tribological behaviour of natural fiber (luffa cylindrical...
TRANSCRIPT
Tribological behaviour of natural fiber (luffa cylindrical)
reinforced hybrid epoxy composite
Dr S K Acharya,Professor
&
Niharika Mohanta (research scholar)
Department of Mechanical Engineering, N I T Rourkela -769008 Orissa,
India
ABSTRACT
Environmental awareness today is motivating the researchers worldwide on the
studies of natural fibre reinforced polymer composite as cost effective option to synthetic
fibre. The easy availability of natural fibres and manufacturing process have tempted
researchers to try locally available inexpensive fibres and to study their feasibility of
reinforcement purposes and to what extent they satisfy the required specifications of good
reinforced polymer composite for tribological applications. With this background in this
present work the effect of stacking sequence on erosive wear behaviour of untreated luffa
cylindrica fibre and glass fabric reinforced epoxy hybrid composites has been investigated
experimentally. Composite laminates were fabricated by hand lay-up technique. All the
composites were made with a total of 4 plies, by varying the number and position of glass
layers so as to obtain five different stacking sequences. The erosion rates of these composites
have been evaluated at different impingement angles (30º,45º,60°,90°) and at four different
particle speeds (v=48, 70, 82,109 m/s). Silica sand with size 200-250 μm of irregular shapes
is used as erodent. The impingement angle was found to have a significant influence on the
erosion rate. The composite laminate showed semi ductile behaviour with maximum erosion
at 45-600 impingement angles. The Factograpic analysis of the eroded surface was examined
by SEM. From the study it is concluded that the erosive wear behaviour of natural fibre luffa-
cylindrica can be improved significantly by hybridizing with synthetic fibre glass.
Key Word: Natural fiber, Hybrid composite, Erosive wear, Semi ductile,SEM
Tribological Behavior of natural fiber( luffa cylindrical)
reinforced epoxy composite
Dr S. K. Acharya
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology
Rourkela
Presented by
Introduction
Objectives Present Work
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
CONTENTS
Composite materials – Introduction
A composite material consists of two or more combined constituents that are combined with a macroscopic level and are in not soluble each other.
Reinforcement phase (e.g., Fibers) Binder phase (e.g., matrix)
Reinforcement + Matrix = Composite
Mud/Straw Bricks Concrete Fiberglass
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITES
1. Based on the type of matrix phase
• Metal Matrix composites (MMCs)
• Ceramic Matrix composites (CMCs)
• Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs)
2. Based on the type of reinforcement
• Fiber Reinforced composites.
• Particle Reinforced (particulate)
composites.
• Laminate Composites
Fibers used for structural applications:
• Glass fiber.
• Kevlar fiber (Aramide).
• Carbon and graphite fiber.
• Boron fiber.
• Organic fibers.
• Fibers from natural sources.
5
Natural Fibers
Bottlenecks
Advantages of Natural fiber Reinforcement
1. Environmental reasons: Renewable resource of raw material Thermally recyclable, biodegradable, Low energy consumption
2. Excellent specific strength & high modulus 3. Health & safety: less abrasive, safe manufacturing processes 4. Lower cost & reduced density of products
1. Variability 2. Hydro-philicity (moisture)3. Weak interface
Why Bio-Fiber Composites ?
Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Rourkela
Background and Objective of
the Present Work
It is known that natural fibre composite posses much lower mechanical
strength properties than synthetic fibre reinforced composite. Hence
the use of natural fibre alone in polymer composite is inadequate in
satisfactorily tackling all the technical needs of a fibre reinforced
composite. It is reported that if natural fibre is hybridised with a
synthetic fibre in the same matrix the properties of natural fibre could
be improved by taking the advantage of both the fibres.
In this present work the effect of stacking sequence on erosive wear
behaviour of untreated luffa cylindrica fibre and glass fabric reinforced
epoxy hybrid composites has been investigated experimentally.
Composite laminates were fabricated by hand lay-up technique. All the
composites were made with a total of 4 plies, by varying the number and
position of glass layers so as to obtain five different stacking sequences.
Thursday, February 12, 2015 10
The plant with fruit luffa cylindrica
Dried luffa cylindrica
Luffa cylindrica commonly called sponge
gourd, loofa, vegetable sponge, bath sponge
or dish cloth gourd.
It belongs to cucurbitaceous family . Luffa cylindrica is a sub-tropical plant, which
requires warm summer temperatures and
long frost-free growing season when grown in temperate regions.
They have a long history of cultivation in the
tropical countries of Asia and Africa.
