transportation electrification – trends and future...
TRANSCRIPT
KaushikRajashekara
TheUniversityofTexasatDallasRichardson,TX
Transportation Electrification –Trends and Future Strategies
1www.utdallas.edu/pedl
November 7, 2015
WhyElectrificationofTransportation
1. Reduce Emissions2. Reduce fuel consumption3. Meet the regulations and Standards4. To meet the increasing electrical power demand5. Higher efficiency of electrical systems compared to IC engines,
pneumatic, and hydraulic systems6. Ease of control and operation
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Emissions StandardsAutomotive- CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy)
The U.S. government current rules for the Corporate Average Fuel Economy, or CAFE, program mandates an average of about 29 miles per gallon, with gradual increase to 35.5 mpg by 2016.
This will increase to 54.5 miles per gallon starting from 2025 model year Every state has set its own emission regulations
Aerospace - ACARE (Advisory Council for Aeronautics Research in Europe) goals to be achieved by 2020) 50% reduction of CO2 emissions through drastic reduction of fuel consumption 80% reduction of NOx emissions
International Civil Aviation Organization goals Improving fuel efficiency by an average two percent per year until 2050 Keeping the global net carbon emissions from international aviation from 2020 at the
same level
2020 European ‘CAFE’ prospective
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Electrification of Vehicles
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The continuous increase of functionality for comfort, safety, driver assistance and infotainment systems as well as the insertion of innovations raise the power requirements.In combination with the electrification of powertrain functions and ancillary units for CO2 reductions, these requirements drive today´s vehicle power supply to its limits
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Electronically controlled systems in an Automobile
Heated windscreen Compartment warm-up
Engine water pump
Engine lubricant pump
Automated gearbox
Electric power steeringElectrically heated catalytic converter
Electrical air conditioning compressor
Electronic engine valve actuation
Entertainment
Electronically controlled suspension
Brake by wire
GeneralMotorsEV1electricvehicle
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Powertrain:ModelSisarearwheeldriveelectricvehicle.Theliquid‐cooledpowertrainincludesthebattery,motor,driveinverter,andgearbox.Microprocessorcontrolled,60kWhlithium‐ionbattery(230milesrange.Itis300mileswith85kWh),
Charging:∗ 10kWcapableon‐
boardchargerwiththefollowinginputcompatibility:85‐265V,45‐65Hz (Optional20kWcapableTwinChargersincreasesinputcompatibilityto80A)
TeslaModel‐ S
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SuperchargerRated up to 135KWFor 85KWh Battery, 180 miles for 30mins of charging
Hybrid Power train TopologyConventional
ElectricMotor
Engine
Battery
Electric Motor
Battery
Micro HybridMicro Hybrid
Full Hybrid
Electric Vehicle
Range extender
Series Hybrid
Parallel
Fuel Cell
Series
Mild HybridMild Hybrid
GeneratorEngineFuel Cell
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Toyota Crown
Chevy Volt withPlug-in capability
Honda FCX
Honda Insight
Toyota Prius
Nissan Leaf
Hybrid Vehicles classification
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Functions of different types of hybrid vehicles
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Function Micro Hybrid
Mild Hybrid
Full Hybrid
Plug-in Hybrid
Fuel economy 5% to 10% 7% to 15% >30% >50%
Power levels 3kW to 5kW 10kW to 15kW
>20kW >20kW
Automatically stops/starts the engine in stop-and –go traffic
Uses regenerative braking and operates above 60V
Uses electric motor to assist a combustion engine
Can drive at times using only the electric motor
Recharges battery from an external supply
48V Micro-Hybrid: Start/Stop system
• Start-stop technology is gaining momentum in last years due to stringent carbon emission norms enacted by European parliament and the need by vehicle manufacturers to meet these stringent norms.
• More than 50% of the newly registered vehicles will have start-stop as standard technology after 2013.
• Even though the technology is widely utilized for small / mid segment cars in Europe it also has high potential for compact and luxury car segments.
