Trends in swine nutrition science

Opening Nutreco SRC, September 19, 2013

Walter Gerrits, Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University

What is driving pig research

Money Curiosity, hypothesis driven Curiosity, open questions Technology driven research Societal developments

● Limiting resources ● Resistance to Antibiotics ● Environmental pollution

What is driving pig research

Money Curiosity, hypothesis driven Curiosity, open questions Technology driven research Societal developments

● Limiting resources ● Resistance to Antibiotics ● Environmental pollution

Curiosity driven research

Mansilla et al., 2013

020406080100120

02468

10

control low ureaunfusion

high ureainfusion

Infused urea efficiently used when NEAA are limiting

N retained, g/d

Efficiency useurea N, %

N retained, linear, P< 0.01

Katsumata et al., 2013

0

1

2

3

4

Lys control Low Lys Thr control Low Thr

Intr

amus

cula

r fat

, %

Lysine, not threonine deficiency induces intramuscular fat %

b b b

a

What is driving pig research

Money Curiosity, hypothesis driven Curiosity, open questions Technology driven research Societal developments

● Limiting resources ● Resistance to Antibiotics ● Environmental pollution

What is driving pig research

Money Curiosity, hypothesis driven Curiosity, open questions Technology driven research Societal developments

● Limiting resources ● Resistance to Antibiotics ● Environmental pollution

Annual % increase in pork consumption

0123456789

10

1961 -2007

1971 -2007

1981 -2007

1991 -2007

2007 -2030

2007 -2050

DevelopingcountriesWorld

FAO report, Alexandratos & Bruinsma, 2012

What is driving pig research

Money Curiosity, hypothesis driven Curiosity, open questions Technology driven research Societal developments

● Limiting resources ● Resistance to Antibiotics ● Environmental pollution

Sales antibiotics in NL

Antibiotic sales in food producing animals (incl horses) in 2010

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

mg/population corrected unit

Others

Pleuromutilins

Polymyxins

Aminoglycosides

Other quinolones

Fluoroquinolones

Lincosamides

Macrolides

Trimethoprim

Sulfonamides

3/4 gen cefalosporins

1/2 gen cefalosporins

Penicillins

Amphenicols

Tetracyclines

ESVAC, 2010

What is driving pig research

Money Curiosity, hypothesis driven Curiosity, open questions Technology driven research Societal developments

● Limiting resources ● Resistance to Antibiotics ● Environmental pollution

-omics

Nutrition & Health

Customized nutrition

Trends in swine nutrition science

Customized nutrition Nutrition & health Omics in pig nutrition

Customized nutrition

Selecting populations (on farm, between farms) that differ in nutrient requirements, based on: Breed / sex Performance (within farm) Health status (between farms)

Customized nutrition: focus on postabsorptive events

Fixing a mismatch between amino acids or protein and energy

Van Kempen en van Heugten (2000)

Customized nutrition:estimating amino acid requirement in individual pigs

Kampman – van de Hoek et al., 2013

Customized nutrition 1: breed / sex

Breed x nutrient interactions

(Campbell & Taverner, 1988)

Customized nutrition 2: low vs high performers

From Krueger et al., 2013

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 50 100 150

BW, k

g

Age, d

BW development of piglets with low or normal birth weight

low BiW

normal BiW

P < 0.05 at all times

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

low BiW Normal BiW

Wei

ght,

g Weights of fat and muscle at 130 d of

age

Weight fat depots, g

Weight 3 muscles, g

Fat: NS; muscle: P<0.05

05

101520253035404550

Low BiW Normal BiW

kJ/B

W0.

62.d

Fat and carbohydrate oxidation during feed restriction

Fat oxidation,kJ/BW0.62.d

CHO oxidation,kJ/BW0.62.d

P<0.05

Customized nutrition 3: health status

18%

19%

20%

21%

628-767 768-789 790-806 807-829 830-958

% o

f fa

rms

Agrovision, 2011

Average daily gain, 1109 farms

Customized nutrition 3, on-farm

Krus Farm

Hans Arts

Timmerhuis

Lommen

Farm 1 Farm 2

Farm 4 Farm 3

Trends in swine nutrition science

Customized nutrition Nutrition & health: feeding or modulating the

immune system Omics in pig nutrition

Le Floc’h et al., 2007

Feeding the immune system

Nutrition & Health

0

50

100

150

200

250

longen (g/kgBW)

ControlInfl basalInfl Trp

P<0,01

Le Floc’h et al., 2008

or immunomodulation?

