transportation land use and physical activity

7/30/2019 Transportation Land Use and Physical Activity

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UWG S~dcjmk Wd~awu 797

EADS UID GTJKU DBXJWABFDBU JBHKTDBCD ÎZSJCMK MCUJXJUZ1DYMFJBJBL UID DXJEDBCD

Uwmbs~awumujab+ Kmbe Tsd+ mbe îzsjcmk McujxjuzSmhduz mbe Sdctwjuz Cabsjedwmujabs

MBMSUMSJM KATOMJUAT&SJEDWJS

^m~dw ~wd~mwde haw uid Uwmbs~awumujab Wdsdmwci Gamwe mbe uid Jbsujutud ah Fdejcjbd

Caffjuudd ab îzsjcmk Mcujxjuz+ Idmkui+ Uwmbs~awumujab+ mbe Kmbe Tsd

Mbmsumsjm Katomjuat&Sjedwjs js Cimjw mbe wahdssaw+ Ed~mwufdbu ah Twgmb kmbbjbl+

Tbjxdwsjuz ah Cmkjhawbjm+ Kas Mbldkds"


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Cabudbus

Stffmwz"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""=

Jbuwaetcujab""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""7

Wdkmujabsij~s mbe Hmcuaws Jbhktdbcjbl îzsjcmk Mcujxjuz"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""3

Uz~ds ah îzsjcmk Mcujxjuz"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""3Uidawjds Dy~kmjbjbl îzsjcmk Mcujxjuz """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""5

^dwsabmk&Kdxdk dws~dcujxds """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""5

Dcakaljcmk ^dws~dcujxds """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""4

Xmwjmgkds Mhhdcujbl izsjcmk Mcujxjuz """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""8

Jbejxjetmk Cimwmcudwjsujcs """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""8Sacjmk Cimwmcudwjsujcs"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""8

îzsjcmk!Dbxjwabfdbumk Cimwmcudwjsujcs ah Sduujbls""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

Dkjfjbmujbl Gme Bdjligaws""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""7>

Cwdmujbl Smhd Udwwjuawjds""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""7>^waudcujbl Mccdss Watuds mbe Edsujbmujab """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""7>

Caf~kdfdbumwjuz ah Suwmudljds """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""7>

Uwmhhjc Smhduz mbe uid Gtjku Dbxjwabfdbu""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""7=^waudcujbl Bdjligawiaae Sduujbls hwaf Uwmhhjc """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""73

Cabcktsjab """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""78

Wdhdwdbcds"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""7>7m*+ mbe mb dsujfmude uiwdd&

}tmwudws ah Mfdwjcmbs ea bau fddu uid wd~awus sumbemwe" ^mwukz ms m wdstku ah jbmcujxjuz+ mgatu abd}tmwudw ah uid ~a~tkmujab js agdsd mbe 8=$ js axdw|djliu )Ojkkjbls|awui 7>>=*" Mu uid smfd

ujfd+ m sdedbumwz kjhdsuzkd js cabsjedwde ua gd m ~wjfmwz hmcuaw jb fawd uimb 7>>+>>> edmuis ~dwzdmw"

\mkojbl js uid fasu caffab ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz+ wd~awude gz 7>$ ah Mfdwjcmbs )Wass

7>>>*" Zdu |mkojbl mbe ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz mwd edcwdmsjbl wm~jekz jb uid Tbjude Sumuds" Mccawejblua uid 7>>> cdbsts+9"9$ |dwd gz auidw

faeds? mbe 3"3$ ah uid ~a~tkmujab |awode mu iafd )T"S" Cdbsts Gtwdmt 7>>>*" Uid fmwodusimwd ah cafftudws |ia mwd |mkojbl aw czckjbl ua |awo ims ewa~~de sjlbjhjcmbukz jb uid kmsu

edcmed )Umgkd =*" Mu uid smfd ujfd+ |mkojbl mbe gjojbl uwj~s ua sciaak imxd edcwdmsde gz 5>$ jb

uid ~msu 7> zdmws )Ojkkjbls|awui 7>>=*"

Gtu |iz js uid ~wa~dbsjuz ah Mfdwjcmbs ua |mko aw czckd edcwdmsjbl axdw uid zdmws1 Mbtfgdw ah jbudwwdkmude hmcuaws imxd gddb hatbe ua mhhdcu mb jbejxjetmks udbedbcz haw ~izsjcmk

mcujxjuz+ jbcktejbl |mkojbl mbe czckjbl" Uidsd wmbld hwaf jbejxjetmk&kdxdk cm~mcjujds

)sacjaedfalwm~ijc+ ctkutwmk+ mbe gdimxjawmk cimwmcudwjsujcs+ mbe kjhdsuzkd muujuteds mbe~wdhdwdbcds* ua sacjduz&kdxdk cimwmcudwjsujcs )sacjmk bawfs+ ~tgkjc ~akjcjds+ mbe fmwodu hawcds*" Mu

uid smfd ujfd+ ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz umods ~kmcd jb m s~mujmk cabudyu" Dbxjwabfdbumk cimwmcudwjsujcs mu

uid scmkd ah uid gtjkejbl sjud+ uid bdjligawiaae+ aw uid fduwa~akjumb mwdm mwd mksa kjodkz uajbhktdbcd mb jbejxjetmks a~~awutbjuz ua |mko+ gjod+ ~kmz+ aw dydwcjsd atueaaws" Jb uid kmsu edcmed+

m |jed wmbld ah dbxjwabfdbumk cimwmcudwjsujcs imxd wdcdjxde jbcwdmsjbl muudbujab gz sciakmws mbe

~tgkjc idmkui dy~dwus" Uijs hacts sudfs hwaf uid hmcu uimu stci cimwmcudwjsujcs fmz gd faejhjmgkdmbe cmb gd fmbj~tkmude aw cimblde ua mcijdxd dbxjwabfdbus |ijci mwd ~wdstfmgkz fawd hwjdbekz


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Katomjuat&Sjedwjs 3

mbe ias~jumgkd ua ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz" Uijs ~m~dw |jkk hacts ab m ~mwujctkmw dbxjwabfdbumk xmwjmgkd0uid smhduz mbe sdctwjuz ah bdjligawiaae stwwatbejbls" Ju |jkk dy~kawd uid wdkmujxd jf~awumbcd ah

smhduz mbe sdctwjuz jb jbhktdbcjbl |mkojbl mbe auidw ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz+ mbe |jkk ~wdsdbu m

bawfmujxd hwmfd|awo ah ~assjgkd jbudwxdbujabs uimu cmb fmod uid bdjligawiaae sduujbl smhdw"Uid ~m~dw js caf~asde ah uiwdd fmàw sdcujabs0

=" Uid hjwsu sdcujab ljxds gmcolwatbe jbhawfmujab wdlmwejbl uid ~kduiawm ah hmcuaws mbewdkmujabsij~s uimu sddf ua jbhktdbcd mb jbejxjetmks edcjsjab ua dblmld jb ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz" Uijs

~mwu jbckteds m cabcjsd edscwj~ujab ah uid ejhhdwdbu uz~ds ah ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz+ uid uidawjds uimu

imxd gddb edxdka~de ua dy~kmjb fdejmuaws mbe faedwmuaws ah stci mcujxjuz+ mbe uid ckmssds ah

xmwjmgkds uimu mhhdcu mb jbejxjetmks edcjsjab ua dblmld jb |mkojbl+ czckjbl+ aw auidw hawfs ah~izsjcmk dydwcjsd"

7" Uid sdcabe sdcujab ~wdsdbus mb dyudbsjxd kjudwmutwd wdxjd| |ijci jedbujhjds+ }tmkjhjds+mbe dxmktmuds uid kjbo gdu|ddb smhduz mbe sdctwjuz cabsjedwmujabs mbe ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz" Cabcdwbsmgatu bdjligawiaae cwjfd ms |dkk ms bdjligawiaae uwmhhjc mbe uidjw jf~mcu ab ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz

mwd ejsctssde" Uijs sdcujab mksa dy~kawds ia| cabcdwbs mgatu cwjfd mbe uwmhhjc mhhdcu ejsujbcu

stg&~a~tkmujabs ejhhdwdbukz+ mbe ia| xmwjmujabs jb bdjligawiaae sduujbls mbe twgmb faw~iakalzfmz mhhdcu uid edcjsjab ua |mko aw dydwcjsd"

3" Uid uijwe sdcujab ~kmcds smhduz mbe sdctwjuz cabcdwbs |juijb m s~mujmk cabudyu mbedymfjbds edsjlb mbe ~akjcz jbudwxdbujabs uimu cmb cwdmud edhdbsjgkd s~mcd" U|a fmàw cmudlawjds

ah jbudwxdbujabs mwd ejsctssde0 )m* catbudwfdmstwds ua bdjligawiaae cwjfd? mbe )g* fdmstwds uimufjujlmud uid dhhdcus ah uwmhhjc" S~dcjhjc dymf~kds ah gaui ckmssds ah jbudwxdbujabs mwd ejsctssde"

WDKMUJABSIJ^S MBE HMCUAWS JBHKTDBCJBL ÎZSJCMK MCUJXJUZ

Uz~ds ah îzsjcmk Mcujxjuz

îzsjcmk mcujxjuz ims gddb edhjbde ms mbz gaez ah faxdfdbu ~waxjede gz sodkdumk ftsckds uimuwdstkus jb m stgsumbujmk jbcwdmsd axdw uid wdsujbl dbdwlz dy~dbejutwd )Gwatcimwe mbe Sid~mwe

=::5*" îzsjcmk mcujxjuz cmb acctw jb xmwjats hawfs mbe cabudyus )Fmkjbm mbe Gjdkjcoj =::8* mbe

cmb gd cmudlawjpde jb ejhhdwdbu |mzs gmsde ab uid wmud ah dbdwlz dy~dbejutwd )ag`dcujxdfdmstwdfdbu*+ uid kdxdk ah ~dwcdjxde dhhawu )stg`dcujxd fdmstwdfdbu*+ uid uz~d ah mcujxjuz )d"l"+

|mkojbl+ czckjbl+ s|jffjbl+ mdwagjc dydwcjsd+ duc"*+ ms |dkk ms uid ~wjfmwz ~tw~asd ah uid

mcujxjuz )d"l"+ wdcwdmujabmk+ tujkjumwjmb+ duc"*" Haw uid ~tw~asds ah uijs sutez |d |jkk ckmssjhz

~izsjcmk mcujxjujds jb u|a fmàw cmudlawjds )Hjltwd =*0

=" Wdcwdmujabmk!kdjstwd&wdkmude ~izsjcmk mcujxjujds cmb umod ~kmcd djuidw |juijb uid ~wjxmudmts~jcds ah uid iafd )d"l"+ dydwcjsd+ ~kmz+ duc"* aw mu uid ~tgkjc dbxjwabfdbu ah bdjligawiaaesuwddus+ uwmjks+ mbe ~mwos )|mkojbl+ czckjbl+ s~awus+ duc"*"

7" Tujkjumwjmb mcujxjujds jbckted |mkojbl aw gjojbl àtwbdzs ua |awo+ sciaak+ sia~s+ mbeauidw dwwmbes+ |ijci umod ~kmcd jb uid ~tgkjc dbxjwabfdbu ah uid bdjligawiaae mbe cjuz? ms |dkkms acct~mujab&wdkmude mcujxjujds uimu umod ~kmcd mu uid |awo sduujbl"

Ejhhdwdbu hmcuaws cmb jbhktdbcd aw faedwmud mb jbejxjetmks edcjsjab ua ~mwujcj~mud jb dmciejhhdwdbu cmudlawz ah ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz" Haw dymf~kd+ uid mxmjkmgjkjuz mbe mccdssjgjkjuz ah


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5 UWGS~dcjmk Wd~awu 7970 Eads uid Gtjku Dbxjwabfdbu Jbhktdbcd izsjcmk Mcujxjuz1 Dymfjbjbl uid Dxjedbcd

wdcwdmujabmk hmcjkjujds mbe |mkojbl ~muis mbe uidjw ~dwcdjxde sdctwjuz mbe muuwmcujxdbdss+ fmzjbhktdbcd abds ~wa~dbsjuz ua dblmld jb wdcwdmujabmk ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz jb uid bdjligawiaae" Ab

uid auidw imbe+ tujkjumwjmb |mkojbl js kjodkz ua gd mhhdcude+ mfabl auidw uijbls+ gz uid ~wayjfjuz

ah uid edsujbmujab+ uid mxmjkmgjkjuz mbe casu ah auidw uwmbs~awumujab faeds+ mbe uid ~dwcdjxdesmhduz ah uid watud )Im|uiawbd =:9:*" Mu uid smfd ujfd+ mcujxjujds umojbl ~kmcd jb ~tgkjc sduujbls

mwd sim~de gz ejhhdwdbu hmcuaws uimb mcujxjujds acctwwjbl |juijb ~wjxmud udwwjuawjds" Uid mxmjkmgjkjuzah ~wjxmud dydwcjsd d}tj~fdbu fmz gd uid fasu sjlbjhjcmbu hmcuaw mhhdcujbl mb jbejxjetmksedcjsjab ua dydwcjsd mu iafd+ |ijkd uid ~wdsdbcd aw mgsdbcd ah sjed|mkos cmb edudwfjbd ijs!idw

edcjsjab ua |mko jb uid bdjligawiaae" Jb cabuwmsu ua mcujxjujds |ijci umod ~kmcd jb uid ~wjxmud

dbxjwabfdbu ah uid iafd aw |awo+ ~izsjcmk mcujxjujds jb ~tgkjc dbxjwabfdbus udbe ua gd mhhdcude

gz uid twgmb faw~iakalz ah uid sjud+ uid bdjligawiaae+ mbe uid fduwa~akjumb mwdm )Imbez du mk"7>>7*" Cabsjedwmujabs wdlmwejbl uwmhhjc smhduz aw sdctwjuz hwaf bdjligawiaae cwjfd mwd jf~awumbu

haw stci mcujxjujds" Haw uijs wdmsab+ uijs ~m~dw |jkk abkz dymfjbd ~izsjcmk mcujxjujds jb ~tgkjc

dbxjwabfdbus"

Uidawjds Dy~kmjbjbl ^izsjcmk Mcujxjuz

Ejhhdwdbu uidawdujcmk faedks sddojbl ua dy~kmjb fdejmuaws mbe faedwmuaws ah ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz

imxd gddb jedbujhjde jb uid kjudwmutwd" Ms Ojbl du mk" )7>>7g* dy~kmjb+ safd uidawjds ljxd fawd

df~imsjs ab uid calbjujxd+ dfaujabmk+ mbe ~szciakaljcmk jbhktdbcds stwwatbejbl uid jbejxjetmk

mbe ijs!idw ciajcds ua gd mcujxd )~dwsabmk&kdxdk ~dws~dcujxds*+ |ijkd auidw uidawjds suwdss uidezbmfjc jbudw~kmz mfabl jbudw~dwsabmk hmcuaws+ uid gdimxjaw jb }tdsujab+ mbe dbxjwabfdbumk

jbhktdbcds )dcakaljcmk ~dws~dcujxds*"

^dwsabmk&Kdxdk ^dws~dcujxds

M sdwjds ah uidawjds mwujctkmud ~dwsabmk&kdxdk ~dws~dcujxds uimu sddo ua ~wdejcu mbe dy~kmjb m

~izsjcmkkz mcujxd kjhdsuzkd" Uidsd jbckted uid hakka|jbl0

Uid idmkui&gdkjdh faedk |ijci mwltds uimu m ~dwsabs ~wa~dbsjuz ua gd mcujxd jsedudwfjbde gz ijs aw idw ~dwcd~ujab ah uid cabsd}tdbcds ah m ~audbujmk jkkbdss mbe uid ~dwcdjxdegdbdhjus ah tsjbl ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz ms m catbudwfdmstwd ua uid wjso ah lduujbl sjco" )Sddhdke du mk"

7>>7*"

Uid wdkm~sd&~wdxdbujab faedk |ijci edwjxds hwaf uid sutez ah ~wacdssds caffabua wdkm~sd jb meejcujabs+ mbe df~imsjpds uid sjlbjhjcmbcd ah fmjbumjbjbl m edsjwde gdimxjawcimbld" Dxdb mfabl uid wdltkmwkz mcujxd ~a~tkmujab+ tbdy~dcude ejswt~ujabs mbe bdlmujxd hmcuaws

cmb edcwdmsd aw dbe dblmldfdbu jb ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz" Stci bdlmujxd hmcuaws )d"l"+ kjfjude sacjmk

st~~awu aw ca~jbl sojkks+ ka| faujxmujab+ mbe jbudw~dwsabmk cabhkjcus* fmz gd ejfjbjside jh uid

jbejxjetmk mbujcj~muds uidf mbe ~kmbs ua catbudwmcu uidf gz edxdka~jbl sojkks haw ~wdxdbujblwdkm~sds ua jbmcujxjuz )Ojbl du mk" =::7? Sddhdke du mk" 7>>7*"

Uid sacjmk&calbjujxd uidawz |ijci df~imsjpds sdkh&dhhjcmcz ms m cdbuwmk udbdu mbesuwdssds uid jf~awumbcd ah ~da~kds mgjkjuz ua wdltkmud uidjw a|b gdimxjaw gz sduujbl lamks+fabjuawjbl uidjw ~walwdss ua|mwes uidsd lamks+ mbe mcujxdkz jbudwxdbjbl ua fmod uid sacja&

~izsjcmk dbxjwabfdbu st~~awujxd ah uidsd lamks )Ojbl du mk" =::7*"

Uid wmujabmk ciajcd uidawz |ijci mwltds uimu ~da~kd+ ms wmujabmk jbejxjetmks+ |djlimbe cmwdhtkkz dxmktmud uid ~was mbe cabs ah uidjw edcjsjabs mbe uid dy~dwjdbcde aw mbujcj~mude


