transportation modes (part i)

Copyright © 1998-2021, Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549 USA.

[email protected]

You may use the figures within for educational purposes only. No modification or redistribution permitted.For more information: https://transportgeography.org/

Transportation Modes(Part I)

CHAPTER 5

Copyright © 1998-2021, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

https://transportgeography.org/

Usage Conditions• DO NOT COPY, TRANSLATE OR REDISTRIBUTE THIS DOCUMENT.

• The contents of this document can be freely used for personal or classroom use ONLY.

• Although the material contained in this document is freely available, it is not public domain. Its contents, in whole or in part (including graphics and datasets), cannot be copied and published in ANY form (printed or electronic) without consent.

• If you have accessed this document through a third party (such as a content farm), keep in mind that this party is illegally redistributing this content. Please refer to the true source (https://transportgeography.org/) instead of the third party.

• Permission to use any graphic material herein in any form of publication, such as an article, a book or a conference presentation, on any media must be requested prior to use.

• Information cited from this document should be referred as: Rodrigue, J-P et al. (2020) The Geography of Transport Systems, Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies & Geography, https://transportgeography.org/.




Table of Contents


Transportation Modes, Modal Competition and Modal Shift


Main Passenger Modal Options


Air Road Rail Maritime

Scheduled

Charter

Car

Taxi

Van/Bus

Motorcycle

Bicycle

Walking

Intercity

HSR

Transit

Subway

Commuter

LRT

Monorail

Ferry

Cruise

RoRo

High Speed

Main Freight Modal Options


Air Truck Rail Maritime PipelineInland /

Coastal

Package

Heavy

Freighter

Bellyhold

Package Unit Train Break-bulk River/Sea Pipeline

Less than

truckload (LTL)

Truckload

(TL)

Dry van

Tank

Flatbet

Curtainside

Reefer

Hopper

Open top

Chassis

Carload

Intermodal

Boxcar

Tank car

Flat car

Reefer

Hopper

Gondola

TOFC

Domestic

Liquid bulk

RoRo

Dry bulk

Container

ISO Container

Reefer

Flatrack

Tank

Container

Tow

Tank barge

Deck barge

Hopper barge

Oil

Gas

Water

Load of the Global Transport System by Mode

Tons Tons-km Revenue (2004)

Road ? 6,000 to 8,500 billion tons-km

$796 billion

Rail 8,930 million tons 7,773 billion tons-km $330 billion

Maritime 6,758 million tons (loaded)6,787 million tons (unloaded)

44,474 billion tons-km $484 billion


Performance Comparison for Selected Freight Modes


Barge

Hopper car

100 car train unit

Semi-trailer truck

1500 Tons / 50-100 TEU52,500 Bushels453,600 Gallons

100 Tons / 4 to 5.3 TEU3,500 Bushels30,240 Gallons

10,000 Tons / 400 to 530 TEU350,000 Bushels3,024,000 Gallons

26 Tons / 2.65 TEU910 Bushels7,865 Gallons9,000 for a tanker truck

57.7 (865 for 15 bargesin tow)18 to 40 (intermodal)

2.0 (intermodal) to 3.8

385

1

Panamax containership5,000 TEU 2,116

VLCC

300,000 tons2 million barrels of oil

747-400F

100-125 tons

(Depending on freight

density and range)

9,330

5

Capacity Truck EquivalencyVehicle

Doublestackrail car

100 car intermodal train

Infrastructure

Navigation channels, canals, terminals

Tracks, yards and terminals

Roads, parking lots and docking bays

Navigation channels, canals, terminals

Air corridors, airfields

Evolution of American Road and Rail Traffic Density, 1980-2005 (in millions)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010VMT per Highway Lane Mile Ton-Miles per Track Mile


Comparison of the Relative Efficiencies of Rail and Trucking in the United States

Mode Fuel Consumption Infrastructure Capacity Costs Safety

Railroad 455 ton-miles per gallon 216 million tons per mainline per year

2.7 cents per ton-mile 0.61 fatalities per billion ton-miles; 12.4 incidents per billion ton-miles

Trucking 105 ton-miles per gallon 37.8 million tons per lane per year

5.0 cents per ton-mile 1.45 fatalities per billion ton-miles; 36.4 incidents per billion ton-miles


Modal Profile of Freight Transportation, United StatesMode Value Volume Service Distance

Truck Moderate to high Loads of less than 50,000 lbs. On-time performance above 90%. Driver can go 500 miles per day. 2/3 of tonnage carried over less than 100 miles.

Rail Moderate to low Multiple car loads. No weight restrictions.

4 to 7 days delivery time. 60 to 85% on-time performance.

Average haul length between 600 and 800 miles.

Intermodal Moderate to high No weight restrictions. 3 days for cross country. On-time performance between truck and rail.

Average haul between 700 and 1,500 miles.

Air High Small. Most loads less than 100 lbs. Normally overnight or second day. More than 1,300 miles.

Inland Water Moderate to low Bulk shipments. Varies according to segment. Competitive with rail.

Between 250 and 1,600 miles.

Coastal Water Moderate to low Containers, general freight and bulk shipments.

Function of distance. Between 2 to 5 days.

Between 500 and 2,000 miles.

International Water High to low Mainly containers and bulk shipments. 7 to 10 days trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific routes.

More than 2,600 miles.

Pipeline Low Bulk shipment of liquids and gazes. According to demand. 0 to 20 mph. 825 miles average distance for crude oil.


