Transportation & Sustainability:Options & Opportunity

Anne TazewellNC Solar Center / NC State University919-513-7831cleantransportation@ncsu.edu www.cleantransportation.org

Presentation Outline

The Clean Fuel Advanced Technology Project

The Importance of Clean Transportation

Green Driving / Fleet Practices

Alternative Fuels Overview

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Clean Fuel Advanced Technology 2013-2015

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•Reducing transportation related emissions through:-Education, Outreach, Recognition

-Expansion of alternative fuel infrastructure & vehicles

•Statewide partnership

•Sponsored by NCDOT with federal CMAQ funding

Section 1

NC Air Quality & Health

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North Carolina Air Quality

24 counties do not meet national air

quality standards for

ozone.

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Health Impacts of Vehicle Emissions

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42% of the nation lives where pollution levels are dangerous

http://www.stateoftheair.org/2013/key-findings/

Ozone & Particulates can lead to:

• Asthma Attacks • Chest pain• Wheezing and coughing• Shortness of breath• Inflammation of lungs

Health Impacts of Vehicle Emissions

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# North Carolina residents at risk due to poor AQ

Residents with CV disease 2,584,920

Residents with Chronic bronchitis, asthma & emphysema

509,841

Diabetes 808,005

CO2 and Climate ChangeGreenhouse Effect: increased levels of CO2 in the atmosphere

trap solar radiation….the earth warms...

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/indicators/weather-climate/temperature.html

Indicates anomalies by comparing recorded annual temp. values against a long-term avg.

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Section 2

National Trends in Fuel and Vehicles

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Petroleum Economics

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http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=33&t=6

Average US household spent $3,000 annually on gasoline in 2010

Economics & Statistic Administration U.S. Dept of Commerce

Demand• Growing and industrializing world

Supply• Exists, but harder to get• Many nations historically unfriendly to US

Emission Standards: Cleaner Vehicles

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2016: Entire light-duty fleet will reach 35.5 mpg average

2025: 54.5 miles per gallon (mpg) average

1. 1978-1985: Congress sets car standard (1978-1985)2. DOT sets truck standard to max feasible (1979-1996)3. DOT decreased car standard (1986-1989)4. DOT sets car standard to 27.5 mpg (1990-2010)5. Congress freezes truck standards at 20.7 mpg (1997-2001)

6. Bush Admin issues new truck targets (2005-2007)7. EISA changes CAFE to footprint standard (2008-present)8. Obama Admin issues new car & truck standards (2012-2016)9. Obama Admin issues new car & truck standards (2017-2025)

Fuel economy standard for passenger vehicles from MY1978-2025

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Heavy Duty Emissions

• Late 2006 - All diesel is Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel

• 2007-2010 “Clean” Engine phase-in, heavy duty trucks

• Lowered NOx 96% & PM 90% compared to 1994

• Increased cost of conventional vehicles

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Alternative Fuel Requirements1992 Federal Energy Policy Act

2004-2005 North Carolina budget provision 19.5

2009 Executive Order 13514

2007 U.S. Energy Independence & Security Act (EISA)• Renewable Fuels Standard • Biofuel provisions

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Section 3

NC Economic Development

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Clean Transportation & NC Economy

Section 4

Clean Transportation Solutions - Overview

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Transportation Solutions

There is no silver bullet!

Efficiency

VMT Reduction Programs

Alternative fuels

Advanced technology vehicles

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Efficiency

Get more out of what you use:• Eco Driving

• Proper vehicle maintenance (proper tune-ups, filter changes, engine lubes, tire inflation)

• Lower speeds and slower accelerations

• Using overdrive gears and cruise control• Removing excess weight• “Right size” vehicle for the job and when

purchasing get most fuel-efficient/least emissions vehicle

• Eliminate unnecessary idling

For every 5 mph over 60, your fuel efficiency decreases by 7%

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VMT Reduction Programs

Reduce Use:

• Combine or avoid trips through phone and video conferencing

• Carpool

• Adjust routes

• Use public transit, walk, bike

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Section 5

Green Fleets

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Green Fleet Program - Why Have One?

