tripac technical data - bolt- wrench sizes chart
DESCRIPTION
Bolt -Wrench Sizes ChartTRANSCRIPT
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TECHNICAL DATA
CONTENTS
STEEL FLANGE BOLT CHART
MECHANICAL JOINTS T-HEAD BOLT CHART FLANGE THICKNESS CHARTS PAGES 1 & 2
GASKET DIMENSIONS WRENCH SIZE CHARTS DECIMAL CONVERSION CHART INSUSTRY STANDARDS HEX BOLTS AND NUTS HEAVY HEX BOLTS AND NUTS WASHERS PAGES 1 & 2 WATER WORKS T-HEAD BOLTS OVAL NECK TRACK BOLTS A325 BOLTS COATINGS PROPER FLANGE BOLTING PAGES 1 & 2
475 KLUG CIRCLE CORONA, CA 92880-6406 (951) 280-4488 FAX: (951) 272-4445
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STEEL FLANGE BOLT CHART
PIPE DIAMETER
QTY OF BOLTS BOLT SIZE
PIPE DIAMETER
QTY OF BOLTS BOLT SIZE
1" 4 1/2 - 13 x 1 3/4" 1" 4 5/8 - 11 x 2 1/2" 1 1/4" 4 1/2 - 13 x 2" 1 1/4" 4 5/8 -11 x 2 1/2" 1 1/2" 4 1/2 - 13 x 2" 1 1/2" 4 5/8-11 x 2 3/4"
2" 4 5/8 - 11 x 2 1/4" 2" 8 5/8 - 11 x 2 3/4" 2 1/2" 4 5/8 - 11 x 2 1/2" 2 1/2" 8 3/4 - 10 x 3 1/4"
3" 4 5/8 - 11 x 2 1/2" 3" 8 3/4 - 10 x 3 1/2" 4" 8 5/8 - 11 x 3" 3 1/2" 8 3/4 - 10 x 3 1/2" 5" 8 3/4 - 10 x 3" 4" 8 3/4 - 10 x 3 3/4" 6" 8 3/4 - 10 x 3 1/4" 5" 8 3/4 - 10 x 4" 8" 8 3/4 - 10 x 3 1/2" 6" 12 3/4 - 10 x 4"
10" 12 7/8 - 9 x 3 3/4" 8" 12 7/8 - 9 x 4 1/2" 12" 12 7/8 - 9 x 4" 10" 16 1 - 8 x 5 1/4" 14" 12 1 - 8 x 4 1/4" 12" 16 1 1/8 - 7 x 5 1/2" 16" 16 1 - 8 x 4 1/2" 14" 20 1 1/8 - 7 x 6" 18" 16 1 1/8 - 7 x 4 3/4" 16" 20 1 1/4 - 7 x 6 1/4" 20" 20 1 1/8 - 7 x 5" 18" 24 1 1/4 - 7 x 6 1/2" 22" 20 1 1/4 - 7 x 5 1/2" 20" 24 1 1/4 - 7 x 6 3/4" 24" 20 1 1/4 - 7 x 5 1/2" 24" 24 1 1/2 - 6 x 7 3/4" 30" 28 1 1/4 - 7 x 6 1/4" 30" 28 1 3/4 - 5 x 8 1/2" 36" 32 1 1/2 - 6 x 7" 36" 32 2 - 4.5 x 9 1/2" 42" 36 1 1/2 - 6 x 7 1/2" 42" 36 2 - 4.5 x 10 1/4" 48" 44 1 1/2 - 6 x 7 3/4" 48" 40 2 - 4.5 x 10 3/4" 54" 44 1 3/4 - 5 x 8 1/2" 60" 52 1 3/4 - 5 x 8 3/4" 72" 60 1 3/4 - 5 x 9 1/2" 84" 64 2 - 4.5 x 10 1/2" 96" 68 2 1/4 - 4.5 x 11 1/2"
108" 72 2 1/2 - 4 x 14"
CLASS 150 LB
CLASS 300 LB
Chart may be used for: C110 DIP/DIP E4 x E4 E4 x (valve) in some cases Table 6 F x F
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475 KLUG CIRCLE CORONA, CA 92880-6406 (951) 280-4488 FAX: (951) 272-4445
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TRIPAC FASTENERS IS A MEMBER OF THE AWWA AND HAS THE TECHNICAL EXPERTISE TO ASSIST YOU IN SELECTING THE PROPER MATERIALS FOR YOU NEEDS. CALL OR FAX FOR QUOTES, ADITIONAL INFORMATION, SPECIAL ORDERS OR FOR TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE.
AWWA C110 MECHANICAL JOINTS
T-HEAD BOLTING CHART
NOM PIPE SIZE
NO. BOLTS
DIAMETER & LENGTH
2 2 5/8 X 3
3 4 5/8 X 3
4 4 3/4 X 3 1/2
6 6 3/4 X 3 1/2
8 6 3/4 X 4
10 8 3/4 X 4
12 8 3/4 X 4
14 10 3/4 X 4 1/2
16 12 3/4 X 4 1/2
18 12 3/4 X 4 1/2
20 14 3/4 X 4 1/2
24 16 3/4 X 5
30 20 1 X 6
36 24 1 X 6
42 28 1 1/4 X 6
48 32 1 1/4 x 6
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475 KLUG CIRCLE CORONA, CA 92880-6406 (951) 280-4488 FAX: (951) 272-4445
A DIV IS ION OF TR IPAC MARKET ING, INC.