Distance, Modal Choice and Transport Costs


Distance

Tran

spo

rt c

ost

s p

er u

nit

D1 D2

C1C2

C3ROAD

RAIL MARITIME

Average Length of Haul, Domestic Passenger and Freight Transport, United States, 1960-2019 (in miles)


Freight

Passengers

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2,000

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Air carrier (cargo)

Truck

Class I Rail

Coastal

Air carrier (passenger)

Amtrak

Intercity Bus

Commuter rail

Distribution of Freight Demand by Mode


Un

it t

ran

spo

rt c

ost

s

Trip Time

Vo

lum

e

Value of Time

Air freight

Truck

RailMaritime

Volume distribution according to

value of time

Unit transport cost by trip time

Market share

Short

High

Long

Low

Freight Transport Costs in Cents per Ton-Mile

0.07

0.25

2.51

4.88

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Water

Rail

Road

Air


Freight Revenue in Cents per Ton-Mile

3.0

2.9

4.2

18.3

137.5

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0

Oil pipeline

Water

Rail

Road

Air


Forms of Modal Competition


A

B

12

3

A

B

A

B

A

B

4 5

6

A

B

Mode Infrastructure / Route Market Area

Modal Competition and Complementarity


Transport Market

Geographical Market

Performance

Complementarity Competition

Mode

Infrastructure

Intermodal

Not significant

Long distance

Short distance

Passengers Freight

International Domestic

Time Costs

Four Travel Options between New York and Boston, 2004

Mode Price (one way) Time

LimoLiner (luxury bus) $69 4 hours

Acela (Amtrak train) $99 3 hours

Greyhound bus $30 4 hours

Air Shuttle $128 1 hour (plus check in)


Modal Split in the EU, United States and Japan, 2005 (in % of ton-km)

44.2

28.5

57.8

10 38.2

3.9

39.1 5.836.5

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

EU USA Japan

Pipeline

Coastal

Inland Waterways

Rail

Road


Modal Share of Freight Transportation, Selected Countries, 2008 (in % of ton-kms)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

EU27 United States China Russia Japan

Inland waterways

Sea

Pipelines

Road

Rail


Modal Split in the United States by Passenger Travel Distance, 1995

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 1 10 100 1,000 10,000

Distance in km

Non-motorized

Automobile

Air

30 minutes walking

1 day driving


Principles of Modal Shift


Modal Share (A/B)

Time

Modal Rationalization (A)

Inertia Phase Modal Shift Phase Maturity Phase

Underperformance

Over performance

Modal Rationalization (B)

Modal Competition, Complementarity and Shift along a Corridor


Modal Competition

Modal Complementarity

Modal shift

HUB HUB

Mode A

Mode B

CORRIDOR

Passenger Transport by Mode, Japan, 1950-2005

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Bill

ions

of P

asse

nger

Kilo

met

ers

Airline

Railway

Bus

Auto


Modal Shift in China, 1980-2005

32%

53%

60%35%

12%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1980 2005

Share of Passengers-km by Mode

Highways Railways Waterways Airports

10%21%

71% 51%

19%27%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1980 2005

Share of Ton-km by Mode

Highways Railways Waterways Airports


Road Transportation


Linearity, Capacity and Surface of Roads


Cap

acit

y

Linearity

1 person

1 domestic

animal

Wheeled vehicle

1 or 2 domestic

animals

2 domestic

animals

Hard Surface

Soft Surface

Linear RoadCurved Road

World Road Network


Road Transport Density Measures, 2000s

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Canada

France

Germany

Italy

Japan

United Kingdom

United States

China

Meters of road per capita km of road per 100 sqr. km


European and North American Crossborder Road NetworksTrans-European Networks (TEN) North American Corridors

Governance Assigned by treaty to national governments. Assumed by promoters; national governments not directly involved

Management Second level Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics (NUTS-2) State Departments of Transportation (DOT)Financing European Commission. National governments. Federal governmentsPurpose Pan-European connectivity.

Improving flows.Competitiveness.Trade.

Border Attention/improvements not always crossborder; could be internal to a country Borders (international or interstate) are important elements

External links Reaching Central and Eastern Europe Canada-U.S.-Mexico only


World Automobile Production and Fleet, 1965-2020

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

0.0000

200.0000

400.0000

600.0000

800.0000

1,000.0000

1,200.0000

Ann

ual P

rodu

ctio

n (M

illio

ns)

Car

Reg

istr

atio

ns (M

illio

ns)

Car Registrations Annual Car Production


Global Motor Vehicle Production per Manufacturer, 1998-2017

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1998 2000 2005 2009 2014 2017

Mill

ions

DaimlerChrysler

Renault

Fiat

Nissan

Honda

PSA

Hyundai

Volkswagen

GM

Toyota

Ford


Automobile Production, Selected Countries,1950-2020 (in millions)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

United States

Japan

Germany

China

World


© GTS

The Interstate Highway System


Length of the Interstate Highway System and of the Chinese Expressway System, 1959-2018 (in km)

-10,000

10,000

30,000

50,000

70,000

90,000

110,000

130,000

150,000

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

United States (Interstate) China (Expressways)


Vehicle Sales, United States, 1931-2018

--

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

--

2

4

6

8

10

12

1419

31

1935

1939

1942

1944

1946

1948

1950

1953

1957

1961

1964

1966

1968

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

Year

s

Mill

ions

Cars Light Trucks Median Age of Cars (Years)


Light-Duty Vehicles Sales in the United States, 1975-2008 (in 1,000s)

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

Cars Trucks


Distribution of Car Trips by Travelled Distance, United States

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Cum

ulat

ive

Trip

s (%

)

Distance (Miles)


Car and Light Truck Survivability Rates

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Sur

viva

bilit

y R

ate

Years

Car Survivability Rate

Light Truck Survivability


Annual Vehicle-Miles Traveled in the United States and Year-over-Year Changes, 1971-2019