Institutionalize support for petroleum and/or emissions reduction to get:• Cycle of Improvement• Less vulnerability to staff turn-over,

opposition• Streamlined ‘green’ decision-making• Positive PR

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How do we establish a “green fleet” policy?

Option 1: (top-down) Pass a State/County/City wide ordinance, or enact an executive order, that codifies the “green fleet” process and delegates specific responsibilities within local government to take action.

Option 2: (bottom-up) Establish internal departmental or agency fleet policies, which are clear and carry sufficient weight with departmental or agency heads.

Option 3: (hybrid) Pass a resolution that serves as enabling legislation for establishing a “green fleet” policy, and then work out the details of the policy at the departmental or agency level.

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How To Green Your Fleet

• Fleet Assessments– Fleet Inventory– Vehicle Utilization Review– Policies and Vehicle Management

System Review

• Fleet Improvement Planning• Mechanism to share/celebrate

successes– Internally and Externally!

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Successful ‘fleet team’ includes:

Fleet manager

Maintenance manager

Vehicle Technicians

Purchasing director

Facility planner

Administrative leader

Vehicle users

Fleet Improvement Planning

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Fleet Improvement Planning• Goals, objectives• Review fleet assessment results, including

policies/procedures• Develop options list to reduce fuel use and

fleet-based emissions• Research products and services (including case

studies, pilot project results)• Explore existing incentives and grants• Select best fit options

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Sample Green Fleet Program Components

• Formal Fleet Assessment program• Green vehicle purchase

policies/procedures• Fuel tracking and Eco-driving program• Idle-Reduction Policy

Note: NC Solar Center & partners are launching a NC Green Fleet Program in 2014 to help account for & track individual organization & statewide progress

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Section 6

Clean Transportation Technologies

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Idle Reduction TechnologiesLight Duty and Heavy-Duty

VehiclesTechnology Light Duty Heavy Duty Best Use examples

Auxiliary Power Systems X Heavy duty trucks

Extended Deep Cycle Power Sources

X Police cars, Ambulances

Air Heaters X X Taxis, Limousines

Automatic Power Management Systems

X X Police cars

Energy Recovery Systems

X X Misc.

Truck-Stop Electrification

X Heavy duty trucks

Battery Air Conditioning Systems

X Heavy duty trucks

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Idle Reduction TechnologiesExtended Deep Cycle Power Sources• Operate all on board electrical

equipment without having to invest in an Auxiliary Power Unit

• The Odyssey Battery (mfg. by EnerSys, Reading, Pa) & is deep cycle AGM/VRLA battery example

• Energy Xtreme “Independence Package” another option- potential for vehicles electronics to run 4-6 hours and recharge in 2 hours.

• Excellent choice for first respondershttp://www.odysseybatteries.com/www.IndependencePackage.com

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Idle Reduction Technologies Truck Stop Electrification Examples

• Provides idle reduction opportunity without carrying around the extra weight of an APU

• Shorepower’s “power pedestal” metered power source

• Company also provides an on-board cab kit that can include HVAC, cooking center, entertainment, etc.

• EnviroDock provides heating and cooling, plus electricity to power on-board appliances through E-Dock Stationary and E-Doc portable systems.

http://www.envirodock.com/truck-stop-and-travel.php

http://www.shorepower.com/

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Idle Reduction Policies

• Recognize drivers who successfully reduce idling• Award drivers a certificate of recognition (see U.S. EPA Idle-

Reduction Kit)• Rewards for drivers who successfully reduce idling (gift certificates

or other items from local businesses, Clean Air non-profit organizations, or Parent/Teacher organizations)

• Calculate fuel and dollar savings from idling-reduction with EPA calculator

• Urge community leaders to issue a local Idle-Reduction Proclamation• Consider using the outreach materials available in the EPA Idle-

Reduction Kit to share your success with other fleet managers, the media and the general public:

Implement Your Own Idle Reduction Program

http://epa.gov/cleanschoolbus/index.htm

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Telematics

• Wide array of on-board systems available to track fuel use and other vehicle & driver parameters

• Improved fleet fuel efficiency means reduced fuel costs, lower emissions

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Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Source: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/data/vehicles.html

• Combine electric motor, battery storage, regenerative braking with gasoline engine

• Increasingly available on more and more vehicle models (66 in 2014)

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• Improved efficiency reduces fuel costs & emissions

The Segway

www.flickr.com/photos/zen/210417662/

• A two wheeled, self-balancing personal transportation devise that can reach 12 mph

• In use by over 300 police and security forces including Duke University, Charlotte, Monroe & Wilmingtonwww.segway.com

• NC dealers:Charlotte Energy Solutions337 Baldwin AveCharlotte, NC 28204704-333-4358www.charlotteenergysolutions.com

Triangle Glides327 Blake Street

Raleigh NC 27601Phone: 919-828-1988

http://www.triangleglides.com/

SEGWAY of the Triad176 YWCA Way (Downtown @ Gateway)Winston-Salem, NC 27127Phone: 336-722-7777http://www.segwayofthetriad.com/

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Neighborhood Electrics (NEVs)• NEVs can fulfill many tasks especially in urban centers,

campus environments, etc.• Range is typically 30 to 50 miles/charge.• Speed limited by federal law to 25 mph, can be driven on

streets zoned up to 35 MPH.

• No special recharging infrastructure required. Can be plugged into 110 outlet.

• May have A/C or D/C drive systems.

• Most have lead/acid batteries, typically on a 72v platform.

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Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Plug In Hybrids (PHEV) extend the electric performance of hybrids• utilize a lithium-ion battery pack &

electric motor for 10- 40 mile electric range.

• can be plugged into a 120 or 240 VAC outlet to receive its charge.

• 2013-14 models include Cadillac ELR, Chevy Volt, Ford C-MAX Energi, Ford Fusion Energi, Honda Accord & Toyota Prius Plug Ins

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Chevy Volt- plug in hybrid• all electric 40 mile range• standard gas engine 38 mpg- extends range between charges

• Currently best selling PEV (9/13)

C-Max Energi •all electric,75 mile range•gas and electric, 600mi range•both battery and gasoline energy

sources are used in intermediary blend phase

Electric Vehicles• Potential for zero emissions

• 57% less CO2 when fueled with NC electric grid

• Many options and applications: family cars, commercial vans, buses, light trucks, trolleys

• Standardized plugs for recharging

• Increased availability of public recharging infrastructure

• 50-70 cents per gallon equivalent

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Electric Vehicles Available in NC

Ford Focus Electric•all-electric, 76 mi range•20 hours to recharge

Mitsubishi I• all electric 62 mile

range• 7-14 hours to

recharge depending on charging station

Honda Fit EV• All electric, 83 mi range• 3 hours to recharge

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Nissan Leaf • all-electric, 70-100 mi range• 3-20 hours to recharge depending on charging station

Up to $7,500 federal tax credit available for electric vehicles!

Natural Gas

• Lowest carbon density of all fossil fuel: composed of 1 carbon atom 4 hydrogen atoms

• Decreased emissions of NOx

• Reduced fuel costs compared to gasoline & diesel

• Excellent choice for refuse, transit, delivery and high mileage fleet applications

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Propane

• Propane AKA- Liquefied Petroleum Gas ( LPG) , also referred to as Autogas

• 17 M vehicles worldwide (2011)

• Low cost refueling infrastructure and vehicle conversion

• Decreased NOx emissions in many applications

• Top fleet applications include 1st responders & Para-transit

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CNG and LPG ConsiderationsReduced emissions• Can be fewer CO, NOX, VOC, and

toxins than gasoline or diesel, CO2 reduced 9-16% (AFLEET 2013)

Energy security• 85% -90%of LPG & CNG used in US is

domestically producedCost savings• Up to ½ the price of gasoline or

diesel

Established distribution network• NC has 15 public CNG stations • LPG refueling is relatively inexpensive and can be provided at no cost by

fuel providers with fuel contract

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CNG Vehicles

• Dedicated & Bi-fuel options• Coming soon on state

contract• OEMs include Ford, Honda,

GM, Cummins Westport; • Many options for EPA

certified up-fits carry factory warranties.