FLANGE THICKNESS CHARTS Steel Pipe Flanges For Waterworks Service
125/150
NOM PIPE SIZE
BOLT SIZE NO. BOLTS
TABLE 2 TABLE 4 TABLE 5 ANSI SLIP ON FLANGE
TABLE 2 TABLE 3
CLASS D
CLASS E
CLASS E
CLASS B
CLASS B
CLASS D
1 1/2 4 0.563 1 1/2 1/2 4 0.688
2 5/8 4 0.750 2 1/2 5/8 4 0.875
3 5/8 4 0.938 4 5/8 8 0.625 0.938 1.125 0.938 0.625 0.500 0.500 5 3/4 8 0.625 0.938 1.188 0.938 0.625 0.562 0.562 6 3/4 8 0.688 1.000 1.313 1.000 0.688 0.562 0.562 8 3/4 8 0.688 1.125 1.500 1.125 0.688 0.562 0.562
10 7/8 12 0.688 1.188 1.563 1.188 0.688 0.688 0.688 12 7/8 12 0.812 1.250 1.750 1.250 0.688 0.688 0.688 14 1 12 0.938 1.375 1.875 1.375 0.688 0.750 0.750 16 1 16 1.000 1.438 2.000 1.438 0.688 0.750 0.750 18 1 1/8 16 1.062 1.562 2.125 1.562 0.688 0.750 0.750 20 1 1/8 20 1.125 1.688 2.375 1.688 0.688 0.750 0.750 24 1 1/4 20 1.250 1.875 2.625 1.875 0.750 1.000 1.000 30 1 1/4 28 1.375 2.125 2.875 2.125 0.875 1.000 1.000 36 1 1/2 32 1.625 2.375 3.125 2.375 1.000 1.125 1.125 42 1 1/2 36 1.750 2.375 3.125 2.375 1.125 1.250 1.250 48 1 1/2 44 1.875 2.750 3.500 1.250 1.375 1.375 54 1 3/4 44 2.125 3.000 3.750 1.375 1.375 1.375 60 1 3/4 52 2.250 3.125 3.875 1.500 1.500 1.500 66 1 3/4 52 2.500 3.375 4.250 1.625 1.500 1.500 72 1 3/4 60 2.625 3.500 4.375 1.750 1.500 1.500 84 2 64 2.875 3.875 4.750 2.000 1.750 1.750 90 2 1/4 68 3.000 4.250 5.125 2.250 2.000 2.000 96 2 1/4 68 3.250 4.250 5.125 2.250 2.000 2.000
102 2 1/2 72 3.250 5.500 2.500 108 2 1/2 72 3.375 5.500 2.500 120 2 3/4 76 3.500 5.875 2.750 144 3 1/4 84 4.125 6.750 3.250
* Table 4 may be used for valve thickness calculation in some cases
* Information extracted from AWWA C207-94
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475 KLUG CIRCLE CORONA, CA 92880-6406 (951) 280-4488 FAX: (951) 272-4445
A DIV IS ION OF TR IPAC MARKET ING, INC.
NOM PIPE SIZE
BOLT SIZE NO. BOLTS BLIND FLANGES AWWA C110
DUCTILE AND GRAY IRON FITTINGS CLASS B CLASS D CLASS E
3 5/8 4 0.75 .12 in. 0.60 .12 in. 4 5/8 8 0.625 0.625 1.125 0.94 .12 in. 0.63 .12 in. 6 3/4 8 0.688 0.692 1.313 1.00 .12 in. 0.63 .12 in. 8 3/4 8 0.688 0.805 1.500 1.12 .12 in. 0.70 .12 in.
10 7/8 12 0.688 0.947 1.563 1.19 .12 in. 0.75 .12 in. 12 7/8 12 0.752 1.110 1.750 1.25 .12 in. 0.81 .12 in. 14 1 12 0.835 1.127 1.875 1.38 .19 in. 0.87 .19 in. 16 1 16 0.941 1.258 2.000 1.44 .19 in. 0.90 .19 in. 18 1 1/8 16 1.013 1.326 2.125 1.56 .19 in. 0.93 .19 in. 20 1 1/8 20 1.108 1.442 2.375 1.69 .19 in. 0.96 .19 in. 24 1 1/4 20 1.275 1.657 2.625 1.88 .19 in. 1.00 .19 in. 30 1 1/4 28 1.530 2.003 2.875 2.12 .25 in. 2.12 .25 in. 36 1 1/2 32 1.834 2.369 3.344 2.38 .25 in. 2.38 .25 in. 42 1 1/2 36 2.084 2.725 3.789 2.62 .25 in. 2.62 .25 in. 48 1 1/2 44 2.341 3.067 4.246 2.75 .25 in. 2.75 .25 in. 54 1 3/4 44 2.634 3.431 4.776 60 1 3/4 52 2.892 3.774 5.236 66 1 3/4 52 3.139 4.132 5.674 72 1 3/4 60 3.399 4.476 6.137
AWWA C153 DUCTILE IRON
COMPACT FITTINGS
FLANGE THICKNESS CHARTS Steel Pipe Flanges For Waterworks Service
125/150
250/300 NOM PIPE
SIZE BOLT SIZE NO. BOLTS TABLE 6 BLIND FLANGES CLASS F CLASS F
1 5/8 4 0.688 1 1/2 3/4 4 0.813
2 5/8 8 0.875 2 1/2 3/4 8 1.000
3 3/4 8 1.125 4 3/4 8 1.130 1.250 1.125 5 3/4 8 1.210 1.375 6 3/4 12 1.310 1.438 1.316 8 7/8 12 1.310 1.625 1.316
10 1 16 1.500 1.875 1.534 12 1 1/8 16 1.630 2.000 1.730 14 1 1/8 20 1.940 2.125 1.938 16 1 1/4 20 2.140 2.250 2.139 18 1 1/4 24 2.250 2.375 2.294 20 1 1/4 24 2.330 2.500 2.401 24 1 1/2 24 2.690 2.750 2.799 30 1 3/4 28 3.150 3.419 36 2 32 3.460 4.017 42 2 36 3.810 4.450 48 2 40 4.500 4.991
ANSI SLIP ON FLANGES
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475 KLUG CIRCLE CORONA, CA 92880-6406 (951) 280-4488 FAX: (951) 272-4445
A D I V I S I O N O F TR I P A C M A R K E T I N G , I N C .
ANSI GASKET DIMENSIONS
ANSI GASKET SIZE CL 125/150
Flange Size
RING ID
RING OD
FULL FACE ID
FULL FACE OD
2 2 3/8 4 1/8 2 3/8 6
2 1/2 2 7/8 4 7/8 2 7/8 7
3 3 1/2 5 3/8 3 1/2 7 1/2
4 4 /2 6 7/8 4 1/2 9
5 5 9/16 7 3/4 5 9/16 10
6 6 5/8 8 3/4 6 5/8 11
8 8 5/8 11 8 5/8 13 1/2
10 10 3/4 13 3/8 10 3/4 16
12 12 3/4 16 1/8 12 3/4 19
14 14 17 3/4 14 21
16 16 20 1/4 16 23 1/2
18 18 21 5/8 18 25
20 20 23 7/8 20 27 1/2
24 24 28 1/4 24 32
30 30 34 3/4 30 38 3/4
36 36 41 1/4 36 46
42 42 48 42 53
48 48 54 1/2 48 59 1/2
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475 KLUG CIRCLE CORONA, CA 92880-6406 (951) 280-4488 FAX: (951) 272-4445
A DIV IS ION OF TR IPAC MARKET ING, INC.
