Transport of wine over Transport of wine over long distanceslong distances

By Holly BarrettBy Holly Barrett

HistoryHistory

• The earliest known vessel, that could The earliest known vessel, that could have been used for wine is the have been used for wine is the Kwevri, which is a clay jar, said to Kwevri, which is a clay jar, said to date back to 6000 BC. date back to 6000 BC.

• An Amphora is a vessel that was An Amphora is a vessel that was used to transport and store wine used to transport and store wine dating back as far as 4800 BC.dating back as far as 4800 BC.

Image sourced from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmphoraImage sourced from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphora

• The amphorae The amphorae were used by the were used by the ancient Greeks and ancient Greeks and the Romans to the Romans to transport and store transport and store wine, and grapes.wine, and grapes.

History

HistoryHistory

• The Romans The Romans transported their wine transported their wine by sea in earthenware by sea in earthenware containers.containers.

• The Romans learnt of The Romans learnt of barrels from the Gauls barrels from the Gauls in 3in 3rdrd century AD. century AD. Barrels were used for Barrels were used for almost 2000 years. almost 2000 years.

Image sourced from: http://www.cabotages.fr/cabotages-coastwise-in-english/1001-ships-and-sailors/bateaux-d-hier-to-tomorrow/ancient-wine-carriers.html

Image sourced from: http://www.art.com/Two/Wine/Barrels

In the 20th century these ancient In the 20th century these ancient technologies have been replaced by technologies have been replaced by pallet and container transportation.pallet and container transportation.

Main issues wineries must consider Main issues wineries must consider when transporting wine over long when transporting wine over long distances: distances:

• minimising wine spoilageminimising wine spoilage • avoiding breakagesavoiding breakages • ExpenseExpense• Convenience Convenience • reducing energy use, and CO2 emissionsreducing energy use, and CO2 emissions

Transportation of wine in bulk.Transportation of wine in bulk.

• There are two There are two options for wine options for wine producers producers wishing to wishing to transport wine in transport wine in bulk over long bulk over long distances. They distances. They are ISO tanks, are ISO tanks, and Flexitanks.and Flexitanks.

• Both options Both options have their have their advantages and advantages and disadvantages.disadvantages.

ISO tanksISO tanks

Image sourced from: www.wrap.org.uk/.../Bulk_shipping_wine_quality_May_08.4c971b65.53

86.pdf

FlexitanksFlexitanks..

Image sourced from: www.wrap.org.uk/.../Bulk_shipping_wine_quality_May_08.4c971b65.5386.pdf

Some advantages and Some advantages and disadvantages of transporting disadvantages of transporting wine in bulkwine in bulk

AdvantagesAdvantages• Transporting wine in bulk is Transporting wine in bulk is

cheaper than transporting in cheaper than transporting in bottle.bottle.

• Transporting wine in bulk is Transporting wine in bulk is more environmentally friendly more environmentally friendly than transporting bottlesthan transporting bottles

DisadvantagesDisadvantages• Greater risk of contamination Greater risk of contamination

and taint to the wine.and taint to the wine.

• Spoilage. Oxidation due to Spoilage. Oxidation due to defective seal on tank.defective seal on tank.

Transportation of wine in Transportation of wine in bottlebottle

• Standard 20ft container holds Standard 20ft container holds approximately 13,000 bottles.approximately 13,000 bottles.

• Requires effective packaging against Requires effective packaging against breakage and temperature. breakage and temperature.

Packaging options for Packaging options for bottlesbottles

• EPSEPS

• Corrugated Corrugated CardboardCardboard

• Molded PulpMolded Pulp

• Formed Plastic TraysFormed Plastic TraysImages sourced from:http://www.winebusiness.com/wbm/?go=getArticle&dataId=62877

Some advantages and Some advantages and disadvantages of transporting disadvantages of transporting wine in bottlewine in bottleAdvantagesAdvantages• Wine is ready for sale on Wine is ready for sale on

arrival at end destination.arrival at end destination.

• Convenient for the winery and Convenient for the winery and the purchaser.the purchaser.

DisadvantagesDisadvantages• It costs more to send bottles It costs more to send bottles

than to send in bulk.than to send in bulk.

• Spoilage. Oxidation, reduction Spoilage. Oxidation, reduction due to temperature due to temperature fluctuations during fluctuations during transportation.transportation.

• The process of transporting The process of transporting wine in bottle has high energy wine in bottle has high energy use and CO2 emissions.use and CO2 emissions.

Challenges wine producers face when Challenges wine producers face when transporting wine over long distancestransporting wine over long distances

• Temperature control of containersTemperature control of containers

• To maintain consistent product. To maintain consistent product.

• BreakageBreakage

The ideal temperature for storing wine is 13˚ to 15˚C.

Temperature fluctuations can degrade the aroma, colour and flavour of the wine.

Challenges wine producers face Challenges wine producers face when transporting wine over long when transporting wine over long distancesdistances

• OxidationOxidation

• Taint and contaminationTaint and contamination

• Re-fermentationRe-fermentation

Moving towards the FutureMoving towards the Future

• Environment and carbon foot printEnvironment and carbon foot print

• Bulk transportationBulk transportation

• Use of biodegradable packagingUse of biodegradable packaging

• Emissions trading schemeEmissions trading scheme

ReferencesReferences

1.1. Hartley, A. (2008). Bulk shipping of wine and its implications for product quality. Hartley, A. (2008). Bulk shipping of wine and its implications for product quality. Retrieved August 10, 2010 from Retrieved August 10, 2010 from www.wrap.org.uk/.../Bulk_shipping_wine_quality_May_08.4c971b65.5386.pdfwww.wrap.org.uk/.../Bulk_shipping_wine_quality_May_08.4c971b65.5386.pdf

2.2. Tinney, Mc. (2009). Product Review: Wine Shippers. Retrieved August 7, 2010 from Tinney, Mc. (2009). Product Review: Wine Shippers. Retrieved August 7, 2010 from http://www.winebusiness.com/wbm/?go=getArticle&dataId=62877http://www.winebusiness.com/wbm/?go=getArticle&dataId=62877

3.3. Rupp,K.J. (2008). Fine wine Export-Energy Use and CO2 Emissions A Case Study. Rupp,K.J. (2008). Fine wine Export-Energy Use and CO2 Emissions A Case Study. Retrieved August 9, 2010, from Retrieved August 9, 2010, from http://neri.otrg.nzhttp://neri.otrg.nz . .

4.4. History. (n.d). Retrieved August 10, 2010, from History. (n.d). Retrieved August 10, 2010, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_(wine). .

5.5. Sanderson, K. (2009). History of wine and the vine [Handout]. Taradale, New Zealand: Sanderson, K. (2009). History of wine and the vine [Handout]. Taradale, New Zealand: Eastern Institute of Technology: Diploma in Wine Marketing: 5.05 Introduction to Eastern Institute of Technology: Diploma in Wine Marketing: 5.05 Introduction to Wine Business.Wine Business.

6.6. Amphora. (2010). Retrieved August 10, 2010 from Amphora. (2010). Retrieved August 10, 2010 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphora http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphora

7.7. Boehmer, A. (2008). Why Good Wines Go Bad. Retrieved August 10, 2010 from Boehmer, A. (2008). Why Good Wines Go Bad. Retrieved August 10, 2010 from http://newworldwine.suite101.com/article.cfm/why_good_wines_go_bad http://newworldwine.suite101.com/article.cfm/why_good_wines_go_bad