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

-4.0%

-2.0%

0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

Jan-

71

Jan-

72

Jan-

73

Jan-

74

Jan-

75

Jan-

76

Jan-

77

Jan-

78

Jan-

79

Jan-

80

Jan-

81

Jan-

82

Jan-

83

Jan-

84

Jan-

85

Jan-

86

Jan-

87

Jan-

88

Jan-

89

Jan-

90

Jan-

91

Jan-

92

Jan-

93

Jan-

94

Jan-

95

Jan-

96

Jan-

97

Jan-

98

Jan-

99

Jan-

00

Jan-

01

Jan-

02

Jan-

03

Jan-

04

Jan-

05

Jan-

06

Jan-

07

Jan-

08

Jan-

09

Jan-

10

Jan-

11

Jan-

12

Jan-

13

Jan-

14

Jan-

15

Jan-

16

Jan-

17

Jan-

18

YOY Change in Vehicle-Miles Traveled

Annual Vehicle-Distance Traveled (Billion Miles)


Modal Shares of U.S.-NAFTA-Partner Merchandise Trade by Value and Weight, 2000

65.6

14.4

3.6

6.95 4.5

35.1

17.414.8

0.2

32.4

0.10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Truck Rail Pipeline Air Water Other and unknown

Value Weight


Cost Structure of Trucking, United States, 2006

26.6%

22.4%

3.4%5.7%

29.1%

3.8%

9.0%

Wages & Benefits

Fuel & Maintenance

Insurance

Depreciation

Rent & Purchase

Other

Profit


Average Marginal Trucking Costs per Mile, United States, 2008-2017

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Dol

lars

Driver Benefits

Driver Wages

Tolls

Tires

Permits and Licenses

Insurance

Repair & Maintenance

Lease & Purchase Payments

Fuel Costs


US Domestic Trucking Market, 2006

Company Market Share

CH Robinson Worldwide 1.6%

Schneider National 1.4%

J.B. Hunt 1.2%

Swift Transportation 1.2%

Landstar Systems 0.9%

Werner Enterprises 0.8%

Pacer International 0.6%

Hub Group 0.5%

US Xpress Enterprises 0.5%

Others 91.2%


World Bicycle Production, 1950-2007

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Mill

ions

World China


Share of Cycling over the Total Amount of Trips, mid 1990s

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Japan

United States

United Kingdom

Germany

Denmark

Netherlands

Sweden

Switzerland


Share of Cycling over the Total Amount of Trips, Selected Countries, 2015

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

Denmark

France

Germany

Italy

Netherlands

UK

Japan

United States

China

India

Small Cities (Less than 300,000) Large Cities (More than 300,000)


Trips Made by Bicycle in Selected German Cities (in %)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Munich

Nuremberg

Cologne

Freiburg

Essen

Bremen

Muenster

Mid 1990s Mid 1970s


Rail Transportation


World Rail Network and Rail Systems


Geographical Settings of Rail Lines


Penetration lines Regional networks Transcontinental lines

Geographical Settings of Rail Lines (Greyscale)


Penetration Lines Regional Networks Transcontinental Lines

Economic Rationale of Rail Transportation

Market Area Longest service area for inland transport (average length of 1,300 km).Service both the passengers and freight markets.Intermodal integration favored market segmentation and specialization.

Capacity A wagon can carry 50 to 100 tons of freight.Economies of scale (unit trains and doublestacking).

Costs High construction and maintenance costs.High operating costs: labor (60%), locomotives (16%) and fuel & equipment (24%).Shipping costs decrease with distance and load.Transshipments and train assembly increase costs.

Benefits Accelerated industrialization.Support agricultural and energy supply systems.Intermodal connecting with international trade.

Regulation Conventionally highly dependent from government subsidies.Government financing, mainly for the sake of national economic imperatives.From regulation to deregulation.Private ownership and operations.


Length of the Main Rail Gauge Systems, 2008 (in km)

678,288

154,956

99,762

96,030

70,810

16,654

0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000

Standard Gauge (1435 mm)

Russian Gauge (1520-4 mm)

Indian Gauge (1676 mm)

Cape Gauge (1067 mm)

Meter Gauge (1000 mm)

Iberian Gauge (1668 mm)


Major Gauges of the Global Rail Systems


World Rail Passenger Traffic, 1980-2010

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

3.0

3.2

Bill

ions

of p

asse

nger

s-km

Europe Africa and Middle East America Asia & Oceania Total Passengers-km


World High Speed Rail Systems, 2018


World Rail Freight Traffic, 1997-2010

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2015 2018

Bill

ions

of t

ons-

km

Asia

America

Africa and Middle East

Russia

Europe


World Rail Freight Traffic, 1980-2018

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

8000000

9000000

10000000

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

United States Russian Federation China India Canada


Rail Freight Traffic, Selected Countries, 1996-2017

0

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

7,000,000

8,000,000

9,000,000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Mill

ion

Ton-

km India

China

Russian Federation

United States


World Rail Freight Traffic, 2015


Rail Freight Traffic, Selected Countries, 2015

0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000

United States

Russian Federation

China

India

Canada

Ukraine

Kazakhstan

South Africa

Mexico

Germany


World Rail Passenger Traffic, 2015


Rail Passenger Traffic, Selected Countries, 2015

0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000

India

China

Japan

Russian Federation

France

Germany

Egypt, Arab Rep.