Feeding the immune system

05

101520253035404550

Size systemicimmune system at

maintenance

Increase after LPSchallenge

Liver response, 24hpost challenge

Antibody response

Direct protein requirement, % of lysine of a medium sized egg

From Klasing, 2013

... the amount of nutrients diverted to protective processes accounts for a minor portion of the depression in growth or reproduction. Clearly decreased appetite, increased metabolic rate and metabolic inefficiencies dominate the nutritional costs of the immune response ...”

Nutrition & Health: immunomodulation

Calories N-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids Vitamin A, D, E Caroteinoids (eg lutein) Phytonutrients (eg CLA, curcumin, capsicum, genistein) Tryptophan, Arginine, Glutamine ......

Immunomodulating effects of n-3 PUFA

1970: n-3 pufa suppress immune responsiveness 1980: eicanosoids from from n-6 and n-3 PUFA stimulate

and suppress inflammatory responses, respectively 1990: n-3 and cytokine responsiveness >2000: Molecular mechanisms

Fritsche, 2006; Klasing, 2013

Immunomodulating effects of n-3 PUFA

n-3 PUFA and inflammation/immune-mediated disease in humans; meta analysis of randomized control trials Inflammatory bowl disease Rheumanoid arthritis Renal disease Asthma

Many inconsistencies between in vitro, ex vivo and in

vivo research

Fritsche, 2006

No consistent effects!

Efficacy of feed additives

Some work almost always (phytase) Most do not (see example n-3 PUFA) Research bias

● Positive outcome bias ● Citation advantage positive results

Research bias: positive outcome bias

% of papers testing a hypothesis publishing a positive result

Fanelli, 2012

Higher in plant and animal sciences; higher in applied sciences

Research bias:citation advantage

Citation advantage of positive results; PA = plant & animal sci

Fanelli, 2013

Higher in applied sciences Higher in biological

sciences

Trends in swine nutrition science

Customized nutrition Nutrition & health Omics in pig nutrition

Omics in pig nutrition

Claus and Swann, 2013

physiological homeostasis

… the pig genome sequenced...

Groenen et al., Analyses of pig genome provide insight into porcine demography and evolution, Nature, 2012

established using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)6 and whole-genome shotgun (WGS) sequences (see Methods and Supplementary Information). The assembly (Sscrofa10.2) comprises 2.60 gigabases (Gb) assigned to chromosomes with a further 212 megabases (Mb) in unplaced scaffolds

Largely driven by open questions and available technology Systems biology tools needed for data analysis and

interpretation In humans moving towards preventive health and

personalized nutrition; in pigs towards customized nutrition? Provides a snapshot, no quantitative fluxes

Omics in pig nutrition

Fatty Acids

Glucose

Acetyl-CoA

Amino acids

urea in urine

Heat

Starch Protein faeces faeces

Fat faeces

Blood/ Lymph

Body Protein

Body Fat

Fluxes of macronutrients in growing pigs

Tissues/ Organs

Fatty acids

amino acids

Glucose

NSP faeces

Combination with true quantitative measurements needed ● Animal performance ● Nitrogen balance ● Energy balance ● Digestibility, passage rates ● (Portal) fluxes

Combining these expertises is a challenge

Omics in pig nutrition

Ruimte voor partnerlogo’s (plaats een wit vlak achter de logo’s om deze tekst en het kader te verbergen)

Thanks for listening

Increasingly limiting resources urge efficient use,

customized nutrition provides solutions

Reduction of antibiotic drives investigations into novel

feed additives for improving / stabilizing health. Watch

out for research bias

Omics approaches offer (almost) infinite toolbox for

addressing open questions, exploring mechanisms. In

pig nutrition reseach, these should be combined with

true quantitative approaches