WRENCH SIZE CHARTS
BOLT AND NUT DIAMETER WRENCH SIZE
1/4 7/16 0.4375
5/16 1/2 0.5000
3/8 9/16 0.5625
7/16 5/8 0.6250
1/2 3/4 0.7500
9/16 13/16 0.8125
5/8 15/16 0.9375
3/4 1 1/8 1.1250
7/8 1 5/16 1.3125
1 1 1/2 1.500
1 1/8 1 11/16 1.6875
1 1/4 1 7/8 1.8750
1 3/8 2 1/16 2.0625
1 1/2 2 1/4 2.2500
1 5/8 2 7/16 2.4375
1 3/4 2 5/8 2.6250
1 7/8 2 13/16 2.8125
2 3 3.000
2 1/4 3 3/8 3.3750
2 1/2 3 3/4 3.7500
2 3/4 1 1/8 4.1250
3 4 1/2 4.5000
3 1/4 4 7/8 4.8750
3 1/2 5 1/4 5.2500
3 3/4 5 5/8 5.6250
4 6 6.0000
This chart may be used for
HEX Bolts & Nuts A307 Gr. A, Gr. 5, ASTM F593/F594 Type 304 & 316
BOLT AND NUT DIAMETER WRENCH SIZE
1/2 7/8 0.8750
5/8 1 1/16 1.0625
3/4 1 1/4 1.2500
7/8 1 7/16 1.4375
1 1 5/8 1.6250
1 1/8 1 13/16 1.8125
1 1/4 2 2.0000
1 3/8 2 3/16 2.1875
1 1/2 2 3/8 2.3750
1 5/8 2 9/16 2.5625
1 3/4 2 3/4 2.7500
1 7/8 2 15/16 2.9375
2 3 1/8 3.1250
2 1/4 3 1/2 3.5000
2 1/2 3 7/8 3.8750
2 3/4 4 1/4 4.2500
3 4 5/8 4.6250
3 1/4 5 5.0000
This chart may be used for
HEAVY Hex Bolts & Nuts A307 Gr. B, A325, A193 B7, B8 (304), B8M (316) Stainless
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475 KLUG CIRCLE CORONA, CA 92880-6406 (951) 280-4488 FAX: (951) 272-4445
A DIV IS ION OF TR IPAC MARKET ING, INC.
DECIMAL CONVERSION CHART
FRACTIONS DECIMALS FRACTIONS DECIMALS FRACTIONS DECIMALS
1/64 .015625 23/64 .359375 45/64 .703125
1/32 .03125 3/8 .3750 23/32 .71875
3/64 .046875 25/64 .390625 47/64 .734375
1/16 .0625 13/32 .40625 3/4 .7500
5/64 .078125 27/64 .421875 49/64 .765625
3/32 .09375 7/16 .4375 25/32 .78125
7/64 .109375 29/64 .453125 51/64 .796875
1/8 .1250 15/32 .46875 13/16 .8125
9/64 .140625 31/64 .484375 53/64 .828125
5/32 .15625 1/2 .5000 27/32 .84375
11/64 .171875 33/64 .515625 55/64 .859375
3/16 .1875 17/32 .53125 7/8 .8750
13/64 .203125 35/64 .546875 57/64 .890625
7/32 .21875 9/16 .5625 29/32 .90625
15/64 .234375 37/64 .578125 59/64 .921875
1/4 .2500 19/32 .59375 15.32 .9375
17/64 .265625 39/64 .609375 61/64 .953125
9/32 .28125 5/8 .6250 31/32 .96875
19/64 .296875 41/64 .640625 63/64 .984375
5/16 .3125 21/32 .65625 1 1.000
21/64 .328125 43/64 .671875
11/32 .34375 11/16 .6875
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES When strength requirements are moderate, low-carbon steel is used. High-strength fasteners are made from medium-high carbon or alloy steels and are heat treated to develop desired properties.
Most fasteners are covered by specifications that define required mechanical properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, proof load and hardness.
Tensile Strength : The maximum tensile stress in pounds per sq in. which a material is capable of sustaining, as developed by a tension test.
Yield Strength : The stress at which a material exhib-its a specified deviation from the proportionality of stress to strain. The deviation is expressed in terms of strain, and in the offset method, usually a strain of 0.2% is specified.
Proof Load : The point to which a material may be stressed without evidence of permanent deforma-tion.
Hardness : The resistance of a material to plastic deformation. Usually measured in steels by the Brinell, Rockwell, or Vickers indentation-hardness test methods.
HEAT PROPERTIES Heat treatment covers various techniques that may be used to develop certain end-product characteristics. Customary procedures for fasteners include:
Stress Relieving : A thermal cycle involving heating to a suitable temperature, usually 1000/1200F, holding long enough to reduce residual stresses from either cold deformation or thermal treatment, and then cooling slowly enough to minimize the development of new residual stresses.
Annealing : A thermal cycle involving heating to and holding at a suitable temperature and then cooling at a suitable rate, for such purposes as reducing hardness, improving mechinability, facilitating cold working, producing a desired microstructure, or obtaining desired mechanical or other properties.
Case Hardening : A term descriptive of one or more processes of hardening steel in which the outer portion, or case, is made substantially harder than the inner portion, or core.
Quenching and Tempering : Quenching is a thermal process used to increase the hardness and strength of steel. Tempering improves ductility and tough-ness but reduces the quenched hardness.