• See NC Clean Transportation Technology Industry Directory for vendor and vehicle list under Resources at www.cleantransportation.org

• http://ncsc.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/CFAT-Options-2013_14.pdf

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LPG Vehicles • Dedicated & Bi-fuel options• Coming soon on state contract• OEMs include Freightliner,

Thomas Built, Roush (Ford) & Bluebird– LPG prep packages on GM

• Many options for EPA certified up-fits carry factory warranties.

• See NC Clean Transportation Technology Industry Directory for vendor and vehicle list under Resources at www.cleantransportation.org

• http://ncsc.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/CFAT-Options-2013_14.pdf

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Retrofit TechnologiesLong life of diesel engines makes it critical to retrofit “legacy” fleets with advanced technologies such as particulate filters, oxidation catalysts Example technologies:

• Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF): Ceramic devices collect particulate matter in exhaust stream and work best on engines built after 1995

• Diesel Oxidation Catalysts (DOC): Chemical process to break pollutants in exhaust stream down into less harmful components, on-road & off-road vehicles

• Close Crankcase Ventilation: Reduces emissions of hydrocarbons and PM produced from the engine crankcase or oil pan area, typically combined with other retrofit technologies

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Check EPA website for verified technology list http://epa.gov/cleandiesel/verification/verif-list.htm

Biodiesel – General Definitions• Domestic, renewable fuel for

diesel engines

• Derived from fats and oils such as soybeans and animal fats

• Used in any concentration with petro-diesel in existing diesel engines with little or no modification

• NOT raw vegetable oil, MUST undergo a chemical process that removes glycerin from the oil.

0 50 100

B2

B5

B10

B20

B100

Biodiesel Petroleum diesel

Biodiesel blend, n. -- a blend of biodiesel fuel meeting ASTM D 6751 with petroleum-based diesel fuel designated BXX, where XX is the volume percent of biodiesel.

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Why use Biodiesel?• Non-toxic• High flash point• Lower emissions in many

applications• CO2 reduced 15– 76% in

all applications• Good lubricity*• “Pour and go” technology, no

retro-fits required

*Blending biodiesel into ULSD is one way to increase lubricity of ULSD. A 2% blend (B2) is sufficient to address this concern

Blend B20 B100

Carbon Monoxide 12% 47%

Hydrocarbons 20% 67%

Particulates 12% 48%

Sulfates 20% 100%

Nitrogen Oxide** 2% * 9%

Air Toxics 20% 60-90%

Air Quality Benefits: pre-2007 vehicles

** A 2005 NC DOT study found a 10 % decrease in NOX with B20 in on-road testing of dump trucks

Source: EPA (www.epa.gov)

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CO NOx PM VOC0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

Gasoline E85

E85 Air Quality Benefits: Criteria Pollutant Emissions

What is Ethanol?• Renewable fuel produced by

fermenting organic materials

• Used in E10 in all gasoline vehicles, E85 in flex fuel vehicles (FFVs)

• E100 is 115 octane, non-toxic, biodegradable, water soluble

• Transported via truck or rail, no pipeline

• 27% less energy in a gallon of E85, needs to be priced below petroleum to be competitive

• E85 20% less CO2 than gasoline, less CO & NOx (well-to-wheels, AFLEET 2013)

http://greet.es.anl.gov/afleet/

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Why support E85 use in NC?