Italy

Ukraine

Spain


Percent of Rail Passenger Traffic to Total Rail Traffic

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Canada

United States

Russia

China

Finland

Poland

Spain

Australia

Turkey

Belgium

Germany

India

Italy

United Kingdom

South Korea

Denmark

Ireland

Netherlands

Japan

Passengers-km Share over Total Rail (Passenger-km + Ton-km)


Passenger Journeys on the British Rail Network, 1921-2007 (millions)

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

140019

21

1924

1927

1930

1933

1936

1939

1942

1945

1948

1951

1954

1957

1960

1963

1966

1969

1972

1975

1978

1981

1984

1987

1990

1993

1996

1999

2002

2005


Spatial Performance of Rail and Road Transportation

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

Rail Road

Spa

tial P

erfo

rman

ce

Sur

face

and

Cap

acity

Surface used (m2/km)

Capacity (ton-km/day)

Spatial Performance (ton-km/m2/day)


Major Segments of the Rail Freight Market

Segment Description Commodities Share of volume

Single Wagon Customer using a few wagonsChemicals, Vehicles and Machinery

50 %

Full / Block TrainCustomer has enough goods to fill a train

Coal and Steel, Construction materials

35 %

IntermodalTransportation by container: the container or trailer is lifted on the wagon

Finished goods, Containerized goods

15 %


Operating Revenue of Major North American Railroads, 2007 (million U.S. dollars)

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000

UP

BNSF

NS

CSX

CN

CP

KCS

FXE

KCSM


Capital Expenditures as % of Revenue

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Food

Transportation equipment

Petroleum and coal products

Wood products

Fabricated metal products

Average (manufacturing)

Chemicals

Paper

Non-metallic minerals

Electric utilities

Class I Rail


Rail Track Mileage and Number of Class I Rail Carriers, United States, 1830-2017

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0

25,000

50,000

75,000

100,000

125,000

150,000

175,000

200,000

225,000

250,000

275,000

1830 1850 1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010

Num

ber

of C

lass

I R

ail C

arrie

rs

Mile

s of

Roa

ds O

wne

d

Rand McNally (1897) ICC AAR/BTS (Class I Only) Class I Rail Carriers


Commodity Carried by Class I American Railways, 2016

Coal, 491.7

Grain, 149.4

Lumber & wood, 24.5Pulp & paper,

31.3

Chemicals, 174.4

Primary metals, 41.3

Stone, sand & gravel, 129.1

Motor vehicles, 22.3

Misc. shipments, 118.9

Crude oil, 20.6

Petroleum products, 54.6

Waste & scrap, 39.6

Food, 98.8

Other, 157.1

Tons (millions)

Coal, 9.1

Grain, 5.6

Lumber & wood, 1.9

Pulp & paper, 2.2

Chemicals, 9.9

Primary metals, 2.1

Stone, sand & gravel, 2.4

Motor vehicles,

5.5

Misc. shipments, 8.8

Crude oil, 1.1

Petroleum products, 2.7

Waste & scrap, 1.2

Food, 5.6

Other, 7.2

Revenue ($ billions)


Canadian Crude Oil Exports by Rail, 2012-2020 (in barrels per day)

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

450,000


The North American Intermodal Rail Transport System


Ownership of Major North American Rail Lines, 2017


Market Share of US Intermodal Rail, 2006

43.9

41.8

20.5

25.9

14.1

9.4

15.6

17.1

3.4

3.5

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Domestic

International

BNSF Union Pacific CSX Norfolk Southern CN Others


Major North American Rail Corridors Improved since 2000


Average Speed of Class I Railroads, 1945-2015

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015

Kilo

met

ers

per

hour


Rail Freight Volumes Transported in the United States, 1960-2015

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1,800,000

2,000,000

19601965197019751980198519901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015

Ton-miles


Rail Volume and Fuel Consumption, United States, 1980-2008 (1980=100)

0

50

100

150

200

250

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Rail volume Rail fuel consumption


American Intermodal Rail Traffic, 1988-2016

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1419

88

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Mill

ions

Containers (COFC) Trailers (TOFC)


Composition of the North American Intermodal Rail Fleet

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1981 1986 1991 1996 2001

Single-stack all-purpose

Single-stack (COFC)

Single-stack (TOFC)

Double-stack (COFC)


Composition of the TTX Railcar Fleet, 2013

35.5%

6.8%29.8%

11.0%

3.7%

5.4%

4.7%

1.8% 1.3%

Double-stack

Conventional Intermodal

Automotive

Boxcars

Centerbeam

Bulkhead

Chain Tie-down

Gondolas

All-other


Canadian Intermodal Rail Traffic, 1970-2016

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

3519

70

1980

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

Mill

ions

of U

nits

Mill

ions

of T

ons

COFC TOFC COFC TOFC


Average Freight Train Length, United States

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Auto Bulk General Merchandise IntermodalEastern Railroads (CSX, NS) Western Railroads (BNSF, UP)


Types and Functions of Rail Freight Corridors


Type

Short distance (within a

gateway / hub)

Hinterland access (between a

gateway and its market area)

Landbridge (between

gateways)

Circum-hemispheric

(between gateways with a

maritime segment)

Function Example

Modal shift, improved

capacity and throughput

Expand market area, reduce

distribution costs &

congestion

Long distance container

flows, continuity of global

commodity chains

Integrated global transport

chains

Switch carrying; Alameda

Corridor; Panama Canal

Railway

Rail shuttles; Satellite

terminals; Inland ports

North American landbridge;

Eurasian landbridge

“Belt and Road Initiative”

Under Construction


The Alameda Rail Corridor


Number of Trains Running Through the Alameda Corridor per Year and Containers Handled by the San Pedro Bay Port Cluster, 2002-2018

10,2

59

14,5

58

15,9

72

17,3

06 19,9

24

17,8

37

16,1

05

13,0

48

14,1

77

15,1

96

15,3

32

16,4

84

17,0

61

13,9

88

12,5

82

13,4

36

13,8

89

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

San

Ped

ro B

ay P

orts

(T

EU

)

Mill

ions

Trai

ns p

er Y

ear

Trains per Year San Pedro Bay Ports (TEU)


San Pedro Bay Port Container Distribution

51.4%

20.4%

8.5%

11.3%

8.5%

Truck to/from DC (regional)

Direct to rail (national)

Truck to/from near dock (national)

Truck to/from off dock (national)

Truck to/from DC then to rail (national)


Development of High-Speed Train Traffic, Largest Markets,1964-2017

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Bill

ions

of P

asse

nger

-km

s

China

Spain

Italy

Germany

Korea

France

Japan


Restructuring Effects of High-Speed Rail


Intercity lineRail station

High speed rail lineHigh speed rail station

Closed intercity lineClosed rail station

A

B

Comparison Between European, North American and Pacific Asian Railways

Issue Europe North America Pacific Asia

OrganisationSeparation of infrastructure from operations (for accountancy purposes)

Separation by region (markets)(private companies and concessions of vertically integrated companies)

Infrastructure and operations publicly owned

Market focus Passenger oriented Freight oriented Passenger oriented

Ownership

Infrastructure mainly publicly owned with a few exceptions (e.g. UK). Freight equipment and terminals increasingly privately owned and operated.