The main commercial production countries
are China, Korea, India, Japan and Central America .
Luffa cylindrica
11
Luffa cylindrica Cont…
The outer core open as natural mat
Sponge guard with hollow micro channels
The LC strut are characterized by a micro cellular architecture with continuous hollow microchanels which forms a vascular bundles and yield a multimodal hierarchical pore system.
Luffa cylindrica form a natural mat that deviates the crack path, leading to a controlled fracture mode of a composite and increasing the composite’s toughness.
The fruit luffa cylindrica has a fibrous vascular system that forms a natural mat when dried.
Some of the use of Luffa cylindrica fiber
Bathroom sponge
Component of shock absorbers
Sound proof linings
Utensils cleaning sponge
Packing materials
Making crafts
Filters in factories
Part of soles of shoes
Decorative items
12
Luffa cylindrica
13
ITEM cellulose
(wt%)
Hemicellulos
es
(wt%)
Lignin
(Wt%)
sisal 60-75.2 10.0-16.5 7.6-12.0
Ramie 68.6-85.0 3.0-13.1 0.5-0.6
Cotton 82.7-90.0 5.7-6.0 -
Hard wood 40.0-45.0 32.0-33.0 17.0-26.0
Luffa cylindrica 60-63 19.4-22 10.6-11.2
Cont…
Chemical composition of some lignocelluloses source (Satyanarayana et al 2007)
The main chemical constituents of natural fiber are –
cellulose
- hemicelluloses
- Lignin
Hemicelluloses and cellulose are present in the form of
holocellulose , which contribute to more than 50% of the total
chemical constituent present in the fiber
Lignin - rigidity of the fibers
- high molecular weight
- three dimensional polymer structure
- acts as a binder for the cellulose fibers
- behaves as an energy storage system
Cellulose - high tensile strength of composite materials.
Carbon content in fiber provides
- light weight
- high strength and
- favorable stiffness
Chemical composition of plant fibre
WEAR
Wear is the loss of material from one or both of the contacting
surface when subjected to relative motion.
WEAR
Adhesive Abrasive Fatigue Fretting Erosion
Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Rourkela
Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Rourkela
Erosion
Wear due to mechanical interaction between the surface and a
fluid, a multi-component fluid, or impinging liquid or solid
particles.
Erosion is caused by a gas or a liquid which may or may not
carry solid particles, impinging on a surface. When the angle of
impingement is small, the wear produced is closely analogous to
abrasion. When the angle of impingement is normal to the
surface, material is displaced by plastic flow or is dislodged by
brittle failure.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Rourkela
Erosive Wear Due to Solid Particle Impingement Applications adversely affected by erosion
Polymer processing machines and others
Coal plants (transport of pulverized coal)
Gas turbines
Power plants
Pipelines
Ship propellers
Aircraft
• Windshield • Wings • Propellers • Rotors
Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Rourkela
VARIABLES AFFECTING PURE EROSION 1. IMPINGEMENT VARIABLES
• Particle velocity
• Angle of incidence
• Flux (particle concentration)
2. PARTICLE VARIABLES
• Particle shape
• Particle size
3. MATERIAL VARIABLES
• Hardness
• Work hardening behavior
19
The dried luffa cylindrica fruit was collected
locally.
The bark and seeds were removed, and the
fibrous fruit was washed thoroughly with
distilled water until the colour of the water
used in this procedure was colourless.
LC Fibre were dried in an woven for 6 h at
70°C and stored in a desiccators with silica
gel.
LC fibers were cut to rectangular mat like as
shown in figure from the sponge guard
neglecting the end portion to keep the
thickness same for the mat .
Fiber preparation
Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Rourkela
Ingredients used for composite Preparation: - Fiber:- luffa cylindrica fiber, glass fiber Polymer:- Araldite LY 556 (CIBA GEIGY Ltd.) Hardener :- HY951
Mould used for casting:-
A wooden mold (dimension 140×60×6 mm) was used
for casting the composite slab
Method : Hand lay-up technique.