• It can be expected, that especially micro-mild hybrid technology will gain increasing relevance in the coming years as technological challenges are solved (high voltage electrical system, for e.g. 48V).
• Start-stop is a key technology to be used in conjunction with other fuel saving technologies to attain the stringent carbon norms of 2020
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2014 Insight Hybrid: Front Wheel DriveEngine: 1.3 liter, 4 cylinder; 98HP@5800rpmBattery: 100.8V DC (NiMH battery), 5.75 AhMotor/Generator: 13 HP @1500rpmPermanent Magnet Brushless DC
Fuel consumption (City/Highway): 41/44 MPG with CVT
Honda Integrated Motor Assist (IMA) Hybrid Architecture (Integrated starter/Generator)
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History of Toyota Hybrid Systems
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ChevroletVOLTConcept(PHEV)
∗ GlobalCompactVehicleBased∗ ElectricDriveMotor
• 120kWpeakpower• 320Nmpeaktorque(236lb‐ft)
∗ Li‐ionBatteryPack• 136kWpeakpower• 16kWhenergycontent• Homeplug‐incharging
∗ Generator• 53kW
∗ InternalCombustionEngine• 1.0L3‐cylinderturbo
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2015 Toyota Mirai
17http://www.toyota.com/mirai/fcv.html
Toyota hydrogen fuel cell car Mirai will arrive in USA at the end of 2015. Cost is $57,500Range: 650 km5 kg of hydrogen at 70 Mpa, normal operating pressure245V, 1.6kWh NiMH battery
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Name Toyota Fuel Cell System (TFCS)- 2015Toyota Mirai
Number of occupants 4
Max. Speed 111 mph
Curb Weight 1850kg
Time from (0 to 60mph) 9 seconds
Motor
Max. Output 113 KW (152hp)
Max. Drive (Torque) 335Nm
Type AC Synchronous Electric Motor (Permanent Magnet)
Fuel cell stack
Type Solid Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell
Output 114 KW (153hp)Output Density: 3.1KW/L
370 cells (single lining stack)
Fuel
Type Compressed Hydrogen Gas
Storage High Pressure Hydrogen Tank
Pressure 87.5MPa (maximum filling pressure)70 MPa (normal operating pressure)
Capacity 5kg approx. Refueling time: approx. 5 min
Battery 245V 1.6KWh (Nickel Metal Hydride)
Range 650 km (404 miles)
Exhaust 240ml of water for every 4km
Honda’s Next Generation Advanced Powertrain Vehicles
• An all-new Honda plug-in hybrid model (PHEV) in 2018• An all-new Honda battery-electric vehicle (BEV) in 2018• Honda FCV Concept - next-generation Honda fuel-cell vehicle, launching in
2016• The Honda FCV CONCEPT is equipped with a 70 MPa high-pressure
hydrogen storage tank that provides a cruising range of more than 700 km. The tank can be refilled in approximately three minutes, making refueling as quick and easy as today’s gasoline vehicles.
GridInterface
PluginFuelCellVehicle
SOFCAPU∗ providesback‐uporsustainedheatandpowertothehouse
Li‐IonBattery∗ consumessurplusoff‐peakelectricity– whenavailable∗ provideshighqualityback‐uppower(UPSfunction)∗ providesshort‐termbi‐directionalgridsupportfunction.
RangeextenderEV
LithiumIonBatteryand
SOFCrangeextenderFuel
ElectricPower
CommunityNetwork
Heat
Fuel
(PEMFuelcellcouldalsobeused)
V2G and G2V Strategies Development of smart charging – Integration of energy flow and
information flow• Bidirectional communication with distribution infrastructure• Local wireless network architecture with connectivity between EVSE
home area network gateway• EVSE to EVSE communication networks and neighborhood area network
that do not require any direct connection to the utility company Integration of ac charging and ultra fast dc charging in a single system
that will have one charging inlet per vehicle, one integrated controller, and one charging communication
“Uber for Energy”
Wireless Charging
Connected and Automated Vehicles
Connected Vehicles• Connected vehicles refer to the wireless connectivity enabled vehicles that can
communicate with their internal and external environments, i.e., supporting theinteractions of V2S (vehicle-to-sensor on-board), V2V (vehicle-to-vehicle), V2R(vehicle-to-road infrastructure), and V2I (vehicle-to-Internet).