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Katomjuat&Sjedwjs 4

itwekds mbe gdbdhjus hwaf ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz )D~sudjb =::9*" Uid faedk ewm|s hwaf gdimxjawmkciajcd uidawz |ijci muudf~us ua tbedwsumbe edcjsjab fmojbl tbedw ejhhdwdbu mxmjkmgkd a~ujabs"

Uijs faedk+ |ijci js mksa wdhdwwde ua jb uid kjudwmutwd ms uid dy~dcumbcz&xmktd edcjsjab uidawjds+

xjd|s gdimxjaw ms m htbcujab ah abds dy~dcumujabs ah atucafds sudffjbl hwaf m gdimxjaw mbeuid dxmktmujab ah uidsd atucafds caf~mwde |jui atucafds ah mkudwbmujxd mcujabs )Ojbl du mk"

=::7*" Uid uwmbsuidawdujcmk faedk |ijci ~wa~asds uimu jbejxjetmks ldbdwmkkz faxd

sd}tdbujmkkz uiwatli hjxd fm`aw sumlds ah cimbld )~wdcabudf~kmujab+ cabudf~kmujab+ ~wd~mwmujab+mcujab+ mbe fmjbudbmbcd* jb mea~ujbl m bd| gdimxjaw mbe fmjbumjbjbl mb mcujxd kjhdsuzkd

)Sddhdkeu 7>>7*" Uijs faedk axdwkm~s |jui safd ah uid uidawdujcmk hawftkmujabs kjsude ~wdxjatskz

mbe jbcaw~awmuds sdxdwmk auidw ejfdbsjabs ah gdimxjaw cimbld jbcktejbl mb dsujfmujab ah uid ~wasmbe cabs ah cimbld mbe sdkh&dhhjcmcz"

Dcakaljcmk ^dws~dcujxds

Jb cabuwmsu ua uid ~wdxjats uidawjds uimu ~wjxjkdld ~dwsabmk&kdxdk muuwjgtuds ms uid mkk&cwtcjmk

edudwfjbmbus mhhdcujbl gdimxjaw+ dcakaljcmk faedks msstfd uimu dkdfdbus ah uid ~izsjcmk mbesacjactkutwmk dbxjwabfdbu jbudwmcu ua jbhktdbcd mb jbejxjetmks gdimxjaw mbe ~wa~dbsjuz ua dblmldjb mb mcujxd kjhdsuzkd )Gmkk du mk" 7>>=*" Jb uid kmsu edcmeds+ dcakaljcmk faedks uimu hacts ab uid

jbudwwdkmujabsij~ gdu|ddb ~da~kd mbe uidjw dbxjwabfdbu imxd lmjbde jb ~a~tkmwjuz" Uid gdkjdh uimu

dbxjwabfdbus mwd jf~awumbu edudwfjbmbus ah idmkui ims kde ua jbudwxdbujabs uimu cabsjedw uidjbhktdbcd ah ~kmcd wmuidw uimb sjf~kz hactsjbl ab mkudwjbl jbejxjetmk gdimxjaw )Okjbdbgdwl

7>>7*+ mbe uwz ua edxdka~ idmkui&~wafaujbl dbxjwabfdbus+ edhjbde ms safd cafgjbmujab ah

sduujbls+ hmcjkjujds+ mbe ~walwmfs uimu dbcatwmld ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz )Hwmbo mbe Dbldkod

7>>=07>>7*" Haw dymf~kd+ ijli kdxdks ah xdijctkmw uwmhhjc cmb~wdxdbu uid tsd ah sjed|mkos mbe ejscatwmld |mkojbl )M~~kdzmwe =:9=*" Uid kmco ah |mkojbl

~muis mbe uwmjks+ ~mwos mbe a~db s~mcds ~wdxdbus wdcwdmujabmk ~izsjcmk mcujxjujds hwaf umojbl ~kmcd

=\ijkd uid udwfs bdjligawiaae mbe cafftbjuz mwd ahudb tsde jbudwcimbldmgkz bdjligawiaaes mwd mk|mzs

~kmcd&gmsde+ |ijkd cafftbjujds bdde bau gd"


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jb uid bdjligawiaae" Cabxdwsdkz+ sutejds imxd sia|b uimu uid dyjsudbcd ah hmcjkjujds stci ms ~mwosbdmw uid iafd+ dbcatwmlds cijkewdb+ fauidws+ mbe akedw ~da~kd ua s~dbe ujfd atueaaws+ uits

~waxjejbl cabejujabs cabetcjxd ua ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz )Cwd|d 7>>=? Ktbe 7>>3*" Mb dfdwljbl

kjudwmutwd jb twgmb ~kmbbjbl js dy~kawjbl ia| ejhhdwdbu ejfdbsjabs ah uid gtjku dbxjwabfdbu cmbdbcatwmld uid cabsuwtcujab ah kjxmgkd cafftbjujds |jui twgmb hawf uimu js szf~muidujc ua

~izsjcmk mcujxjuz+ gjojbl+ mbe |mkojbl )Hwmbo mbe Dbldkod 7>>=? Imbez du mk" 7>>7*"

Xmwjmgkds Mhhdcujbl ^izsjcmk Mcujxjuz

M caf~kdy jbudw~kmz ah ~wafaujbl mbe cabsuwmjbjbl xmwjmgkds mhhdcus mb jbejxjetmks edcjsjab ua

|mko+ gjod+ aw ldu jbxakxde jb s~awus mbe dydwcjsd" ^wa~dbsjuz ua|mwes ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz js cmtsdebau abkz gz jbejxjetmk cm~mcjujds mbe dy~dwjdbcds gtu mksa gz sacjmk wdkmujabsij~s mbe uid

~izsjcmk cimwmcudwjsujcs ah sduujbls" Uidwd ims gddb cabsjedwmgkd edgmud mfabl sciakmws mgatu uid

wdkmujxd jf~awumbcd ah jbejxjetmk+ sacjmk+ mbe ~izsjcmk!dbxjwabfdbumk xmwjmgkds haw ~izsjcmkmcujxjuz" Mb jbudwdsujbl df~jwjcmk hjbejbl cafds hwaf Laweab&Kmwsdb du mk" )7>>>* |ia hatbe

uimu ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz mbe jbmcujxjuz |dwd mhhdcude gz ejhhdwdbu edudwfjbmbus+ |jui ~izsjcmk

mcujxjuz gdjbl fasukz jbhktdbcde gz dbxjwabfdbumk hmcuaws+ mbe jbmcujxjuz gdjbl ~wjfmwjkzedudwfjbde gz sacjaedfalwm~ijc mbe ~dwsabmk hmcuaws"

Jbejxjetmk Cimwmcudwjsujcs

Jbejxjetmk cimwmcudwjsujcs jbckted m ~dwsabs mld+ ldbedw+ wmcd!duibjcjuz+ jbcafd+ detcmujab+

gjafdejcmk sumuts+ duc" M btfgdw ah sutejds imxd gddb mgkd ua dsumgkjsi suwabl cawwdkmujabs

gdu|ddb uid dyjsudbcd ah cdwumjb jbejxjetmk cimwmcudwjsujcs mbe abds ~wa~dbsjuz ua dblmld jb~izsjcmk mcujxjuz"

\afdb+ jb ldbdwmk+ mwd hatbe ua gd kdss ~izsjcmkkz mcujxd uimb fdb jb s~awus mbe xjlawatsdydwcjsd" Ia|dxdw+ sutejds uimu uaao jbua cabsjedwmujab iatsdiake mbe auidw ciawds hatbe |afdb

ua imxd sjfjkmw wmuds ah ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz ua fdb )Dzkdw du mk" =::9*" Jb ldbdwmk+ |idb kjliu mbe

faedwmud mcujxjujds mwd jbcktede ldbedw ejhhdwdbcds sddf ua ejfjbjsi aw ejsm~~dmw )Ojbl du mk"=::7*" Ms dy~dcude+ zatbldw mld js ahudb hatbe ua gd ~asjujxdkz mssacjmude |jui ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz

)Uwa~de du mk" 7>>=*" Caf~mwjsabs gz wmcd mwd ahudb agsctwde gz uid jf~mcu ah sacjadcabafjc

sumuts mbe kdxdk ah detcmujab" Bdxdwuidkdss+ safd sutejds imxd sia|b uimu duibjc fjbawjujds+~mwujctkmwkz Mhwjcmb&Mfdwjcmb mbe Ijs~mbjc |afdb+ mwd kdss kjodkz ua mea~u mbe fmjbumjb mb

mcujxd kjhdsuzkd )Sddhdkeu du mk" 7>>7*"

Tbjxdwsjuz detcmujab mbe ijlidw jbcafd kdxdks mwd ~asjujxdkz cawwdkmude ua ~izsjcmk

mcujxjuz )Gmkk du mk" 7>>=? Wass 7>>>*" Mu uid smfd ujfd+ jb bdjligawiaaes |idwd m ijli~dwcdbumld ah ~da~kd hmkk gdka| uid ~axdwuz kjbd+ jbejxjetmks mwd mksa fawd kjodkz ua |mko ua |awo

mbe ua sia~s gdcmtsd ah ka| kdxdks ah cmw a|bdwsij~ )Wass 7>>>? Cwmjl du mk" 7>>7? Ljkds&Cawuj

mbe Eabaxmb 7>>7*" Auidw ~dwsabmk gmwwjdws ua |mkojbl mbe mcujxd kjhdsuzkd jbckted sumud ah~dwsabmk idmkui mbe ~izsjcmk ejsmgjkjuz+ kmco ah ujfd+ kmco ah faujxmujab mbe dbdwlz+ mbe kmco ah

sdkh&dsuddf"

Sacjmk Cimwmcudwjsujcs

Sacjmk st~~awu ah hmfjkz mbe ~ddws mbe st~~awujbl sacjmk bdu|awos+ ms |dkk ms uid mxmjkmgjkjuz ah mcaf~mbjab haw ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz imxd gddb sia|b ua jbhktdbcd mb jbejxjetmks udbedbcz ua |mko


9/46

Katomjuat&Sjedwjs >3? Sumik du mk" 7>>=*" M cwass&sdcujabmk stwxdz hwaf =:::&7>>> mfablmetkus jb uid Tbjude Sumuds hatbe sdxdwmk sacjmk hmcuaws mssacjmude |jui ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz jbcktejbl

imxjbl hwjdbes |ia dbcatwmld dydwcjsd+ mbe imxjbl hwjdbes ua dydwcjsd |jui )Gwa|bsab du mk"

7>>=*" Sacjmk xmwjmgkds m~~dmw ua gd suwabldw haw |afdb uimb fdb+ ~wdstfmgkz gdcmtsd ah smhduzcabcdwbs |ijci mwd ijlidw mfabl |afdb )Gmkk 7>>=? Dzkdw du mk" =:::*"

^izsjcmk!Dbxjwabfdbumk Cimwmcudwjsujcs ah Sduujbls

Uid cimwmcudwjsujcs ah sduujbls jbckted m ftkujuted ah xmwjmgkds stci ms uid mxmjkmgjkjuz+

mccdssjgjkjuz+ muuwmcujxdbdss+ mbe smhduz ah bdjligawiaae s~mcds mbe hmcjkjujds" Jb uid kmsu zdmws+

jbcwdmsjbl muudbujab ims hactsde ab uid bdjligawiaae ms m tbju ah mbmkzsjs mbe jbudwxdbujab+gdcmtsd ju js tbedwsuaae uimu bdjligawiaae sduujbls imxd uid ~audbujmk ua iasu m ftkujuted ah

~izsjcmk mcujxjujds" Jbedde+ m wdcdbu cwass&sdcujabmk sutez ah metkus jb uid Tbjude Sumuds hatbe uimu

uid fm`awjuz ah wds~abedbus )88"=$* jedbujhjde bdjligawiaae suwddus ms uid sduujbls |idwd uidzdblmld jb ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz )Gwa|bsab du mk" 7>>=*"

Bdjligawiaaes ~wdsdbu dbxjwabfdbumk cabsuwmjbus mbe a~~awutbjujds" Safd imxd |mkojbl

mbe gjod ~muis+ |jed sjed|mkos+ ~mwos mbe ~tgkjc ~aaks" Auidws imxd embldwats suwddus+ cwmcode~mxdfdbu+ mbe ijli uwmhhjc" Bdjligawiaaes fmz gd cimwmcudwjpde gz ~izsjcmk ejsawedw )lwmhhjuj+

kjuudw+ mgmbeabde gtjkejbl+ mbe ejswd~mjw* mbe sacjmk ejsawedw )cwjfd+ kajudwjbl+ ewtbodbbdss+ ewtl

tsd*" Kjxjbl jb bdjligawiaaes |jui ijli ~izsjcmk mbe!aw sacjmk ejsawedw ldbdwmuds suwdss mbe hdmw"

Uid suwtcutwd ah m ejsmexmbumlde bdjligawiaae fmz mhhdcu gdimxjaw gdcmtsd ~da~kd |ia mwdhdmwhtk ah suwddu cwjfd mwd mksa kjodkz ua cabsuwmjb uidjw atueaaw mcujxjujds )Wass =::3? Wass mbe

Fjwa|soj 7>>=? Okjbdbgdwl 7>>7*" Cabxdwsdkz+ }tjdu+ smhd+ mbe ckdmb bdjligawiaaes jbxjud

atueaaw mcujxjuz" Sjbcd sjlbjhjcmbu ~awujabs ah |mkojbl mbe czckjbl umod ~kmcd jb uid kacmkdbxjwabfdbu ah bdjligawiaae suwddus+ uidsd mcujxjujds mwd lwdmukz jbhktdbcde gz uid bdjligawiaae

cabudyu"Uid dbxjwabfdbumk xmwjmgkds mhhdcujbl ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz mu uid bdjligawiaae mwd wdkmujxdkz

tbedwsutejde" Meejujabmkkz+ sutejds dymfjbjbl uid wdkmujabsij~ gdu|ddb uid ~dwcdjxde

bdjligawiaae dbxjwabfdbu mbe ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz imxd zjdkede jbcabsjsudbu hjbejbls" U|a cwass&sdcujabmk sutejds eje bau hjbe mssacjmujabs gdu|ddb uid ~dwcdjxde bdjligawiaae dbxjwabfdbu aw

cabxdbjdbcd ah hmcjkjujds mbe ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz )Smkkjs du mk" =::>=? Cwmjl du mk" 7>>7*"

Eds~jud uid fjyde wdstkus+ m wjsjbl jbudwdsu jb uid jf~mcu ah ~izsjcmk xmwjmgkds ims gddb

ldbdwmude gz uid wdcalbjujab uimu uid ~izsjcmk dbxjwabfdbu cmb gd faejhjde" Wdsdmwci ab

~izsjcmk mcujxjuz mbe uid ~izsjcmk dbxjwabfdbu js mu uid cawwdkmuds sumld+ mbe ju js cabsjedwde }tjud~wdfmutwd ua muuwjgtud cmtsmk dhhdcus" M btfgdw ah wdcdbu df~jwjcmk sutejds imxd uwjde ua dsumgkjsi

|ijci xmwjmgkds mwd fawd sjlbjhjcmbu edudwfjbmbus ah ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz tbedw s~dcjhjc

sacjaedfalwm~ijc mbe ~izsjcmk cabejujabs" Sutejds ab uid jbhktdbcd ah uid dbxjwabfdbu ab~izsjcmk mcujxjuz imxd gddb ~wjfmwjkz cwass&sdcujabmk aw cmsd&gmsde" Uid mssacjmujabs eactfdbude

gdu|ddb ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz mbe dbxjwabfdbumk xmwjmgkds imxd gddb suwabldw |jui ag`dcujxd

dbxjwabfdbumk xmwjmgkds uimb |jui sdkh&wd~awude mbe ~dwcdjxde dbxjwabfdbumk xmwjmgkds )Gmkk dumk" 7>>=*" Xmwjmgkds hatbe ua gd cawwdkmuds jbckted hdmutwds ah uid kacmk bdjligawiaae jbcktejbl

cabxdbjdbu hmcjkjujds+ ~wdsdbcd ah sia~s mbe ~mwos+ fawd mdsuidujcmkkz hmxawmgkd mbe smhd

dbxjwabfdbus )Gmkk du mk" 7>>=? Cawuj du mk" =::


10/46


auidw imbe+ wdcwdmujabmk ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz sddfs ua gd jbhktdbcde gz s~mujmk mccdss+ cabxdbjdbcd+mbe bdjligawiaae smhduz )Ljkds&Cawuj mbe Eabaxmb 7>>7*" Haw |mkojbl+ cjwctkmujab mbe twgmb

edsjlb dkdfdbus )uwmhhjc+ kjliujbl+ sjed|mkos* imxd gddb stlldsude ms jf~awumbu )Gwa|bsab du mk"

7>>=? Cwmjl du mk" 7>>7*" Oijsuz )=::5* hatbe sdxdb hmcuaws wds~absjgkd haw jbcwdmsjbl uid tsd ah~dedsuwjmb hmcjkjujds0 muuwmcujxdbdss+ cafhawu mbe cabxdbjdbcd+ ~a~tkmujab edbsjuz+ fjyde kmbe

tsds+ smhduz+ szsudf caidwdbcd )ejwdcubdss*+ mbe cabujbtjuz" Fmbz sutejds imxd wd~awude uimujbcwdmsde edbsjuz mbe fjyde&tsd edxdka~fdbu mwd mssacjmude |jui fawd |mkojbl mbe gjojbl gtuuidwd js sujkk edgmud axdw uid cabsjsudbcz mbe jbudw~wdumujab ah stci mssacjmujabs )Gdwwjlmb mbe

Uwajmba 7>>7*"

Fasu ah uid mhawdfdbujabde sutejds cafd ~wjfmwjkz hwaf uid hjdkes ah ~tgkjc idmkui mbe

fdejcjbd mbe sddo ua dsumgkjsi cmtsmk wdkmujabsij~s gdu|ddb cdwumjb xmwjmgkds mbe ~izsjcmkmcujxjuz" Safd wdcdbu sutejds hwaf uid hjdke ah twgmb ~kmbbjbl imxd m fawd bawfmujxd mbe ~akjcz&

awjdbude sca~d+ mbe sddo ua mssdss ia| uid fmbj~tkmujab ah twgmb edsjlb+ kmbe tsd mbe

uwmbs~awumujab cmb ~wafaud fawd mcujxd mbe idmkuiz cafftbjujds" )Imbez du mk" 7>>7? Lwddb|mkembe Gamwbdu 7>>7? Hwmbo mbe Dbldkod 7>>=*" Imbez du mk" )7>>7* jedbujhz sjy ejfdbsjabs ah uid

gtjku dbxjwabfdbu uimu cmb mhhdcu uid ciajcd ah |mkojbl0 =* edbsjuz mbe jbudbsjuz? 7* kmbe tsd fjy?

