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Fundamentals of Resilient and Sustainable Buried Structures

Thursday, April 13, 2017

2:00-3:30 PM ET

TRB WEBINAR PROGRAM

The Transportation Research Board has met the standards and

requirements of the Registered Continuing Education Providers Program.

Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to RCEP. A

certificate of completion will be issued to participants that have registered

and attended the entire session. As such, it does not include content that

may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by RCEP.

Purpose Discuss how to improve buried structures’ resilience and sustainability so that they hold up over time, withstand extreme weather events, and minimize the use of natural and financial resources. Learning Objectives At the end of this webinar, you will be able to: • Understand how to improve the resilience and sustainability of buried structures • Understand the components of a checklist to develop and maintain more

sustainable buried structures, which minimize natural resource demands and environmental impacts

• Understand the components of a checklist to develop and maintain resilient structures by mitigating durability, hydraulic, and geotechnical and climate change risks

• Understand when buried structures are viable and appropriate • Identify the span capabilities of buried structures and their installed construction

cost vs. traditional bridges

PDH Certificate Information

• This webinar is valued at 1.5 Professional Development Hours (PDH)

• Instructions on retrieving your certificate will be found in your webinar reminder and follow-up emails

• You must register and attend as an individual to receive a PDH certificate

• TRB will report your hours within one week • Questions? Contact Reggie Gillum at [email protected]

All Attendees Are Muted

Questions and Answers

• Please type your questions into your webinar control panel

• We will read your questions out loud, and answer as many as time allows

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Panelists Presentations

http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/webinars/170413.pdf

After the webinar, you will receive a follow-up email

containing a link to the recording



Today’s Participants

• Kevin Williams, Atlantic Industries Ltd., [email protected] • Eric Carleton, National Precast Concrete Association,

[email protected] • Michael Pluimer, Crossroads Engineering Services,

[email protected] • Dan Figola, ADS Pipe, [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]




Get Involved with TRB • Getting involved is free! • Join a Standing Committee (http://bit.ly/2jYRrF6)

– AFF70 (Culverts and Hydraulic Structures) • Become a Friend of a Committee

(http://bit.ly/TRBcommittees) – Best way to become a member – Ultimate networking opportunity

• For more information: www.mytrb.org – Create your account – Update your profile

97th TRB Annual Meeting: January 7-11, 2018

http://bit.ly/2jYRrF6

http://bit.ly/2jYRrF6

http://bit.ly/TRBcommittees

http://www.mytrb.org/

TRB Standing Committee AFF70 – Culverts and Hydraulic Structures

This committee is concerned with structural design, manufacture, construction and serviceability of all types of culverts, hydraulic structures, sewers, underground conduits and buried bridges used in transportation facilities.

Fundamentals of Resilient and Sustainable Buried Structures Webinar

Presented by TRB Subcommittee AFF70 – Resilient and Sustainable Buried Structures

Many road authorities are recognizing the need for more resilient and sustainable infrastructure. Buried structures constitute a large investment of natural and financial capital and are vitally important to society. This subcommittee’s mission is to develop and communicate knowledge which results in resilient and sustainable buried structures.


Learning Objectives: At the end of the webinar, participants will be able to: – Understand how to improve the resilience and sustainability of buried structures – Describe a checklist for more sustainable buried structure which minimize natural

resources demands and environmental impacts – Develop an understanding for more resilient structures by mitigating durability,

hydraulic, and geotechnical and climate change risks – Understand when buried structures are viable and appropriate; – Identify the span capabilities of buried structures and their installed construction

cost vs. traditional bridges


Software Intro

Speaker Intro Culverts & Buried Bridges

Resilience & Sustainability

Bridge Option Comparisons

Case Histories

Fundamental Considerations

Future Plans, Q&A

Learning Objectives: At the end of the webinar, participants will be able to: *Understand how to improve the resilience and sustainability of buried structures *Describe a checklist for more sustainable buried structure which minimize natural resources demands and environmental impacts *Develop an understanding for more resilient structures by mitigating durability, hydraulic, and geotechnical and climate change risks *Understand when buried structures are viable and appropriate; *Identify the span capabilities of buried structures and their installed construction cost vs. traditional bridges

.