Private Public

Distances Short to medium Medium to long Short to long


European Union United StatesOwnership of rail infrastructure

Close to 90% state owned Entirely private

Technical characteristics

Low axle load (standard 22,5t), electric traction limiting height of loads, differences among EU countries (loading gauge, track gauge, power supply standards)

High axle load (standard 36t), no electric traction, max. axle weight 31,8t, national railroad infrastructure standards (USA and Canada)

Capacity 400-750 meter in length, single stack, 80-120 TEU or 40-60 semitrailers

1300-3000m in length, double-stack, 250-600 TEU or 120-280 semitrailers

Operators 10 large operators 6 large class I operators

Competition Strong competition limited by informal national and political regulations

Semi oligopolistic competition according to regions

Operations Dense network with numerous long and short-distance corridors. Average intermodal train distance ca. 500km. Sea containers and short-sea containers distribution in rail shuttle.

Large network with main long-distance corridors from gatewayports.Average intermodal train distance 1000-1200km (US West) and 2500-3500km (US East).Sea containers distribution in port-hinterland trains.After transloading to domestic containers and semitrailers distribution in port-hinterland trains.Domestic containers and semitrailers in mostly in West- East directions.


Main Advantages of Railway Infrastructure Investment

Group Benefit Description

Public sector Lower highway congestion and maintenance

Potential substitution effect. Each intermodal train can take 280 trucks off the roadways, while each bulk and merchandise train can remove up to 500 trucks. Every passenger train displaces hundreds of automobiles.

Improved safety and security Freight railroads are safer than trucks. Railroads have one-fourth the rate of fatalities of trucks for intercity transportation, on a per ton-mile basis.

Economic growth Economies of scale provide long distance transport services at a lower cost.

Environment On average, railroads are three or more times more fuel efficient than trucks.

Shippers Lower transit times Reduced transit times lower shippers’ costs by lowering the inventory carrying costs of the transported goods.

Lower logistics costs Due to economies of scale, freight rail can provide long-haul transportation services at a lower rate than trucks.

Improved reliability Expanded rail capacity lowers the variability in transit time by reducing the uncertainty created from delays. Improved transportation on-time performance lowers manufacturing costs, both from reducing stock-outs and shut-downs, and from the ability to safely maintain lower inventory levels.

Rail operators Increased ridership or traffic Expanding freight capacity can increase the revenue of the freight railroads through increased business opportunities.

Improved reliability Expanded rail capacity lowers the variability in transit time by reducing the uncertainty created from delays.


Major Oil Pipelines


Oil and Gas Pipelines Mileage in the United States, 1960-2017

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1,800,000

1960 1970 1980 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

Oil pipeline Gas pipeline


Maritime Transport


International Seaborne Trade and Exports of Goods, 1955-2019

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Sea

born

e Tr

ade

& E

xpor

ts o

f Goo

ds

Seaborne Trade (billions of tons of goods loaded) - Left Axis

Exports of Goods (trillions at current $US) - Left Axis

Ratio Exports / Seaborne Trade - Right Axis


© GTS

Selected Changes in Maritime Shipping, 1980-2017

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Container / General cargo

Foreign / National flag

Dry / Liquid cargo

Transportation / Inventory

Ratios


Domains of Maritime Circulation


Main Maritime Shipping Routes and Chokepoints


The Scales of Analysis of Maritime Transportation


Global Maritime Transport System

Deep Sea Services

Maritime Range

Short Sea / Feeder Services

Port Cluster / Region / Hinterland

Port

Terminal

Global

Regional

Local

Container Traffic per Maritime Range, 1980-2015

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Mill

ions

of T

EU

s

Container Traffic by Range

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Share of Container Traffic by Range

Other

7. Caribbean Basin

21. South Asia

5. ECNA

26. Japan

14. West Mediterranean

6. WCNA

21. Middle East

13. Northern Europe

23. Yellow Sea

24. Central China

22. Southeast Asia

25. Southern China / Taiwan


Container Traffic per Maritime Range, 1980-2015

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Mill

ions

of T

EU

s

Container Traffic

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1990-951995-002000-052005-102010-15

Absolute Growth by 5 Year Period

Other

8. Caribbean Basin

22. South Asia

5. ECNA

27. Japan


6. WCNA

21. Middle East

14. Northern Europe

24. Yellow Sea

25. Central China

23. Southeast Asia



Container Port Rank / Size Distribution by Major Maritime Range, 2015

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

23. Southeast Asia

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

25. Central China

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

24. Yellow Sea

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

14. Northern Europe

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

21. Middle East

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

6. North American West Coast

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

5. North American East Coast

N=15

97.9 M TEU

G=0.57

N=25

90.1 M TEU

G=0.65

N=11

70.6 M TEU

G=0.73

N=15

82.1 M TEU

G=0.57

N=8

40.9 M TEU

G=0.48

N=16

35.9 M TEU

G=0.64

N=11

29.5 M TEU

G=0.38

N=19

26.3 M TEU

G=0.53

N=22

27.1 M TEU

G=0.52


Types of Maritime Routes


• Point to point services.• Empty backhauls.• Common for bulk freight

shipping.

