J- JJ TRANSPORTATION

RESEARCH

Number 292, June 1985 ISSN 0097-8515

CIRCULAR Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418

ENERGY CONSIDERATION IN TRANSPORTATION · DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION

mode

1 highway transportation

subject areas

The Transportation Research Board is a unit of the National Research Council, which serves as en independent advisor to the federal government on scientific end technical questions of national lmponance. The Research Council, jointly administered by the National Academy of Sciences, Na­tional Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine, brings the resources of the entire scientific and technical community to beer on national problems through its volunteer advisory committees.

11 administration 17 energy and environment

COMMITTEE ON ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS IN DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES

William B. Ledbetter, Texas Transportation Institute, chairman

Donald Saylak, Texas Transportation Institute, secretary

Daniel K. Boyle, New York State Department of Transportation

Clinton H. Coolidge, CIANBRO Co. Jon A. Epps, University of Nevada Henry H. Duval, Duval and Associates, Inc. Robert W. Israel, BOMAG, USA Woodrow J. Halsted, Consultant S. W. Nunnally, North Carolina State University Robert D. Schmidt, Peoria, Illinois

Darwin Spartz, California Department of Transportation

T. Paul Teng, Federal Highway Administration William A. Yrjanson, American Concrete Pavement

Association

Prepared by:

Jon A. Epps. University of ~levada Robert D. Schmidt, Peoria Illinois

Neil F. Hawks, TRB Staff Representative

C .

4

Table 1. Summary of TRB Questionnaire - Energy Considerations in Transportation Design, ·-- -·-

__ _ t-;nurnv l'v r. Jt. luo• ln inrr Va lue 1-!n~incet l ·ne Ouo l.itv A..!lsur:an~n/Ptrfouna..nc.t!!

'""

'-'~ ..!.'!I -~ " Contract

I '"6 0

Yes/ l) ( v r s fon 'j "O Examples Where Changed Used r r, . State No l.1,1 c h l ln n u ~ Energy If Only Yes/ Type of Construction g ~ , .

" t ;,-, " Considered Energy No u " "' 00 ·S u w -~ ~ ~ ~ Saved

: -~ i:: " . " . 0 " 0 i '' 0 " u WU

Al ,1hun1a l(cse •[.!:)• ___ .L~.-~ A1 a~ko Y es Yes Yes Sehl Possibly Yes lluildinK.4

Arizona Yes l' l m111r11)t I ft• :-; Yes Yes No Possibly Yes ~~- - ---,--

Case-by-Arkans.aH Nu : '\" 1•s No No

~ No

Pl illlll i Ilg 1-· II arr il!rs, Soundwal ls

c,111 fornl,1 Ye:. Iles i i•,11 I Y l' S ~•c 11 Yes Yes Lrn<lscape Irrigetlon

Yes No Thickness of PCC 'l. ;1hor;1Lo1·y

<:u l o 'f",1.ulo j Conru:c LI cul luJI IJ~U I N, , De 1 DWil re Ye r, :110!U r ,u.• t luo

Yes Yes No Doubtful No 1t1 l t i l e1 la rn c

----- - ·-· ... ·-lfl l1 •d u \s • ___ I._

Florida YL"i; H:xt•t·u l I vv : Y.:J Yc.s Yes No No Yes As pl,nl t Conc r e t e ________ ,_ P,C. Concrete

GcorgJ a YL"s 11 111.· r Yl'S No No lnformnl Use Yes Aggregates Aonhnl t Concrete

lluwn l I No :~ No Yes No Yes Yes r. c. Conc rete Strcn~t h

Jdaho N,, • Nu Yes No Yes Yes

! L 11 i no is

' No • No Yeo Yes Yes Yes Asphalt Concrete

[ndiann N" : No [ Yc.s No No Yes No I

Iowa N" l Nl• Yes Yea No No Yes Highway Construction

Kansu.s No No No Yes No Case-by-

Yes All Const rue tion Case

I 1 Yes

&puxy C-onted Re-Bars Kentucky Nu • No Yes Yes Scrubber Sludge Maybe Yes I__ P.C. Concrete hou l u l nnu I Htil n c I Marylund No No Ye.s Yes Yes Fly Ash Yes Yes

Atc phAlt. Conc r e te: P. C. Conc r ia. t:. i!