Fundamentals of Resilient and Sustainable Buried Structures Webinar 4/13/17

An opening through an embankment for the conveyance of water by mean of pipe or an enclosed channel. OR

It is a transverse and totally enclosed drain under a road or railway.

http://www.aboutcivil.org/culvert-definition-types-culvert-materials.html

Culverts and Buried Bridges - Introduction

Type of Culverts (<20’ span) Pipe Circular Single or Multiple

Pipe Arch Single or Multiple

Box Culvert Single or Multiple

Arch Culvert & Bridge Culvert http://www.aboutcivil.org/culvert-definition-types-culvert-materials.html


The earliest empirical methods advocated for oversized designs “Size must be proportional to the greatest quantity of water which can ever be required to pass, and should be large enough to admit a boy to enter to clean them out.” Gillespie, A Manual of the Principles and Practices of Roadmaking 6th ed. 1853,


Credit as found by the Mr. Sheen presentation Oregon EWRG/ASCE

The next step was to consider economics and appropriate sizing “Any one can make a culvert large enough, but it is the province of the engineer to design one of sufficient but not extravagant size” Byrne, A Treatise on Highway Construction 4th ed. 1902:



Hydraulic Sizing – Increasingly more elaborate and

sophisticated

Cost – Typically always a first cost analysis with

an assumed equal service life

Culvert Design

http://www.foscl.org.uk/scrca/structure-type-definition/culvert

http://www.civilwaralbum.com/misc18/mckean1.htm

Hydraulic Sizing – Need for larger end

areas to accommodate the flows

– Diameter/span & headroom restrictions led to multiple barrel culverts

Culvert Design

Hydraulic Sizing – Need for larger end

areas to accommodate the flows

– Diameter/span & headroom restrictions led to multiple barrel culverts

• Not Always the best option

Culvert Design

Culverts and Buried Bridges – 2 Became 1


39.4’ x 11.5’ Aluminum 12.0 m x 3.5 m

56.5’ x 15.0’ Steel 17.2 m x 4.6 m

84.3’ x 29.5’ Steel 25.7 m x 9.0m


60.0’ x 14.5’ 18.3m x 4.4m

42.0’ x 10.0’ 12.8m x 3.1m

42.0’ x 12.0’ 12.8m x 3.7m

Culverts and Buried Bridges - Resilient & Sustainable?

Sustainable Resilient

Culverts and Buried Bridges – Resilient & Sustainable? A designed resilient and sustainable buried structure is able to absorb, recover from, or more successfully adapt to actual or potential adverse events, while meeting the needs of current and future generations in terms economic efficiency, safe/reliable transportation, and a healthy environment.

Buried Structure Challenges

http://www.bceo.org/news/nr010718.html

Photo courtesy of Sean Wong, BCMOTI

http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/washington-must-fix-salmon-blocking-culverts-court-says/

http://wtkr.com/2015/12/30/chestnut-ave-in-newport-news-to-be-closed-for-about-4-months/

Buried Structures/Bridges

Resilient and Sustainable Design: Maximize Value Category Primary Buried Structure

Relevance Secondary Buried Structure Relevance

Functional Functionality, safety, durability, resilience/adaptability/maintainability

Social Cultural impacts. Aesthetics, local economy. Environmental Biodiversity, material use. Waste, energy, footprint.

Economic Life cycle efficiency, accelerated bridge construction (ABC).

**Seek out mutually reinforcing benefits.

Resilience: Minimize traffic disruption

Mitigate negative impacts from: • Road widening; • Development; • Extreme event; • Settlement; • Construction quality.

