treatment technologies for ammonia in liquid manure: nitrification/denitrification and anammox based...
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Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67627 Biological nitrogen removal is regarded as the most efficient and economically feasible method available for removal of ammonia from wastewater. Its implementation in concentrated livestock farms can help reduce surplus nitrogen and ammonia emissions.TRANSCRIPT
Treatment Technologies for Ammonia in Liquid Manure: Nitrification/denitrification and Anammox Based
Deammonification
From Waste to Worth ConferenceDenver, Colorado, April 4, 2013
Matias Vanotti, Patrick Hunt, Ariel Szogi - USDA-ARS, Florence, SC, USAJose Martinez - IRSTEA, Rennes Centre, France
Airton Kunz - EMBRAPA Swine and Poultry, Concordia, Brazil Takao Fujii - Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan Kenji Furukawa - Kumamoto University, Japan
North Carolina producesapproximately 750 million chickens, 40 million turkeys, 3.5 billion table eggs, and 19 million hogs per year.
Animal Manure – Surplus N and Ammonia Emissions in many regions of USA (and the world)
Walker et al., Atmos. Environ. 38:1235-1246
Ammonia Emissions
Treatment Technologies for Nitrogen Management in Liquid Manure
• Biological nitrogen removal (conversion of ammonia into N2)
1. Nitrification-Denitrification
• 2nd Generation system (lagoon replacement)• Full-scale treatment of 5,200 finishing pigs in North Carolina• Solid-liquid separation with polymer, then nitrification/denitrification
to remove the ammonia, and P recovery.
Bioresource Technology 100 (2009): 5406-5416
Solids
N
P
Biological nitrogen removal: Nitrification-Denitrification
NITRIFICATIONDENITRIFICATION
NH4+
NO2-
NO3-
N2
NOx
Organic-C
Organic-C
Organic-C
O2
O2
TREATEDEFFLUENT
PHOSPHORUS SEPARATION UNIT
BBLOWER
POLYMERFLOCCULANT
P
DENITRIFICATION
CLARIFICATION
NITRIFICATION
RETURNBIOLOGICAL SLUDGE
CONFINEDLIVESTOCK
SOLID-LIQUID SEPARATION UNIT
EXCESSBIOLOGICAL SLUDGE
RECYCLE
PHOSPHATE PRECIPITATE SLUDGE
P
M
HOMOGENIZATIONTANK LIME
DEWATERED SOLIDS,BIOLOGICAL SLUDGE & PHOSPHORUS SLUDGE
P
M
PREANOXIC BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL UNIT
Modified Ludzack-Ettinger (MLE)
P
SEPARATEDLIQUIDTANK
Denitrification
Nitrification
Denitrificationuses soluble carbonfrom manure
• 3rd Generation system (2012)• Full-scale treatment of 1,200-sow farrow-to-finish (producing 30,500
hogs/year) in North Carolina• Solid-liquid separation using settling and polymer, then
nitrification/denitrification to remove the ammonia
Terra Blue Inc., Clinton, NC
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Feb Ma
Ap
rM
aJu
nJu
lA
ug
Sep
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Wat
er T
emp
erat
ure
(o C
)Daily MAX
Daily MIN
Average
To reduce cost, the 2nd generation system incorporated new nitrifying bacteria sludge acclimated to low temperatures
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50HPNS; this invention
Marine; Furukawa et al.(1993)
On-site domestic, Chiemchaisriand Yamamoto (1993)
Municipal; Chudoba andPannier, (1994)
Enriched nitrifying for high-ammoniadigester; Shammas, (1986)
Livestock; Bae et al. (2001)
Municipal; Wild et al. (1971)
Nit
rifi
cati
on
Rat
eg
N/m
3 -rea
cto
r/d
Cold weather municipal; Anderssonand Rosen (1990)
y = 1.25 + 1.93xr2 = 0.998
Temperature, oC
mg
N /g
ML
VS
S /h
High Performance Nitrifying Sludge(HPNS): • Isolated from manure • High activity at low temperatures• Used for rapid start-up of plants
HPNS was deposited in Agriculture Research Culture Collection (Peoria, IL ) : NRRL B-50289
To start-up the plant, the nitrification tank (230 m3) was seeded with 1 liter of HPNS. In 40 days, it reached the optimum removal rate of 100 kg ammonia-N/day
Operation Simplicity Once a week, the operator measured the nitrifying biomass
and set the operation parameters for the week.