• Sequential shipping services between two maritime ranges (seaboards).• Balancing the number of port calls

and the frequency of services.• Can rely on transshipment hubs

between ranges.

• Servicing a sequence of ports along several ranges.• Pendulum services.• Round-the-world services.• Small number of ports per range

are serviced.• Transshipment hubs connecting

with regional services.

Port-to-Port Inter-Range Multi-Ranges

RTW

Pendulum

Length of the Major Inland Waterway Systems, 2000

0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000

Russia

China

United States

Western Europe

KM

Less than 2.75 m

More than 2.75 m


Length of the Major Inland Waterway Systems

0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000

China

Russia

European Union

Brazil

United States

Indonesia

Colombia

Vietnam


Largest Ships by Category


Containership

MSC Oscar (2015) LOA: 394 mBeam: 59 mDraft: 16 mTEU: 19,224

Ultra Large

Crude Carrier

LOA: 380 mBeam: 68 mDraft: 24.5 mDWT: 442,000 t

TI Europe (2003)

MS Ore Brazil (2011)Bulk Carrier

LOA: 362 mBeam: 65 mDraft: 23 mDWT: 402,000 t

Cruise Ship

Oasis of the Seas (2009) LOA: 362 mBeam: 60.5 mDraft: 9.3 mPassengers: 5,400

Liner Shipping Services by Trade Route, 2012

86

69

52

49

43

41

32

30

29

23

22

19

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Far East- Mid- East/South Asia

Far East- North America

Europe- Mid- East/ South Asia

West Africa

North Europe- Far East

Far East- Mediterranean

West Coast South America

Australasia

East Coast South America

South Africa

North Europe- North America

Mediterranean- North America

North America-Mid-East/South Asia


Ton-miles Shipped by Maritime Transportation, 1970-2014 (in billions)

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Container

Other Dry Cargoes

Bauxite & Phosphate

Grain

Coal

Iron Ore

Gas

Oil


World Seaborne Trade by Cargo Type, 1970-2018

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Ton-

mile

s (b

illio

ns) Other

Major dry bulks

Container

Oil

Gas

Chemicals


Registered World Fleet, 1914-2019

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010

Number of ships

Total gross tonnage (1,000s)

Average tonnage


Composition of the Global Fleet, 1980-2019 (Share of deadweight tons)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%19

80

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

Other Container Ship General Cargo Ship Dry Bulk Carrier Oil Tanker


Changes in the World Container Fleet, 1990-2014

-1,500,000

-1,000,000

-500,000

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

30,000,000

35,000,000

40,000,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

End-year fleet size Fleet addition Fleet replaced


Flexibility and Specialization of Major Ship Designs


Functional Openness

Co

mm

erci

al O

pen

nes

s

LNG/LPG

Crude Tanker

Cellular containership

Passenger ferry

Reefer ship

Bulk carrier

General cargo ship

Vehicle carrier

Product tanker

Chemical tanker

General ferry

RO-RO ship

Size variations

Extensive

Limited

Vessel Size Groups (in dead weight tons)

0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000

ULCC

VLCC

Suezmax

Aframax

ULOC

VLOC

Capesize

Panamax

Handymax

Handy

Crude Oil Tankers Dry Bulk Carriers


Evolution of Containerships


Early Containerships (1956-)

Panamax (1980-)

Post Panamax I (1988-)

New-Panamax (2014-)

Fully Cellular (1970-)

Panamax Max (1985-)

Post Panamax II (2000-)

500 – 800 TEU

1,000 – 2,500 TEU

3,000 – 3,400 TEU

3,400 – 4,500 TEU

4,000 – 6,000 TEU

6,000 – 8,500 TEU

12,500 TEU

200x20x9

137x17x9

215x20x10

250x32x12.5

(LOA – Beam – Draft)

19-20

10

6

6

9

17

5

9

15

6

8

5

613

10

8

64

Containers across

Containers high below deck

meters

Containers high on deck

4

5

4

300x40x13

290x32x12.5

340x43x14.5

366x49x15.2

17 bays

17 bays

20 bays

22 bays

A

B

C

D

Evolution of Containerships


VLCS (2006-)

ULCS (2013-)

11,000 - 15,000 TEU

18,000 – 21,000 TEU

10

8

23

400x59x16

397x56x15.5

10

8

22

24 bays

MGX-24 (2019-)

21,000 – 25,000 TEU

10

8

24

24 bays

23 bays

400x61x16

E

The Largest Available Containership, 1970-2019 (in TEUs)

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

Shi

p S

ize

in T

EU


L “Lica” Class(3,400 TEU) R “Regina” Class

(6,000 TEU)

S “Sovereign” Class(8,000 TEU)

E “Emma” Class(12,500 TEU)

“Triple E” Class(18,000 TEU)

C10 Class

(4,500 TEU)

Characteristics of Some Historical ContainershipsYear Name Capacity (TEU) Yard Length (m) Width (m) Draft (m) Speed (knots)