Hns~n c.h UUL'ttH Nil 1::, No No Yes .Yon Srld oe R<thnbi l! t o< l on

Mlchi~•rn No Yes Yes Yes Ke.st Area Design Yes Yes P.C, Concrete Pavements

Lighting, Buildings. Aggregate Base and Dens! ty

"Minncsot,1 No N,. Ye.s Yes Heaters for 'frafflc No Yes Control Cahinets

Asphalt Concrete Density

NI std s :;; J ppi

Missouri No Yc.'S Yes Yes Yes No No

,Hontana

Nebraska N" No Yes No Yes Haul Distance Yes Aephal t Concrete

Nevada ~" No Yes No No Yes Yea

New Unmr, sh I rL" No .N_,,_ tlo No Yc.s No Ye• Conslrt1l'l iun Steam Plants

Asphalt Concrete Pavements New Jersey Ycs MaJ nll!lli..lllL'.e Yes Yea Yes Yes Solar Ilea ting No Yes

p .c. Cnncret~ . ~~ " -- ..!'!!_:.•~~~ J' ~f!"' ·~ ·-- ...... " LI " Turn Fc..1dli t l e s

NL"W Ncxico Yes llc 11 l g11 No Yes No Yes No Yes

New York Yes 1'c,;lm lcit l

N" Mo Yes Yes No Yes As pha lt Conc rete

S~ t' v I,·, •:-; P.C. Conc rc.t c

Signal Timing As phalt Cot1creta North Carolina No Nu Yes No Yes No Yes P.C. Concrete Design

Pavt. Hnrkin~, S'.tr.m1ls Nor t h Oakutn Ohi o Oklahoma Nu No No tlo M.tvhc Yrua

Oregon Nu Yl'S Yes Yes 'AsphiJl t Cone r-ate rn"Wlllo.ntn P.C. Concrete Pavements

Pennsylvania Yes DesJ gn Nn Yes Yes Yes No Yes Asphu.lt Concrete

Rhode Island No !!!!,_ I-Jo No No

South Carolina No N" Yes Yes Yes Maybe Yes

South Dakota Yes Constrncllon

Yen Yes MaJntL"nancc

No Yes Asphalt Recycling No No

Tennessee No No No No No No

Texas No Nn No No No

Utnh

Vermont Yes Design No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes A:8,&rc::igate Hase, Aaphalt Concrete. P.C. Concrete

Virginia

Washington Yes Maintl:!nance No Yes Yes Yes No No

•\loot Vlr.Jnl o No No Yea Yes No No Yea All l'Vl'I.C6

Wisconsin No Yes Yes Yea No \ No

WyominR \ Dhtrl c t or

No Nu Columbia No No ' \Yeo No

5

Construction and Operations

,S1u~e-. K1:L c.1 111 • 0 neru t.1011:i 'J' o Cons erve Enar r. y ... ;; •·r~U l C 0

" -::! s ,, • • 1. ~ >, rl .. ,: 0 ~ :,, -"' ., ... • ~ . ~ 1-1 Ul Usc c.J -"' ffl 0 > rl • u ... ... " " "' ~

..., . -"' . ., ffl. . . ...... ~ State Yes/ . " ., • >, " u ~ u ~ "'., .. . n • .. 0 ., • u e " .., "' ... " " 0 .E ~ C • ~~ ~ Other u

>, 1lo

., .. ffl . .. >, • .. • rl .. ..., ~ .cl

~ ~ e "'"' , ,-l•,-l ... ~ > • " <J .....

~~ 0 a t-:, ... ·e " .., 0 "- .. " . rl -"' . ~, r-1

• > "" .. ~ 0 . "' ,: .. • 0 ""' ; ~ 0 .. ! 8 t1 u

" ffl • • 0 . .. " . .., 0 . " " 0 ffl·.< 8 -2 ] "'"' 0."" u 0. "'"' "' "' 0 "' "' "' "'"' "'"' :>"'

Alahuat'9 Alaska Ye:-. Yl• S l' l.'1-m. Yes Yes Iv es IYos Yu Arizona ? ·: ; s

l'cnr,f Cont/ Yes Yes t,'es Yes Yes Ives !Yes !Yes Yes Co-Sign For Employ ee Vans 9-1~ 1lct1. llOT ·- l'ero, /

Arkans a s Y e s ltc11.

Con t , No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 15

C:nl J rorn J;1 N., YL" s l'er11 / lk11.