• The connected vehicles are considered as the building blocks of the emergingInternet of Vehicles (IoV), a dynamic mobile communication system thatfeatures gathering, sharing, processing, computing, and secure release ofinformation and enables the evolution to next generation IntelligentTransportation Systems (ITS).
Connected and Automated Vehicles• A connected vehicle system is based on wireless communication
among vehicles of all types and the infrastructure• Automated vehicles are those in which at least some aspect of a
safety-critical control function (e.g., steering, throttle, or braking) occurs without direct driver input.
ProbeData
E-payment Transactions
Signal Phase and Timing Information Real Time Network Data
Situation Relevant Information
Infrastructure Communications
Opportunity for
Innovation
V2V Safety Messages
“The Network”
Connected Vehicles
Mitsubishi eX Concept
27http://www.mitsubishi‐motors.com/en/events/motorshow/2015/tms2015/technology/
• The MITSUBISHI eX Concept is the combination of several technologies• Uses the next‐generation EV system which brings together a longer cruising range as
well as superior driving performance. • It has front and rear compact high‐output motors. • eX Concept has a cruising range of 400 km.• It delivers 70 kW to both front and rear wheels for a total output of 140 kW of power.• Advanced connected car technology integrates vehicles with information networks• Linked constantly to cloud
Mitsubishi eX Concept
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The MITSUBISHI eX Concept can be connected to a V2H device that allows the energy stored in the drive battery to supply enough electricity battery to power domestic appliances in an average household for four days. A 1500W 100V AC socket also allows the battery to power home electric appliances when enjoying outdoor pursuits.
If involved in an accident, it automatically transmits sensor information on the damage (the seriousness of the crash, whether airbags have deployed or not, etc.) as well as the location of the crash through a vehicle emergency communication system.
More Electric Aircraft/Electric Aircraft
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Electrical Power Generation Strategies in Airplanes
Ian Moir and Allan Seabridge, “Aircraft Systems: Mechanical, Electrical and Avionics Subsystems Integration,” 3rd Edition, Wiley, 2008
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Voltage and Generation Types The system is a hybrid AC and DC system of following voltage types:
• 115 Vac• 28 Vdc• 230 Vac• ±270 Vdc
230 Vac generating system• Variable frequency starter generators on engines • Variable frequency starter generators on APU
Traditional
Replacing the traditional pneumatic system Higher voltages to minimize the weight impact
Electrical System Voltages in More Electric Aircraft
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Airbus 330 Engine off take loads
Mechanical power- Engine Fuel Pump- Engine Oil Pump
- Engine start200kW (peak)
100kW (local)
Hydraulic power- Flight Controls- Landing gear- Braking- Reverse- Doors
240kW-206bars
Electrical power- Avionics- Commercial- Pumps- De-icing- Lights- …...
115VAC-230kVA
Pneumatic power- Air conditioning- Pressurisation- Ice Protection
- Engine start
From some barsup to 20bars-1200kW
Example: Power used on A330
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Thrust for Propulsion
Generator
Traditional Aircraft Electric Load
Environment Control System
Oil, Hydraulic and Fuel Pump Motors
Other Access Loads
Electric de-icing, galley loads
Generator can be mounted to the shaft (as embedded generator or on the gearbox)
Jet Fuel
More Electric Engine (MEE)
In a More Electric Aircraft (MEA) system, the jet engine is optimized to produce the thrust and the electric power.
