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Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical
http://pic.sagepub.com/content/215/3/269The online version of this article can be found at:
DOI: 10.1243/0954406011520715
215: 269 2001Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science
M Ceccarelli and M CigolaTrends in the drawing of mechanisms since the early Middle Ages
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Trends in the drawing of mechanisms since the earlyMiddle Ages
M Ceccarelli* and M Cigola
Dipartimento di Meccanica, Strutture, Ambiente e Territorio, UniversitaÁ di Cassino, Italy
Abstract: Drawing of mechanisms is a fundamental tool for mechanical design and representation.
In this paper a historical study on the evolution of representation of mechanisms has been carried out
in order to establish the historic background and identify the progress over time. Investigating several
authors has identi® ed basic changes in the evolution of mechanism drawing, and a few examples are
reported in this paper to stress the main concepts. The drawing of mechanisms has evolved from anintentionally incomplete representation to a naturalistic and pictorial view, then from concise sketches
and kinematic diagrams to modern abstract graphic pictures. The development of mechanism
drawing has been strongly linked with and aVected by the evolution of knowledge in mechanical
sciences and particularly mechanism design.
Keywords: history of mechanical engineering, history of drawing, theory of mechanisms, kinematics,
drawing of mechanisms
1 INTRODUCTION
The development of mechanical science has been based
on the evolution of the technical means, which have
been used both for enhancing knowledge and for-
mulating better procedures and criteria for design
activity. One of the fundamental means is the drawingtechnique. In fact, since the beginning of a technical
culture, great attention has been paid to the drawing of
the mechanical characteristics of machines and
mechanisms by inventors, constructors, designers,scholars and academicians. This is because most con-
cepts and design calculations have been and can be
developed and formulated on the basis of the drawings
of machines and mechanisms. Indeed, over time, dif-
ferent levels of modelling and several kinds of sketchhave been developed for mechanism design or to
enhance the knowledge on the properties of rigid-body
motion. Moreover, the development of drawing as an
expressive language has required a standardization and
universal acceptance of the formalisms and representa-
tions.
In this paper a historical overview of the evolution oftechnical representations of mechanisms is presented by
using some representative drawings in order to point out
the basic developments in the drawing of mechanisms
through the study of a few signi® cant authors. Pre-
liminary studies have been useful in focusing interest on
this obscure activity of designers, and ® rst observations
have been reported in a previous paper [1]y . The novelcontribution of this paper is an attempt to explain the
evolution of mechanism drawing from an intentionally
incomplete representation to a naturalistic and pictorial
view, then from concise sketches and kinematic dia-
grams to modern abstract graphic pictures. The pecu-liarity is that the drawing of mechanisms evolved very
slowly, with a combination and mixture of diVerent
approaches. Moreover, over time, some authors used
old representations or innovative schemes much before
they were actually used.Indeed, the speci® c literature on mechanical design
and the theory of mechanisms has grown considerably
in the last two centuries, so that in this paper the
references and the authors have been limited to only a
few examples. However, the reported examples can be
thought of as illustrative and signi® cant for the state ofthe art on the topic of this paper. In fact, this report has
been developed in order to give a historical insight into
the evolution of the obscure activity of mechanism
drawing, which is nevertheless fundamental for
mechanical design. Another goal of this paper is to sti-
The MS was received on 22 October 1999 and was accepted after revisionfor publication on 10 May 2000.* Corresponding author: Dipartimento di Meccanica, Strutture,Ambiente e Territorio, UniversitaÁ di Cassino, Via Di Biasio 43, 03043Cassino (Fr), Italy.
yA preliminary Italian version has been published as M. Ceccarelli andM. Cigola, Evoluzione della rappresentazione gra® ca nel progetto deimeccanismi, Il Disegno di Progetto: dalle Origini al XVIII Secolo (Ed.M. Docci), 1997, pp. 427± 433 (Gangemi, Rome).
269
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The following libraries are gratefully acknowledged fortheir help in ® nding the original texts: the `Biblioteca
Apostolica Vaticana’ at the Vatican, the University
Library in Pisa (Dr A. Finzi), the University Library in
Padova (Dr A. Antonioni), the University Library
in Turin (Mr T. Basaglia), the University Library inBologna (Dr T. Lucchini), the University Library `Boaga’
at the La Sapienza University of Rome (Dr A. Colarossi),
the Library of the Department of Mechanics and Aero-
nautics at the La Sapienza University of Rome (Mrs F.
Trollini), the Library of the `Castelnuovo’ School ofMathematics at the La Sapienza University of Rome
and the Library at the Abbey of Montecassino (Dom
Gregorio De Francesco).
Prof. Bernard Roth of Stanford University, Cali-
fornia and Prof. Justo Nieto of the Technical Uni-
versity of Valencia, Spain, are gratefully acknowledgedfor permission to use their personal libraries. Together
with Prof. Teun Koetsier of Vrije University of
Amsterdam, The Netherlands, they are gratefully
acknowledged for their helpful comments during the
writing of this paper.
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TRENDS IN THE DRAWING OF MECHANISMS SINCE THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES 289
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