ASTM & SAE HEAD MARKINGS FOR BOLTS
A307 AA307 A ASTMA307
GR A Low or Medium Carbon Steel
A307 BA307 B ASTMA307 GR B
Low or Medium Carbon Steel
Medium Carbon Steel Quenched & Tempered
B 7B 7 ASTMA193
GR B7 Chrom-Moly Steel
Quenched & Tempered
A325A325 ASTMA325 Type 1
Medium Carbon Steel Quenched & Tempered
B 8B 8 ASTMA193 Gr B8
Solution Treated 304 - 304L Stainless Steel
B8MB8M ASTMA193
GR B8M Solution Treated 316 - 316L
Stainless Steel
ASTMT 304 or
ASTM F 593
300 Series Stainless Steel Either Marking May Appear
TT--304304 oror
F 593F 593 C or D C or D
18-8 18 Chromium
8 Nickel
300 Series Stainless Steel Same Material as T-304
ASTMT 316 or
ASTM F 593
300 Series Stainless Steel Either Marking May Appear
TT--316316 oror
F 593F 593 G or H G or H
INDUSTRY STANDARDS
ASTMJ429 GR 5
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475 KLUG CIRCLE CORONA, CA 92880-6406 (951) 280-4488 FAX: (951) 272-4445
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HEX BOLTS & NUTS This chart may be used for A307 Grade A, SAE J429, and ASTM F593 Type 304 & 316 Stainless
Below 6 : 2x Dia. + 1/4 = T.L. Above 6 : 2x Dia. + 1/2 = T.L.
NOMINAL SIZE OR BASIC BOLT DIA
E F G H R LT (REF) BODY DIA
WIDTH ACROSS FLATS
WIDTH ACROSS CORNERS
RADIUS OF FILLET
THREAD LENGTH
FOR BOLT LENGTH < 6 IN.
FOR BOLT LENGTH > 6 IN. MAX BASIC MAX MIN MAX MIN BASIC MAX MIN MAX MIN
1/4 .2500 0.260 7/16 0.438 0.425 0.505 0.484 11/64 0.188 0.150 0.03 0.01 0.750 1.000 5/16 0.3125 0.324 1/2 0.500 0.484 0.577 0.522 7/32 0.235 0.195 0.03 0.01 0.875 1.125
3/8 0.3750 0.388 9/16 0.562 0.544 0.650 0.620 1/4 0.268 0.226 0.03 0.01 1.000 1.250 7/16 0.4375 0.452 5/8 0.625 0.603 0.722 0.687 19/64 0.316 0.272 0.03 0.01 1.125 1.375
1/2 0.5000 0.515 3/4 0.750 0.725 0.866 0.826 11/32 0.364 0.302 0.03 0.01 1.250 1.500 5/8 0.6250 0.642 15/16 0.938 0.906 1.083 1.033 27/64 0.444 0.378 0.06 0.02 1.500 1.750
3/4 0.7500 0.768 1 1/8 1.125 1.088 1.299 1.240 1/2 0.524 .0455 0.06 0.02 1.750 2.000 7/8 0.8750 0.895 1 1.312 1.269 1.516 1.447 37/64 0.604 0.531 0.06 0.02 2.000 2.250
1 1.0000 1.022 1 1/2 1.500 1.450 1.732 1.653 43/64 0.700 0.591 0.09 0.03 2.250 2.500 1 1/8 1.1250 1.149 1 1.688 1.631 1.949 1.859 3/4 0.780 0.658 0.09 0.03 2.500 2.750
1 1/4 1.2500 1.277 1 7/8 1.875 1.812 2.165 2.066 27/32 0.876 0.749 0.09 0.03 2.750 3.000 1 3/8 1.3750 1.404 2 2.062 1.994 2.382 2.273 29/32 0.940 0.810 0.09 0.03 3.000 3.250
1 1/2 1.500 1.531 2 1/4 2.250 2.175 2.598 2.480 1 1.036 0.902 0.09 0.03 3.250 3.500
HEIGHT
Hex Nuts and Hex Jam Nuts ASTM A563/F594
NOMINAL SIZE OR BASIC BOLT DIA
F G H H1 RUNOUT OF BEARING SURFACE-FIR
WIDTH ACROSS FLATS
WIDTH ACROSS CORNERS
THICKNESS HEX NUTS
THICKNESS HEX JAM NUTS
HEX NUTS WITH SPECIFIED PROOF LOADS LESS THAN
150,000 PSI AND ALL HEX JAM NUTS
HEX NUTS WITH SPECIFIED PROOF LOADS EQUAL TO
150,000 PSI AND GREATER
BASIC MAX MIN MAX MIN BASIC MAX MIN BASIC MAX MAX MAX
1/4 .2500 7/16 0.438 0.428 0.505 0.488 7/32 0.22 0.21 5/32 0.164 0.015 0.010 5/16 0.3125 1/2 0.500 0.489 0.577 0.557 17/64 0.27 0.25 3/16 0.195 0.016 0.011 3/8 0.3750 9/16 0.562 0.551 0.650 0.628 21/64 0.33 0.32 7/32 0.227 0.017 0.012
7/16 0.4375 11/16 0.688 0.675 0.794 0.768 3/8 0.38 0.36 1/4 0.260 0.018 0.013
1/2 0.5000 3/4 0.750 0.736 0.866 0.840 7/16 0.44 0.42 5/16 0.323 0.019 0.014 9/16 0.5625 7/8 0.875 0.861 1.010 0.982 31/64 0.49 0.47 5/16 0.324 0.020 0.015 5/8 0.6250 15/16 0.938 0.922 1.083 1.051 35/64 0.55 0.53 3/8 0.387 0.021 0.016 3/4 0.7500 1 1/8 1.125 1.088 1.299 1.240 41/64 0.66 0.61 27/6 0.446 0.023 0.018
7/8 0.8750 1 5/16 1.312 1.269 1.516 1.447 3/4 0.77 0.72 31/6 0.510 0.025 0.020 1 1.0000 1 1/2 1.500 1.450 1.732 1.653 55/64 0.88 0.83 35/6 0.575 0.027 0.022
1 1/8 1.1250 1 1.688 1.631 1.949 1.859 31/32 0.99 0.93 39/6 0.639 0.030 0.025 1 1/4 1.2500 1 7/8 1.875 1.812 2.165 2.066 1 1.09 1.03 23/3 0.751 0.033 0.028
1 3/8 1.3750 2 1/16 2.062 1.994 2.382 2.273 1 1.20 1.13 25/3 0.815 0.036 0.031 1 1/2 1.5000 2 1/4 2.250 2.175 2.598 2.480 1 1.31 1.24 27/3 0.880 0.039 0.034
MIN
0.150 0.180 0.210 0.240
0.302 0.301 0.363 0.398
0.458 0.519 0.579 0.687
0.747 0.808
Hex Bolts UNC 2A ANSI/ASME B18.2.1 UNC 2B ANSI/ASME B18.2.2
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HEAVY HEX BOLTS & NUTS
Below 6 : 2x Dia. + 1/4 = T.L. Above 6 : 2x Dia. + 1/2 = T.L.