1956 Ideal X 58 US 174.2 23.6 8.0 18.0

1968 Elbe Express 730 B&V 171.0 24.5 7.9 20.0

1970 Sealand Navigator 2,361 247.6 27.5 11.1

1972 Liverpool Bay 2,961 B&V 248.6 32.3 13.0 23.0

1981 Frankfurt Express 3,430 HDW 271.0 32.3 11.5 23.0

1991 Hanover Express 4,407 Samsung 281.6 32.3 13.5 23.0

1995 APL China 4,832 HDW 262.0 40.0 12.0 24.6

1996 Regina Maersk 6,700 Odense 302.3 42.8 12.2 24.6

1998 Sovereign Maersk 8,200 Odense 332.0 42.8 14.5 24.7

2001 Hamburg Express 7,506 Hyundai 304.0 42.8 14.5 25.0

2003 OOCL Shenzhen 8,063 Samsung 319.0 42.8 14.5 25.2

2005 MSC Pamela 9,200 Samsung 321.0 45.6 15.0 25.0

2006 Emma Maersk 14,700 Odense 397.0 56.0 16.0 24.5

2009 MSC Beatrice 13,798 Samsung 366.1 51.2 15.0 25.2

2012 MSC Marco Polo 16,000 Daewoo 396.0 53.6 16.0 25.1

2013 Maersk Mc-Kinney Møller 18,270 Daewoo 399.0 59 14.5 23.0

2015 MSC Oscar 19.224 Daewoo 395.5 59 16.0 22.8


Average Draft by Containership Capacity

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

181,

000

2,00

0

3,00

0

4,00

0

5,00

0

6,00

0

7,00

0

8,00

0

9,00

0

10,0

00

11,0

00

12,0

00

13,0

00

14,0

00

16,0

00

18,0

00

20,0

00

Dra

ft in

Met

ers

Ship Capacity in TEU


Panamax

New Panamax

Suezmax

Average TEU per Port Call by Containership Size along a Maritime Range

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000

TE

Us

per

Por

t Cal

l

Containership Capacity (TEUs)

Minimum Required

3 Calls

4 Calls

5 Calls


World Merchant Fleet, Tonnage Registered per Ship Size, 1985-2000

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

1985 1990 1995 2000

Gro

ss T

ons Over 100,000

50,000- 99,999

20,000- 49,999

10,000- 19,999

4,000-9,999

500-3,999

100-499


World Merchant Fleet, Tonnage Registered per Ship Size, 1970-2017

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2017

Tons

(10

00s)

Small (GT<500) Medium (500<25,000GT) Large (25,000<60,000GT) Very Large (GT>60,000) Total


Evolution of the World’s Containerized Carrying Capacity, 1980-2018

0

5

10

15

20

25

1980 1990 1996 2007 2010 2018

TE

Us

(Mill

ion)

Post-Panamax

Panamax

Other


World Cellular Container Fleet, 2015-2018

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

4,000,000

4,500,000

Num

ber

of S

hips

Tota

l Cap

acity

TEU (2015) TEU (2018) Ships (2015) Ships (2018)


Operating Costs of Panamax and Post-Panamax Containerships (in USD)

$0

$2

$4

$6

$8

$10

$12

$14

$16

Panamax (4,000 TEU) Post-Panamax (6,000 TEU) Post-Panamax Plus (10,000 TEU)

Mill

ions

Port charges

Fuel

Administration

Stores and lubes

Insurance

Repair and maintenance

Manning


Tonnage by Country of Registry, 2013

0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000

Panama

Liberia

Marshall Islands

Hong Kong

Singapore

Greece

Malta

Bahamas

China

Cyprus

Thousands of DWT

Dry bulk Container Tanker General Cargo RO/RO


Slow Steaming


Share of Foreign-flagged Deadweight Tonnage, 1989-2017

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017


Maritime Shipping Characteristics (to be updated)Tramping Liner Shipping

Transportation Demand

Number of shippers Few Many

Quantity Large Small

Density High (weight) Low (volume)

Unit value Low High

Regularity Low High

Transportation Supply

Contract Vessel Freight (bill of lading)

Vessels Liquid and bulk General cargo

Frequency Low High

Implications

Freight Liquid and main bulk commodities Minor bulk and general cargo (containerized)

Services Supply / demand regulation Prior to demand

Freight elasticity Low Low

Main markets Developing / developed countries Developed / developed countries

Share in Maritime Transport (2000)

Tons 70% 30%

Value 20% 80%


Types of Maritime CargoCommodity type Examples Maritime Transshipment Inland distribution

Liquid

A) Normal pressure and temperature Crude oil, most oil products, wine, slurried coal Pump/pipe Pipeline

B) Other pressure and temperature Liquefied gases (LNG, LPG), heavy oils, latex, bitumen, vegetable oils

Pumps, temperature controlled pipelines Temperature controlled pipelines

Dry Bulk

A) Flowing Grain, sugar, powders (alumina, cement) Pneumatic / suction, conveyor, grabs Pipes, conveyors, barge, rail wagon, lorry

B) Irregular Coal, iron ores, non-ferrous ores, phosphate rock

Grab, conveyor Conveyor, barge, rail wagon, lorry

Neo Bulk Forest products, steel products, baled scrap Lift-on/lift-off, roll-on/roll-off Barge, rail wagon, lorry

Wheeled Units Cars, lorries, rail wagons Roll-on/roll-off Rail wagon, lorry

Refrigerated/chilled cargo Meat, fruit, dairy produce Lift-on/lift-off Rail wagon, lorry


Types of Maritime Cargo

General CargoBreak Bulk

Bulk Cargo

Neo Bulk

Containerized

Liquid Bulk

Dry Bulk

Unitized Cargo

Loose Cargo

Drums, bags, pallets, boxes

Lumber, paper, steel, vehicles

Containers

Petroleum, LNG, chemicals, vegetal oils

Coal, iron ore, grains, bauxite, sand

35% of tonnage

40% of tonnage

13% of tonnage

7% of tonnage

5% of tonnage

Pumps and pipelines (1.1 to 1.3 days average port time)

Grabs / suction and conveyors (2.7 days average port time)

Lift-on/lift-off, roll-on/roll-off (1.0 day average port time)

Lift-on/lift-off (1.0 day average port time)

Lift-on/lift-off (0.9 days average port time)


Cargo, Trade and Ship Characteristics

Cargo Type Trade Characteristics Vessel Size

General Cargo

Conventional Varied small consignments, Numerous consignees, Slow handling rates, Various routes, Numerous ports