Preparation of the composite
Luffa Cylindrica Fibre
Glass Fibre
Preparation of the composite
Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Rourkela
Symbol
Laminate
stacking
sequence
Total Fibre
Thickness
(mm) Weight fraction
(%)
Volume fraction
(%)
S1 LLLL 18.52 30.86 5.6
S2 LGLG 24.42 28.99 5.12
S3 LGGL 17.72 19.12 5.12
S4 GLLG 18.50 19.87 5.13
S5 GGGG 14.27 6.7 5.00
L-Luffa cylindrica layer , G-Glass fibres layer
Table . Laminate stacking sequence
Test for Erosive wear
Details of erosion test rig. (1) Sand hopper. (2) Conveyor belt system for sand flow. (3) Pressure transducer. (4) Particle-air mixing chamber. (5) Nozzle. (6) X–Y and h
axes assembly. (7) Sample holder
Air Jet Erosion Test Rig :
ASTM G76
Erodent Silica sand
Erodent size (µm) 200±50
Erodent shape irregular
Impact angle 30°,45°,60°,90°
Impingement velocity (m/s) 48,70,82,109
Erodent flux rate (g/min) 3
Test temp Room temp
Standoff distance (SOD) (mm)
10
Test parameter
e
rw
wE
Weight loss of the sample has bee taken in a interval of time of 3 min.
The erosion rate (Er) is then calculated by using the following equation: -
Where:-
Δw= mass loss of test sample in gm . We= mass of eroding particles (i.e., testing time × particle feed rate).
The erosion efficiency (η) can be obtained by the following equation as proposed by Sundararajan et al. :-
2
2
v
HEr
Where: -
Er = Erosion rate (g/g)
H = Hardness of eroding material (Pa)
V= Velocity of impact (m/s).
The theoretical density of composites is obtained as per the following equation:
The actual density (ρce) of the composite, is determined experimentally by simple water-immersion technique.
Stacking
sequence
Theoretical
density
(g/cm3)
Measured
density
(g/cm3)
Volume fraction
of voids (%)
Neat
epoxy
1.2 1.18 1.66
S1 1.01 1.009 1.2
S2 1.18 1.178 .89
S3 1.187 1.177 .878
S4 1.188 1.179 .78
S5 1.305 1.297 .65
Measured and theoretical densities of the composites.
Influence of impingement angle (α) on erosion wear behavior
(a) (b)
FIG. Erosion rate as a function of impingement angle for different laminate stacking sequence at impact velocity (a) 70 m/s d) 109 m/s.
From the experimental results it is clear that the developed hybrid composites
respond to solid particle impact neither behaves in a purely ductile nor in a brittle
manners. Since maximum erosion occurs in the range of 45°-60°impact angles for
all impact velocities. Therefore it can be concluded that luffa cylindrica-glass fiber
reinforced epoxy hybrid composites behaves in a as semi- ductile nature.
Influence of impact velocity on erosion wear behavior
FIG. Variation of steady-state erosion rate of luffa cylindrica-glass reinforced epoxy hybrid composite as a function of impact velocity (48–109 m/s) at (a) Impingement angle 45° (b) impingement angle 60°.
(a) (b)
steady-state erosion rate all laminate stacking sequences for different impingement angles increases with increase in impact velocity.
The velocity of erosive particle has a very strong effect on erosion rate. It was found that the erosion rate follows power low behaviour with particle velocity, E= kVn where E, is the steady-state erosion rate, v the impact velocity of particles, n the velocity exponent and k is a constant.
The velocity exponents n for the various laminate sequences at different impingement angles were found in the range of 1.5533–2.9943
Erosion efficiency
Fig. Erosion efficiency as a function of impact velocity for luffa cylindrica-glass reinforced epoxy hybrid composite (a) Impingement angle 60° (b) impingement angle 90 °
The erosion efficiencies of composite laminates vary from 1.24 to 4.24% for different impact velocities studied at 600 impact angles and it vary from 0.80 to 3.55% for 900 impact angle. Hence, in present study it is established that erosive wear takes place due to micro ploughing and micro cutting.
The laminate stacking sequence S4 shows lower erosion efficiency among all hybrid laminate at different impact velocities indicate a better erosion resistance.
(b) (a)
Formation of
crater
Formation of crater
Breakage of
fibres
Surface morphology of eroded surface
Fig.SEM micrographs of eroded surface at impingement angle 60° and at impact
velocity 82 m/s for laminate stacking
sequences (a) S1 (b) S2
(b) (d)
Figure (a) & (b) shows the SEM
micrograph of the composite laminate
for stacking sequence S1 and S2 at 60º
impingements angle for impact
velocity 82 m/s.
Pulling out of fibers from the matrix
is not visible. At some places craters
are being formed due to penetration of
silica sand which causes damage to
the matrix material.
S1
S2
Formation of smooth surface
Breakage of
fibres
Fig.SEM micrographs of eroded surface at impingement angle 60° and at impact
velocity 82 m/s for laminate stacking
sequences (a) S3 (b) S4
Fig (c) shows the damage caused to the
fibres for the sequence S3.The meshing to
the originally structure is totally damaged
and smooth surfaces are being formed.