3* suwddu cabbdcujxjuzejwdcubdss mbe mxmjkmgjkjuz ah mkudwbmujxd watuds? 5* suwddu scmkd? 4*mdsuidujc }tmkjujds? mbe 8* wdljabmk suwtcutwd )j"d"+ ejsuwjgtujab ah mcujxjujds mbe uwmbs~awumujab

uiwatliatu uid wdljab*"

M sutez ah uid kjudwmutwd stlldsus uimu uid cafgjbde mbe jbudwwdkmude dhhdcus ah m btfgdw

ah dbxjwabfdbumk xmwjmgkds cmb jbhktdbcd mb jbejxjetmks ~wa~dbsjuz ua |mko" Abd ah uiddbxjwabfdbumk xmwjmgkds uimu dfdwlds ms ~mwujctkmwkz jf~awumbu js uid smhduz mbe sdctwjuz ah uid

bdjligawiaae sduujbl"

SMHDUZ+ SDCTWJUZ+ MBE ^IZSJCMK MCUJXJUZ

Uz~ds ah Smhduz!Sdctwjuz

\dgsudws mgwjelde ejcujabmwz edhjbds sdctwjuz ms uid sumud ah hddkjbl ah gdjbl hwdd hwaf hdmw+

cmwd+ embldw+ duc"? smhduz aw m sdbsd ah smhduz? hwddeaf hwaf eatgu aw tbcdwumjbuz? mbe safduijbl

uimu ljxds aw msstwds smhduz? ~waudcujab? smhdltmwe )\dgsudws =:88*" Fasu |atke mlwdd |juiuijs ldbdwjc fdmbjbl ah sdctwjuz" Bdxdwuidkdss+ m fawd s~dcjhjc mbe a~dwmujabmk ckmssjhjcmujab ah

uid ejhhdwdbu uz~ds ah embldw mhhdcujbl ~dedsuwjmbs mbe czckjsus js bdcdssmwz jh |d |mbu ua ~kmb haw

sdctwjuz" Haw jbejxjetmks jbxakxde jb ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz jbcktejbl |mkojbl+ uidwd cmb gd gaui

itfmb mbe bab&itfmb satwcds ah embldw7" Ms sia|b jb Hjltwd 7+ itfmb satwcds jbckted

cwjfjbmks |ia fmz fdbmcd uid suwddus mbe auidw ~tgkjc s~mcds+ dbembldwjbl mbe udwwjhzjbl

~dedsuwjmbs" Idmxz uwmhhjc mbe!aw wdcokdss ewjxdws ~waxjed mbauidw satwcd ah embldw haw

~dedsuwjmbs mbe czckjsus+ ms uidjw ~wdsdbcd jbcwdmsds uid ~assjgjkjuz ah ~dedsuwjmb&mtuafagjkdcakkjsjabs" Bab&itfmb satwcds ah embldw jbckted tbmuudbede eals |ijci cmb muumco mbe jb`twd

~dedsuwjmbs mbe czckjsus+ mbe ~aaw aw mgsdbu wame|mz jbhwmsuwtcutwd )cwmcode aw tbdxdb ~mxdfdbu+

kmco ah sjed|mkos* uimu cmb cmtsd hmkks mbe jb`twjds"

7Kdd Wmjb|mudw )=:


11/46

Katomjuat&Sjedwjs :

Ju siatke gd baude uimu smhduz aw kmco uidwdah cmb gd ~dwcdjxde aw mcutmk+ j"d"+ mbdbxjwabfdbu cmb gd uwtkz tbsmhd mbe embldwats+ gmsde ab ag`dcujxd cwjudwjm ah fdmstwdfdbu3 aw

cmb gd ~dwcdjxde ms stci+ gmsde ab stg`dcujxd jbejxjetmk ~dwcd~ujabs" Wdlmwekdss jh ~dwcd~ujabs

mwd uwtd aw bau+ uidz imxd uid ~a|dw ua mhhdcu mb jbejxjetmks ~wa~dbsjuz ua xaktbumwjkz gd jb msduujbl ~dwcdjxde ms tbsmhd"

^izsjcmk Mcujxjuz mbe Bdjligawiaae Smhduz

\ijkd jbutjujxdkz fasu |atke mlwdd uimu jh mb dbxjwabfdbu js ~dwcdjxde ms tbsmhd fasu ~da~kd

|atke bau |mbu ua |mko+ czckd+ aw sjf~kz gd uidwd+ uid kjudwmutwd ims fjyde hjbejbls mgatu uid

jf~mcu ah ~dwcdjxde smhduz mbe sdctwjuz ab ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz mbe |mkojbl"M =::5 T"S" Ed~mwufdbu ah Uwmbs~awumujab stwxdz hatbe uimu imkh ah uid wds~abedbus

|atke |mko aw |mko fawd jh uidwd |dwd smhd ~mui|mzs mbe cwjfd |ms bau m cabsjedwmujab )T"S"

Ed~mwufdbu ah Uwmbs~awumujab =::5*" Gmtfmb du mk" )=::8* hatbe uimu ~dwcdjxde smhduz |ms abdah uid fasu jf~awumbu dbxjwabfdbumk }tmkjujds haw |mkojbl" Sjfjkmwkz+ Im|uiawbd )=:9:*

agsdwxde uimu smhduz hwaf cwjfd |ms abd ah uid fasu m~~dmkjbl hdmutwds haw |mkojbl+ |ijkd

embldwats suwddu cwassjbls |dwd ~dwcdjxde ms mb tbm~~dmkjbl hmcuaw" Jb m wdxjd| ah uid kjudwmutwd+^joawm du mk" )7>>3* hatbe uimu uid hdmutwds dfdwljbl ms jf~awumbu mcwass ftkuj~kd sutejds jbckted

mdsuidujcs+ smhduz+ mbe cabxdbjdbcd ah bdmwgz hmcjkjujds" M Edk~ij stwxdz ah dy~dwus cabetcude gz

uid smfd mtuiaw sia|de uiwdd gwame hmcuaws ms uid fasu jf~awumbu haw |mkojbl jb uid

bdjligawiaae0 =* ~dwsabmk smhduz? 7* mdsuidujcs? mbe 3* ~wdsdbcd ah edsujbmujabs" Mb mbmkzsjs ahGdimxjawmk Wjso Hmcuaw Stwxdjkkmbcd Szsudf emum cakkdcude jb hjxd T"S" sumuds )Fmwzkmbe+

Fabumbm+ Aija+ ^dbbszkxmbjm+ mbe Xjwljbjm* wdxdmkde uimu ijlidw kdxdks ah ~dwcdjxde

bdjligawiaae smhduz |dwd mssacjmude |jui m ka|dw ~wdxmkdbcd ah ~izsjcmk jbmcujxjuz )Hjltwd 3*"Ejhhdwdbcds |dwd lwdmudsu haw ~da~kd axdw 84+ |afdb+ mbe fjbawjujds )Cdbudws haw Ejsdmsd

Cabuwak =:::*" \djbsudjb du mk" )=:::* dsumgkjside mb mssacjmujab gdu|ddb bdjligawiaae smhduzmbe mcujxjuz" Id mksa agsdwxde m ijlidw ~wdxmkdbcd ah jbmcujxjuz mfabl uiasd |ia ~dwcdjxde uidjw

bdjligawiaaes ms tbsmhd" Jb m ftkujxmwjmud mbmkzsjs ah uid sacjmk&calbjujxd mbe ~dwcdjxde

dbxjwabfdbumk jbhktdbcds mssacjmude |jui ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz ah akedw Mtsuwmkjmbs+ Gaaui du mk")7>>>* hatbe uimu ~dwcdjxjbl haau~muis ms smhd haw |mkojbl |ms sjlbjhjcmbukz mssacjmude |jui

~izsjcmk mcujxjuz" Jbxdsujlmujbl dbxjwabfdbumk hmcuaws mssacjmude |jui gdjbl axdw|djliu+ Cmjukjb

du mk" )7>>3* stwxdzde 7+97= metkus jb Fjssatwj mbe hatbe uimu mb jbejxjetmks bdlmujxd~dwcd~ujab ah ijs!idw cafftbjuz wdlmwejbl cwjfd smhduz+ uwmhhjc smhduz+ mbe m~~dmwmbcd ah

~kdmsmbuwz |dwd faedsukz mssacjmude |jui gdjbl axdw|djliu" ^dwsabs |ia wd~awude kjxjbl jb uid

|awsu bdjligawiaaes |dwd ="48 ujfds fawd kjodkz ua gd axdw|djliu uimb ~dwsabs kjxjbl jb jedmk

bdjligawiaaes" Sutejds uimu imxd dymfjbde uid wdkmujabsij~ gdu|ddb hdmw ah cwjfd mbexjcujfjpmujab mbe |mkojbl imxd hatbe m bdlmujxd mssacjmujab )Wass =::3? Cimbeakm 7>>=*" Jb m

bmujabmk smf~kd ah 7+>3= metkus jbudwxjd|de jb =::>+ Wass )=::3* agsdwxde uimu mhudw cabuwakkjbl

haw sacjaedfalwm~ijc cimwmcudwjsujcs+ ~da~kd |ia |dwd mhwmje ah gdjbl xjcujfjpde |mkodesjlbjhjcmbukz kdss uimb uiasd |ia |dwd bau mhwmje"

Ab uid auidw imbe+ safd df~jwjcmk sutejds hatbe ba sjlbjhjcmbu kjbos gdu|ddb ~dwcdjxde

bdjligawiaae smhduz mbe ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz" Smkkjs du mk" )=::


12/46

=> UWGS~dcjmk Wd~awu 7970 Eads uid Gtjku Dbxjwabfdbu Jbhktdbcd izsjcmk Mcujxjuz1 Dymfjbjbl uid Dxjedbcd

)7>>>*+ jb m bmujabmk smf~kd ah 7+:=7 |afdb 5> zdmws ah mld aw akedw+ eje bau hjbe smhduz ua gd m~wafjbdbu aw sjlbjhjcmbu mcujxjuz gmwwjdw mfabl |afdb+ ms uid xmsu fm`awjuz ah wds~abedbus

wmbode uidjw bdjligawiaaes ms smhd aw xdwz smhd" Ljkds&Cawuj mbe Eabaxmb )7>>7*+ jb m

stwxdz ah =+9>3 idmkuiz metkus jb ^dwui+ Mtsuwmkjm+ hatbe uimu uid wakd ah uid ~izsjcmk dbxjwabfdbujb jbhktdbcjbl mcujxjuz |ms bau ms ~wafjbdbu ms uid wakd ah sacjaedfalwm~ijc cimwmcudwjsujcs ah

jbejxjetmks" M sutez ah |afdb jb Fjssatwj hatbe uimu kmco ah bdjligawiaae smhduz eje bau m~~dmwua gd mb jf~awumbu xmwjmgkd mfabl |mkojbl uwmjk tsdws? abkz ==$ ah uid tsdws ~dwcdjxde tbsmhdcabejujabs )Fmbsab du mk" =::4*" M sutez ah uid dbxjwabfdbumk edudwfjbmbus ah xjlawats dydwcjsd

mfabl meakdscdbus sia|de uimu ~dwcdjxde bdjligawiaae smhduz |ms tbwdkmude ua dydwcjsd

hwd}tdbcz )Pmomwjmb du mk" =::5*" Hjbmkkz+ m cwass&sdcujabmk sutez ah ka|&jbcafd cijkewdb 3&4

zdmws ah mld hatbe ba kjbo gdu|ddb gdjbl axdw|djliu mbe kdxdk ah bdjligawiaae cwjfd )Gtweduudmbe \ijumodw 7>>3*"

Uid fjyde wdstkus jb uid mhawdfdbujabde sutejds wdlmwejbl uid wdkmujabsij~ gdu|ddb

bdjligawiaae smhduz mbe ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz cmb gd dy~kmjbde gz uid hakka|jbl agsdwxmujabs"

Safd sutejds tsd bdjligawiaae smhduz ms mb jbed~dbedbu xmwjmgkd |ijkd auidws tsd mcaf~asjud atucafd fdmstwd |ijci cafgjbds smhduz muuwjgtuds |jui auidw ~izsjcmk mbe mdsuidujccimwmcudwjsujcs ah uid bdjligawiaae" Uid kmuudw ~wmcujcd cmb agsctwd uid agsdwxmujab ahwdkmujabsij~s gdu|ddb xmwjmgkds"

Uid ed~dbedbu xmwjmgkd xmwjds hwaf sutez ua sutez mbe js fdmstwde jb ejhhdwdbu |mzs"Ju cmb wd~wdsdbu uid ~dwcdbumld ah wdsjedbus |mkojbl+ aw |mkojbl ua |awo+ gdjbl ~izsjcmkkz mcujxd+

gdjbl jbxakxde jb xjlawats dydwcjsd+ gdjbl jbmcujxd+ aw gdjbl axdw|djliu )|ijci js msstfde ms m~wayz ah gdjbl jbmcujxd*"

Safd sutejds mwd cimwmcudwjpde gz m kmco ah xmwjmujab jb uid smhduz xmwjmgkd? j"d"+ uidzmwd djuidw sutezjbl tbsmhd bdjligawiaaes )Gtweduud mbe \ijumodw 7>>3* aw mwd ~dwhawfde jb smhd

bdjligawiaaes+ |idwd smhduz js bau mb jf~awumbu cabcdwb haw uid xmsu fm`awjuz ah wds~abedbus

)Fmbsab du mk" =::4*"

Safd sutejds ea bau ejsujbltjsi gdu|ddb ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz jb mb atueaaw dbxjwabfdbumbe uaumk ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz )|ijci fmz jbckted jbeaaw dydwcjsd*" Gtu ms Itf~dk du mk" )7>>>*mwltd+ smhduz cabcdwbs mwd ~wjfmwjkz m~~kjcmgkd ua ~izsjcmk mcujxjujds umojbl ~kmcd atueaaws"

Safd sutejds ea bau ejsujbltjsi gdu|ddb ejhhdwdbu cmudlawjds ah smhduz+ stci ms smhduzhwaf cwjfd+ smhduz hwaf jb`twz hwaf hmkkjbl+ smhduz hwaf tbmuudbede eals? aw smhduz hwaf~dedsuwjmb&mtuafagjkd cakkjsjabs" Uijs js jf~awumbu gdcmtsd dmci satwcd ah embldw js wdkmude ua

ejhhdwdbu smhduz cabcdwbs"

Uid fagjkjuz ah uid sutez ~a~tkmujab fmz kjfju mcctwmud mssdssfdbus" Safd sutejdsuimu dymfjbd uid wdkmujabsij~ gdu|ddb bdjligawiaae smhduz mbe ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz ahudb ejscatbuuid ~assjgjkjuz uimu ~da~kd fmz gd ~izsjcmkkz mcujxd mksa jb auidw dbxjwabfdbus"

M hjbmk agsdwxmujab js uimu safd sutejds dymfjbd uid wdkmujabsij~ gdu|ddb cwjfd mbe~izsjcmk mcujxjuz tsjbl ag`dcujxd fdmstwds ah cwjfd )d"l"+ btfgdw ah wd~awude cwjfds jb mbdjligawiaae ~dw cm~jum+ aw btfgdw ah dfdwldbcz :== cmkks *+ |ijkd auidws dymfjbd ~dwcdjxde

cwjfd" Uid stg`dcujxd fdmstwdfdbu ah cwjfd js `tsujhjde gz uid hmcu uimu ju js ~da~kds gdkjdhs mbe~dwcd~ujabs uimu tkujfmudkz mhhdcu uidjw gdimxjaw ua|mwes |mkojbl+ gjojbl+ aw dydwcjsjbl"


13/46

Katomjuat&Sjedwjs ==

Smhduz mbe Sdctwjuz Cabcdwbs Mfabl Ejhhdwdbu Stg&^a~tkmujabs

^dwcd~ujabs ah smhduz mbe sdctwjuz xmwz sjlbjhjcmbukz gz edfalwm~ijc cimwmcudwjsujcs mbe" jf~mcu

ejhhdwdbu stg&~a~tkmujabs jb ejhhdwdbu |mzs"

\afdb

Uid kjudwmutwd ab uid cawwdkmuds ah ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz jb |afdb ims hatbe uimu smhduz jsstds+ kjfjude

hjbmbcds+ mbe kmco ah sacjmk st~~awu ~waxjed gmwwjdws ua dydwcjsd mbe gdcafjbl ~izsjcmkkz mcujxd

)Ojbl du mk" 7>>>? @aibsab du mk" =::>*" Cwjfd mbe hdmw ah cwjfd sddf ua gd fawd ~wafjbdbu

mfabl |afdb uimb fdb" \idb jbcafd+ xdijckd a|bdwsij~+ mbe ujfd cabsuwmjbus mwd cabuwakkde|afdb mwd dy~dcude ua |mko kdss uimb fdb gdcmtsd ah hdmw haw uidjw smhduz" Jbedde+ jb => hacts

lwat~s ah fjbawjuz |afdb jb Cmkjhawbjm mbe Fjssatwj+ hdmw ah uid stwwatbejbls |ms fdbujabde

gz mkk lwat~s jb mkk sduujbls )twgmb+ stgtwgmb+ mbe wtwmk* ms m eduwjfdbu ua dydwcjsjbl aw gdjbl~izsjcmkkz mcujxd atueaaws )Dzkdw du mk" =::9*"