• Already have the vehicles & the fuel :

o In 2013 NC has over 441,000 (FFVs) while the US has over 9 million FFVs [March 2011, Growth Energy]

o There are 9 E85 fueling stations in North Carolina (http://ncsc.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/Retail-Locations-Ethanol-6_13.pdf)

o All major US automakers sell FFVs at no additional cost to the purchaser

o Over 50% of new models are capable of running on 85% ethanol- over 50 makes and models for 2014

http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/data/vehicles.html

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2014 E85 Flex Fuel Vehicles (FFVS)

For annual list of FFVs visit www.cleantransportation.org under Resources > Factsheets OR http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/powerSearch.jsp?keep=1&tabView=0

Audi A4 quattroAudi A5 Cabriolet quattroAudi A5 quattroAudi Q5Bentley ContinentalBentley Flying SpurBuick LacrosseCadillac EscaladeChevrolet CaptivaChevrolet CaptivaChevrolet EquinoxChevrolet Express 1500Chevrolet ImpalaChevrolet ImpalaChevrolet SilveradoChevrolet SuburbanChevrolet TahoeChrysler 200

Chrysler 300Dodge AvengerDodge ChargerDodge DurangoDodge Grand CaravanDodge JourneyFord E150Ford E250Ford ExpeditionFord ExplorerFord FocusFord TaurusGMC SavanaGMC SierraGMC TerrainGMC YukonGMC Yukon DenaliJaguar XF

Jaguar XJJaguar XJLJeep Grand CherokeeLand Rover Range RoverLincoln NavigatorMercedes –Benz C300Mercedes-Benz E350Mercedes-Benz ML350Nissan ArmadaNissan TitanRam 1500Ram C/VToyota SequoiaToyota TundraVolkswagen Routan

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Ethanol: Food vs Fuel?Ethanol is made from “ field corn”, not “ sweet corn”

Field corn production-• Wet Mill Products: corn starch, corn sugars,

sweeteners, corn oilFeed co-products: corn steep liquor, corn germ meal, corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal

• Dry Mill Products: ethanol, carbon dioxide, distillers grain

• 1 bushel of dry corn produces 2.7 gallons of ethanol and 18 pounds of dried distillers grain

• Distillers grain can be used for livestock feed

http://www.ddgs.umn.edu/articles-industry/2002-Kaiser-%20Utilizing%20the%20growing%20local%20supply%20of--.pdf

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Biofuels - the futureFuture Biofuels Will Alleviate Much of the Concern about Competition Between Food and Fuel:• Cellulosic biofuel feed-stocks can be produced on land not suitable

for crops, collected from forest residues• Advanced biofuels refineries are coming on line- Kior: Mississippi plant produces renewable crude oil from cellulosic biomass ( wood)- POET: 25 MGY plant set to open in Iowa Q1 2014 using corn stover• North Carolina based Novozymes is global leader in enzymes

needed for advanced biofuels. • Future depends on reducing costs and keeping the Renewable Fuel

Standard requirements: 14.4 B gals of ethanol in 2014 - E15 blend EPA approved for 2001 and newer models but petroleum

industry does not want to blend more than 10% ( which it needs to meet oxygenate requirements).

- Overall fuel consumption is declining, making RFS more difficult- More reasons to expand E85 use!

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Section 7

Resources and Next Steps

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State and Local Resources• Triangle Clean Cities Coalition

www.trianglecleancities.org • Centralina Clean Fuels Coalition

(Charlotte) www.4cleanfuels.com

• Land of Sky Clean Vehicles Coalition (Asheville) www.cleanvehiclescoalition.org

• N.C. Dept of Transportation www.ncdot.gov/travel/drivegreen/

NC Solar Center - fact sheets- newsletter- grants- opportunities- meetings

www.cleantransportation.org

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Federal Resources

http://www.nhtsa.gov/Laws+&+Regulations/CAFE+-+Fuel+Economy/Fuel+economy+and+environment+label

• Use EPA’s Green Vehicle Guide and DOE’s Fuel Economy Guides to compare vehicles

• When shopping for a new or used vehicle, pay attention to new vehicle stickers

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October 22-24,2014 Southeast Alternative Fuels

Conference & Expo Raleigh Convention Center

Raleigh NC

Website coming end of Nov: www.altfuelsconference.org

SAVE THE DATES!