Fig (d) shows the surface damage caused
to sequence S4.Breaking of glass fibres in
the micrograph are found but there is no
chipping up fibres from the matrix is found.
Damage to the luffa fibre is totally eliminated
because of position of glass fibre at the
outer layer
(c)
(d)
S3
S4
Breaking of glass fibres
Formation of
cavity Damage
of fibre
surfaces
FIG. SEM micrographs of eroded surface at impingement angle 60° and impact velocity
109 m/s for laminate stacking sequences (a)S3
(b) S4
(e)
(b)
For sequences S3 after eroding the
luffa fiber surface the erodent particles
enters to the glass fiber surface.
Breaking of glass fires is seen but
chipping out of fibres from the matrix is
prevented. This might be due to a good
bonding between the fibres and the
matrix and the time it gets erode the
glass fibre is less.
Fig (f) shows the damage caused to
sequence S4 due to higher velocity
(109 m/s).Formation of cavity is clearly
visible which is formed by
microploghing and cutting also
extensive damage caused at this
velocity to the luffa fibre surface is
seen
(f)
S3
S4
The influence of impingement angle on erosive wear of all laminate stacking
sequence under consideration exhibit semi ductile behavior with maximum wear
rate at 45-600 impingement angles.
Erosion rate (Er) different laminate stacking sequences displays power law
behavior with particle velocity (v) as E α vn. The velocity exponents are in the
range of 1.5533–2.9943 for various materials studied for different impingement angles (30°–90°) and impact velocities (48–109 m/s).
Erosion efficiency is found to be in the range of 0.84% to 4.24% for different
laminate stacking sequence at different impact velocity. So material removal is
mainly due to microploughing and micro cutting.
It is clear from this study that erosive strength of natural luffa cylindrica fiber
can be increased by hybridization with synthetic fiber.
The morphologies of the eroded surfaces observed by SEM suggest that overall
erosion damage of the composite is mainly due to breaking of fiber. Fiber pull out
is prevented due to good bonding between the fiber and the matrix.
Conclusion
1. Hinrichsen, G., Khan, M.A. and Mohanty, A.K., 2000, “Composites”: Part A, Elsevier Science Ltd, 31:pp.143–150.
2. Joseph, P.V., Kuruvilla J, Thomas S., 1999, “Composites Science And Technology”; 59(11): pp.1625-1640.
3. Mukherjee, P. S. & Satyanarayana, K. G., 1986, “Structure and properties of some vegetable fibres-II. Pineapple leaf fiber,” J. Material Science 21 (January), pp. 51–56.
4. Jain, S., Kumar, R., Jindal, U. C., 1992, “Mechanical Behaviour of Bamboo and Bamboo Composites,” J. Mater. Sci., 27, pp. 4598-4604.
5. Hirao, K., Inagaki, H., Nakamae, K., Kotera, M. and Nishino, T. K., 2003, “Kenaf Reinforced Biodegradable Composite,” Composites Science and Technology, 63: pp.1281-1286.
6. Vazquez, A., Dominguez V. A., Kenny J. M., 1999, “Bagasse Fiber-Polypropylene Based. Composites.” Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials.” Volume 12, (6): pp. 477-497.
7. Clemons, Craig M., Caulfield, Daniel F., 2005, “Ntural Fibers, Functional fillers for plastics,” Weinheim: Wiley-VCH: pp.195-206.
8. Ei-Tayeb N.S.M., 2008, “A study on the potential of sugarcane fibres/polyester composite for tribological applications,” Wear, Vol. 265, pp. 223-235.
REFERENCES
9. Mazali I.O., Alves O.L. 2005,” Morphosynthesis: high fidelity inorganic replica of the fibrous network of loofa sponge (Luffa cylindrica)”. Acad. Bras. Ciên; 77(1): 25-31.
10. Zampheri, A., Mabande G.T.P., Selvam, T., Schwinger W., Rudulph A., Hermann R., Sieber H., and Greil P. 2006, “Biotemplating of luffa cylindrical sponges to self supporting hierarchical zeolite macrostructures for bio-inspired structured catalytic reactors”, Mat Sci Eng, C 26(1), 130-135.