Sutejds imxd sia|b uimu |afdb mwd fawd kjodkz ua mxaje |mkojbl mhudw emwo haw wdmsabs

ah ~dwsabmk smhduz )Muojbs =:9:? Wass 7>>>*" Fmbz |afdb udbe ua ~dwcdjxd cjuz cdbudws mbe~tgkjc uwmbs~awumujab sdwxjcds ms embldwats )Uwdbci =::=+ Katomjuat&Sjedwjs =:::*" M sutez ah

|afdbs hdmws jb ~tgkjc sduujbls jb Wdmejbl+ Dblkmbe+ hatbe uimu |afdb mbujcj~mude gdjbl mu wjso

jb sdxdwmk s~dcjhjc sduujbls stci ms ftkuj&suawz ~mwojbl suwtcutwds+ ~tgkjc uwmbs~awumujab sumujabs

mbe gts sua~s+ a~db s~mcds+ mkkdzs+ mbe tbedwlwatbe ~mssmlds )Xmkdbujbd =::>*"Smhduz sddfs ua gd mb jf~awumbu cabcdwb ~mwujctkmwkz haw fjbawjuz |afdb" M hacts lwat~

sutez ah twgmb Mhwjcmb&Mfdwjcmb |afdb mlde 7>&4> zdmws hatbe uimu fmbz |dwd wdktcumbu ua

xdbutwd hwaf uidjw a|b ~awci gdcmtsd uidz hdmwde haw uidjw smhduz" Uidz dy~wdssde uid a~jbjabuimu Mhwjcmb&Mfdwjcmb |afdb |dwd bau ~waxjede uid smfd ~waudcujab ua dydwcjsd hwddkz jb uidjw

cafftbjujds ms |afdb ah uid eafjbmbu ctkutwd" Haw uidsd |afdb+ uid iafdkdss mbe fdbumkkz jkk~wdsdbude uid ~audbujmk haw xdwgmk uiwdmus ab uid sjed|mkos mbe jb ~mwos" )\jkgtw du mk" 7>>7*"

Mbauidw hacts lwat~ sutez ah |dkk&detcmude twgmb Mhwjcmb&Mfdwjcmb |afdb hatbe uimu |ijkd

fasu ah uidf kjxde jb smhd bdjligawiaaes+ uwmhhjc mbe ~dwsabmk smhduz |dwd fm`aw cabcdwbs" Fasu+ia|dxdw+ catke wdmejkz jedbujhz smhd ~kmcds ua gd ~izsjcmkkz mcujxd aw mwujctkmud m suwmudlz ua fmod

uid dbxjwabfdbu smhdw )|mko |jui auidws aw |jui m eal* )Zatbl du mk" 7>>7*" ^dwcdjxde kmco ah

smhduz mksa dfdwlde ms mb jf~awumbu gmwwjdw haw ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz jb hacts lwat~ ejsctssjabs |juiMfdwjcmb&Jbejmb |afdb )Uiaf~sab du mk" 7>>7* mbe Kmujbm jffjlwmbu |afdb )Dxdbsab du mk"

7>>7*"

Ka|&Jbcafd ^da~kd

Ka|&jbcafd ~da~kd uz~jcmkkz kjxd jb ejsuwdssde mbe ejsmexmbumlde twgmb dbxjwabfdbus

cimwmcudwjpde gz ~izsjcmk mbe sacjmk ejsawedw" Wdsjedbus ah stci bdjligawiaaes wd~awu |awsdidmkui uimb uiasd ah mexmbumlde bdjligawiaaes+ ~mwukz gdcmtsd ah uid dbxjwabfdbumk

cimwmcudwjsujcs ah uidjw stwwatbejbls )Wass mbe Fjwa|soj 7>>=*" Sutejds imxd sia|b uimu

dbxjwabfdbumk gmwwjdws ua |mkojbl stci ms smhduz mwd ijlidw mfabl ka|&jbcafd ~da~kd )Cwmjl dumk" 7>>7*+ |ia ahudb kjxd jb sfmkk m~mwufdbus mbe iatsds |jui ba gmcozmwes aw med}tmud s~mcd ua

dydwcjsd" M bmujabmk udkd~iabd stwxdz hatbe uimu u|jcd ms fmbz ka|&jbcafd )3=$* ms faedwmud&

jbcafd )=4$* wds~abedbus jedbujhjde |awwz mgatu smhduz jb uidjw bdjligawiaaes ms mb agsumckd ah~izsjcmk mcujxjuz )Faawd du mk" =::8? Smkkjs du mk" =::9*" Uidsd hdmws mwd `tsujhjde gz df~jwjcmk


14/46

=7 UWGS~dcjmk Wd~awu 7970 Eads uid Gtjku Dbxjwabfdbu Jbhktdbcd izsjcmk Mcujxjuz1 Dymfjbjbl uid Dxjedbcd

sutejds jb uid Tbjude Sumuds" Ka|dw sacjadcabafjc sumuts ims gddb sia|b ua gd uid sjblkd fasujf~awumbu ~wdejcuaw ah jb`twjds haw cijkewdb" M sutez jb bawuidwb Fmbimuumb hatbe uimu cijkewdb jb

~wdeafjbmbukz ka|&jbcafd mwdms |dwd fawd uimb u|jcd ms kjodkz ua wdcdjxd jb`twjds hwaf mkk

cmtsds )Etwojb du mk" =::5*" Ka|dw sacjadcabafjc sumuts js mksa hatbe ua gd mssacjmude |juitbsmhd bdjligawiaaes mbe uwmbsjdbu eafjcjkds )Sddhdkeu du mk" 7>>7*" Jb m stwxdz ah Jkkjbajs

wdsjedbus+ Wass )7>>>* hatbe uimu wdsjedbus ah ~aaw bdjligawiaaes ime ijlidw kdxdks ah hdmw ahgdjbl xjcujfjpde mbe jb`twde" Bdxdwuidkdss+ eds~jud uidjw hdmw+ uidz |mkode fawd uimb wdsjedbus ahmhhktdbu bdjligawiaaes haw tujkjumwjmb ~tw~asds )sdd Hjltwd 7*+ atu ah bdcdssjuz"

Wdcwdmujabmk |mkojbl jb ka|&jbcafd bdjligawiaaes js ahudb jf~dede gz hdmws haw uid

~dwcdjxde kmco ah ~dwsabmk mbe uwmhhjc smhduz" Mb Mtsuwmkjmb cwass&sdcujabmk stwxdz ah =+9>3

metkus jb uid cjuz ah ^dwui hatbe uimu wds~abedbus jb ka|&jbcafd bdjligawiaaes |dwd kdss kjodkzua tsd mxmjkmgkd wdcwdmujabmk hmcjkjujds jb uidjw bdjligawiaaes gdcmtsd uidz xjd|de suwddus ms

tbsmhd gdcmtsd ah cwjfd mbe uwmhhjc )Ljkds&Cawuj mbe Eabaxmb 7>>7*"

Cijkewdb

Smhduz cabcdwbs mhhdcu cijkewdb |mkojbl mbe gjojbl ua sciaak+ gtu mksa uidjw ~wa~dbsjuz ua ~kmzatueaaws" Wdcdbu cdbstsds imxd sia|b m cabsjsudbu mbe ewmfmujc edckjbd ah |mkojbl+ czckjbl+ mbe

~mwujcj~mujab jb ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz mfabl cijkewdb jb uid Tbjude Sumuds+ Lwdmu Gwjumjb+ mbe

Mtsuwmkjm )Oaik mbe Iaggs =::9*" Jb Dblkmbe mbe \mkds+ gdu|ddb =:94&=::7 uid mxdwmld

ejsumbcd |mkode jb m zdmw gz cijkewdb mlde >&=5 edckjbde gz 7>$ hwaf 75< fjkds ua =:< fjkds+|ijkd uid mxdwmld ejsumbcd czckde jb m zdmw hdkk gz 78$ hwaf 39 fjkds ua 79 fjkds" Etwjbl uid

smfd ujfd+ uid mxdwmld ejsumbcd uimu cijkewdb uwmxdkde gz cmw jb m zdmw jbcwdmsde gz 5>$ hwaf

7+74: fjkds ua 3+=49 fjkds" Ljwks sia|de stgsumbujmkkz kmwldw edckjbds jb |mkojbl mbe czckjbluimb eje gazs )EjLjtsd~~j =::>=*" Jb cabuwmsu+ m stwxdz jb Dblkmbe mbe

\mkds sia|de uimu 8:$ ah uid cijkewdb |mko ua sciaak mbe abkz 7:$ mwd ewjxdb ua sciaak gz

~wjxmud cmw" Uidsd wmujas+ ia|dxdw+ mwd s|jhukz cimbljbl jb hmxaw ah cmw tsd"Jbudwbmujabmk stwxdzs ah cijkewdbs ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz hjbe uimu m stgsumbujmk ~wa~awujab

)fawd uimb 4>$* ah cijkewdb mbe meakdscdbus mwd bau sthhjcjdbukz mcujxd? mbe cabsjedwmgkz sfmkkdw

~awujabs ah ljwks uimb gazs mwd mcujxd? )Ojbl du mk" =::9*" M 7&zdmw mssdssfdbu ah mhudw&sciaak mbestffdw mcujxjujds ah cijkewdb jb Eduwaju hatbe uimu abkz 9$ ah cijkewdb ~mwujcj~mude jb bab&

sciaak s~awus ~walwmfs" ^mwdbus cjude tbsmhd uwmxdk gdu|ddb bdjligawiaaes ms m fm`aw wdmsab haw

ka| ~mwujcj~mujab wmuds )Sddhdkeu du mk" 7>>7*" Kmco ah smhduz mfabl cijkewdb mbe uddbmldws js mb

dscmkmujbl ~wagkdf uimu mhhdcus ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz" Uid Zatui Wjso Gdimxjaw Stwxdjkkmbcd Szsudfwd~awude uimu bmujab|jed 5"5$ ah sutedbus fjssde mu kdmsu = emz ah sciaak etwjbl uid ~wdcdejbl 3>

emzs gdcmtsd uidz hdku tbsmhd mu sciaak aw uwmxdkjbl ua sciaak )Ombb du mk" =::4*"

Sutejds imxd eactfdbude uimu uaemz+ fawd uimb dxdw+ ~mwdbus udbe ua jf~asd fawdwdsuwjcujab ab uidjw cijkewdbs tsd ah ~tgkjc s~mcds gdcmtsd ah hdmw haw uidjw smhduz )Xmkdbujbd mbe

FcOdbewjco =::


15/46

Katomjuat&Sjedwjs =3

ua sciaak )EjLjtsd~~j du mk" =::9g? Wagdwus =::3*+ aw ua bau mkka| uidf ua |mko ua uidjwbdjligawiaae ~mwo" Haw uijs wdmsab+ ~dwcd~ujab ah smhduz gz ~mwdbus dfdwlds ms mb dyuwdfdkz

jf~awumbu ~wdejcuaw ah bab&sciaak wdkmude ~izsjcmk mcujxjujds ah cijkewdb" Fmbz df~jwjcmk sutejds

imxd stgsumbujmude uijs hmcu" ^mwdbus jedbujhjde uid smhduz ah ~mwos ms uid fasu jf~awumbu hmcuaw uaedcjejbl |iduidw ua tsd uidf )Smkkjs du mk" =::9*" Sjfjkmwkz+ m stwxdz ah 3>> ~mwdbus hatbe uimu

smhduz |ms uid fasu jf~awumbu ah 75 hmcuaws haw uid sdkdcujab ah uidjw cijkes ~kmz s~mcd )Smkkjs dumk" =::$ ah ~mwdbus mbe cijkewdb

dbcatbudwde mu kdmsu abd sdwjats impmwe mkabl uidjw watuds ua sciaak+ stci ms kmco ah sjed|mko+

caf~kjcmude uwmhhjc cabejujabs+ jf~wa~dw ~mwojbl+ mbe s~ddejbl ewjxdws )Stwhmcd Uwmbs~awumujab

^akjcz ^wa`dcu 7>>7*" Uidsd ~mwdbumk ~dwcd~ujabs imxd safd stgsumbcd" Cijkewdb imxd m ftciijlidw ~wagmgjkjuz uimb metkus ua gdcafd xjcujfs ah ~dedsuwjmb&mtuafagjkd cakkjsjabs" Mksa+ ms

sia|b jb Hjltwd 4+ |mkojbl mbe gjojbl imxd jb`twz mbe hmumkjuz catbus mfabl sutedbus }tjud

ijlidw uimb uiasd dy~dcude hwaf uidjw dy~astwd xmktds )UWG 7>>7*"

Meakdscdbus

Jbudwbmujabmk stwxdzs imxd cabsjsudbukz hatbe uimu stgsumbujmk ~wa~awujabs ah meakdscdbus mwd bau

sthhjcjdbukz mcujxd )Suabd du mk" =::9*" Sutejds imxd mksa eactfdbude m edckjbd jb |mkojbl mbe

czckjbl mfabl meakdscdbus" Smkkjs )=::3* dsujfmude uimu uidwd catke gd ="9$ ua 7"&=< zdmws ake jb wd~awude ~izsjcmkmcujxjuz" Jb Dblkmbe mbe \mkds+ uid mxdwmld mbbtmk ejsumbcd |mkode gz meakdscdbus =4&=: zdmws

ake hdkk gz 75$ gdu|ddb =:94&=::4 hwaf 3:> fjkds ua 7:4 fjkds+ |ijkd uid mxdwmld ejsumbcd

czckde jb m zdmw hdkk gz 3=$ hwaf =34 fjkds ua :3 fjkds" Uid mxdwmld ejsumbcd uwmxdkde gz cmwjbcwdmsde gz 34$ hwaf 7+9=: fjkds ua 3+>3*" Ia|dxdw+ m sutez ah dbxjwabfdbumk xmwjmgkds mbe xjlawats dydwcjsd

mfabl fjbawjuz ijli sciaak sutedbus hatbe ba mssacjmujab |jui ~dwcdjxde bdjligawiaae smhduz)Pmomwjmb du mk" =::5*"

Akedw Metkus

Akedw metkus+ haw |iaf |mkojbl js uid fm`aw ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz+ fmz gd fawd jbhktdbcde gz

smhduz!sdctwjuz cabcdwbs uimb auidw mld lwat~s" Uid Awlmbjpmujab haw Dcabafjc Caa~dwmujab mbeEdxdka~fdbu )ADCE* wdxjd|de sutejds hwaf jus fdfgdw sumuds ab uid ~dwsabmk fagjkjuz ah uid

dkedwkz mbe hatbe uimu akedw metkus+ fawd uimb auidw lwat~s+ wdsuwjcu uidjw fagjkjuz haw smhduz

cabsjedwmujabs )ADCE+ =::9*" Sjfjkmwkz+ m =::8 sutez gz uid Cdbudw haw Edcdmsd Cabuwak )CEC*jb uid Tbjude Sumuds hatbe m suwabl mssacjmujab gdu|ddb bdjligawiaae smhduz mbe ~izsjcmk


16/46


jbmcujxjuz mfabl akedw metkus )cabuwakkjbl haw wmcd mbe detcmujab* )CEC+ =:::*" Auidw sutejdsimxd agsdwxde uimu cabcdwbs mgatu ~dwsabmk smhduz fmz jbhktdbcd akedw ~da~kd mbe |afdb bau ua

tsd s~dcjhjc gjod|mzs )Gwa|bsab du mk" 7>>>? Uwa~de du mk" 7>>=*" M sutez gz Gaaui du mk" )7>>>*

sia|de uimu haw metkus axdw 8>+ bdjligawiaae smhduz mbe mccdss ua kacmk hmcjkjujds |dwd jf~awumbu~wdejcuaws ah gdjbl mcujxd" M sutez |ijci jbxdsujlmude gmwwjdws ua ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz haw dkedwkz

Mhwjcmb&Mfdwjcmb |afdb hatbe ~dwcdjxde kmco ah smhduz ua gd mb jf~awumbu hmcuaw+ mkabl |juijbcabxdbjdbu kacmujab+ sacjmk dfgmwwmssfdbu+ mbe tb~kdmsmbubdss ah ~izsjcmk stwwatbejbls )Ojbldu mk" =::9*"

Fmbz dkedwkz mwd ~mwujctkmwkz mhwmje ah uid ejhhdwdbu embldws uimu m|mju uidf |idb

|mkojbl jb ~tgkjc" Hdmws ah xjcujfjpmujab hwaf cwjfd+ suwdss haw jb`twz hwaf uwmhhjc&wdkmude

cakkjsjabs+ uid embldw ah hmkk+ aw eal gjud odd~ fmbz akedw metkus mu iafd " Mkabl |jui cijkewdb+uid dkedwkz wd~wdsdbu uid ijlidsu wjso lwat~s haw mtuafagjkd&~dedsuwjmb cakkjsjabs" Uwmhhjc sjlbmks

mwd wmwdkz ujfde haw uid bddes ah akedw ~dedsuwjmbs|ia fmz wd}tjwd dyuwm ujfd ua cwass uid suwddu

)Eawhfmb =::>7* caf~mwde u|a Cijcmlabdjligawiaaes |ijci ime sjfjkmw sacjaedfalwm~ijc cimwmcudwjsujcs jb udwfs ah dkedwkz

~a~tkmujab+ jbcafd kdxdks+ mbe fjcwa&ckjfmud gtu ime ejhhdwdbu fawumkjuz wmuds hwaf uid idmu

|mxd" Id hatbe uimu

jb abd bdjligawiaae uid embldwats dcakalz ah mgmbeabde gtjkejbls+ a~dbs~mcds+ caffdwcjmk ed~kdujab+ xjakdbu cwjfd+ edlwmede jbhwmsuwtcutwd+ ka|