Yes Cont / llOT

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Tre e Th i nning-Reduce Ice 16 , 17 Conv e rt Lighting -- --Co l orntlo

ConncL t l t•u t f--

Cont/ Smaller Car s llcl a\.larc YL":-; He41. Yl"!'i

llOT Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes H111ltl ing ~ea t h erizati o n

Convert Lighting --· -· . .

~ 11L'.-ni / ~· tu r h lo Ye ,;

He11, Cont . Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Ye s

C:l!t1q1l . 1 ·- -~~ \' l.! S J1,•1•m/ DOT Yes Yes ~es Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Extensive List 18-20

"L!ll • 11.J\,,m t I Yl.!S :!~~ l 'L•n11. Cont. Yes ,es if Cli

l1 l ,1ho Yl·S lh•,1, DOT Yes ~es Yes Yes Yes Solar Heating for Asphalt n, 11,ltnP ~ ----- l' t.•l".i/ Rese r ve Parking for t 11 Tnnl s VL!S Yt~S Cont. Yes :V e !:> Yes Yes

- ----- ---~ · th.•·11, Car Pool Vehicles

lrnl f ,in, 1 Ye:.. l11..•1"m/

Cont. Yes ~ es Yes Yes Reserve Parking for fh•11. Car Pool Vehicles --

l uwa Nu Ye s l11..· 1·111 / Co nt/ Ye Q ~ es Yes Yes Kei l , 1)01' .

Kan s .i s 1 'i'L!S l1L!I u1/ Cont/ lk ~f . DOT

Ye• ~es Yes Yes Yes Yes

Kc n lur.:ky N., ' ' t II l ' Lc rlh , Yl's Cont/ Yes ~es \'cs Yes Yes Yes DOT

l.ou Is I ,rn r1 H..i i nc

Hl1 ry I ,1111 1 Yl.! ti Yl•S l'L! r111 , Cunt. Yes !Y es Yes Ye o Yes Yes Yes Yes

Mai;s;H:1111 :H ' l l H ~ Ye:; l'L! r111. y .•.B YM IY~S Ve•

Mh :11 11-;.111 : ? Yl.!:; l' L! r fll/ Yl'ti

Cont/ Yes t,' es Yes \'cs Yes Yes Yes Yes Maintenance Garages 21

-1- -· lh ' i l , DOT

Yes ~ es Ves Yes Yes Yes Ye s Alternative Fuel

Mlnncs ot.i I Yes YL•N t'"• rm. Cont, Ga s ohol f. Wood

MJJi.tj t ,;: :»f1t11f I

t11ssouri Yes l'c r rn. . Cu11L/ Ye s !Yes Yes Yes Yes Exteusive List 00T

MonLa n,l I

Nchraska lv ,,s Y •~s l" e n•l/

Yes Cont/ Yes ~ es Yes Ye s

~~ DOT ._ Nevml..i '! Yl.!~ l'L! r n•/ Ye s Cont/ Yes Ives Ye~ Yes Yes

""" '"nT ·-~ ~k" U,u,q1rrh I n.: ·-1~,- lk'I~ Dot Ye s Yes Yes I

New Jersey Ye s Yl.! H l 1e nu/ Cont/

Yes Building Alterations ••• ••! • YL

1

s JJU'f Yes , es Yes Yes Yes Yes

and Bollen; 22

-- -,'kw Nl.'K i ~:o Yes y,." l'err.1/

Ye:.; Cont/

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 'fcs Yes !~l'fl. 0OT

New York Yes Ve~; l'l•rm, Cont , Yes Ye s Yes Yes Yes

North C.trol ln.1 Yes Yc!i t•criu/

Vl's Cont/

Yes Yes Yes KctJ. DOT Yes Yes Ye s

Nor t h ll..ik11UJ Ohio Okl ilhom.1 ! Yei; l'e 1·m. Ye s

Oregon ? Ye s l'e!'1111 / Y,!~ r.ont/

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Variable Work Shif ts Ihm. DOT

Penn s y I v an i ..1 No YcLl l1 crn1/ YL•~ Cont/

Ye s Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Heu, 00T Rhadc l s land Yl.!S \{eq . <:onl , Vu!1 Yes Yes Yes Yes

Repla'ce Cutbacks wi t h South Caro l i n ,1 ? Yl.!s He <J . Con t . Yes Yes Yes Yes Emulsion s Asphalts

At Low Temperatures

Sout h Da ko t a Yes Perm/

Yl.!s Cont /

Yes Yes Yes Yes He<1 . DOT

Tenness ee Yes l'ernl/

Cont. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Rcq.