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N3-X Concept Description
Superconducting-motor-driven fans in a continuous nacelle
Wing-tip mounted superconducting turbogenerators
• TeDP-HWB: Turboelectric Distributed Propulsion– Hybrid Wing Body• Decoupled propulsive producing device from power producing device• Two wingtip mounted turboshaft engines driving superconducting
generators• Superconducting electrical transmissions• Fifteen superconducting motor driven propulsors embedded in fuselage• Two cooling schemes, cryo-cooled and LH2-cooled
Turboelectric Distributed Propulsion Engine Cycle Analysis for Hybrid Wing Body Aircraft – (AIAA) 2009-1132
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N.O.
N.O.
SCFCL SCFCL
Generator
Converter Transmission Line
Converter and Propulsor Motor
Energy Storage
(if necessary)Protection Equipment
(throughout)
Power Generation and Distribution Technology
M. Armstrong, M.,C.Ross,M. Blackwelder, and K. Rajashekara,., Propulsion System Component Considerations forNASA N3-X Turboelectric Distributed Propulsion System, 2012 SAE Power Systems Conference, Phoenix,AZ, PaperNo. 2012-01-2165, October 2012
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Fuel Cell Aircraft - World's first zero-emission four-seater passenger aircraft.
German H2FLY Consortium is developing the World's first zero-emission four-seater passenger aircraft, to deploy as electric air taxis. The consortium’s vision is the advancement of emission-free electrified flight using hydrogen, and its aircraft, named HY4, is expected to make its maiden flight from Stuttgart Airport in the summer of 2016
The HY4 electric motor has an output of 80 kilowatts, a top speed of around 200 km/h and a cruising speed of 145 kilometers per hour. Depending on speed, altitude and load a range, 750 to 1500 kilometers are possible
Why Flying Cars? Flying cars will significantly enhance the personal transportation Flying cars will revolutionize the whole transportation industry and improve the
standard of living in many parts of the world, particularly in underdeveloped countries.
The flying cars will enable to skip the whole infrastructure development, which is building roads and bridges and thus saving billions of dollars. It will also save a number of trees being cut, thus improving the air qulaity. It preserves the landscape.
This will enable building only fewer airports thus reducing the number of air traffic control problems.
Develops a new class of industry, thus creating millions of jobs in several disciplines. Flying car components industry- electrical, mechanical, electronics, etc. Power conversion and electric machines Microturbines Signals, controls, and communications Many other related areas
It could replace the helicopters and provide versatile operation with reduced emissions, fuel use, and capital cost.
Flying Cars
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Terrafugia‐Transition
TF‐X
Enabling Technologies
Electric Drive System Components
Typical propulsion System components of a EV Power-train
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WideBandGapSemiconductors∗ Wide band gap semiconductor - power electronic components have high current
density, faster, and more efficient than silicon (Si)-based devices.∗ They have lower on-resistances (Ron), so lower conduction losses [SiC
MOSFETS]∗ They operate efficiently at much higher temperatures, voltages, and switching
frequencies.∗ These materials are significantly more powerful and energy efficient than those
made from conventional semiconductor materials∗ Handles voltages 10 times higher than Silicon.∗ Operates at temperatures over 300°C.∗ Operates at frequencies 10 times higher than silicon.∗ Higher breakdown voltages.∗ Large band gap∗ High carrier mobility∗ High electrical conductivity∗ High thermal conductivity
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SiC based Toyota Camry Hybrid
50Toyota expects 10% improvement in efficiency using SiC devices
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Batterycharacteristics• ThemainconsiderationsintheselectionofEV/HEVbatteriesare
∗ Powerdensity∗ Energydensity∗ Weight∗ Volume∗ Cyclelife∗ Temperaturerange∗ Environmentalconditions∗ Cost
Power densityIn W/kg
Energy Density in Wh/kg
Acceleration
Range
Battery type Lead acid NiMH Lithium‐ion
Energy Density(Wh/kg)
30‐40 50‐80 100‐160
Power density(W/kg)
120‐200 250‐1000 1000‐1500
Cycle life 200‐300 300‐500 500‐1000
LithiumAirbatteries∗ Lithium Air batteries could significantly increase the range of electric vehicles
due to their high energy density, which could theoretically be equal to the energy density of gasoline.
