treatment of waste from pulp industry
TRANSCRIPT
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TREATMENT OF WASTE FROM
PULP INDUSTRY
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PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
• Use wood ad raw material to produce paper, pulp, board and other cellulose based products.
• Baggase, hemp, straw are also used
• Composition of the pollutants in the effluent depends on the raw material used.
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EFFLUENTS
• Waste water- 60 m³/ tonne of paper produced
• Contain solids and dissolved matter.
• Potentially very polluting
• COD as high as 11000mg/l
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SOURCE EFFLUENT CHARACTERISTICS
Water used in wood handling/ debarking
Solids, BOD, colour
Chip digestor and liquid evaporator concentrate
Concentrated BOD, can contain reduced sulphur
“white waters” from pulp screening, thickening and cleaning
Suspended solids, can have significant BOD
Bleach plant washer filtrates BOD, color, chlorinated organic compounds
Paper machine water flows Solids, often precipitated for reuse
Fiber and liquor spills Solids, BOD, color
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EFFLUENT TREATMENT SCEHME
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SCREENING
• Screens- to remove course, bulky and fibrous components from effluents
• Grid chambers and settling tanks are used• Efficiency of screening depends on the
spacing between screen bars- fine screening, spacing < 10mm-mediun screening, spacing 10-40mm- coarse screening, spacing > 40mm
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SEDIMENTATION
• Using gravity to remove suspended solids from water
• Removal of suspended particles by sedimentation depends on size and specific gravity of the particles.
• Sedimentation tanks are used• Settled sludge is removed• High efficiency is achieved in the
subsequent treatment processes.
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BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
• Degrade pollutants dissolved in effluents by the action of microorganisms.
• Pollutants are used as nutrients
• Microorganisms use these pollutants to live and reproduce.
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ANAEROBIC TENCHNOLOGY
• Effluents originating from recycle paper mills
• Effluents from mechanical pulping (peroxide bleached), semi-chemical pulping, sulphite and kraft evaporator concentrates
• Bacterial hydrolysis of input materials to break down insoluble organic polymers
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• 4 stages:1. Hydrolysis2. Acidogenesis( acidogenic bacteria)3. Acetogenesis( acetogenic bacteria)4. Methanogenesis (methanogens)
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STAGES OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
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AEROBIC DIGESTION
• Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, rotifiers and other microbes
• Oxygen is supplied to the effluent in the form of air by special aeration equipment
• Complete biological treatment of paper mill effluents
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TERTIARY TREATMENT
• To remove specific waste water constituents that cannot be removed by secondary treatment
• Nitrogen, phosphorous, additional suspended solids, refractory organics or dissolved solids
• It involves- ozone treatment, membrane filtration
techniques.
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OZONATION
• Ozone has the ability to remove solids from waste water by oxidation
• A foam develops when waster water is ozonated
• This foam traps a significant amount of solids and nutrient material such as phosphates and nitrates
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ADVANTAGES
• Eliminates odors• Removes color, phenolics and cyanides• Reduces turbidity and surfactants• Increases dissolved oxygen• No significant toxic side products
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DISADVANTAGES
• High captial cost• High electronic consumption• Highly corroscive
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MEMBRANE FILTRATION
• Microfiltration• Ultrafiltration• Nanofiltration• Reverse osmosis
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USE OF ENZYMES
• For Lignin degradation• ligninase, cellulase, peroxidase• Peroxidase- color removal in bleaching
effluents