This chart may be used for A307 Grade B, A193 B7, B8 (304), and B8M (316) Stainless
NOMINAL SIZE OR BASIC BOLT DIA
E F G H R LT (REF) BODY DIA
WIDTH ACROSS FLATS
WIDTH ACROSS CORNERS HEIGHT
THREAD LENGTH FOR BOLT
LENGTH < 6 IN. FOR BOLT
LENGTH > 6 IN. MAX BASIC MAX MIN MAX MIN BASIC MAX MIN MAX MIN
1/2 0.5000 0.515 7/8 0.875 0.850 1.010 0.969 11/32 0.364 0.302 0.03 0.01 1.250 1.500 5/8 0.6250 0.642 1 1/16 1.062 1.031 1.227 1.175 27/64 0.444 0.378 0.06 0.02 1.500 1.750 3/4 0.7500 0.768 1 1/4 1.250 1.212 1.443 1.383 1/2 0.524 0.455 0.06 0.02 1.750 2.000 7/8 0.8750 0.895 1 7/16 1.438 1.394 1.660 1.589 37/64 0.604 0.531 0.06 0.02 2.000 2.250
1 1.0000 1.022 1 5/8 1.625 1.575 1.876 1.796 43/64 0.700 0.591 0.09 0.03 2.250 2.500 1 1/8 1.1250 1.149 1 1.812 1.756 2.093 2.002 3/4 0.780 0.658 0.09 0.03 2.500 2.750 1 1/4 1.2500 1.277 2 2.000 1.938 2.309 2.209 27/32 0.876 0.749 0.09 0.03 2.750 3.000 1 3/8 1.3750 1.404 2 3/16 2.188 2.119 2.526 2.416 29/32 0.940 0.810 0.09 0.03 3.000 3.250 1 1/2 1.5000 1.531 2 3/8 2.375 2.300 2.742 2.622 1 1.036 0.902 0.09 0.03 3.250 3.500 1 3/4 1.7500 1.785 2 3/4 2.750 2.662 3.175 3.035 1 5/32 1.196 1.054 0.12 0.04 3.750 4.000
2 2.0000 2.039 3 1/8 3.125 3.025 3.608 3.449 1 1.388 1.175 0.12 0.04 4.250 4.500 2 1/4 2.2500 2.305 3 1/2 3.500 3.388 4.041 3.862 1 1/2 1.548 1.327 0.19 0.06 4.750 5.000 2 1/2 2.5000 2.559 3 7/8 3.875 3.750 4.474 4.275 1 1.708 1.479 0.19 0.06 5.250 5.500 2 3/4 2.7500 2.827 4 1/4 4.250 4.112 4.907 4.688 1 1.869 1.632 0.19 0.06 5.750 6.000
3 3.0000 3.081 4 5/8 4.625 4.475 5.340 5.102 2 2.060 1.815 0.19 0.06 6.250 6.500
RADIUS OF FILLET
NOMINAL SIZE OR BASIC BOLT DIA
F G H H1 RUNOUT OF BEARING SURFACE-FIR
WIDTH ACROSS FLATS
WIDTH ACROSS CORNERS
THICKNESS HEAVY HEX NUTS
THICKNESS HEAVY HEX JAM NUTS
HEX NUTS WITH SPECIFIED PROOF LOADS LESS THAN 150,000 PSI AND ALL HEX JAM NUTS
HEX NUTS WITH SPECIFIED PROOF LOADS EQUAL TO
150,000 PSI AND GREATER
BASIC MAX MIN MAX MIN BASIC MAX MIN BASIC MAX MAX MAX 1/4 .2500 1/2 0.500 0.488 0.577 0.556 15/64 0.25 0.21 11/64 0.188 0.017 0.011 5/16 0.3125 9/16 0.562 0.546 0.650 0.622 19/64 0.31 0.28 13/64 0.220 0.020 0.012 3/8 0.3750 11/16 0.688 0.669 0.794 0.763 23/64 0.37 0.34 15/64 0.252 0.021 0.014 7/16 0.4375 3/4 0.750 0.728 0.866 0.830 27/64 0.44 0.40 17/64 0.285 0.022 0.015 1/2 0.5000 7/8 0.875 0.850 1.010 0.9691 31/64 0.50 0.46 19/64 0.317 0.029 0.022 9/16 0.5625 15/16 0.938 0.909 1.083 1.037 35/64 0.56 0.52 21/64 0.349 0.031 0.024 5/8 0.6250 1 1.062 1.031 1.227 1.175 39/64 0.63 0.58 23/64 0.381 0.033 0.027 3/4 0.7500 1 1/4 1.250 1.212 1.443 1.382 47/64 0.75 0.71 27/64 0.446 0.035 0.030 7/8 0.8750 1 1.438 1.394 1.660 1.589 55/64 0.88 0.83 31/64 0.510 0.029 0.022
1 1.0000 1 5/8 1.625 1.575 1.876 1.796 63/64 1.01 0.95 35/64 0.575 0.031 0.024 1 1/8 1.1250 1 1.812 1.756 2.093 2.002 1 1.13 1.07 39/64 0.639 0.033 0.027 1 1/4 1.2500 2 2.000 1.938 2.309 2.209 1 1.25 1.18 23/32 0.751 0.035 0.030 1 3/8 1.3750 2 2.188 2.119 2.526 2.416 1 1.37 1.31 25/32 0.815 0.038 0.033 1 1/2 1.5000 2 3/8 2.375 2.300 2.742 2.622 1 1.50 1.43 27/32 0.880 0.041 0.036 1 5/8 1.6250 2 2.562 2.481 2.959 2.828 1 1.63 1.55 29/32 0.944 0.044 0.038 1 3/4 1.7500 2 3/4 2.750 2.662 3.175 3.035 1 1.75 1.67 31/31 1.009 0.048 0.041 1 7/8 1.8750 2 2.938 2.844 3.392 3.242 1 1.88 1.80 1 1.073 0.074 0.064
2 2.0000 3 1/8 3.125 3.025 3.608 3.449 1 2.01 1.92 1 1.138 0.081 0.070 2 1/4 2.2500 3 1/2 3.500 3.388 40.41 3.862 2 2.25 2.15 1 1.251 0.080 0.075 2 1/2 2.5000 3 7/8 3.875 3.750 4.474 4.275 2 2.50 2.40 1 1.505 0.094 0.081 2 3/4 2.7500 4 1/4 4.250 4.112 4.907 4.688 2 2.75 2.64 1 1.634 0.074 0.064
