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Trends in Electric Propulsion

Tomado de: http://electricvehicle.ieee.org/2013/09/29/trends-electric-propulsion/

By Kaushik Rajashekara, Fellow IEEE, Department of Electrical Engineering, The Uniersity of Te!as atDallas, Richar"son, T#

Electric ehicles $E%& hae 'een aroun" since late ()**+s -oweer, in the past, E% "eelopment actiitieswere "iscontinue" 'ecause of low cost of gasoline an" a"ancement of internal com'ustion engines In thelast "eca"e, Electric ehicles $E%& an" .lug/in -y'ri" Electric %ehicles $.-E%& are gaining increasinginterest in 0orth 1merica an" in other countries "ue to rising fuel prices, concern for the enironment an"the sustaina'ility of fossil fuel 'ase" transportation

The critical su'system re2uire" in an electric ehicle is the propulsion system, which proi"es the tractieforce to propel the ehicle This propulsion system consists of an energy storage system, the power conerter, the propulsion motor an" associate" controllers as shown in Figure (

Figure (3 Typical propulsion 4ystem components of a E% .ower/train5lick Image to Enlarge

Electric motor$s& conerts the energy supplie" 'y the 'attery into mechanical energy to proi"e traction power to the wheels To"ay, interior permanent magnet $I.6& synchronous motor wi"ely use" inautomotie propulsion system 'ecause of its high efficiency, high tor2ue, high power "ensity an" relatieease of fiel" weakening operation Toyota .rius, For" Escape, 5hey %olt are some of the ehicles that useI.6 machine -oweer, there are rising concerns a'out the aaila'ility of rare/earth 'ase" magnets an"their increasing costs 1 num'er of companies an" researchers are working on the "eelopment of motorsthat "o not use permanent magnets, 'ut achiee the same performance as I.6 motors These inclu"eIn"uction, 4witche" Reluctance, 4ynchronous Reluctance, an" .6/assist 4ynchronous Reluctance 6otorsIn the near future, the interior .6 motor will likely continue to "ominate the market

In the area of power electronics, presently Insulate" 7ate Bipolar Transistor $I7BT& "eices are 'eing use"in almost all commercially aaila'le E%s, -E%s, an" .-E%s The I7BTs will continue to 'e thetechnology of choice until the silicon car'i"e $4i5& an" gallium nitri"e $7a0& 'ase" "eices arecommercially aaila'le at a cost similar to that of silicon I7BTs %arious properties of silicon car'i"e suchas8 wi"er 'an" gap, larger critical electric fiel", an" higher thermal con"uctiity ena'les the 4i5 "eices tooperate at higher temperatures an" higher oltages offering higher power "ensity an" higher current "ensitythan the pure 4i "eices 7allium "eices are projecte" to hae significantly higher performance oer silicon/'ase" "eices, an" much 'etter performance than 4i5 "eices, "ue to their e!cellent material

http://electricvehicle.ieee.org/2013/09/29/trends-electric-propulsion/http://electricvehicle.ieee.org/dr-kaushik-rajashekara/http://electricvehicle.ieee.org/files/2013/09/electric-propulsion-1.pnghttp://electricvehicle.ieee.org/2013/09/29/trends-electric-propulsion/http://electricvehicle.ieee.org/dr-kaushik-rajashekara/

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 properties such as high electron mo'ility, high 'reak"own fiel", an" high electron elocity 7a0/'ase" power electronics also feature 'oth low on/resistance an" fast switching, lea"ing to su'stantial re"uction in 'oth con"uction an" switching losses 1chieing the highest power "ensity in a compact package$consi"ering the thermal aspects an" relia'ility& is critical for successful "eployment of power electronicssystems in electric an" hy'ri" ehicles

