure
gra
dien
t (M
Pa/k
m)
Nominal pipeline diameter (mm)
1 Mt/y
3 Mt/y
5 Mt/y
10 Mt/y
15 Mt/y
20 Mt/y
25 Mt/y
30 Mt/y
35 Mt/y
40 Mt/y
Increasing flow
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600
Nom
inal
dia
met
er (m
m)
Distance (km)
1 Mt/y3 Mt/y5 Mt/y10 Mt/y15 Mt/y20 Mt/y25 Mt/y30 Mt/y35 Mt/y40 Mt/y
Increasing flow
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 50 100 150 200
Pipe
line
cape
x(A
$ m
illio
n, b
are
erec
ted
cost
, 201
5)
Distance (km)
1 Mt/y3 Mt/y5 Mt/y10 Mt/y15 Mt/y20 Mt/y25 Mt/y30 Mt/y35 Mt/y40 Mt/y
Increasing flow-rate
Government, Industry and Research Partners