3 3.0000 4 5/8 4.625 4.475 5.340 5.102 2 3.01 2.89 1 1.763 0.081 0.070 3 1/4 3.2500 5 5.000 4.838 5.774 5.515 3 3.25 3.12 1 1.876 0.087 0.075
MIN 0.156 0.186 0.216 0.247 0.277 0.307 0.337 0.398 0.458 0.519 0.579 0.687 0.747 0.808 0.868 0.929 0.989 1.050 1.155 1.401 1.522 1.643 1.748
Heavy Hex Nuts and Hex Jam Nuts ASTM A563 & A194 2H
Heavy Hex Bolts UNC 2A ANSI/ASME B18.2.1 UNC 2B ANSI/ASME B18.2.2
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NOMINAL SIZE ACTUAL ID
ACTUAL OD
THICKNESS GAUGE
3/16 1/4 9/16 18 (3/64) 1/4 5/16 3/4 16 (1/16)
5/16 3/8 7/8 14 (5/64)
3/8 7/16 1 14 (5/64)
7/16 1/2 1 1/4 14 (5/64)
1/2 9/16 1 3/8 12 (7/64)
9/16 5/8 1 1/2 12 (7/64)
5/8 11/16 1 3/4 10 (9/64)
3/4 13/16 2 9 (5/32)
7/8 15/16 2 1/4 8 (11/64)
1 1 1/16 2 1/2 8 (11/64)
1 1/8 1 1/4 2 3/4 8 (11/64)
1 1/4 1 3/8 3 8 (11/64)
1 3/8 1 1/2 3 1/4 7 (3/16)
1 1/2 1 5/8 3 1/2 7 (3/16)
1 5/8 1 3/4 3 3/4 7 (3/16)
1 3/4 1 7/8 4 7 (3/16)
1 7/8 2 4 1/4 7 (3/16)
2 2 1/8 4 1/2 7 (3/16)
2 1/4 2 3/8 4 3/4 5 (7/32)
2 1/2 2 5/8 5 4 (15/64)
2 3/4 2 7/8 5 1/4 3 (1/4)
3 3 1/8 5 1/2 2 (17/64)
USS Steel Flat Washers Commonly used with carbon steel bolting and all thread studs, such as A307 Grade A or B.
Fender Washers Fender washers have a larger outside
diameter than other steel washers.
NOMINAL SIZE ACTUAL OD THICKNESS
GAUGE
1/8 1 .062/.080
3/16 1 .062/.080
3/16 1 1/8 .062/.080
3/16 1 1/4 .062/.080
1/4 1 .062/.080
1/4 1 1/4 .062/.080
1/4 1 1/2 .062/.080
5/16 1 1/4 .062/.080
5/16 1 1/2 .062/.080
3/8 1 1/4 .062/.080
3/8 1 1/2 .062/.080
3/8 2 .096/.116
1/2 1 1/2 .062/.080
1/2 2 .062/.080
1/2 2 .096/.116
NOMINAL SIZE ACTUAL ID ACTUAL
OD THICKNESS
GAUGE
6 (1/8) 5/32 3/8 18 (3/64)
8 (5/32) 3/16 7/16 18 (3/64)
10 7/32 1/2 18 (3/64)
12 1/4 9/16 18 (3/64)
1/4 9/32 5/8 16 (1/16)
5/16 11/32 11/16 16 (1/16)
3/8 13/32 13/16 16 (1/16)
7/16 15/32 59/64 16 (1/16)
1/2 17/32 1 1/16 13 (3/32)
9/16 19/32 1 3/16 13 (3/32)
5/8 21/32 1 5/16 13 (3/32)
3/4 13/16 1 1/2 10 (9/64)
7/8 15/16 1 3/4 10 (9/64)
1 1 1/16 2 10 (9/64)
1 1/8 1 3/16 2 1/4 10 (9/64)
1 1/4 1 5/16 2 1/2 9 (5/32)
1 3/8 1 7/16 2 3/4 9 (5/32)
1 1/2 1 9/16 3 9 (5/32)
SAE Steel Flat Washers SAE washers have smaller inside and outside diameters and are commonly used with carbon steel bolts and studs.
Washers are intended for general use with bolt, nut, and stud applications to provide increased bearing surface, spacing and to prevent galling. Unless otherwise specified, the washers are furnished with dimensions conforming to ANSI B.18.22.1.
* ASTM Designation: F844-90, page 265, 1.2-1.3 * Available in plain, zinc plated, HDG, Tripac 2000 Blue Coating System
WASHERS
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WASHERS ASTM F436 (A325) Washers
Commonly used with alloy steel, high strength bolting and studs,
such as ASTM A193B7, SAE J429 & Grade 8, A325 & A490.
NOMINAL SIZE
ACTUAL ID
ACTUAL OD
THICKNESS GAUGE
A B T
1/4 9/32 5/8 .051/.08
5/16 11/32 11/16 .051/.08
3/8 13/32 13/16 .051/.08
7/16 15/32 59/64 .051/.08
1/2 17.32 1 1/16 .097/.17
5/8 11/16 1 5/16 .122/.17
3/4 13/16 1 .122/.17
7/8 15/16 1 3/4 .136/.17
1 1 1/8 2 .136/.17
1 1/8 1 1/4 2 1/4 .136/.17
1 1/4 1 3/8 2 1/2 .136/.17
1 3/8 1 1/2 2 3/4 .136/.17
1 1/2 1 5/8 3 .136/.17
1 3/4 1 7/8 3 3/8 .178/.28
2 2 1/8 3 3/4 .178/.28
2 1/4 2 3/8 4 .24/.34
2 1/2 2 5/8 4 1/2 .24/.34
2 3/4 2 7/8 5 .24/.34
3 3 1/8 5 1/2 .24/.34
3 1/4 3 3/8 6 .24/.34
Stainless Steel Washers With Large and Small I.D./O.D. Commonly used with stainless steel bolts and studs such as
ASTM F593, A193, B8 & B8M.