Texas Yes l' c rm/

Yes Cont/

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Sol a r Aeatlng tor Asphalt

Rc11. DOT Wi nd ·Elec ticity Ge neration Utah

Vermont ? Yes Rcq. DOT Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Redu c e Building Temperature

Yh:• ln l a

Washington Yes Perm/ Cont/ Hcq. DOT

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Wciat Ylrolnio Yes Pc.tm. Cont , No Yes Yo s Yes Yes Ext ensive List I,(~

Wisconsin Yes Req , Cont . Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Ra mp Metering, Signals J0,31 RP.du<:.e Bui ld i oP Temoe.r.atu.re

Wvomina. -D1et.rt c t of Yes

p.,.,, Yes

Cont/ No Yes Yes Yes Yes Coluab1a ..!!!!'I '-- DOT -

6

Table 2. Energy Conservation Activities - Georgia, Missouri, West Virginia

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

MISSOURI

Solar panels on liquid asphalt cement storage tanks at state plant Solar panels for hot water and heating at rest area Mandatory reduced mileages on all DOT vehicles Reduced speed limit to 50 mph for DOT vehicles . Provide car pooling information and computer assistance to companies Closed some maintenance "barns" and con sol i da tion operations Heating plant major changes in 3 DOT larger buildings Timers installed on some DOT heating/ale plants Energy audits performed on all 1 arger buildings Utility useages monitored Additional insulation used in new roof replacement Storm windows added to most field buildings One electric meter used to replace two, where possible Small vestibules with second door added to front and back of field offices Closed in an open ceiling in a field office Manually reduce a/cat night Turn lights out during lunch at field offices Cleaning/recycling road sign blanks Timers on a/cat rest areas, considered

, Switch from use of cutback asphalt to emulsions 1 Partition and insulate maintenance buildings • Reduce striping program 1 Reduce mowing program 1 Reduce vehicle fleet , Downsize cars and pickups 1 Recycle guard rail by straightening , Recycle signs in sign reclamation shop

WEST VIRGINIA

1 Placed day/night switch on outside lighting at field offices 1 Auditors check for energy conservation on every field contact

Example: (a) Garage doors open with heat on (b) Lights on in day where not converted as in no. 1 above

, Placed initial insulation at certain locations and have added insulation at others

, Reduced the number of vehicles on the road (see no. 7) , State cars can no longer be taken home by everyone • Reduced the number of substations

Example: Reduced 5 in Kanawha County Reduced l in Marion County

• Eliminated Courtesy Patrols 1 Purchased smaller cars for the fleet

ENERGY PUBLICATIONS related references (see references 9-31).

State agencies were asked to rate the effectiveness of eight energy-related publications in the questionnaire. These publications (see references 1-8) include widely publicized and distributed reports by the TRB and the FHWA. Results tabulated in Table 3 indicated a disturbing finding that many of the ind ividuals preparing t he questionnaire, presumably among the most knowledgeable persons within the agencies on energy matters, are unaware of the existence of these publications. The committee is at a loss to explain th is finding, and hopes that continued technology transfer efforts within TRB and FHWA will improve this situation.

The states of Arizona, Arkansas, California, Georgia, Michigan, New Jersey, ~est Virginia, and Wisconsin supplied lists of additional energy

CLOSURE

Although thirty-one percent of the reporting states have energy polici es, sixty-nine do not, which strongly indicates that energy considerations within the transportation community are not currently of major concern, even though energy prices are high and the prospects of an energy shortage in the near future are still very high. On the plus side, 70 percent of the reporting agencies have some form of value engineering and performance specifications in the design and construction of transportation facilities. About

Table 3. Effectiveness of Publicatfons

References No. of Responses (~)

Title Agency

and Report

No. Date

~ ::::,

...., 0 :z 0

Cl

C: ..... 0 o-~ ...., QJ"' '- u "'-~ 3:­<tl..O C::,

::::, 0..