MLE Biological N Removal performanceInfluent
Conc. (After Solids Separation) (ppm)
EffluentConc. (ppm)
Efficiency%
TKN 1,428 ± 597 101 ± 145 92.9
NH4-N 1,182 ± 483 59 ± 124 95.0
COD 8,906 ± 4,933 1,016 ± 529 88.6
NH4-N removal efficiency: Warm Weather: 94.0% Cold Weather: 96.0%
Ammonia emissions reduction with this system compared to the anaerobic lagoon technology
Aneja et al., 2008. Atmospheric Environment, 42:3291-3300
Emissions reduction
Warm Season 94.7%
Cool Season 99.0%
TSS
N
P
Lagoon System
New System
The use of clean water to flush barns improved the air quality in the barns, pig health and economic returns
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Au
g
Sep
NH
3 C
on
cen
trat
ion
in
Bar
n E
xhau
st A
ir (
pp
m)
Lagoon SystemNew SystemAvg Lagoon Sytem Avg New System
NH3 in the barns
Benefits of cleaner environment on animal production
** Data compares five pig production cycles obtained with lagoon technology and five pig cycles obtained with the new technology (5200 pigs/cycle)
Treatment Technologies for Biological Nitrogen Removal in Liquid Manure
1. Nitrification-Denitrification
2. Partial Nitritation-Anammox
(Deammonification)Anammox
Deammonification ProcessTraditional Nitrogen Removal Processes
Uses external carbon addition for DN
( nitrification / denitrification )
NH4+
Anammox
NO2-
N2↑
Biological N removal processesBiological N removal processes
nitrification
denitrification nitrification
denitrification
MeOH
Q
4 Q
( partial nitritation / anammox)
Uses endogenous carbon for DN No carbon needed
Anammox: new shortcut for the biological removal of nitrogen
NITRIFICATIONDENITRIFICATION
NH4+
NO2-
NO3-
N2
NOx
Organic-C
ANAMMOX
Organic-C
Organic-C
O2
O2
Anammox bacteria for low-cost treatment of livestock wastewater
• Isolated from swine manure
in North Carolina
Brocadia caroliniensis
Anammox = Anaerobic ammonium oxidation
• ~ Half the aeration cost than
traditional method
Anammox biomass was grown in a parent reactor in Florence, South Carolina.
Brocadia caroliniensis was deposited in USDA Agriculture Research Culture Collection (Peoria, IL): NRRL B-50286
Partial nitritation + Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation (ANAMMOX)
Partial Nitritation ANAMMOX
aeration
NH4+ + NO2
-
50 %
NH4+ in
-
N2
Treated effluent
Closed Anaerobic
Environment
• Two sequencing batch tractors (SBR)
• Treatment of swine wastewater (1400 mg N/L)
Anammox coupled with Partial Nitritation
Two-stage process:
Anammox SBR
Magrí, A.; Vanotti, M.B.; Szögi, A.A.; Cantrell, K.B. Partial nitritation of swine wastewater in view of its coupling with the anammox process. Journal of Environmental Quality (2012 doi:10.2135/jeq2012.0092)
Partial nitritation SBR
2010: anammox bacteria handled under anaerobic conditions
Completely anaerobic Chambers??
2011: Single tank deammonification process (nitritation-anammox)
Biofilm plastic carriers
Mixing of specialized bacterial cultures to start the one-stage process
Continuous flow, aerated reactor
Single-tank deammonification process start-up: 1. Mix of nitrification sludge with anammox,
2. start aeration and wastewater flow
Nitrification sludge HPNS
Anammox sludge B. Caroliniensisin the single-tank
Continuous flow, aerated fluidized reactor with biofilm carriers 30% v/v
Single-tank deammonification reactor setup (5-L reactor)
Another Single-tank deammonification reactor setup ( 1-L)
Air flowmeter and valve
Return Sludge
Single tank
Clarifier
DO monitor
pHmonitor
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 250
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
NH4-NinNH4-NoutNO2-NinNO2-NoutNO3-NinNO3-Nout
days
N C
once
ntra
tion
(mg/
L)
I II III
I = synthetic effluent (~360 mg NH4-/L), II = swine effluent ~340 mg NH4/L), III = swine effluent ~600 mg NH4-N/L).