B
A
T
Washers are intended for general use with bolt, nut, and stud applications to provide increased bearing surface, spacing and to prevent galling. Unless otherwise specified, the washers are furnished with dimensions conforming to ANSI B.18.22.1.
NOMINAL SIZE
ACTUAL ID
ACTUAL OD
THICKNESS GAUGE
A B T
1/4 .281 5/8 .050
5/16 .343 3/4 .050
3/8 .406 7/8 .050
3/8 .406 1 .050
7/16 .500 1 1/8 .062
1/2 .531 1 1/4 .062
5/8 .687 1 5/16 .078
5/8 .687 1 1/2 .078
3/4 .812 1 1/2 .109
3/4 .812 1 3/4 .109
3/4 .812 1 7/8 .109
7/8 .937 1 3/4 .109
7/8 .937 1 7/8 .109
1 1.062 2 .125
1 1.062 2 1/4 .125
1 1.062 2 1/2 .125
1 1/8 1.187 2 1/4 .125
1 1/8 1.187 2 1/2 .125
1 1/4 1.312 2 1/4 .125
1 1/4 1.312 2 3/4 .125
1 1/2 1.562 2 3/4 .140
1 1/2 1.562 3 1/4 .140
1 3/4 1.812 3 1/2 .140
2 2.125 3 3/4 .187
2 2.125 4 .187
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WATER WORKS T-HEAD BOLTS ANSI/AWWA C111/A21.11.95
ANSI/ASME B1.1 CLASS 2A, B1.2 CLASS 2B
DIMENSIONAL INFORMATION
0.05
UN THREADED SHANK
+ 0.030 - 0.074
+ 0.25 - 0.06
THREAD LENGTH
+ .015 - 0.03
NUT THICKNESS
NUT WIDTH ACROSS FLATS
A B C D E F G H
5/8 - 11 x 3 1.50 0.625 3.0 2.00 0.625 0.312 0.625 0.04 1.062 0.00 - 0.04
5/8 - 11 x 5 1.75 0.625 5.0 2.00 0.625 0.312 0.625 0.04 1.062 0.00 - 0.04
3/4 - 10 x 3 1/2 1.75 0.750 3.5 2.50 0.750 0.375 0.750 0.06 1.250 0.00 - 0.06
3/4 - 10 x 4 1.75 0.750 4.0 3.00 0.750 0.375 0.750 0.06 1.250 0.00 - 0.06
3/4 - 10 x 4 1/2 1.75 0.750 4.5 3.00 0.750 0.375 0.750 0.06 1.250 0.00 - 0.06
3/4 - 10 x 5 1.75 0.750 5.0 3.00 0.750 0.375 0.750 0.06 1.250 0.00 - 0.06
3/4 - 10 x 5 1/2 1.75 0.750 5.5 3.00 0.750 0.375 0.750 0.06 1.250 0.00 - 0.06
3/4 - 10 x 6 1.75 0.750 6.0 3.00 0.750 0.375 0.750 0.06 1.250 0.00 - 0.06
3/4 - 10 x 6 1/2 1.75 0.750 6.5 3.50 0.750 0.375 0.750 0.06 1.250 0.00 - 0.06
3/4 - 10 x 7 1.75 0.750 7.0 4.00 0.750 0.375 0.750 0.06 1.250 0.00 - 0.06
3/4 - x 9 1.75 0.750 9.0 5.00 0.750 0.375 0.750 0.06 1.250 0.00 - 0.06
1 - 8 x 5 2.25 1.000 5.0 3.00 1.000 0.500 0.100 0.08 1.625 0.00 - 0.08
1 - 8 x 6 2.25 1.000 6.0 3.00 1.000 0.500 0.100 0.08 1.625 0.00 - 0.08
1 1/4 - 7 x 6 2.50 1.250 6.0 3.50 1.250 0.625 0.125 0.08 2.000 0.00 - 0.08
1 1/4 - 7 x 6 1/2 2.50 1.250 6.5 3.50 1.250 0.625 0.125 0.08 2.000 0.00 - 0.08
SIZE
Available in: T-316 Stainless ASTM A242 Weathering Steel (Atmospheric corrosion resistant steel)
Tripac 2000 Blue can be applied upon request
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OVAL NECK TRACK BOLTS ANSI/ASME B18.10
NOMINAL DIAMETER OVER
THREAD
HEAD NECK LENGTH UNDER HEAD
THREAD LENGTH
MIN
A H R1 R2 O R P R3 V L I
1/2 - 13 x 2 3/4 7/8 5/16 11/16 9/32 5/8 19/32 5/16
1/2 body diam. of bolt
Same as
body diam.
of bolt
Under 7 in. by
steps of 1/4 in.
From 7 to 10 in. by steps of 1/2
in.