~a~tkmujab edbsjuz mbe hmfjkz ejs~dwsjab tbedwfjbde uid xjmgjkjuz ah ~tgkjc kjhd

mbe uid suwdblui ah kacmk st~~awu szsudfs wdbedwjbl akedw wdsjedbus xtkbdwmgkd uajsakmujab" Jb uid auidw bdjligawiaae uid gtsz suwddus+ idmxz caffdwcjmk mcujxjuz

wdsjedbujmk cabcdbuwmujab+ wdkmujxdkz ka| cwjfd ~wafaude sacjmk cabumcu+ cakkdcujxd

kjhd+ ~tgkjc dblmldfdbu mbe ~waxjede ~mwujctkmw gdbdhjus ua uid dkedwkz+ |ia |dwdfawd kjodkz ua kdmxd iafd |idb uidz mwd ewm|b atu gtz uid bdmwgz mfdbjujds

)~" :=*"

Okjbdbgdwl ~mwukz muuwjgtude uid ejhhdwdbcd jb uid fawumkjuz wmuds ah uid u|a bdjligawiaaes ua uidsuwtcutwd ah uidjw ~izsjcmk cabudyu"

Wmcjmk!Duibjc Fjbawjujds

Sutejds imxd hatbe fawd gmwwjdws ua |mkojbl+ jbcktejbl bdjligawiaaes |jui ijli&cwjfd wmuds mbe

hdmw haw ~dwsabmk smhduz+ mfabl duibjc ~a~tkmujabs )Sddhdkeu du mk" 7>>7*" Eds~jud uijs hmcu+ uid7>>> T"S" cdbsts sia|de uimu m ijlidw ~dwcdbumld ah wmcjmk mbe duibjc fjbawjujds mwd |mkojbl ua

|awo uimb \ijuds )7":$ ah mkk Mfdwjcmb |awodws |mkode ua |awo? 3"7$ ah Mhwjcmb Mfdwjcmbs

mbe 5">$ ah Kmujbas eje sa*" Uijs js etd ua uid hmcu uimu Kmujbas mbe Mhwjcmb Mfdwjcmbs mwd kdsskjodkz ua a|b m cmw mbe mwd+ uidwdhawd+ fawd kjodkz ua |mko+ gjod+ aw tsd ~tgkjc uwmbs~awumujab haw


17/46

Katomjuat&Sjedwjs =4

uidjw àtwbdzs ua |awo" Mu uid smfd ujfd+ duibjc mbe wmcjmk fjbawjujds mwd axdwwd~wdsdbude jb~dedsuwjmb edmuis" Mhwjcmb Mfdwjcmbs fmod t~ fawd uimb 7>$ ah ~dedsuwjmb edmuis+ dxdb uiatli

uidz wd~wdsdbu `tsu =7$ ah uid uaumk ~a~tkmujab )Stwhmcd Uwmbs~awumujab âkjcz ^wa`dcu 7>>7*"

Df~jwjcmk sutejds imxd sia|b uimu wmcjmk mbe duibjc fjbawjujds mwd kdss kjodkz ua~mwujcj~mud jb wdcwdmujabmk ~izsjcmk mcujxjujds" Sdlwdlmujab mbe kmbltmld gmwwjdws hmcde gz duibjc

jffjlwmbu ~a~tkmujabs mbe ~dwcd~ujabs ah kmco ah smhduz+ wdkmude ua bdjligawiaaes jb |ijcijffjlwmbus kjxd+ cabuwjgtud ua uidjw jsakmujab mbe ~izsjcmk jbmcujxjuz )Mfdsuz 7>>3*" Hddkjbls ahjbsdctwjuz mwd mksa mhhdcujbl uid cijkewdb ah duibjc fjbawjujds" M 7&zdmw mssdssfdbu ah mhudw&sciaak

stffdw mcujxjujds ah cijkewdb ah duibjc fjbawjujds )8&=< zdmws ah mld* hatbe uimu abkz 9$ ah uidf

~mwujcj~mude jb bab&sciaak s~awu ~walwmfs" ^mwdbus cjude kmco ah uwmbs~awumujab+ tbmxmjkmgjkjuz ah

stjumgkd ~walwmfs+ mbe tbsmhd uwmxdk ms wdmsabs haw ka| ~mwujcj~mujab wmuds )Sddhdkeu =::4*"Sutejds imxd hatbe uimu Mhwjcmb&Mfdwjcmb mbe Ijs~mbjc |afdb uz~jcmkkz edfabsuwmud

ka|dw wmuds ah ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz uimb \ijud |afdb )Dzkdw du mk" =::9* 5" M =::5 bmujabmk

Gdimxjawmk Wjso Hmcuaw Stwxdjkkmbcd Szsudf Stwxdz hatbe uimu Mhwjcmb&Mfdwjcmb |afdb imeuid ijlidsu wmuds ah ~izsjcmk jbmcujxjuz )58$*+ hakka|de ckasdkz gz Ijs~mbjc |afdb )55$* )jb

Dzkdw du mk" =::9*" Smhduz jsstds+ kjfjude hjbmbcds+ mbe kmco ah sacjmk st~~awu mwd jedbujhjde ms

fmàw gmwwjdws haw fjbawjuz |afdb ua gdcafjbl fawd ~izsjcmkkz mcujxd )\jkgtw du mk" 7>>7*"

Twgmb!Stgtwgmb!Wtwmk Cabudyu

Twgmb+ stgtwgmb+ mbe wtwmk cabudyus ahhdw ejhhdwdbu jbcdbujxds mbe gmwwjdws ua |mkojbl mbe~izsjcmk mcujxjuz" Uid fawd edbsd mbe caf~mcu hawf ah twgmb bdjligawiaaes hwd}tdbukz ahhdws m

xmwjduz ah mfdbjujds mbe hmcjkjujds )~mwos+ st~dwfmwodus+ mbe auidw bdjligawiaae suawds* |ijci

mwd |juijb |mkojbl ejsumbcd hwaf iatsdiakes" Ia|dxdw+ twgmb bdjligawiaaes ejhhdw cabsjedwmgkzjb udwfs ah smhduz+ muuwmcujxdbdss+ mbe kdxdk ah mfdbjujds" Mhhktdbu twgmb bdjligawiaaes fmz wmbo

xdwz ijlikz ab mkk uiwdd catbus+ |ijkd ~aaw jbbdw cjuz bdjligawiaaes uz~jcmkkz sthhdw hwaf ijlicwjfd mbe m ldbdwmk ejsjbxdsufdbu" Stgtwgmb mbe wtwmk cabudyus uz~jcmkkz hdmutwd }tjdu suwddus

|jui kdss uwmhhjc uimb twgmb stwwatbejbls+ gtu fmz bau imxd sia~~jbl mbe auidw mfdbjujds dmsjkz

mccdssjgkd ab haau" Mu uid smfd ujfd+ uidz imxd hd|dw dzds ab uid suwddu+ |ijci fmz ejscatwmld|mkodws+ ds~dcjmkkz |afdb )@mcags =:8=*"

Eds~jud uid fduiaeakaljcmk ejhhjctkujds safd sutejds imxd satliu ua caf~mwd mcujxjuz

kdxdks jb twgmb+ stgtwgmb+ mbe wtwmk cabudyus" Jb m sutez ah 7< twgmb mbe stgtwgmb bdjligawiaaesjb Cmbmem+ Cwmjl du mk" )7>>7* hatbe uimu uid ~dwcdbumld ah ~a~tkmujab |mkojbl ua |awo |ms

ijlidw jb twgmb uimb stgtwgmb bdjligawiaaes" Uid dhhdcus ah smhduz+ ia|dxdw+ |dwd ejhhjctku ua gd

uwmcde jb uijs sutez ms uid mtuiaws caf~jkde m caf~asjud dbxjwabfdbumk scawd gmsde ab =9

bdjligawiaae cimwmcudwjsujcs jbcktejbl smhduz" Wass )7>>>* hatbe uimu ~da~kd |ia kjxde jb uidcjuz ah Cijcmla |dwd fawd kjodkz ua |mko uimb |dwd wdsjedbus ah uid stgtwgs+ sfmkk ua|bs+ mbe

wtwmk mwdms" Sid iz~auidsjpde uimu edbsjuz hmcjkjumuds |mkojbl haw uwmbs~awumujab )Wass 7>>>*+ mbe

fmz catbudwmcu hdmw gdcmtsd ah uid fmbz dzds ab uid suwddu"Sjfjkmwkz+ uid CEC mbmkzpde bmujabmk emum ua dsujfmud ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz gz edlwdd ah

twgmbjpmujab mbe ldalwm~ijc wdljab ah wds~abedbus" Uidz hatbe uimu wds~abedbus jb cdbuwmk fduwa

mwdms ime uid ijlidsu kdxdks ah ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz+ |ijkd wds~abedbus jb wtwmk mwdms ime uid ka|dsukdxdks ah stci mcujxjuz )CEC =::9*" Jb m sutez ah =+757 wtwmk mbe =+>:8 twgmb |afdb axdw 5>

5Ia|dxdw+ uidsd sutejds fmz tbedwdsujfmud uid mfatbu ah àg&wdkmude ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz uimu safd Mhwjcmb&Mfdwjcmb

mbe Ijs~mbjc |afdb fmz gd jbxakxde jb" Ms m wdxjd|dw ah uijs ~m~dw ~ajlbmbukz msode+ Eads m Gkmco Cmwjggdmb

|afmb jffjlwmbu |jui hatw iatsdckdmbjbl àgs mbe hatw cijkewdb bdde fawd dydwcjsd1


18/46


zdmws ah mld+ \jkcay du mk" )7>>>* hatbe uimu wtwmk |afdb |dwd fawd sdedbumwz uimb twgmb|afdb mbe fawd kjodkz ua wd~awu smhduz cabcdwbs gdcmtsd ah cwjfd ms m gmwwjdw ua ~izsjcmk

mcujxjuz" Hacts lwat~ ejsctssjabs |jui wtwmk Mhwjcmb&Mfdwjcmb |afdb hatbe sdxdwmk ~dwsabmk+

sacjmk&dbxjwabfdbumk+ ~izsjcmk&dbxjwabfdbumk+ mbe ~akjcz&wdkmude gmwwjdws ua ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz"Fm`aw smhduz cabcdwbs wdkmude ua |mkojbl |dwd uid kmco ah sjed|mkos+ suwddukjlius+ mbe suwmz eals

)Smbedwsab du mk" 7>>7*" Hacts lwat~ ejsctssjab |jui 33 wtwmk \ijud |afdb hatbe uimu |mkojbl|ms uid mcujxjuz uimu fasu ah uidf |dwd |jkkjbl ua ea gtu ~dwsabmk smhduz cabcdwbs mbe kmco ahsjed|mkos mbe med}tmud kjliujbl mcude ms gmwwjdws )Dzkdw mbe Xdsu 7>>7*

SMHDUZ+ SDCTWJUZ+ MBE UID GTJKU DBXJWABFDBU

Fasu ah uid kjudwmutwd mlwdds uimu wdmk mbe ~dwcdjxde embldws ah ~dwsabmk smhduz kdme jbejxjetmks ua

fawd sdedbumwz kjhdsuzkds" Gtu ms mkwdmez dy~kmjbde+ m sjlbjhjcmbu ~awujab ah |mkojbl+ czckjbl+ mbe~izsjcmk dydwcjsd cmb umod ~kmcd jb uid ~tgkjc dbxjwabfdbu ah uid bdjligawiaae" \imu uidb js uid

kjbo gdu|ddb smhduz+ sdctwjuz+ mbe uid gtjku dbxjwabfdbu1 \ijci ~akjcz aw edsjlb jbudwxdbujabs

cmb jbsujkk m sdbsd ah smhduz jb uid bdjligawiaae1 \ijci dkdfdbus ah uid twgmb hawf ejscatwmldcwjfjbmk mcujxjuz1 Cmb |d edsjlb atu cwjfd gz cimbljbl uid gtjku dbxjwabfdbu1 Cmb ~izsjcmk

~kmbbjbl mbe twgmb edsjlb fjujlmud uid embldw ah uwmhhjc1

Cwjfd mbe uid Gtjku Dbxjwabfdbu

Sjbcd uid =:8>s uidwd ims gddb m lwa|jbl jbudwdsu jb uid kjbo gdu|ddb uid ~izsjcmk dbxjwabfdbu

mbe cwjfd" Uid jedm ah cwjfd ~wdxdbujab uiwatli dbxjwabfdbumk edsjlb muuwmcude ~mwujctkmwmuudbujab |idb @mbd @mcags )=:8=* mwltde uimu faedwb cjuz edsjlb uz~jcmkkz tbedwfjbds ~da~kds

mgjkjuz ua agsdwxd ~tgkjc suwddus+ uits gwdmojbl ea|b jbhawfmk sacjmk cabuwak ah cwjfjbmk mcujxjuz"Sid mssdwude uimu cwjfd mbe uid ~izsjcmk dbxjwabfdbu mwd wdkmude jb m szsudfmujc+ agsdwxmgkd+ mbe

cabuwakkmgkd fmbbdw" @mcags xjd|de bmutwmk stwxdjkkmbcd )dzds ab uid suwddu* ms m laae edudwwdbu

ah cwjfjbmk mcujxjuz" Jb m sjfjkmw fmbbdw+ @dhhwdz )=:


19/46

Katomjuat&Sjedwjs =*" Mccawejbl

ua Bd|fmb+ jbejxjetmks aw lwat~s |jui m sdbsd ah a|bdwsij~ aw udwwjuawz mwd fawd kjodkz ua

~waudcu uidjw s~mcd mlmjbsu cwjfjbmks" Uid sdcabe js bmutwmk stwxdjkkmbcd+ edhjbde ms uidcm~mcjuz ah uid ~izsjcmk dbxjwabfdbu ua ~waxjed stwxdjkkmbcd a~~awutbjujds haw wdsjedbus mbe uidjw

mldbus )~" 4>*" Uid uijwe js~wa~dw kacmujab+ |ijci jbxakxds uid `tyum~asjujab ah s~mcd |jui smhdpabds )ckdmb mbe |dkk fmjbumjbde s~mcds*"Etwjbl uid =:9>s+ Gwjujsi mcmedfjcs mksa ~wa~asde sjfjkmw uidawjds mgatu uid wdkmujabsij~

gdu|ddb cwjfd mbe dbxjwabfdbu )Cakdfmb =:94? âzbdw =:93*" âzbdw )=:93*+ haw jbsumbcd+

stlldsude uimu mccdssjgjkjuz )dmsz mccdss ua mbe dscm~d hwaf m sjud* js mb jf~awumbu dkdfdbu ua gd

cabsjedwde jb suwmudljds haw cwjfd ~wdxdbujab" Sutezjbl bdjligawiaaes jb Mukmbum+ Lwddbgdwl mbeWaid )=:95* hatbe uimu ~izsjcmk cimwmcudwjsujcs stci ms uid btfgdw ah iatsjbl tbjus ~dw

suwtcutwd+ uid caffdwcjmk tsd ah kmbe+ uid suwddu uz~d+ mbe uid ~izsjcmk jbstkmujab hwaf

stwwatbejbl mwdms ime ejwdcu dhhdcus ab cwjfd kdxdks" Mkk uidsd sutejds |dwd cimwmcudwjpde gz mhmjui jb uid mgjkjuz ah uid ~izsjcmk dbxjwabfdbu ua jbhktdbcd cwjfd"

\ijkd uid T"S" laxdwbfdbu lmxd safd st~~awu ua Cwjfd ^wdxdbujab uiwatli

Dbxjwabfdbumk Edsjlb )CÛDE* ~walwmfs jb uid =:s+ jbudwdsu jb dbxjwabfdbumk cwjfd~wdxdbujab kmbltjside jb uid Tbjude Sumuds jb uid =:9>s )Ckmwod du mk" =::


20/46


ah cwjfd jb Cijcmlas wm~je uwmbsju sumujabs+ Gkaco mbe Emxjs )=::8* agsdwxde uimu ijli kdxdks ahltmwejmbsij~ jb safd ijli&uwmhhjc sumujabs bdlmude uid lwdmu btfgdw ah ~audbujmk umwldus"

Cabxdwsdkz+ cwjfjbakaljsus imxd mksa mwltde uimu sjlbs ah edwdkjcujab mbe jbcjxjkjujds~izsjcmk

cabejujabs stci ms kjuudw ab aw bdmw ~wa~dwuz+ lwmhhjuj+ mbe dyudwjaw ejkm~jemujab+ mbe sacjmkgdimxjaws stci ms gajsudwatsbdss+ kajudwjbl+ ewtbodbbdss+ mbe ~mbimbekjblcabuwjgtud ua ijlidw

jbcjedbcd ah cwjfd )^dwojbs du mk" =::3? Soalmb =::>? Umzkaw du mk" =:95*" Uid wdkmujabsij~ ah~izsjcmk jbcjxjkjujds ua cwjfd js cdbuwmk ua uid |dkk&oba|b gwaodb |jbea| uidsjs hjwsu~a~tkmwjpde gz \jksab mbe Odkkjbl )=:97*" M gwaodb |jbea| kdhu tbwd~mjwde sdbes m sjlbmk uimu

sacjmk cabuwak js muudbtmude jb uid mwdm" Mgmbeabde caffdwcjmk mbe jbetsuwjmk suwtcutwds+ gamwede

t~ eaaws mbe |jbea|s+ gwaodb gdbcids+ cwmcode sjed|mkos+ tbcakkdcude uwmsi+ mbe kjuudw mkk ljxd

uid jf~wdssjab uimu mb mwdm js m ba&fmbs kmbe" Sdbsjbl uimu ba abd js jb cabuwak+ ~audbujmkcwjfjbmks mwd m~u ua ~wdz ab uid kacmkjuz"