Small

Unitized (containers) More uniform cargo, Rapid handling, Many ports Medium to large

Dry Bulk

Grain Small to medium consignments, Varied handling rates, Many restrictive ports Small to medium

Ores/coal Large consignments, Long hauls, Moderate handling rates, Specialized terminals, Few ports

Medium to very large

Liquid

Crude oil Very large consignments, Long hauls, Few routes, Specialized terminals, Few ports Very large to ultra large

Oil products Small shipments, Numerous consignees, Many ports Small to medium


World Tonnage by Cargo Vessel Type, 1970-2012 (in millions dwt)

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Other

Containerships

General cargo

Dry Bulk

Oil tankers


International Seaborne Trade, 1980-2015 (millions of tons loaded)

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Oil and gas

5 Main Bulk

Other Dry Cargo

Container


Tons Shipped by Maritime Transportation, 1980-2005 (in millions metric tons)

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000Crude OilOil ProductsIron OreCoalGrainOther Cargo


Maritime Engagement of the 15 largest Traders, 2000 (in %)

0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0% 12.0% 14.0% 16.0%

United States

Germany

Japan

United Kingdom

France

Canada

China

Italy

Hong Kong, China

Netherlands

Belgium

Mexico

Korea, Rep. of

Taipei, Chinese

SingaporeShare of world fleet in terms of dwt

Share of world trade (exports + imports)


Characteristics of Short Sea Shipping Services

Characteristics Regional Short Sea Services Feeder Services Ferry Services

Market Regional or intra-corporation cargo Feeder cargo (from/to deepseaservices)

Regional cargo over short distances

Frequency Fixed schedule with low frequency Shipping line schedule Fixed schedule with high frequency

Service orientation Regional loop Transshipment hubs Point to point

Operations Lift-on/Lift-off (Lo/Lo); Roll-on/Roll-off (Ro/Ro)

Lift-on/Lift-off (Lo/Lo) Roll-on/Roll-off (Ro/Ro)

Cargo type Containers, break bulk, Ro/Ro Containers Trucks, trailers, passengers

Infrastructure

Requirements

Shore-side cranes, warehouses and container storage areas

Shore-side cranes and container storage areas

Minimal (quays), particularly if vessels have self-sustaining ramps

Competition Road and rail transport (if present) Direct port calls. Ferry services. Road and air transport (if present). Feeder services.


Short Sea Shipping Services Network Configuration


Regional Short Sea Services Feeder Services Ferry Services

The European Short Sea Shipping Market


536443

581

130

256

Mediterranean

Atlantic

Ocean

Black Sea

Baltic

North

Sea125 Cargo Carried (Million tons)

Main Short Sea Shipping Corridor

FromCargo Transited(Million tons)

To

72

42

60

74

123

84

5650

75

210

134

52

43

41

61

56

51

110

59

The North American Short Sea Shipping Market


125 Cargo Carried (Million tons)

Main (marginal) Short Sea Shipping Route

Cargo Transited(Million tons)

NortheasternSeaboard

Gulf Coast

Alaska Maritimes

157Great Lakes

St. Lawrence Seaway

Welland Canal

CaribbeanTransshipment

Triangle

32

35

Container Traffic Handled by Main Caribbean Sub Regions

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Western Caribbean

Greater Antilles

Florida

Southern Caribbean

Eastern Caribbean

Millions

2010

2015


Largest Ports of the Caribbean

0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 3,500,000 4,000,000

Colon

Cartagena

Kingston

Freeport

San Juan

Puerto Limon

Port Everglades

Miami

Jacksonville

Puerto Caucedo

Puerto Cortes

Santo Tomas de Castilla

Puerto Cabello

Puerto Barrios

Rio Haina

Port of Spain

Palm Beach

Mariel

Point Lisas

Fort-de-France

Hinterland Transshipment


Length of Navigable Waters and Tonnage Carried, 2006-08

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000

China

Russian Federation

European Union

Brazil

United States

Indonesia

Colombia

Tons

Kilometers

km Tonnage


Inland Waterway Traffic, Western Europe, 1970-2000 (in billion ton-kms)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1970 1980 1990 1995 2000

UK

Netherlands

Germany

France

Finland

Belgium


Channel length (in km)

1610

293

161

80

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Grand Canal

St Lawrence

Suez

Panama


The St. Lawrence / Great Lakes System


River

Great Lakes

Seaway

St. Lawrence

Channel

Estuary & Gulf

Kingston Montreal Quebec

ABCD

WellandCanalSault Ste. Marie

1645 km 2055 km

(A) Lake Ontario(B) Lake Erie(C) Lake Huron(D) Lake Superior(E) Lake Michigan

E

Chicago

DetroitDuluth

Inland Waterway Vessels Operating Costs, China 1998

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

US c

ent /

ton-

km

Vessel size (dwt)


Factors Impacting Maritime Shipping Networks


2 2 2 2

2 2 2

Port calls per week

2 2 2 2

2 2 2

3,000 TEU 6,000 TEU

3 3 3

3 3 3

Port calls per week

Frequency of Service Fleet and Vessel Size Number of Port Calls

Inter-Range Services and Cabotage


A

B

C

D

E

F

Cabotage

Country 1

Country 2

Inter-range Service

The Maritime Transport Life Cycle and Main National Actors


1. Building 2. Ownership 3. Registration 4. Operations 5. Scrapping

China, South Korea & Japan (91%)

Greece, Japan &China (38%)

Panama, Liberia& Marshall Islands(42%)

Denmark &Switzerland (30%)

India, Bangladesh, China &Pakistan (95%)

Financing and Insurance SeafarersGlobal Terminal Operators

UK & Scandinavia Philippines & Indonesia

Hong Kong, Netherlands, Singapore & UAE (44%)

CO

RE

SU

PP

OR

T

transportation modes (part i)

Documents