Ta'le I3 5haracteristics of commonly use" 'atteries in E%s5lick Image to Enlarge

9ithium/'ase" energy storage technologies $ie lithium/ion 'atteries& are lea"ing the way to meet the storagere2uirements of E%:-E%s In the past, 9ea"/aci" 'atteries an" 0ickel/6etal/-y"ri"e $0i6-& 'atterieswere popular in E%:-E%s The Tesla Roa"ster was the one of first pro"uction automo'ile to use lithium/ion 'attery cells to trael more than ;** miles per charge .resently, the 0issan 9eaf $BE%& an" the 765hey %olt $.-E%& also use lithium/ion 'ase" 'atteries

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The U4 goernment+s current rules for the 5orporate 1erage Fuel Economy $or 51F& stan"ar"sman"ates an aerage of a'out ;G miles per gallon gra"ually increasing to A mpg 'y ;*( an" C miles per gallon 'y ;*; In or"er to meet these stan"ar"s, automakers will gra"ually switch from the current pure internal com'ustion engine 'ase" ehicles to arious forms of plug/in/hy'ri" an" 'attery/electricehicles Hnce 'attery technology an" costs are achiee" to proi"e a'out A** miles per charge, the electricehicles will 'e more prealent than the .-E%s 1nother significant change to look for is the a"ancementof the clean "iesel, "iesel hy'ri"s, "iesel engine 'ase" plug/in hy'ri"s, an" li2ui" natural gas 'ase"

ehicles 5lean "iesel 'ase" hy'ri"s may make it possi'le for automakers to stretch towar"s the (** mpgmark in coming years 1lthough fuel cell technology ha" shown a great promise, the full fuel cell ehiclecontinues to remain only as "emonstration ehicles Issues relate" to cost of manufacturing, ro'ustness of the technology, hy"rogen pro"uction, an" the hy"rogen "istri'ution infrastructure will limit a"option-oweer, with the a"ancement of .olymer Electrolyte 6em'rane $.E6& an" 4oli" o!i"e Fuel 5ell$4HF5& technologies, the fuel cells coul" 'e use" as range e!ten"ers in place of internal com'ustion engine/generators in series hy'ri" ehicles These plug/in, fuel/cell hy'ri" ehicles $.F5%& consisting of a smaller fuel cell an" a larger 'attery $'attery "ominant& coul" 'e a future "irection for automo'iles

5ontinuing worl"wi"e RD 'y in"ustry, aca"emia, an" goernment will a"ance the propulsiontechnologies further, making E%s more ia'le with longer range, higher performance, an" lower cost 1ll

electric ehicles will 'e joine" 'y .-E%s an" .F5%s to sere 'roa"er segment of the transportation marketThe acceptance these ehicles will 'e ju"ge" 'ase" on their performance, relia'ility, lifespan, an" cost

References

( >0issan 9eaf Heriew?, 6arch ;*(*http3::wwwmwcogorg:uploa"s:committee"ocuments:a(J#F#;*(**A((**;p"f 

; 0 6ansfiel", >0issan+s ero emissions future?, 0issan .resentation, Decem'er ;*(*

A http3::wwwreuterscom:article:;*(A:*(:;C:us/toyota/'mw/fuelcell/i"U4BREG*0*9*;*(A*(;C

C http3::wwwgimagcom:i'm/lithium/air/'attery:;;A(*:

Dr. aushi! "a#ashe!ara, .rofessor of Electrical Engineering an"6echanical Engineering Distinguishe" 5hair of Engineering Rajashekarahas applie" his knowle"ge of power electronics an" technical e!pertise tocreate propulsion systems in automo'iles, airplanes an" in"ustrialapplications

http://www.mwcog.org/uploads/committeedocuments/a15ZXF5X20100316100552.pdfhttp://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/24/us-toyota-bmw-fuelcell-idUSBRE90N0L020130124http://www.gizmag.com/ibm-lithium-air-battery/22310/http://www.mwcog.org/uploads/committeedocuments/a15ZXF5X20100316100552.pdfhttp://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/24/us-toyota-bmw-fuelcell-idUSBRE90N0L020130124http://www.gizmag.com/ibm-lithium-air-battery/22310/