Material Use: Backfill and structures

• Reduce imported material • Reuse local material • Use recycled material

Accommodate Nature: Biodiversity and Resilience

• Wildlife passage • Natural stream

preservation • Light exposure • Reduce extreme

event impacts

Life Cycle Efficiency: Maximize Value

• Life cycle cost; • Life cycle

assessment; • Sustainable and

resilient design.

Innovation

Buried Structure/Bridge Capabilities • Single conduit spans up

to 35 m; • Open or closed bottom; • Footing to Road Surface >

0.2 span; • Estimated material

service life > 100 years for various environments.

Buried vs. Beam Bridge Advantages1

• Reduces construction time; • Increases bid competition; • Typically reduces installed

cost by 33 to 67%.

1 TRB Workshop, Advantages to Culvert Selection for River and Road Crossings (2013)

Buried vs. Beam Bridges Survey2

Category Buried Beam Variable Fire (overpass) Higher Scour Higher Overload Higher Road Salt Higher Seismic Higher Settlement Extreme weather

2 Informal Survey at TRB’s 2017 AFF70 Annual Meeting.

Site photos courtesy of Sean Wong, BCMOTI

Case Study 1: BCMOTI, Roy Creek, 2016

At Roy Creek Royston Road a closed-bottom culvert that was past its service life was replaced with an open-bottom fish-stream crossing with vegetated retaining walls, was cost-effective and straightforward to install with conventional construction equipment, sufficiently robust to withstand climate change impacts and provide over 75 years of service life. Related habitat restoration was done as part of this project and throughout the watershed by multi-partner collaborations as part of the rehabilitation of this salmon and trout stream, that began in 1981 by local community members. The new fish-friendly stream crossing is an important component to ensure BC’s wild fisheries are sustained and restored.” Sean Wong, Senior Biologist, BC MoTI

Value Score Card Category Achieved Functional Enhanced durability

Extreme weather resilience Lower maintenance

Environmental

Fish restoration Vegetated wall Reconstructed natural streambed Natural footings

Economic Accelerated const’n (light weight equip, shipping) Life cycle efficiency (maintenance, durability, construction) Reduced span from natural footings

Social Fish restoration Innovation BCMOTI’s first GRS buried structure

Case Study 2 : I-69 Expansion INDOT, 2012

Value Score Card Category Achieved Functional Enhanced durability

Extreme weather resilience Lower maintenance

Environmental Reconstructed natural streambed

Economic Accelerated construction (light weight equip) 1 month Life cycle efficiency (maintenance, durability, construction) Reduced construction cost

Social Safe driving

Innovation Pedestal footing for optimum shipping & design

55 Case Study 3: Corrugated HDPE Pipes with Recycled Materials

Post-consumer recycled (PCR) PE materials

– PE materials from products that have served a previous consumer purpose

– Can be provided in flake or reprocessed pellet forms

– Typically more readily available than PIR materials and more consistent in performance, though may have lower stress crack resistance

Field Test – SEPTA Pilot Study • Two 750 mm (30-inch) diameter

pipes were installed underneath an active Southeastern Pennsylvania Transit Authority (SEPTA) commuter rail mainline

• First large diameter HDPE pipe containing recycled materials installed underneath a railroad in North America


Test Setup • Virgin and PCR 750

mm (30 in.) diameter pipes with bell and spigot watertight joint

• 0.6 m (2.0 ft.) of cover to bottom of tie

• Pipes instrumented with strain gages and extensometers


Property Test Method Pipe 1 (Virgin) Pipe 2 (49% PCR)

Pipe plaque density ASTM D 1505 0.963 g/cm3 0.966 g/cm3 Melt index ASTM D 1238 0.12 g 0.30 g Carbon Black % ASTM D 1603 2.15 % 2.57 % Flexural Modulus ASTM D 790 152,755 psi 146,322 psi Yield Strength ASTM D 638 4,050 psi 4,062 psi Pipe liner NCLS ASTM F 2136 87.9 hrs 18.4 hrs Pipe Stiffness ASTM D 2412 35.0 lb/in/in 34.28 lb/in/in Pipe Flattening ASTM D 2412 > 20% > 20% Brittleness Test ASTM D 2444 Pass Pass Recycled Content TRI Method 0% 49%