11. Oboh I. O. Aluyor E. O., 2009, “Luffa cylindrica - an emerging cash crop”, African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 4 (8), pp. 684-688,
12. Bal KE, Bal Y Lallam A. 2004,’’Gross morphology and absorption capacity of cell-fibers from the Fibrous vascular system of Loofah (Luffa cylindrica)”. Textile Res. J.; 74: 241-247
13. Yoldas Seki, Kutlay Sever, Seckin Erden, Mehmet Sarikanat, Gokdeniz, Neser, Cicek Ozes. 2012, “Characterization of luffa cylindrica fibers and the effect of water aging on the mechanical properties of its composite with polyester”. Journal of Applied Polymer Science,123, 2330– 2337
14. Roe, P.J. and Ansel .P. 1985, “Jute reinforced polyester composites”, J. Mater. Sci. 20: pp.4015
15. Qiu Zhang, X. M., Zhi Rong, M., Shia, G. and Cheng Yang, G., 2003, “Self reinforcedmelt processable composites of sisal”, Compos. Sci. Technol. 63 : pp.177–186.
16. Baiardo, M., Zini, E. and Scandola, M., 2004, ‘Flax fibre polyester composites’, J.Compos : Part A 35 : pp.703–710
17. George, J., Sreekala, M.S., and Thomas, S., 2002, “A review on interface modificationmodification and characterization of natural fibre reinforced plastic composites”, PloymEng. Sci. 41 (9): pp.1471–1485.
18. C. A. Boynard, S. N. Monteiro, and J. R. M. D’Almeida. 2003,” Aspects of alkali treatment of sponge gourd (luffa cylindrica) fibers on the flexural properties of polyester matrix composites.”Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 87, No. 12, pp. 1927-1932
19. C. A. Boynard, S. N. Monteiro, and J. R. M. D’Almeida. 2003,” Aspects of alkali treatment of sponge gourd (luffa cylindrica) fibers on the flexural properties of polyester matrix composites.”Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 87, No. 12, pp. 1927-1932.
20. Demir H., Atikler U., Balkose D., Tihminhoglu F., 2006, “The effect of fiber surface treatment on the tensile and water sorption properties of polypropylene -luffa fiber composites”, Composites: Part A 37 , 447–456
21. G. Siqueira, A. Junior de Menezes, J. Bras, A.Dufresne, 2010 “Ramie and Luffa cylindrica nanowhiskers as reinforced phase in polycaprolactone”, Proceedings of the International Convention of Society of Wood Science and Technology, Paper WS-47.
22. Lassaad Ghali, Slah Msahli, Mondher Zidi, Faouzi Sakli, 2011, ” Effects of Fiber Weight Ratio, Structure and Fiber Modification onto Flexural Properties of Luffa-Polyester Composites”, Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry, 1, 78-85
23. Lassaad Ghali, Mourad Aloui, Mondher Zidi, Hachmi Bendaly and Faouzi Saki, 2011, “effect of chemical modification of luffa cylindrica fibres on the mechanical and hygrothermal behaviours of polyester composites”, bioresource.com
24. Suresh A. and Harsha A.P. Study of erosion efficiency of polymer and polymer composites. Polymer testing 2006; 25(2):188-196.
25. S K Acharya, P Mishra & S C Mishra. 2006, Effect of environment on the mechanical properties of fly ash-jute-polymer composite. Indian journal of engineering &material science 2008; 15:483-488.
26. Munikenche Gowda, T., Naidu, A.C.B., Chhaya, Rajput, 1999. Some mechanical properties of untreated jute fabric-reinforced polyester composites. Compos. Pt. A 30, 277–284.
27. K. Sabeel Ahmeda, S. Vijayaranganb. Tensile, flexural and interlaminar shear properties of woven jute and jute-glass fabric reinforced polyester composites. Journal of materials processing technology 2008; 207,330–335.
28. Rattan’s., J. Bijwe, “Influence of impingement angle on solid particle erosion of carbon fabric reinforced polyethermide composite”, Wear, vol262,pp.568-574,2007.
29. N.M. Barkoula and, J. Karger-Kocsis, “Effects of fibre content and relative fibre-orientation on the solid particle erosion of GF/PP composites”, wear, vol. 252, pp.80–87, 2002.
30. K.V. Pool, C.K.H. Dharan, and I. Finnie, “Erosive wear of composite materials”, Wear, vol.107, pp.1-12, 1986.
31. A.P. Harsha, and A.A. Thakre, “Investigation on solid particle erosion behaviour of polyetherimide and its composites”, Wear, vol.262, pp.807–818, 2007.
32. Csari, P., Davies, P. and Mazeas, F. Sea Water Aging of Glass Reinforced Composites: Shear Behaviour and Damage Modelling, Journal of Composite Materials, 35: 1343_1371,(2001).