Energy Conservation and Federal Aid Program FWHA 1/21/81 1 13 10 16

State Transportation Finances within the Context of Energy Constraints

Considerations in Transporation Energy Contingency Planning

Waste Materials as Potential Replacements for Highway Aggregates

Ways to Use Waste Products in Highway Construction

Optimizing the Use of Materials and Energy in Transportation Construction

Energy Involved in Construction Materials and Procedures

Energy Requirements for Reading Pavements

Bulletin (2) (33) (25) (40)

NCH RP 231

TRB Special Report

191

NCHRP 166

AASHTO AGC, ARTBA Task Force 16 Report

TRB Special Report

166

NCHRP Synthesis

85

Asphalt Institute

IS 173 1/79

2 10 17 (5) (24) (41)

1 17 13 (2) (42) (33)

3 13 12 (8) (34) (32)

1 7 14 (2) (18) (35)

3 13 13 (7) (33) (33)

3 11 17 (7) (28) (43)

12 (30)

9 (23)

10 (26)

18 (45)

10 (27)

9 (22)

3 9 14 14 (7) (23) (35) (35)

of Joint Cooperative Committee of AASHTO, AGC and ARTBA.

6. Optimizing the Use of Materials and Energy in Transportation Construction. TRB Special Report 166.

7. Energy Involved in Construction Materials and Procedures. NCHRP Synthesis 85. !TRB)

7

one half of these agencies believe that energy is conserved as a direct result of these programs. By far the most generally employed "energy conservation" measure is recycling, as 100 percent of the agencies utilize recycling to some extent . Although the energy savings may not be known, they all believe recycling is cost effective. Finally, most agencies employ traditional energy conservation measures in their direct cost operations. These include reduced lighting, the use of solar heating where practicable, and the like.

8. Energy Requi rements for Roadway Pavemen t s. Asphal t Institute Report IS 173, November 1979.

In closing, the Committee is both encouraged and concerned about the results of this questionnaire. There are several states that have vigorous energy policies. Other agencies are making some attempts at energy management. But the majority of the agencies reporting, plus presumably most of the agencies not reporting, have little or no energy management programs in the design and construction of their transportation facilities.

l •

2.

3.

4.

5.

REFERENCES

Energy Conservation and Federal Aid Program -FHWA Bulletin 7/21/81. State Transportation Finance Wi t hin the Con text of Energy Constraints. NCHRP Report 231. ( fRB) Considerations in Transpor tation Energy Contingency Planning. 1RB Special Report 191. Was te Materials as Potential Replacements for Highway Aggregates. _NCHRP Report 166 . Ways to Use Waste Products in Hi ghway Construction . Task Force 16 Report . Report

9. ADOT Energy Emergency Plan, April 1982. 10. ADOT Energy Management Plan , October 1982. 11. Arizona Transportation Energy, Emergency and

Long Term Conservation, April 1978. 12. Arizona Energy Use Management Plan, February

1978. 13. Arizona Transportation Energy, Directions,

February 1978. 14. Arizona Transportation Energy; Usage Patterns,

December l 977 . 15. "Arkansas State Highway and Transportation

Department Energy Conservation Pl an" December 1981.

16. "Resource Conservation," Policy and Procedure P78-17, California Department of Transportation, Revised May 16, 1983.

17. "Value Engineering - Information Exchange," miscellaneous items, Value Engineering Branch, California Department of Transportation.

18. "State Operations - Energy Conservation Manual" Georgia Department of Transportation.

19, Keith, D. A. and Jackson, H. Z., "Energy Management Report Aerial Survey Lab," EES Project A-3025, Engineering Experiment Station, Georgia Institute of Technology, September 10, 1981.

20. "Georgia Department of Transportation Energy

8

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

Conservation Plan," Georgia Department of Transportation, April 15, 1980. "Energy Committee," Department Regulation DR 1250.11, Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation, October 21, 1976. "Conservation of Energy," Policy No. 1 . 506, New Jersey Department of Transportation, February 11, 1975. Enerfy and Transportation Systems, 12/78, Cali ornia Department of Transportation. Procedure Manual for Energ Evaluation in 1g way eve o~en ro ec s, , est

Virg1nia Oepar ent of A1ghways. A Manual on User Benefit An.alys is of HiRhway and Bus-Transit Improvements, 1977, AAS To. Transportation Energy Conservation Data Book,

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

Edition l, 11/81, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Ener y: Forecastin , Data and Conservation, rans por 1 on esearc eco r .

Economic, Social and Energy Effects of Highway Trans~rtab on, Transportab on Research Record 812. TRBJ Procedure for Estimatin Hi hwa User Costs, ue onsump on an 1r o ut on, ,

OnHed States Department of Transportation. "Energy Conservation," Pol Icy K, Wisconsin Department of Transportation. "Energy Consumption - Energy and Materials," Subject 40, Facilities Development Manual, Wisconsin Department of Transportation.