Sutejds imxd sia|b uimu cdwumjb jbidwdbu hdmutwds ah uid fjcwa&dbxjwabfdbu mhhdcu uid

kjodkjiaae ah cwjfd" Haw dymf~kd+ ju js dmsjdw haw cwjfjbmks ua caffju cwjfds bdmw fm`aw suwddus)Gwmbujblimf mbe Gwmbujblimf =::3m*" Uid lwdmudw uid btfgdw ah dscm~d watuds )suwddus mbe

mkkdzs* jb uid xjcjbjuz ah m sjud+ uid dmsjdw ju js haw m cwjfjbmk ua dscm~d )^azbdw =:93*" Uid

stwwatbejbl kmbe tsds cmb mksa mhhdcu cwjfd+ |jui cdwumjb kmbe tsds )d"l"+ kj}taw suawds+ umxdwbs+~m|b sia~s+ ~aak imkks+ xmcmbu kaus+ mbe mgmbeabde gtjkejbls* cabsjedwde ua gd cwjfd

ldbdwmuaws )Gzwbd =:98? Gkaco mbe Gkaco =::4? Lwddbgdwl =:98*" Dymfjbjbl gts sua~s jb Kas

Mbldkds+ Katomjuat&Sjedwjs du mk" )7>>=* hatbe uimu cdwumjb twgmb hawf mbe gts sua~

cimwmcudwjsujcs jbhktdbcd uwmbsju cwjfd" Haw dymf~kd+ cwjfd wmuds |dwd ijlidw mu gts sua~s jb mwdms|jui mkkdzs mbe fje&gkaco ~mssmlds )cawwagawmujbl uid jedm uimu cwjfd js ijli |idwd uidwd mwd

mxdbtds haw dscm~d* mbe bdmw ftkujhmfjkz iatsjbl+ kj}taw suawds+ cidco&cmsijbl dsumgkjsifdbus+

xmcmbu gtjkejbls+ mbe gtjkejbls fmwode gz lwmhhjuj mbe kjuudw" Haw xjakdbu cwjfds jb ~mwujctkmw+ uidkacmujab ah cidco&cmsijbl dsumgkjsifdbus bdmw gts sua~s mbe uid ~wdsdbcd ah mkkdzs ime uid

suwabldsu ~asjujxd cawwdkmujab |jui cwjfd wmuds"Auidw hdmutwds ah uid gtjku dbxjwabfdbu mwd xjd|de ms imxjbl uid ~audbujmk ua edudw cwjfd"

Stci edhdbsjgkd s~mcd hdmutwds jbckted kjliujbl+ laae xjsjgjkjuz+ ~kmcds ua sju atueaaws+ mcutmk

mbe szfgakjc gmwwjdws+ mbe udwwjuawjmk szfgaks stci ms bdjligawiaae |muci sjlbs+ mkmwf sjlbs+|muci eals+ mbe iafd ~dwsabmkjpmujab sjlbs )^dwojbs du mk" =::3*"

^waudcujbl Bdjligawiaae Sduujbls hwaf Cwjfd Uiwatli ^kmbbjbl mbe Edsjlb

Uid ~wdxjats kjudwmutwd wdxjd| dsumgkjsids ckdmwkz uimu uid edsjlb ah twgmb hawf mbe uid kmzatu

mbe m~~dmwmbcd ah ~tgkjc s~mcds jbhktdbcd ~dwcdjxde mbe mcutmk smhduz+ mbe ~waxjed

dbxjwabfdbumk ctds ms ua |iduidw ua dblmld jb ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz" Ms m cabsd}tdbcd+ cdwumjb~kmbbjbl mbe edsjlb jbudwxdbujabs cmb idk~ gkaco a~~awutbjujds haw cwjfd+ jbsujkk hddkjbls ah

smhduz+ mbe+ uits+ hmcjkjumud ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz" Fmbz ejfdbsjabs ah uid ~izsjcmk dbxjwabfdbu

siatke gd cabsjedwde jb edxdka~jbl m~~wa~wjmud ~kmbbjbl mbe edsjlb jbudwxdbujabs+ stci ms =* uidcimwmcudwjsujcs ah uid ~a~tkmujab mbe uidjw wdkdxmbu ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz bddes ms |dkk ms hdmws? 7* uid

cimwmcudwjsujcs ah uid sduujbl )wdsjedbujmk bdjligawiaae+ cjuz cdbudw+ sciaak+ |awo~kmcd+ duc"*? mbe

3* uid mcujxjuz jusdkh )uz~d+ jbudbsjuz+ hwd}tdbcz* )Ojbl du mk"=::7*" \ijkd cwjfd ~wdxdbujab jssjutmujabmk mbe siatke gd umjkawde ua uid sacjmk mbe s~mujmk s~dcjhjcjujds ah dmci bdjligawiaae aw

sduujbl+ cdwumjb ~kmbbjbl mbe edsjlb suwmudljds sddf ua iake ~mwujctkmw ~wafjsd haw gkacojbl cwjfd

mbe wdetcjbl hdmw ah cwjfd jb ~tgkjc s~mcds"


21/46

Katomjuat&Sjedwjs =:

Hjyjbl Gwaodb \jbea|s

Mccdss ua dbxjwabfdbus uimu st~~awu ~izsjcmk mcujxjujds js itwekde gz uid dwasjab ah ~tgkjc s~mcd

mbe ~tgkjc mfdbjujds jb fmbz bdjligawiaaes" Ldbdwmk bdlkdcu ah uid gtjkejbl suaco mbe ~tgkjcdbxjwabfdbus+ lwmhhjuj mbe kjuudw+ df~uz gtjkejbls mbe gwaodb |jbea|s mwd sjlbs uimu ba abd

wdmkkz cmwds mgatu aw wdltkmuds m suwddu+ bdjligawiaae aw ~tgkjc s~mcd? uimu gaui uid ~izsjcmk mbesacjmk cabudyu sthhdw hwaf ejsawedw" ^izsjcmk jbudwxdbujabs uimu wdetcd hdmw&~waetcjbl jbcjxjkjujdsjb suwddus mbe auidw ~tgkjc s~mcds? jf~waxd uid m~~dmwmbcd ah gtjkejbls+ hjkk jb edwdkjcu mwdms+ mbe

dbstwd laae fmjbudbmbcd mbe ckdmbkjbdss ah uid suwdduscm~d catbudwmcu uid gwaodb&|jbea|

dhhdcu mbe idk~ wdetcd hdmw"

Hmcjkjumujbl Dzds ab uid Suwddu

Df~uz suwddus mbe edsakmud ~tgkjc s~mcds ldbdwmud hdmw mbe mksa ~waxjed a~~awutbjujds hawcwjfjbmk mcus ua la tbbaujcde" Uid sdlwdlmujab ah uid Mfdwjcmb cjuz jbua sjblkd&tsd cdkks uiwatli

pabjbl ims ahudb edbjde bdjligawiaaes uid a~~awutbjuz ua iasu mb axdwkmz ah mcujxjujds uimu

~waetcds m cwjujcmk fmss ah ~da~kd jb ~tgkjc s~mcds" Bdxdwuidkdss+ uid edsjlb awjdbumujab ahgtjkejbls |jui |jbea|s hmcjbl uid suwddu cmb jbcwdmsd bmutwmk stwxdjkkmbcd gz bdjligaws" Jb

fjyde&tsd mbe caffdwcjmk mwdms+ edsjlb cmb jf~waxd a~~awutbjujds haw stwxdjkkmbcd gz

jbuwaetcjbl suawdhwabus hmcjbl uid sjed|mko" Uid ~kmcdfdbu ah uwmbsju hmcjkjujds m|mz hwaf

edsakmud mwdms+ mbe bdmw ~kmcds |idwd uidz cmb gd axdwsddb gz sia~ a|bdws aw bdjligaws+ uidwd~kmcdfdbu ah ~dedsuwjmb stg|mzs |jui smhd+ lwatbe kdxdk cwassjbls+ uid dkjfjbmujab ah df~uz

mkkdzs+ ms |dkk ms hdbcds mbe idmxz kmbescm~jbl gkacojbl sjliukjbds cmb wdetcd hdmw mbe hddkjbls

ah mbyjduz" Edsjlb cmb cwdmud ~wdcabejujabs haw jbhawfmk gtu dhhdcujxd cabuwak ah uid ~tgkjcdbxjwabfdbu

Sjbcd uid =::>s Bd| Twgmbjsf ims mexacmude uid edxdka~fdbu ah fawd caf~mcu twgmbhawfs mbe m wdm~~wmjsmk ah muujuteds ua|mwe pabjbl uimu hmxaws ejsuwjgtujab ah kmbe tsds stci ms

iafds+ |awo~kmcds+ suawds+ mbe sciaaks+ sa uimu uidz cmb ldbdwmud m cwjujcmk fmss ah ~dedsuwjmb

mcujxjuz" Bd| Twgmbjsus dy~dcu uimu uidjw bda&uwmejujabmk edsjlbs |jkk ldbdwmud fawd ~dedsuwjmbmcujxjuz" Gtu safd sciakmws imxd mssdwude uimu mbz agsdwxde ejhhdwdbcds jb uid uwmxdk gdimxjaw ah

wdsjedbus jb bdauwmejujabmk bdjligawiaaes fmz gd fawd m htbcujab ah uid xmktds mbe ~wdhdwdbcds

ah uid bdjligawiaae uimb ah jus twgmb hawf )Owjpdo 7>>>*" Jb auidw |awes+ stci bdjligawiaaesfmz gd sjf~kz muuwmcujbl ~da~kd |jui ~wd~abedwmbcd haw |mkojbl mbe ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz"4

4Uidwd js m edgmud jb uid kjudwmutwd mwatbe uid Bd| Twgmbjsu ckmjf uimu bdauwmejujabmk edsjlbs cmb wdetcd uid btfgdw

ah xdijckd uwj~s mbe jbcwdmsd |mkojbl" Gaaoatu )=::7* mssdwude uimu Bd| Twgmbjsu ~kmbs cmb wdetcd xdijctkmw uwmhhjc

gz 53$ caf~mwde ua cabxdbujabmk stgtwgmb stgejxjsjabs" Sutejds gz FcBmkkz mbe Wzmb )=::3* mbe Cwmbd )=::8m?

=::8g* sddfde+ ia|dxdw+ ua wdhtud Bd| Twgmbjsu ckmjfs" M hd| df~jwjcmk sutejds uimu imxd satliu ua udsu uidmsstf~ujab uimu Bd| Twgmbjsu bdjligawiaae edsjlb ldbdwmuds fawd |mkojbl ime fjyde wdstkus" Stwxdzjbl wdsjedbus

jb hatw jbbdw cjuz mbe hatw stgtwgmb bdjligawiaaes mbe cabuwakkjbl haw sacjaedfalwm~ijc hmcuaws+ Ktbe )7>>3*

hatbe uimu bdjligawiaaes |jui Bd| Twgmbjsu hdmutwds stci ms ~mwos mbe sia~s ime ijlidw kdxdks ah ~dedsuwjmb uwmxdk?

ia|dxdw+ sid mksa tbedwscawde uid jf~awumbcd ah ~dwsabmk muujuteds ua|mwe |mkojbl" Jb m caf~mwmujxd sutez ah

Jwxjbd+ Caktfgjm+ mbe uid \aaekmbes+ Hawszui )7>>7* hatbe uimu ijlidw edbsjujds mbe fjyde&tsd cdbudws mbe

cawwjeaws )|ijci cabhawfde ua Bd| Twgmbjsu ~wmcujcds* |dwd bau med}tmud jb uidfsdkxds ua wdetcd mtuafagjkd uwj~s"


22/46

7> UWGS~dcjmk Wd~awu 7970 Eads uid Gtjku Dbxjwabfdbu Jbhktdbcd izsjcmk Mcujxjuz1 Dymfjbjbl uid Dxjedbcd

Kjliujbl uid \mz

Emwo ~tgkjc ~kmcds ahudb ldbdwmud hddkjbls ah hdmw" Wdsdmwci ims sia|b uimu laae kjliujbl ah

suwddus+ ~mwos+ gts sidkudws+ mbe sumujabs cmb wdetcd mssmtkus mbe ~dwcd~ujabs ah hdmw" )Ujdb =:*"M wdsdmwci ~wa`dcu jb uid Kabeab gawatli ah Imffdwsfjui sia|de m ckdmw

wdetcujab jb |afdbs ~dwcd~ujab ah embldw mhudw kjliujbl |ms dbimbcde jb ~tgkjc s~mcds )Uwdbcidu mk" =::7*"

Dkjfjbmujbl Gme Bdjligaws

Uid kmbe tsds uimu kjbd t~ m suwddu aw stwwatbe m ~tgkjc s~mcd mwd cwtcjmk haw uidjw smhduz" Bdlmujxdkmbe tsds )stci ms kj}taw suawds+ sddez faudks+ gmws+ cidco cmsijbl dsumgkjsifdbus+ ~m|bsia~s+

mbe metku gaaosuawds mbe faxjd uidmudws* cmb ldbdwmud cwjfd gdcmtsd uidz cmb dbcatwmld

mbujsacjmk gdimxjaw+ cabcdbuwmud ktcwmujxd umwldus+ mbe muuwmcu ~audbujmk cwjfjbmks" Stci tsds ahudbljxd m bdjligawiaae m gme wd~tumujab mbe jbcwdmsd uid hdmw ah cwjfd" Uidsd gme bdjligaws siatke

gd dkjfjbmude hwaf uid xjcjbjuz ah ~mwos+ gts sua~s+ mbe ~tgkjc s~mcds"

Cwdmujbl Smhd Udwwjuawjds

^mwos mbe ~tgkjc s~mcds udbe ua cabcdbuwmud ~da~kd hwaf ejhhdwdbu mlds+ mbe |mkos ah kjhd" Safd

lwat~s+ stci ms uid dkedwkz+ fmz hddk uiwdmudbde gz auidw lwat~s )d"l"+ uddbmldws* ca&dyjsujbl jbuid smfd kjfjude udwwjuawz" Uid cwdmujab ah smhd imbl atu ~kmcds+ stci ms m sdbjaw cjujpdb cdbudw

aw m lwat~ ah umgkds mbe gdbcids+ |juijb m kmwldw ~tgkjc sduujbl cmb idk~ m tsdw lwat~ hddk smhd gz

dy~dwjdbcjbl m sdbsd ah udwwjuawjmkjuz mbe lwat~ a|bdwsij~" Edsjlb ah ~tgkjc s~mcds siatke idk~dmsd udbsjab mbe hdmw gdu|ddb ejhhdwdbu lwat~s gz ~wafaujbl uidjw ~dmcdhtk ca&dyjsudbcd

)Katomjuat&Sjedwjs =::4*" Caa~dw Fmwcts mbe Hwmbcjs )=::>* umko mgatu kmzdwjbl mbesd~mwmujab+ uid hawfmujab ah ujfd mbe mcujxjuz pabds uiwatli edsjlb mbe ~kmbbjbl jb ~mwos mbe

~tgkjc s~mcds uimu mkka| ejhhdwdbu lwat~s ua tsd uid smfd s~mcd"

^waudcujbl Mccdss Watuds mbe Edsujbmujab

\ijkd safd ~tgkjc s~mcds mbe hmcjkjujds stci ms sumujab ~kmuhawfs aw ~mwos fmz gd sthhjcjdbukz~akjcde mbe ~waudcude+ uid watud ua uidsd hmcjkjujds fmz bau mk|mzs gd ~dwcdjxde ms smhd" Uid

~kmbbjbl mbe edsjlb ah m wdcwdmujabmk aw uwmbsju hmcjkjuz siatke dyudbe gdzabe uid hmcjkjuz jusdkh ua

jbcaw~awmud uid ~tgkjc dbxjwabfdbus uimu kdme ua aw mwd ckasdkz mssacjmude |jui uid hmcjkjuz

)~mui|mzs+ sjed|mkos kdmejbl ua uid edsujbmujab+ ~mwojbl kaus+ ~mwo&mbe&wjed kaus+ axdwidmes mbetbedw~mssds*"

Caf~kdfdbumwjuz ah Suwmudljds

Cwjfd ~wdxdbujab uiwatli dbxjwabfdbumk edsjlb siatke gd caf~kdfdbude gz m xmwjduz ah

suwmudljds+ |ijci fmz jbckted =* ~akjcjbl mbe stwxdjkkmbcd gz ~tgkjc aw ~wjxmud sdctwjuz ahhjcdws+mbe!aw bdjligawiaae |muci lwat~s? 7* detcmujabmk ~walwmfs+ jbhawfmujab mbe fdejm cmf~mjlbs

)stci ms mbuj&ewtl fdssmlds*? 3* uid tsd ah udcibakalz stci ms ckasde&cjwctju udkdxjsjab ab sumujab

~kmuhawfs? dfdwldbcz ~iabds? stwxdjkkmbcd cmfdwms jb ~tgkjc s~mcds+ mbe 5* df~kazfdbu ahsacjmk cm~jumk mbe sacjmk bdu|awos )|idwd mxmjkmgkd* ua axdwsdd uid sdctwjuz ah uid bdjligawiaae


23/46

Katomjuat&Sjedwjs 7=

uiwatli jbhawfmk sacjmk cabuwak" Uid gmkmbcd mbe fjy ah uidsd suwmudljds siatke gd gmsde ab uid~mwujctkmwjuz ah dmci sduujbl+ uid |jsids ah uid cafftbjuz+ mbe uid wdsatwcds mxmjkmgkd"

Uwmhhjc Smhduz mbe uid Gtjku Dbxjwabfdbu

Uid hdmw ah xjcujfjpmujab hwaf cwjfd js bau uid abkz smhduz cabsjedwmujab haw fmbz" Gmwwjdws uaumojbl m |mko mwatbe uid bdjligawiaae fmz mksa gd dbxjwabfdbumk )uwmhhjc+ edudwjawmujblsjed|mkos+ ~akktujab*" Mfabl uidsd jsstds+ uwmhhjc smhduz dfdwlds ms m fm`aw cabcdwb haw

bdjligawiaaes" Jbedde jb mb dmwkz stwxdz ~tgkjside jb Lwdmu Gwjumjb jb =:9> gz uid Ahhjcd ah

