treatment and surveillance areas port (air and sea) eastern area wellington pt wacol/richlands...
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Fire Ant Control Centre
K. P. Plowman, N. Kunsmann J . Somerville, J . Holley, M. Mc Naught, S. Marsden and C. Vanderwoude
Red Imported Fire Ant An Australian Experience
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Fire Ant Control Treatment Areas
Treatment and Surveillance Areas
Port (Air and Sea)Eastern Area
Wellington Pt
Wacol/RichlandsWestern Area
Swanbank
South west
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Origins
Chemical markersHydrocarbonsVenom Alkaloids
Genetic markersGp9 (Social forms: Gp9BB monogyne,
Gp9 Bb polygyne)Microsatellites Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
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Hydrocarbons (n = 67)Venom Alkaloids (n = 67)
USA
Other
Microsatellites ( 4 loci, 20 allelles
East West
0
10
20
30
40
East West
Social Forms (n = 46)
Polygyne
Monogyne
Origins
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Num
ber
East Wellington
Pt
West
Haplotypes (mt DNA)
Clade 2
Clade 1
Origins
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43% of fire ant sites found on recently cleared land (includes a buffer of 25 metres) used for urban development (7% of treatment area)
93% of fire ant sites fell within 1 km of this recently cleared land
Preferred Habitat
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An Estimation of the Mode of Dispersion
Modes of Dispersion to I nfected Properties I dentified
March - J une 2003(n = 219)
Flights
8%
Asssisted
25%
Unknown
67%
Assisted
47%Assisted and
in New
Development
s
37%
Flights
16%
Breakdown of ‘known’ modes of dispersion
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Native Ant Fauna
Average Abundances of Ant Genera South
Ripley
0
20
40
60
I ridom
yrmex
Rhyt
idop
oner
a
Para
trec
hina
Mon
omor
ium
Pheid
ole
Noton
cus
Polyr
hach
is
Acrop
yga
Brac
hypo
nera
Other
s
Genera (n = 23)
Perc
ent
Abun
danc
e
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Response of Native Ants to Small Fire Ant Nests
Iridomyrmex spp and Rhytidoponera metallica (complex)
Equal numbers
– Native ants more likely to initiate an attack
– Total fire ant mortality within 15mins
Equal Biomass– Fire ants initiated more attacks – Native ants observed avoiding confrontation– Fire ants ‘ganging up’ on native ants
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Interaction
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Percent Abundance
A
2001
B
2001
C
2001
A
2002
B
2002
C
2002
A
2003
B
2003
C
2003
Spring
% Others
% Paratechina
% Rhydtidoponera
% I ridomyrmex
% S. invicta
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
March
April
May
June
July
August
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Mm
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Days
Rainfall mean (1929- 2001 ) Mean no wet days (1929- 2001)
Monthly Rainfall and Number of Wet Days August 2001 to December 2002
and Average Monthly Rainfall and Number of Wet Days
0
50
100
150
200
250
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
March
April
May
June
July
August
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Mm
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Days
Rainfall (2001- 2002) Wet days (2001- 2002)
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Days of Rain and Times of Flights Observed in the Field (west)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Jan 12
002
26
3 6 23
26
Marc
h 12
2002
3 24
29
April 12
002
3 12 14 18 29
May 12
002
4 9 26
30
Mm
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
June3
2002
5 9 July2
12002
Aug2
2002
18 21
23
26
Sept8
2002
18 25
11 22
28
16 29
Dec5
2002
11 22
25
27
30
Mm
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0
5
10
15
20
25
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Time (Hours)
Perc
ent
Act
ivit
y
Summer Autumn Spring
Daily Foraging Activity in Summer, Autumn and Spring
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Summary
• Fire ants (monogynes and polygynes) in south east Queensland appear to have originated in the USA.
• The intensity and rate of the infestation may have been tempered by the: – drier than usual conditions effecting number of flights
and possibly the level of foraging and food available in the warmer months;
– the presence of substantial numbers of polygyne colonies;
– and the impact of local ant fauna attacking small colonies.
• The infestation has been assisted by increase in clearing, new residential development and the movement of materials.
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Our Thanks To
• Dr Robert Vander Meer• Dr Ross Crozier• Dr Jane Hughes • FACC colleagues, in particular
Brenda Gooding, Craig Jennings, Evan Harris and Lynne Griffin
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Geographical Distribution of Social Forms and Haplotypes Within the
Treatment Area
Social Forms Haplotypes
Polygyne Monogyne Clade 1 Clade 2
East 0 100 74 26
West 70.5 29.5 94 6
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Comparison of Rainfall 1997-2002 with Average Annual
Rainfall (1929-2001)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
Mm
Annual Rainf all Mean Annual 1929-2002
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Distribution of Samples Analysed Chemically and Genetically
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Distribution of Social Forms Within the Treatment Area
0
20
40
60
80
100
Lug
gage P
t
Rich
land
s
Mog
gill
Darra
Rive
rhills
Wacol
Elle
n Grove
Carole
Park
Perc
ent Polygyne
Monogyne
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Seasonal Foraging
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
April May J une J uly August September October
Month
Average %
G
ranule
s R
em
oved
Treatment Underway
Healthy nest -not yet treated
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Chemical and Genetic Characteristics of Selected Colonies Within the Treatment Area
Cuticular Venom
Social Form Microsatellite Mt DNA
Hydrocarbons Alkloids classification Haplo types
Type 1 Type 2 Monogyne Polygyne Clade1 Clade 2
Areas Port/Airport 15 1 7 0 Set 1 29 14 Wellington Point 3 - - - - 11 0 Wacol/Richlands/ Moggill 49 3 12 27 Set 2 107 7 Total (nests/ 67 67 19 27 47 147 21
samples)
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Unrooted maximum likelihood tree of the three Australian populations of Solenopsis invicta together with known
North American populations and small samples from North and South America.
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Maximum and Minimum Temperatures (average 1929-2001) and 2002
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
J an Feb M A M J une J uly A S O N D
Months
Mean m
onth
ly T
em
pera
tres
(C)
Max (av) Max (2002)
0
5
10
15
20
25
J an Feb M A M J une J uly A S O N D
Months
Mean M
onthly
Tem
perature (C
)
Min (av) Min (2002)
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Foraging
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Time (hours)A
vera
ge N
umbe
r of
Ant
s at
th
e Ba
it
Summer Autumn
0
5
10
15
20
25
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Time (Hours)
Perc
ent
Act
ivit
y
Summer Autumn Spring