∗ It is estimated that these batteries could hold 5-10 times the energy of lithium-ion batteries of the same weight, and twice the energy for the same volume.
∗ The lithium/air has a theoretical energy density that is close to the limit of what is possible for a battery (~10,000 Wh/kg). They have the potential of achieving the energy density in the range of 2000 to 3500 Wh/kg. P.ractically, it could be about 700Wh/kg
∗ One of the biggest challenges facing lithium-air batteries is their limited number of charge/discharge cycles
∗ In addition, the process of charging the lithium air battery is a relatively slow process as compared with the lithium ion battery.
∗ Several companies are working on to develop lithium–air battery that will be expected to be more powerful than the lithium-ion batteries used in many electric and hybrid vehicles
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Summary
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SummaryofTrends∗ Powertrain
• Plug‐in‐hybrid;48Vstart‐Stop;Plug‐infuelcellhybridvehicles(PFCVs),EVs∗ FuelCellVehicles
• DirectHydrogen(CompressedorliquidHydrogen)• Hydrogengenerationusingrenewableenergy• PEMfuelforpropulsion.SOFCforon‐boardpowergenerationinlargervehicles(Trucks,Train,
Ships,Airplanes,etc)∗ EnergyStorage
• Lithiumion,LithiumAir(longterm)• Highvoltage(withorwithoutboostconverter)
∗ ElectricMachine• PermanentMagnet,Induction,Synchronousreluctance/PM‐AssistSynchronousreluctance
∗ PowerConverter• Silicin basedInsulatedGateBipolarTransistors‐IGBT(MovingtowardsSiC devices– longterm
GaN)
• Charging– Integrationofenergyflowandinformationflow, Fastcharging,Wirelesscharging– V2GandG2V
• ConnectedVehicles• MoreElectricEnginesandMoreElectricAircrafts• AircraftwithHybridPropulsion• Flyingcars
∗ There will be an exponential growth in electrical power demands in transportation systems
∗ Almost every auto manufacturer is working on the development of new generation of electric/hybrid vehicles
∗ “More Electric” is a technology enabler for power generation, energy storage, conversion systems, and other technologies
∗ Some of the technologies such as fuel cells require significant R&D to bring them to the level so that industry can make them commercially viable for transportation applications.
• Connected vehicles is important, innovative, and evolving. They are also thebuilding blocks of emerging Internet of Vehicles (IoV).
• It is no longer enough to sell personal transportation; people want a personalizeddriving experience that keeps them connected to everything that is important tothem—friends, information, music, maps, schedules, and more
• Future cars will augment our driving capabilities and make our travel experiencesafe
• Driverless Vehicles leading to Uber for “Energy”
Summary
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REFERENCES
1.K. Rajashekara, ”Parallel between More Electric Aircraft and Electric/Hybrid Vehicle Power Conversion Technologies,“ IEEE Electrification Magazine, June 2014, PP. 50-602. K. Rajashekara, “Present Status and Future Trends in Electric Vehicle Propulsion Technologies,“ IEEE journal of Emerging and Selected topics in Power Electronics, vol. 1, no. 1, March 2013, PP. 3-103. http://www.forbes.com/sites/williampentland/2011/08/05/nissan-leaf-to-power-homes/?partner=yahootix (Accessed on August 13, 2015)4. K. Rajashekara, Q. Wang, and K. Matsuse, „Flying Cars – Challenges and Propulsion Strategies IEEE Electrification Magazine ( Accepted for publication in IEEE Electrification Magazine)5. K. Rajashekara and Akshay Rathore, “Power Conversion and Control of Fuel Cell Systems in Transportation and Stationary Power Generation,“ Electric Power Compo-nents and Systems, 43(12):1376–1387, 20156. http://www.terrafugia.com/tf-x (Accessed on August 13, 2015)7.http://teslatap.com/model-s-top-features/ (Accessed on August 13, 2015)8. http://www.its.dot.gov/connected_vehicle/connected_vehicle_tech.htm (Accessed on August 13, 2015)