travel and tourism

TRAV

EL AND T

OURISM

THE S

TRUCTU

RE OF

THE IN

DUSTRY

The structure of the industry is complex for the following reasons:

It consists of a wide range of interrelated commercial and non- commercial organisations.

Most of these organizations are in the private sector and are small and medium sized.

COMMERCIAL ORGANISATIONS

These include private sector organisations such as:

1)Mystic Mountain

2)Outameni

3)Sandals group of hotels

4)Iberostars

VALUES AND ATTITUDES OF COMMERCIAL ORGANISATIONS

A good way to determine their values and attitudes would be to look in detail at the organisations previously listed as examples and then:

1)define their objectives

2)define their source of funding and methods of income

3) define how they meet stakeholder or shareholder expectations.

NON-COMMERCIAL ORGANISATIONS

These include public and voluntary sectors such as:

1)The Tourism Product Development Company (TPDCO)

2)Jamaica Environmental Trust

3)The Jamaica Tourist Board (JTB)

VALUES AND ATTITUDES OF NON-COMMERCIAL ORGANISATIONS

It is possible to determine the values and attitudes of these organizations by observing:

1) their objectives

2) their source of funding and methods of income

3) their stakeholder or shareholder expectations

AGENCIES DELIVERING TRAVEL AND TOURISM PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

For this section of the syllabus the countries to be investigated are:

Jamaica

Panama

Paris

The agencies are as follow:

1) tourist attractions- built; natural

tourist attractions- events as attractions and the facilities which these take place in

2) accommodation and catering- to include accommodation grading scheme

3) tourism development promotion- locally, regionally, and internationally

4) transportation by air; by land; by water

5) travel agencies

6) Tour operators and the components of a package holiday

Note that all of these individual component depend on each other, and that no single component exists on its own.

THE S

TRUCTU

RE OF

THE

TRAV

EL AND T

OURISM

INDUSTR

Y

THE M

ANAGEMENT

AND DEV

ELOPM

ENT OF

TOURIS

T DESTI

NATIO

NS

Destinations are places where there is tourism. Social, cultural, environmental and political conditions influence tourist destinations.

The people who are responsible for destination management must try and ensure that tourism integrate with other social and economic activities of the particular area so that it can sustain future development.

OBJECTIVES OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

Tourism occurs in the more economically-developed countries (MEDCs) and less economically- developed countries (LEDCs). “Many developing countries of the world are engaged in tourism as a means of earning foreign exchange and to redress balance of payment ills” . Mathews, (1997) : Nettekoven (1976) , cited in Daye (p.24,1997)


Organisations may get involved in tourism development for the following reasons:Economic- examples include:•employment creation both direct and indirect• increasing foreign currency earnings to contribute to the balance of payment and GDP

• brining in tourists who spend locally and contribute to the multiplier effect

• increasing income for the commercial operators

• economic development and regeneration to develop the infrastructure and improve the local area and conditions for people.


Environmental examples include:

• habitat preservation for wild life in an area

•regeneration and conservation of the built and natural environment

• environmental education of the local people and or tourists visiting the area

•stimulating environmental improvements of benefit to local people and wildlife as well as tourists


Socio-cultural- examples include:

• promoting understanding

•improving quality of life for the local population

•providing community facilities, as well as facilities for tourists

• revival of traditional activities, festivals and ceremonies to celebrate culture and develop a sense of pride in one’s own identity

OBJECTIVES OF TOURISM

Political –examples include:

•enhancing the image of an area is particular important to LEDCs or for countries that may be perceived in a negative way due to war or natural disasters

• creating a regional or national identity to boost domestic morale and encourage visitor numbers

THE S

TRUCTU

RE OF

TRAV

EL AND T

OURISM

IMPA

CTS O

F TO

URISM D

EVELOPM

ENT

TYPES OF IMPACT

Economic- positive effects:

• increased incomes

•increase foreign exchange

•Increase employment

•improved infrastructure

•multiplier effect

TYPES OF IMPACT

Economic- negative effects:

•decline of traditional employment opportunities

•seasonality of employment

•increased living costs

•increased taxes

TYPES OF IMPACT

Socio-cultural – positive effects:

•preservation of customs and crafts

•provision of community facilities and public services

•aiding of international understanding

•encouraging travel, mobility and social integration

TYPES OF IMPACT

Socio-cultural –negative effects:

•conflicts with the host community

•crime

•loss of cultural identity

•the demonstration effect

TYPES OF IMPACT

Socio-cultural – negative effects:

•changes to family structure

•social problems such as begging and prostitution

TYPES OF IMPACT

Environmental – positive effects:

•improved assets

•landscaping

•conservation

•regeneration

•building regulations

TYPES OF IMPACT

Environmental – negative effects:

•traffic congestion

•erosion of natural resources

•pollution of air and water

•litter

•increase in noise levels

TYPES OF IMPACT

Environmental –negative effects:

•panoramic view damage

•destruction of different wild life systems and breeding patterns

OBJECTI

VES OF

TOURIS

M

DEVELOPM

ENT

PRIN

CIPLE

S OF

DESTINAT

ION M

ANAGEMENT

The principles of successful tourism management include:

1)maximising the retention of visitor spending at the destination

2)investing tourism income in public and social projects for local communities

3) widening access to facilities and assets

4) staff training and development

5) training and employment of local people in tourism and related activities

6) tourism education

OBJECTI

VES OF

DESTINAT

ION

MANAGEMENT

THE R

OLE O

F DESTI

NATIO

N MANAGEMENT

IN M

INIM

ISIN

G NEGAT

IVE IM

PACTS

Note that current issues and consumer trends such as those mentioned above can impact on tourism development.

Destination management can minimise tourism’s negative impacts through:

•planning and control

• using the principle of sustainable development

• visitor and traffic management

• assessing environmental impact

CHANGES IN T

HE

EVOLUTI

ON OF

TOURIS

M

DEVELOPM

ENT

THE B

UTLER M

ODEL

According to Butler (1980), all destinations follow a cycle of evolution and pass through stages similar to youth, maturity and old age.

The consequence of which a particular destination will decline unless it can re-invent itself through a process called “rejuvenation”.

This cycle of evolution compared to the product life cycle (theory) by Butler reflects the following stages:

•exploration

•involvement

•development

•consolidation

• stagnation

• decline or rejuvenation

CHANGES IN T

HE

EVOLUTI

ON OF

DESTINAT

IONS

CHARACTERIS

TICS

OF DESTI

NATIO

NS THAT

INFL

UENCE TH

EIR E

VOLUTI

ON

These factors include - key features of the destination:

1) weather and climate

2) scenery and landscape

3) vegetation and wild life

4) historical and cultural attractions

5) modern built attractions

6) indoor/outdoor activities

7) accommodation options

8) events and festivals

9) food /drink and entertainment

10) accessibility and gateways

CHARACTERISTICS OF DESTINATIONS THAT INFLUENCE THEIR EVOLUTION

Tourist appeal by visitor type:

1)young people

2)singles

3)families

4)DINKY

5)grey market

6) special needs

7) business tourists


Visitor statistics:

1)recent trend

2)projection for future

3)stage in evolution using life cycle model


Factors influencing popularity:

1)cost of accommodation

2)cost of transport

3)costs at destination

4)tour operator promotional activity

5)over commercialization

6) crime and social problems7) political instability and unrest8) terrorism9) positive / negative media coverage10) positive / negative tourism management11) growth in independent travel12) growth in short breaks

13) exclusivity

14) increased accessibility

15) water / air/ noise hazard

16) natural disasters

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