^a~tkmujab Cdbstsds+ ~da~kd jedbujhjde hjxd judfs fmojbl uid suwddus embldwats0 uwmhhjc s~dde+

uwmhhjc xaktfd+ ~mwode xdijckds+ gtsz jbudwsdcujabs+ mbe kmco ah ~dedsuwjmb hmcjkjujds )jb BCC=:9


24/46


cimwmcudwjsujcs+ ewjxjbl dy~dwjdbcd+ mbe ewtbodbbdss ah ewjxdws mwd sjlbjhjcmbukz kjbode ua~dedsuwjmb&mtuafagjkd cakkjsjabs" M sutez uimu mbmkzpde ~dedsuwjmb hmumkjujds jb Bd| Zawo Cjuz

gdu|ddb =::5&=::< hatbe uimu zatbldw ewjxdws )=:&35 zdmws ah mld* cmtsde 59$ ah uid edmuis

)Oafmbahh =:::*" Sutejds mbmkzpjbl uid sacjaedfalwm~ijc cimwmcudwjsujcs ah xjcujfs imxd hatbeuimu cijkewdb mbe uid dkedwkz mwd uid u|a mld lwat~s fasu xtkbdwmgkd ua ~dedsuwjmb&mtuafagjkd

cakkjsjabs" Bdmwkz abd hjhui ah mkk uwmhhjc hmumkjujds tbedw mld =8 |dwd ~dedsuwjmbs" Dkedwkz~dedsuwjmbs mccatbude haw =>7 )BCSM 7>>7*" \ijkd uid~wa~awujabs ah cijkewdb mbe uid dkedwkz uimu hmkk xjcujfs ua uid cmw mwd ejhhdwdbu haw ejhhdwdbu

ldalwm~ijc wdljabs+ uidsd u|a lwat~s caf~wjsd uid lwdmudsu btfgdw ah mkk ~dedsuwjmb&mtuafagjkd

cakkjsjabs wdkmujxd ua uidjw simwd ah ~a~tkmujab" Jb m sutez ah fauaw xdijckd cakkjsjabs jb Iabaktkt+

Kdxjbd du mk" )=::5* hatbe uimu 79"9$ ah uid xjcujfs |dwd cijkewdb tbedw =4+ |ijkd =4"5$ ah uidxjcujfs jb ~dedsuwjmb&mtuafagjkd cakkjsjabs |dwd sdbjaws" Jb uid mhawdfdbujabde Bd| Zawo Cjuz

sutez+ akedw Bd| Zawodws mccatbude haw 34$ ah uid xjcujfs )Oafmbahh =:::*" Dxdb uiatli

hd|dw cijkewdb mwd ba| |mkojbl uimb jb uid ~wdxjats edcmeds+ ~dedsuwjmb jb`twz wdfmjbs uidsdcabe kdmejbl cmtsd ah tbjbudbujabmk jb`twz&wdkmude edmui mfabl cijkewdb mlds 4&=5 )Stwhmcd

Uwmbs~awumujab âkjcz ^wa`dcu 7>>7*"

Cijke ~dedsuwjmb&mtuafagjkd cakkjsjabs udbe ua im~~db jb wdsjedbujmk mwdms+ bdmw m cijkesiafd )Simw~kds du mk" =::>* mbe ab uid àtwbdz ua sciaak" Gdimxjawmk hmcuaws )d"l"+ axdwmcujxjuz*

mbe uid kdblui ah dy~astwd jb ~tgkjc s~mcds imxd gddb mssacjmude |jui cijkewdb jb`twjds"

Ia|dxdw+ haw cakkjsjabs jbxakxjbl cijkewdb xjcujfs dbxjwabfdbumk jbhktdbcds imxd gddb hatbe ua

gd fawd sjlbjhjcmbu uimb gdimxjawmk hmcuaws )Cawkdss mbe Aikmbe =:::*" Dxdb uiatli uid uaumkmbbtmk btfgdw ah hmumkjujds ah cijkewdb |mkojbl aw gjojbl ua sciaak wd~wdsdbus abkz =8$ mbe 8$

wds~dcujxdkz ah uid uaumk mbbtmk sutedbu hmumkjujds ah uid àtwbdz ua sciaak+ ab m ~dw fjkd gmsjs+

sciaak&mlde gjczckjsus imxd uid ijlidsu jb`twz mbe hmumkjuz wmuds+ hakka|de gz sciaak&mlde~dedsuwjmbs )UWG 7>>7*"

Uid uwmhhjc dbljbddwjbl hjdke ims mksa dymfjbde uid wdkmujabsij~ ah wame cimwmcudwjsujcs)d"l"+ uz~d ah wame+ kmbd |jeui+ ~mxdfdbu cimwmcudwjsujcs+ jbudwsdcujab ldafduwz+ suwddu kjliujbl+

dyjsudbcd ah fmwode cwass|mkos+ mxmjkmgjkjuz ah wmjsde fdejmbs+ duc"* mbe ~dedsuwjmb&mtuafagjkd

cakkjsjabs" M sutez jb Sdmuukd hatbe uimu uid ijlidsu btfgdw ah stci cakkjsjabs )45$* acctwwde abfmjb mwudwjmks+ hakka|de ckasdkz gz fjbaw mwudwjmks )3:$* )\mklwdb =::9*" Sutejds imxd mksa

dy~kawde ia| uid ~wdsdbcd ah fmwode sjed|mkos jb tbcabuwakkde kacmujabs )|jui ba uwmhhjc kjlius*

mhhdcus ~dedsuwjmb cakkjsjab wmuds" M wdcdbu sutez hatbe uimu jb ijli uwmhhjc ftkujkmbd suwddusfmwode cwass|mkos |dwd mssacjmude |jui ijlidw ~dedsuwjmb cwmsi wmuds )HIM 7>>7*"

Sutejds imxd dy~kawde uid wdkmujabsij~ gdu|ddb ~dedsuwjmb cwmsids mbe uwmhhjc mbe ~mwojbl

cimwmcudwjsujcs" M sjlbjhjcmbu wdkmujabsij~ ims gddb hatbe gdu|ddb uwmhhjc xaktfd mbe uid btfgdw

ah cakkjsjabs )Kdxjbd du mk" =::5? Wagdwus du mk" =::4? @mcosab mbe Oaciujupoz 7>>=*" Uwmhhjcs~ddes imxd mksa gddb mssacjmude |jui jbcwdmsde wjso ah jb`twz ua ~dedsuwjmbs )@mcagsdb du mk"

7>>>*" Ijli edbsjujds ah ctwg ~mwojbl mwd mssacjmude |jui jbcwdmsde btfgdws ah ~dedsuwjmb&

mtuafagjkd cakkjsjabs )Wagdwus du mk" =::4*+ haw uid wdmsab uimu ~mwode cmws cmb jf~mjw uidxjsjgjkjuz ah jbcafjbl uwmhhjc" Ia|dxdw+ uijs fjliu gd m s~twjats cawwdkmujab gdcmtsd ju js mksa

kjodkz uimu fmbz cmws mwd ~mwode jb ijli&mcujxjuz mwdms |jui fmbz ~dedsuwjmbs" Ms dy~dcude+

~dedsuwjmb dy~astwd ims gddb uz~jcmkkz mssacjmude |jui cakkjsjab wjso"Hjbmkkz+ m sdu ah sutejds ims dymfjbde uid wdkmujabsij~ gdu|ddb ~dedsuwjmb&mtuafagjkd

cakkjsjabs mbe uid sacjmk mbe ~izsjcmk cimwmcudwjsujcs ah bdjligawiaaes" Jb 7>>>+ fasu ~dedsuwjmb

hmumkjujds acctwwde jb twgmb mwdms )>*" M sjlbjhjcmbu btfgdw ah ~dedsuwjmb&mtuafagjkd cakkjsjabs )3


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Katomjuat&Sjedwjs 73

cijkewdb hmumkjujds uaao ~kmcd jb bab&uwmhhjc kacmujabs+ stci ms ewjxd|mzs+ sjed|mkos+ mbe ~mwojblkaus )Smhd Ojes Cmf~mjlb 7>>7*" Fmbz wdsdmwcidws imxd hatbe m wdkmujabsij~ gdu|ddb mb mwdms

sacjmk ed~wjxmujab mbe kmco ah mhhktdbcd mbe ~dedsuwjmb&mtuafagjkd cakkjsjabs )Scauujsi Dydctujxd

7>>=*" Cijke ~dedsuwjmb jb`twjds acctw sjlbjhjcmbukz fawd ahudb jb ~aaw bdjligawiaaes |juiwdsuwjcude mccdss ua ~kmz s~mcd mbe embldwats suwddus |jui ijli uwmhhjc )Cawkdss mbe Aikmbe =:::*"

Uijs sddfs ua iake uwtd bau abkz haw cijkewdb gtu mksa haw metkus" Jb m sutez uimu dymfjbde uidwdkmujabsij~ gdu|ddb mb mwdms sacjmk cimwmcudwjsujcs mbe wame&mccjedbu cmstmkujds jb Scaukmbe+Mgemkkm du mk" )=::+>>> wdsjedbus |ms mgaxd uid wdljabs

mxdwmld jb uid fasu ed~wjxde mwdms+ mbe gdka| uid wdljabs mxdwmld jb uid fasu mhhktdbu mwdms" M

Cmkjhawbjm sutez uimu dymfjbde uid wdkmujabsij~ gdu|ddb wmcd!duibjcjuz ah Cmkjhawbjm cijkewdb mbe

~dedsuwjmb&mtuafagjkd cakkjsjabs jb =::8+ hatbe uimu Kmujba mbe Mhwjcmb&Mfdwjcmb cijkewdb+~wdstfmgkz kjxjbl jb safd ah uid sumuds fasu ejsmexmbumlde bdjligawiaaes+ |dwd

ejs~wa~awujabmudkz wd~wdsdbude mfabl mkk ~dedsuwjmb hmumkjujds mbe jb`twjds wdkmujxd ua uidjw simwd

ah uid ~a~tkmujab )Cawkdss mbe Aikmbe =:::*" Sjfjkmwkz+ m sutez uimu dymfjbde ~dedsuwjmb smhduzemum gdu|ddb =::> mbe 7>>> hatbe uimu etwjbl uimu ~dwjae Gkmco cijkewdb ime m ~dedsuwjmb edmui

wmud fawd uimb u|jcd uimu ah \ijud cijkewdb )Smhd Ojes Cmf~mjlb 7>>7*" M wdcdbu sutez ims

s~dctkmude uimu uid kjbo gdu|ddb ~dedsuwjmb edmuis mbe duibjcjuz js etd ua uid hmcu uimu Kmujbasmbe Mhwjcmb Mfdwjcmbs mwd fawd kjodkz ua |mko+ gjod mbe!aw umod ~tgkjc uwmbs~awumujab+ wdstkujbl

jb lwdmudw dy~astwd ua uid embldws ah uid suwddu )Stwhmcd Uwmbs~awumujab ^akjcz ^wa`dcu 7>>7*"

\ijkd uid wdkmujabsij~ gdu|ddb ~dedsuwjmb&mtuafagjkd cakkjsjab wjso mbe uid

sacjaedfalwm~ijc cimwmcudwjsujcs ah bdjligawiaaes js bau ejs~tude+ hd| sutejds imxd mcutmkkzdymfjbde uid dhhdcus wdkmujbl ua uid ~izsjcmk dbxjwabfdbu mbe ldalwm~ijc kacmujabs mssacjmude

|jui ejsmexmbumlde mwdms0 uid btfgdw+ uz~d+ mbe ~asjujabjbl ah suwddus+ uid btfgdw ah hatw&kdl

jbudwsdcujabs+ uid med}tmcz ah suwddu kjliujbl+ uid cabejujab ah wames+ uid wdkmujabsij~ ah gts sua~sua uid suwddus+ uid fmwojbl ah cwasswames+ uid ~asjujabjbl ah bdjligawiaae sciaaks mbe

~kmzlwatbes jb wdkmujab ua uid suwddu bdu|awo+ uid uz~d ah kmbe tsds+ duc" Zdu+ uid jbejcmujab js uimucdwumjb ~izsjcmk mbe kmbe tsd hmcuaws fmz gd mtlfdbujbl uid wjso ah cakkjsjab haw ~dedsuwjmbs" M

sfmkk btfgdw ah sutejds imxd wdxdmkde uimu ftci" Jbxdsujlmujbl uid sjlbjhjcmbcd ah ~mwujctkmw kmbe

tsds+ Kdxjbd du mk" )=::5* hatbe uimu uid btfgdw ah sciaaks mbe gmws jb m gkaco&lwat~ ~wdejcudeuid btfgdw ah ~dedsuwjmb cwmsids+ mkabl |jui uid ~a~tkmujab mbe df~kazfdbu xmwjmgkds" Uid

smfd wdsdmwcidws hatbe uimu uid btfgdw ah fjkds ah hwdd|mz wmf~s mbe mccdss wames+ mbe uid

btfgdw ah fjkds ah fm`aw mwudwjmks jb m bdjligawiaae |dwd ~asjujxdkz wdkmude ua uid btfgdw ahcwmsids acctwwjbl" \mklwdb )=::9* hatbe uimu jb Sdmuukd 9:$ ah uid ijli cakkjsjab kacmujabs |dwd

|juijb =4> hddu ah m gts sua~+ |ijkd :>$ ah stci kacmujabs |dwd |juijb hddu ah m cwass|mko"

Fasu ah uid cakkjsjabs acctwwde mu jbudwsdcujabs |juiatu uwmhhjc kjliu" M sutez gz uid Smbum Mbm

Tbjhjde Sciaak Ejsuwjcu jb Cmkjhawbjm hatbe uimu fawd uimb imkh ah uid cjuzs


26/46


Ms sia|b jb Umgkd 7+ gaui edsjlb mbe ~akjcz jbudwxdbujabs cmb gd tujkjpde ua fjujlmud uiddhhdcus ah uwmhhjc mbe fmod bdjligawiaaes smhdw haw ~dedsuwjmbs mbe czckjsus" Mu m fjbjftf+ mkk

ftbjcj~mkjujds dbhawcd m uwmhhjc caed uimu sddos ua fmbmld mbe wdltkmud uwmhhjc uiwatli uid tsd ah

uwmhhjc cabuwak edxjcds stci ms uwmhhjc sjlbmks mbe kjlius+ sua~ sjlbs+ ~mxdfdbu fmwojbls+ mbecwass|mkos" Uidsd edxjcds ~waxjed m gmsjc kdxdk ah ~waudcujab haw ~dedsuwjmbs mbe czckjsus+ gtu ua

gd fawd dhhdcujxd uidz siatke gd ctsuafjpde ua uid s~dcjhjc bddes ah ~mwujctkmw bdjligawiaaes"Haw dymf~kd+ dymfjbjbl uid dhhdcujxdbdss ah cwass|mkos+ Oad~sdk du mk" )7>>7* hatbe uimu uidzeje kjuukd ua ~waudcu akedw ~dedsuwjmbs+ ljxjbl uidf abkz m hmksd sdbsd ah sdctwjuz" \idb ba uwmhhjc

sjlbmk aw sua~ sjlbs |dwd ~wdsdbu+ fmwode cwass|mkos |dwd mssacjmude |jui uiwdd& ua sjy&hake

jbcwdmsd jb wjso"Cwass|mkos siatke gd edsjlbde umojbl jbua cabsjedwmujab uid mld mbe auidw

cimwmcudwjsujcs ah ~dedsuwjmbs mbe siatke gd mxajede mu jbudwsdcujabs |jui ijli&uwmhhjc s~ddes+~aaw jkktfjbmujab+ mbe jbsthhjcjdbu xjsjgjkjuz haw ewjxdws )Wtbld mbe Cakd 7>>7*"

Dhhawus ua wdetcd uid xaktfd ah mtuafagjkds ahudb hacts ab uid dbcatwmldfdbu ah

mkudwbmujxd faeds ah uwmhhjc+ gz ~waxjejbl uid jbhwmsuwtcutwd mbe ~akjcz jbcdbujxds haw uid mea~ujabah uidsd faeds+ mbe gz fmojbl uid tsd ah ~wjxmud mtuafagjkds fawd dy~dbsjxd" Mu uid

bdjligawiaae kdxdk+ uid ~waxjsjab ah sjed|mkos+ ~dedsuwjmb ~muis+ mbe gjod kmbds mwd bdcdssmwz

gtu bau sthhjcjdbu sud~s ua ~wafaud |mkojbl mbe gjojbl" Mb jbudlwmude mbe cabujbtats ~dedsuwjmbmbe gjczckd bdu|awo uimu cabbdcus ~ajbus ah awjljb |jui ~a~tkmw edsujbmujabs siatke gd jb ~kmcd

gdhawd |d cmb agsdwxd fm`aw faemk cimblds" Xdwz hd| T"S" cjujds cmb gamsu stci m bdu|awo+ |jui

uid baumgkd dycd~ujab ah Emxjs+ Cmkjhawbjm+ |ijci hdmutwds 34 fjkds ah cabujbtats gjod kmbds+

jbcktejbl == lwmed&sd~mwmude jbudwsdcujabs mbe s~dcjmk gjczckd uwmhhjc sjlbmks" Ms m wdstku+ gjoduwj~s jb Emxjs dycdde 7>$ ah mkk uwmbs~awumujab uwj~s )BIUSM 7>>3*" Mu uid fduwa~akjumb scmkd+

uid mccaffaemujab ah cmw~aaks mbe gtsds ab s~dcjmk kmbds cmb ahhdw safd jbcdbujxds ua ewjxdws ua

s|juci faeds" Stci dhhawus imxd abkz ime faedsu stccdss jb wdetcjbl mtuafagjkd uwmxdk"Sciakmws imxd mwltde uimu ~wjcjbl fdcimbjsfs )d"l"+ cabldsujab ~mwojbl+ lmsakjbd umyds+ ijli

kjcdbsd hdds+ duc"* uimu fmod uid tsd ah mtuafagjkd fawd dy~dbsjxd imxd m gduudw cimbcd ua~wafaud mkudwbmujxd uwmbs~awumujab faeds? ia|dxdw+ stci fdcimbjsfs ahudb ea bau db`az |jed