• Speed = 30 – 50 mph • 1 - 2 trains per hour over

pipe, 3 – 6 cars per train • 4 axles per car – 2 trucks,

each with 2 axles • Unloaded weight =

150,000 lbs (37,500 lbs per axle)


• Typical trace from 4-car train (8 trucks, 16 axles) on recycled pipe

• Sampling rate = 102 Hz

• Train speed = 73 fps (50 mph)

• Max dynamic strain = -404 microstrain compression (-0.04%)


Dynamic Wall Strain Comparison


Pipe 1 (virgin) Historical Performance


Peak Dynamic Wall Strains Peak Dynamic Deflections

Pipe 2 (recycled) Historical Performance


Peak Dynamic Wall Strains Peak Dynamic Deflections

Summary of Field Study • No statistically significant performance differences

between pipes made with PCR materials vs. virgin resin • All measured dynamic strains were compressive and <

400 µstrain; Maximum measured dynamic deflection was < 0.5 mm

• Maximum measured static strain was 0.59% compression (compressive strain limit is 4.1%); Max static deflection was 5.0 mm (field limit is 5%, or 38 mm)

• No measured or observed change in performance of the pipes after 3 years service


Service Life Assessment


Slow Crack Growth (SCG) Mechanism

• Fatigue-related

• Stress-related (creep)

Constant Stress Testing – A New Test Method – UCLS Test

• Invented to assess the crack initiation phase as well as the crack growth phase

• Conducted in DI water at elevated temperatures


Service Life Prediction for 49% PCR Pipe


500 psi

234 yrs.

Determining Minimum UCLS


tT = time to failure @ test cond., hrs. m = slope of brittle curve SFσ = Stress shift factor SFt = Time shift factor tSVC = service life, hrs. σSVC = design stress at service cond., psi σT = stress at UCLS test condition, psi

where

Conclusions • Fatigue due to live loads is not a concern for corrugated HDPE pipes

manufactured with or without PCR materials • Both pipes in the SEPTA test installation are predicted to have a service life in

excess of 100 years • The UCLS test is the basis for a performance-based specification for

corrugated HDPE pipes manufactured with recycled content and is effective at predicting the service life of these pipes relative to Stage II SCG failures

• The UCLS test should be incorporated into specifications for pipes manufactured with recycled materials to assess both the stress crack initiation and propagation phases of the SCG mechanism 75

Case Study 3: Corrugated HDPE Pipes with Recycled Materials

Fundamental Practices to Achieve More Sustainable

and Resilient Buried Structures

Material Use • Incorporating recycled materials into

our buried infrastructure will eliminate or reduce the energy used to manufacture the raw materials, and reduce virgin material use.

• Reuse local backfill material when possible. Consider recycled or reclaimed backfill materials.

Waste & Energy Footprint • Incorporate methods to reduce

energy and emissions for transporting buried structures to the jobsite (e.g. – rail vs. truck, nest pipes)

• Incorporate energy-efficient practices for installing buried structures

• Minimize installation time by using quality backfill materials when appropriate

Accommodate Nature • Accommodate nature

when reasonable (e.g.– fish/wildlife passage, stream impacts)

• Avoid the use of materials that will adversely affect water quality (e.g. materials that leach contaminants, etc.).

Resilience • Aim for a 100 year design service life. • Accommodate nature/stream widths

when reasonable to mitigate extreme weather impacts.

• Consider end treatments to reduce piping and/or backfill reinforcement.

• Consider structure shapes less susceptible to backfill loss (e.g. box culvert vs. arch).

Innovation • Maximize Value: Facilitate

innovative designs which maximize resilient and sustainable value.

• Procurement: Consider life cycle efficiencies rather than lowest installed cost.

• Leverage the value of buried structures.

Thank You!

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