Nitrogen Removal in Single Reactor
Single tank deammonification of swine wastewater
Stoichiometry obtained:1 NH4 + 0.87 O2 0.45 N2 + 0.11 NO3 + 1.41 H2O + 1.18 H+
Deammonification of swine wastewater
Parameter SW
Ammonia removal rate1034 mg N/L-
reactor/day
Ammonia removal efficiency 100%Total N removal efficiency 89.1%
Single tank deammonification process
Theory (partial nitritation + anammox):
NH4+ + 0.85 O2 → 0.44 N2 + 0.11 NO3
- + 1.41 H2O + 1.19 H+
Stoichiometric rates
NH4+ + 0.87 O2 → 0.45 N2 + 0.11 NO3
- + 1.41 H2O + 1.18 H+
Theoretical
Results of this study using digested swine manure
Deammonification reaction reduced 57% of the oxygen requirements and 100% of the carbon needs. (Compared to nitrification-denitrification, from 2.0 to 0.85 mol O2 / mol NH4)
NH4+ + 0.85 O2 → 0.44 N2 + 0.11 NOx
- + 1.41 H2O + 1.19 H+
Reactor 1 (5-L)
Reactor 2 (1-L)
•
•
New Deammonification Process for Manure Digester Effluents
Deammonification Treatment (compared to nitrification-denitrification)
• It is quick and efficient (high removal rate = 1 kg NH4-N/m3/day)
• Organic carbon is not needed (best option for anaerobic digestion effluents)• Aeration needs reduced by 57% (lower operational costs)
Conclusions
• Nitrification-denitrification of swine wastewater was optimized after solids-liquid separation using a pre-anoxic design and a high performance nitrification sludge (HPNS)
• Single-tank deammonification with anammox was feasible. It may be a key technology for efficient ammonia treatment in systems that consume carbon for energy production (AD)
http://www.ars.usda.gov/saa/cpswprc
Odor reduction in the liquid (99.9%)
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3000
pp
b
Sample
Skatole
Homogenization Tank
Separated Water
Post Nitrogen Treatment
Post Phosphorus Treatment
Biological N treatment
Loughrin et al., JEQ 38:1739-1748
GHG Emissions reduced 97% with the replacement of the anaerobic lagoon with
the aerobic system
4430
542
18135
0500
100015002000250030003500400045005000
Ton
CO
2-eq
/yea
r
Baseline (lagoon) EST Project Activity
CH4 N2O
Vanotti et al., Waste Management 28:759-766
Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reduction using aerobic treatment (nitrification/denitrification and composting)
Vanotti et al., Waste Management 28:759-766
Baseline (lagoon)
Project Activity
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Fe
b
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NitrogenPig Weight
To
tal P
ig W
eig
ht
(lb
* 10
00)
Flu
sh N
Lo
ad (kg
/d)
New systems need to be robust and withstand the large load changes during production (data show three production cycles)
Single-tank operation• Continuous flow• HRT 0.4-0.8 days• Return sludge 2Q• Ambient temperature (22 oC)• Aeration rate 60 mL/min (DO 0.5-
0.9 mg/L)• Plastic media 40% v/v• Reactor MLVSS ~2600 mg/L• Influent ammonia 365 to 600 mg
N/L• Carbonate alkalinity 1700 to 3000
mg/L
• Start-up with synthetic wastewater (10 days), then switch to swine wastewater (Effluent of anaerobic digestion)
Brocadia sp. (Candidatus AM285341)
Uncultured planctomycete Pla 5GA-8 (GQ356125)
Uncultured bacterium Asahi BRW (AB456583)
Brocadia caroliniensisCandidatus Brocadia fulgida (Candidatus EU478693)
Uncultured planctomycete HAuD-MB/2-35 (AB176696)
Brocadia anammoxidans (Candidatus AF375994)
Uncultured anoxic sludge bacterium KU1 (AB054006)
Anammoxoglobus propionicus (Candidatus DQ317601)
Jettenia asiatica (Candidatus DQ301513)
Uncultured planctomycete KSU-1 (AB057453)
Kuenenia stuttgartiensis (Candidatus AF375995)
Scalindua sorokinii (Candidatus AY257181)
100
100
100
8999
87
96
97
100
81
0.005
Similarity to Candidatus “B. caroliniensis” (JF487828)
Candidatus “Brocadia fulgida” 96%
Candidatus “Brocadia anammoxidans” 94%
Candidatus “Jettenia asiatica” 92%
Candidatus “Kuenia stuttgartiensis” 90%
Candidatus “Anammoxoglobus propionicus” 90%
Candidatus “Scalindua sorokinii” 86%
Single-tank reactor N removal at various N concentrations and loads
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Rem
oval
effi
cien
cy (%
)
NH
4lo
ad o
r rem
oval
rate
(mg
N/L
-re
acto
r/d)
Influent NH4+ concentration (mg N/L)
NH4 load (mg N /L/d) NH4 removal (mg N/L/d) % Efficiency