~tgkjc st~~awu jb uid Tbjude Sumuds"

M xmwjduz ah jbbaxmujxd edsjlb fdmbs imxd gddb tujkjpde gz ftbjcj~mkjujds jb Dtwa~d+ mbefawd wdcdbukz jb Cmbmem mbe uid Tbjude Sumuds jb mb dhhawu ua ska| ea|b uwmhhjc s~ddes jb

wdsjedbujmk bdjligawiaaes mbe bdmw sciaaks mbe ~tgkjc ~kmcds" Stci fdmstwds+ ahudb cmkkde uwmhhjc

cmkfjbl+ sddo ua wdetcd uid bdlmujxd dhhdcus ah mtuafagjkds+ mkudw ewjxdw gdimxjaw+ mbe jf~waxdcabejujabs haw ~dedsuwjmbs mbe czckjsus )Kaco|aae =::


27/46

Katomjuat&Sjedwjs 74

Jb meejujab ua edsjlb fdmbs+ ~akjcz wdltkmujabs imxd umwldude uid ka|dwjbl ah xdijctkmws~ddes jb mwdms |jui ijli cabcdbuwmujabs ah ~dedsuwjmbs" Uid dsumgkjsifdbu ah sciaak smhduz pabds

)7> f~i* jb Dtwa~d mbe uid Tbjude Sumuds mbe iafd pabds jb cdwumjb wdsjedbujmk mwdms jb uid

Tbjude Ojbleaf ims gdcafd caffab ~wmcujcd+ mbe imsgddb sia|b ua wdstku jb jbcwdmsde~dedsuwjmb smhduz"Umwldujbl fawd 7> f~i pabds |atke wdetcd ~mwdbumk cabcdwbs mgatu uwmhhjc

embldw" M s~dcjmk edsjlbmujab ah m ska| uwmhhjc pabd+ js uimu ah uid \aabdwhjb uid Bduidwkmbes+|idwd mtuafagjkd&abkz suwddus jb wdsjedbujmk bdjligawiaaes mwd cabxdwude ua simwde&tsd mwdms+|idwd mtuafagjkds+ gjods+ mbe ~dedsuwjmbs cmb ca&dyjsu ab uid wame|mz" Uiwatli uid tsd ah

edsjlb fdmbs stci ms ~kmbudws+ s~dcjmk ~mxdfdbus+ s~dde gtf~s+ mbe ~asude uwmhhjc sjlbs ewjxdws

mwd |mwbde ua ska| ea|b mbe zjdke ua ~dedsuwjmbs mbe czckjsus"

\ijkd uid mhawdfdbujabde fdmstwds mwd ~wjfmwjkz umwldujbl uid gdimxjaw ah ewjxdws+mbauidw sdu ah jbudwxdbujabs cmb umwldu uid gdimxjaw ah ~dedsuwjmbs mbe czckjsus" Mu m fjbjftf+

uid ~waxjsjab ah m ~izsjcmk jbhwmsuwtcutwd haw ~dedsuwjmbjsf mbe czckjbl )sjed|mkos+ gjod kmbds

mbe ~muis+ ~dedsuwjmb axdw~mssds+ cwass|mkos+ duc"* js m bdcdssmwz gtu bau sthhjcjdbu ~wdcabejujabhaw |mkojbl mbe czckjbl" T~odd~ mbe laae fmjbudbmbcd mbe odd~jbl uid sjed|mkos ckdmw hwaf

agsuwtcujabs mwd mksa jf~awumbu haw uid mxajembcd ah uwj~~jbl mbe hmkkjbl mccjedbus" ^mxdfdbu

mccjedbus mwd jb hmcu hmw fawd hwd}tdbu uimbcakkjsjabs |jui fauaw xdijckds" M stwxdz ah 7+>>>metkus jb uid Tbjude Ojbleaf hatbe uimu mgatu abd }tmwudw ime ~wagkdfs uwzjbl ua |mko jb uid

bdjligawiaae" Gwaodb ~mxdfdbus mbe m siawumld ah ~dedsuwjmb cwassjbls ~wdsdbude uid u|a fmàw

cmtsds ah cabcdwb )Bmujabmk Cabstfdw Catbcjk =:9>3*" ^jkau ~walwmfs cabetcude jb =::4 jb => Gwjujsi sciaaks wdstkude jb mb jbcwdmsdah czckjbl mbe |mkojbl+ wdetcujabs jb cijke wame cmstmkujds gz 37$+ mbe wdetcujabs jb cmw tsd gz

=7$ ua =>3*"

Auidw faedk ~walwmfs+ stci ms uid \mkojbl Sciaak Gts+ awGjod Uwmjb )Hjltwd 8*+ jbxakxdmetku xaktbuddws |ia mccaf~mbz cijkewdb ua sciaak+ sua~~jbl mu edsjlbmude kacmujabs |idwd

cijkewdb cmb àjb uid gts aw uwmjb mu ~wdmwwmblde ujfds" )\duifawd 7>>=*" Uid lwdmudw

btfgdw ah cijkewdb |ia caf~asd uid |mkojbl gts mwd fawd xjsjgkd ua fauawjsus mbe ~waxjed mb

meejujabmk smhduz hmcuaw" Auidw dscawu ~walwmfs jbckted fabjuaws ab uid suwddu aw hjbe bdjligaws uaahhdw uidjw iafds ms smhd iatsds jb twgmb mwdms |idwd cwjfd js m fmàw cabcdwb" U|a baumgkd

~walwmfs jb Satuidwb Cmkjhawbjm uimu wdkz ab sacjmk bdu|awos jb uid bdjligawiaae mwd Smhd

Cawwjeaws mbe Oje\muci" Uid hjwsu umods ~kmcd jb uid cjuz ah Smbum Mbm mbe ims xaktbuddw ~mwdbus~muwak ua mbe hwaf sciaak jb mwdms |idwd cijkewdb imxd dy~dwjdbcde ~wagkdfs |jui lmbls mbe

uidhus ah ktbci fabdz" Jh uiwdmudbde+ sutedbus imxd mksa uid a~ujab ah etcojbl jbua jedbujhjde smhd

iatsds |idwd wdsjedbus imxd ahhdwde sidkudw" Oje\muci js mksa m ~walwmf edsjlbde ua ~waxjed msmhd uwj~ ua mbe hwaf sciaak haw fawd uimb 9+7>> cijkewdb+ jb uid \dsu Memfs bdjligawiaae bdmw

uid Tbjxdwsjuz ah Satuidwb Cmkjhawbjm jb Kas Mbldkds"Uid ~walwmf+ |ijci js m ~mwubdwsij~

gdu|ddb wdsjedbus+ uid tbjxdwsjuz+ uid ~akjcd+ mbe hjxd bdjligawiaae sciaaks+ fagjkjpds fawd uimb> xaktbuddws |ia mwd caffjuude ua gdjbl mkdwu etwjbl uid ujfd uimu cijkewdb |mko ua aw hwaf


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sciaak+ ~dwhawfjbl ejhhdwdbu ciawds )s|dd~jbl sjed|mkos+ |mudwjbl uidjw km|bs* mbe jbhawfjbluid ~akjcd ah mbz embldw"M wdcdbu dxmktmujab jbejcmude uimu Oje\muci fmods cijkewdb mbe uidjw

~mwdbus hddk smhdw" Wdsjedbus mksa wd~awude uimu uid ~walwmf ims jbcwdmsde m sdbsd ah cafftbjuz

ualduidwbdss mbe ~wjed )TSC 7>>3*"Hjbmkkz+ uid jf~kdfdbumujab ah detcmujab mbe jbhawfmujab suwmudljds+ mbe mld&m~~wa~wjmud+

uwmjbjbl ~walwmfs imxd gddb ~twstde gz xmwjats sciaak ejsuwjcus+ bab&~wahju camkjujabs mbecafftbjuz mcujxjsus jb mb dhhawu ua fmod uid suwddus smhdw haw ~dedsuwjmb uwmxdk mbe czckjbl" M~walwmf uimu ims muuwmcude bmujabmk muudbujab mbe mefjwmujab js uidJb`twz Hwdd Camkjujab haw Ojes

dsumgkjside jb =:99 gz Ew" Gmwgmwm Gmwka| ah uid Imwkdf Ias~jumk Jb`twz ^wdxdbujab ^walwmf"

Uid camkjujab wdbaxmude 54 ~kmzlwatbes jb Imwkdf+ wd~kmcjbl embldwats aw ewtl&jbhdsude kaus

|jui smhd ~kmz s~mcds" Uid ~wa`dcu ijwde fauidws hwaf Imwkdf ua mcu ms mefjbjsuwmuaws+ s~absawdembuj&xjakdbcd catbsdkjbl mbe suwddu sfmwu |awosia~s+ mbe wdstkude jb m 44$ wdetcujab jb jb`twjds

wd}tjwjbl ias~jumkjpmujab mbe 38$ wdetcujab jb fauaw xdijckd mbe gjczckd jb`twjds+ caf~mwde ua

uid ~wd&jbudwxdbujab ~dwjae" Uid Imwkdf faedk ims s~wdme ua djliu auidw cjujdsCijcmla+ OmbsmsCjuz+ ^juusgtwli+ Kas Mbldkds+ Smjbu Katjs+ Mukmbum+ ^ijkmedk~ijm+ mbe Emkkms )Ktcdbujbj 7>>7*"Uid Imwkdf Ias~jumk Jb`twz ^wdxdbujab ^walwmf" mksa dsumgkjside uid Smhduz Cjuz ^walwmf uimu

udmcids suwddu smhduz ua mkk 3we lwmed cijkewdb |ia ~wmcujcd ab m faedk suwddu cabsuwtcude ab uidjwsciaaks ~kmzlwatbe" Uid ~walwmf ims gddb dy~mbede ua uidFagjkd Smhduz Cjuz ^walwmf+ |ijci

xjsjus sciaaks jb Bd| Zawo Cjuz uwmjbjbl mkk 3we lwmedws )Etwojb du mk" =:::*"

Umgkd 7 stffmwjpds m xmwjduz ah edsjlb mbe ~akjcz mcujabs umwldujbl ewjxdws+ ~dedsuwjmbs+

aw czckjsus uimu sddo ua fjujlmud uid bdlmujxd dhhdcus mbe embldw hwaf uwmhhjc"

CABCKTSJAB

Hdmws mgatu embldw ah jb`twz hwaf uwmhhjc+ xjakdbcd+ aw hmkk+ |iduidw ~dwcdjxde aw wdmk+ mhhdcu mbjbejxjetmks ~wa~dbsjuz ua dblmld jb mcujxjujds uimu umod ~kmcd jb ~tgkjc dbxjwabfdbus" Mu mb

dyuwdfd+ mblsu axdw ~dwsabmk xtkbdwmgjkjuz fmz wdstku jb mlawm~iagjm+ m hawuwdss jedakalz+ uid

st~~wdssjab ah sacjmk dblmldfdbu+ mbe uid caf~kdud mxajembcd ah mcujxjujds jb ~tgkjc s~mcds" Mu mfjbjftf+ hdmw cmb ~waetcd suwdss mbe jbujfjemujab+ mbe m ldbdwmk wdktcumbcd ua ~muwabjpd

bdjligawiaae suwddus mbe ~mwos"

Uid kjbo gdu|ddb smhduz mbe sdctwjuz cabcdwbs mbe ~wa~dbsjuz haw ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz js |dkkdsumgkjside jb uid kjudwmutwd+ dxdb uiatli fasu wdsdmwcidws |atke wdmejkz mefju uimu hddkjbls ah

smhduz mwd jf~awumbu gtu bau sthhjcjdbu ~wdwd}tjsjuds ua jbetcd ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz atueaaws" Uid kjbo

gdu|ddb uid gtjku dbxjwabfdbu mbe smhduz hwaf cwjfd mbe!aw uwmhhjc embldw js d}tmkkz |dkk&

dsumgkjside" Uidwdhawd+ edsjlb mbe ~akjcz jbudwxdbujabs uimu mjf ua dbimbcd bdjligawiaae smhduzmwd uid bdcdssmwz hjwsu sud~s haw uid dbcatwmldfdbu ah ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz" Mu uid smfd ujfd+

caf~kdfdbumwz suwmudljds jbxakxjbl jbuwm~dwsabmk+ jbudw~dwsabmk+ jbsujutujabmk+ cafftbjuz+ mbe

~tgkjc ~akjcz m~~wamcids mwd wd}tjwde uimu umcokd jbejxjetmk+ dbxjwabfdbumk+ mbe sacjmk hmcuawsuimu mwd gmwwjdws ua ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz"

Suwmudljds mbe jbudwxdbujabs uimu hacts ab dbimbcjbl ~tgkjc smhduz mbe sdctwjuz siatke gd

caf~asjud mbe szbdwljsujc" Haw dymf~kd+ dbxjwabfdbumk faejhjcmujabs fmz gd caf~kdfdbude gzjbhawfmujabmk cmf~mjlbs mjfjbl ua mkudw wdcokdss aw tbsmhd jbejxjetmk gdimxjaw" Edsjlb ah

edhdbsjgkd s~mcd js dbimbcde gz cafftbjuz st~~awu jb uid hawf ah suwabl sacjmk bdu|awos uimu

cmb ahhdw hawfmk aw jbhawfmk stwxdjkkmbcd ah ~tgkjc s~mcds" Jbudwxdbujabs mksa bdde ua gd umjkawdeua uid bddes ah ~mwujctkmw stg&lwat~s+ ms |dkk ms uid cimwmcudwjsujcs ah uid bdjligawiaae mbe jus


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Katomjuat&Sjedwjs 7=" ^dwcdjxde dbxjwabfdbumk mdsuidujcs mbecabxdbjdbcd mbe caf~mbz mwd mssacjmude |jui |mkojbl haw dydwcjsd mfabl Mtsuwmkjmb

metkus" Jb ^wdxdbujxd Fdejcjbd+ Xak" 33+ ~~" 53555>"

Gmtfmb+ M"+ H" \mkkbdw+ M" Fjbdws+ mbe X" \dsukdz&\jsd" =::8"Ba jhs ba gtus Jkkm|mwwm

~izsjcmk mcujxjuz ~wa`dcu0 Gmsdkjbd wdsdmwci wd~awu" Caffab|dmkui Ed~mwufdbu ah Idmkui

mbe Hmfjkz Sdwxjcds+ \mwwabl+ Bd| Satui \mkds"

Gdwwjlmb+ E"+ mbe W" ^" Uwajmba" 7>>7" Uid mssacjmujab gdu|ddb twgmb hawf mbe ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz

jb T"S" metkus" JbMfdwjcmb @atwbmk ah ^wdxdbujxd Fdejcjbd+ Xak" 73+ Ba" 7 )st~~kdfdbu=*+ ~~" =4"


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Gaaui+ F" K"+ B" A|db+ M" Gmtfmb+ A" Ckmxjsj+ mbe D" Kdskjd" 7>>>" Sacjmk&calbjujxd mbe~dwcdjxde dbxjwabfdbumk jbhktdbcds mssacjmude |jui ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz jb akedw Mtsuwmkjmbs"

Jb ^wdxdbujxd Fdejcjbd+ Xak" 3=+ ~~" =477"

Gassdkfmbb+ ^"+ D" Fmceabmke+ mbe U" Owabdfdzdw" =:::" Kjxmgkd suwddus wdxjsjude" Jb @atwbmk ah

uid Mfdwjcmb ^kmbbjbl Mssacjmujab+ Xak" 84+ Ba" 7+ ~~" =89=9>"

Gwmbujblimf+ ^" K"+ mbe ^" @" Gwmbujblimf" =::3m" Baeds+ ~muis+ mbe delds0 Cabsjedwmujabs abuid caf~kdyjuz ah cwjfd mbe ~izsjcmk dbxjwabfdbu" Jb@atwbmk ah Dbxjwabfdbumk

^szciakalz+ Xak" =3+ ~~" 379"

Gwmbujblimf+ ^" K"+ mbe ^" @" Gwmbujblimf" =::3g" Dbxjwabfdbu+ watujbd+ mbe sjutmujab0 Ua|mwe

m ~muudwb uidawz ah cwjfd" JbWatujbd Mcujxjuz mbe Wmujabmk Ciajcd0 Mexmbcds jb

Cwjfjbakaljcmk Uidawz )W" X" Ckmwod mbe F" Hdksab+ des"*" Uwmbsmcujab ^tgkjcmujabs+Bd| Gwtbs|jco+ B"@"+ ~~" 74:7:5"

Gwatcimwe+ C"+ mbe W" @" Sid~mwe" =::5" ^izsjcmk mcujxjuz+ hjubdss+ mbe idmkui0 Uid faedk mbe odz

cabcd~us" Jb ^izsjcmk Mcujxjuz+ Hjubdss+ mbe Idmkui0 Jbudwbmujabmk ^wacddejbls mbe

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Ojbdujcs+ Cimf~mjlb+ Jkk"" ~~" >="

Dbxjwabfdbumk mbe ~akjcz edudwfjbmbus ah ~izsjcmk mcujxjuz jb uid Tbjude Sumuds" JbMfdwjcmb @atwbmk ah ^tgkjc Idmkui+ Xak" :=+ Ba" =7+ ~~" =::47>>3"

Gtdwldw+ F"+ D" Caib+ mbe M ^duwassjba" =::4" Edhjbjbl uid iau s~aus ah cwjfd+ a~dwmujabmkjpjbl

uidawdujcmk cabcd~us haw hjdke wdsdmwci" Jb Cwjfd mbe ^kmcd )@" Dco mbe E" \djsgtw

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