1 1/8
5/8 - 11 x 3 1/4 1 5/64 25/64 59/64 23/64 13/16 25/32 3/8 1 1/4
5/8 - 11 x 4 1/2 1 5/64 25/64 59/64 23/64 13/16 25/32 3/8 1 1/4
5/8 - 11 x 6 1 5/64 25/64 59/64 23/64 13/16 25/32 3/8 1 1/4
5/8 - 11 x 8 1 5/64 25/64 59/64 23/64 13/16 25/32 3/8 1 1/4
5/8 - 11 x 9 1/2 1 5/64 25/64 59/64 23/64 13/16 25/32 3/8 1 1/4
5/8 - 11 x 10 1 5/64 25/64 59/64 23/64 13/16 25/32 3/8 1 1/4
5/8 - 11 x 10 1/2 1 5/64 25/64 59/64 23/64 13/16 25/32 3/8 1 1/4
5/8 - 11 x 15 1 5/64 25/64 59/64 23/64 13/16 25/32 3/8 1 1/4
3/4 - 10 x 5 1 9/32 15/32 1 5/32 7/16 1 1/16 1 1/32 7/16 1 3/4
7/8 - 9 x 5 1 31/64 35/64 1 25/64 33/64 1 7/32 1 3/16 1/2 2
1 - 8 x 3 1/2 1 11/16 5/8 1 5/8 19/32 1 3/8 1 11/32 9/16 2 1/4
1 1/8 - 7 x 4 1 57/64 45/64 1 55/64 43/64 1 17/32 1 1/2 5/8 2 1/2
1 - 8 x 5 1/2 1 11/16 5/8 1 5/8 19/32 1 3/8 1 11/32 9/16 2 1/4
1 - 8 x 6 1/2 1 11/16 5/8 1 5/8 19/32 1 3/8 1 11/32 9/16 2 1/4
DIMENSIONAL INFORMATION
* Information obtained from the Industrial Fasteners Institute, Fastener Standards, Sixth Edition Page C-58
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A325 BOLTS Heavy Hex Structural Bolts UNC 2A ANSI/ASME B18.2.1
I
NOMINAL SIZE AND
THREADS PER INCH
WIDTH ACROSS FLATS
WIDTH ACROSS CORNERS HEIGHT
THREAD LENGTH
NUT THICKNESS
MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN BASIC MAX MIN
1/2 - 13 0.875 0.850 1.010 0.969 0.323 0.302 1.00 0.504 0.464
5/8 - 11 1.062 1.031 1.227 1.175 0.403 0.378 1.25 0.631 0.587
3/4 - 10 1.250 1.212 1.443 1.383 0.483 0.455 1.38 0.758 0.710
7/8 - 9 1.438 1.394 1.660 1.589 0.563 0.531 1.50 0.885 0.833
1 - 8 1.625 1.575 1.876 1.796 0.627 0.591 1.75 1.012 0.956
1 1/8 - 7 1.812 1.756 2.093 2.002 0.718 0.658 2.00 0.139 1.079
1 1/4 - 7 2.000 1.938 2.309 2.209 0.813 0.749 2.00 1.251 1.187
1 3/8 - 6 2.188 2.119 2.526 2.416 0.878 0.810 2.25 1.378 1.310
1 1/2 - 6 2.375 2.300 2.742 2.622 0.974 0.902 2.25 1.505 1.433
F G H LT I
This chart is used for A325 high strength structural bolting to be used with A194 2H Nuts
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COATINGS Zinc Plating Process
HOT ALKALINE CLEANER
WATER RINSE
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
WATER RINSE
WATER RINSE
ZINC PLATE
WATER RINSE
BLACK CHROMATE
CLEAR CHROMATE
YELLOW CHROMATE
WATER RINSE
HOT WATER
HOT AIR DRY
Galvanizing Process
SURFACE PREPARATION
Abrasive blasting Alkaline cleaning Acid Cleaning
GALVANIZING
Immersion into molten zinc from 1 to 5 min.
Finish process in clean zinc bath
FINISHING
Removal of excess zinc Quenching Inspection
Hot Dip Galvanized Galvanizing is the practice of coating clean, oxide-free iron or steel with a thin layer of zinc to protect the surface against corrosion. ASTM A153 specification applies to coated fabricated products such as nuts, bolts, washers and anchor bolts. ASTM A123 specification applies to coated fabricated products such as fittings, pipe hangers, channel & pipe supports.
Shields the base metal from the atmosphere because zinc gives cathodic or sacrificial protection
Hot Dip Galvanized process provided by Atlas Galvanizing, LLC, Los Angeles, CA
Electroplated ASTM specifications B633 electroplating is an electrochemical process used to deposit a metallic coating on the base material of an object by immersing it in an electrically charged solution so that a suitable low voltage flows through it, causing the metallic coating to be attracted to the object being plated.
Inexpensive Sacrificial protection against corrosion Commonly used on nuts, bolts, washers,
anchor bolts, fittings, pipe hangers, pipe supports, etc.
Commercial zinc plate .0002 thickness Zinc Plating process provided by Sonic Plating Co., Inc., Santa Fe Springs, CA
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PROPER FLANGE BOLTING Flanges
In theory, if it were possible to have two perfectly mated flanges with total effective contact at all points, a gasket would not be required to effect a seal. Obviously since this is not possible, a gasket is required and its function is to seal two imperfect surfaces. There are limits on the degree of flange surface imperfections that can be sealed successfully with a gasket. Large nicks, dents and gouges must be avoided, since a gasket cannot seal against them properly. Also, a gasket cannot seal improperly aligned flanges. Another problem is waviness in the flanges and warped or bowed flanges. This can be caused by heat during the manufacturing or welding process, internal stress and excessive bolt loads during installation. See figure 1. To obtain a satisfactory seal, it is necessary that basic procedures are followed during installation. These procedures are of fundamental importance for a successful operation no matter what style of gasket or type of bolting materials are used. While these flange installa-tion procedures may seem elementary, they are extremely important and should be carefully followed.
A - Bowing of flange due to too high bolt load
Flange Installation Procedures 1. Inspect the flanges. Check for tool marks,
dents, scratches or corrosion. Look for pitting and any other defects which would make sealing impossible. Repairs must be made before bolting.
2. Inspect the gasket. Verify to be sure the gasket is of the proper material and style. Look for defects or damage.
3. Inspect and clean bolts, nuts and washers. Verify to be sure they are of the specified material.
4. Lubricate the bolt threads and the nut contact surfaces. This cannot be overstressed. The use of an anti-seize compound should be considered to facilitate subsequent disassembly. The better the lubricant, the more consistent the actual achieved bolt stress at installation will be.
5. Center the gasket on the flange. This is extremely vital when raised faced flanges are used.
6. Tighten the bolts approximately 30% to the final torque following the sequence shown in Figure 2 (shown on next page). If the correct tightening sequence is not followed, the flanges can be misaligned, making it impossible to have uniform seating of the gasket. Numbering the bolts may be helpful in following the bolt sequence.
7. Repeat step 6, elevating the torque to 50 to 60 percent of the final torque.
8. Continue tightening in the recommended sequence until the final torque value is reached. Each bolt normally has to be tightened more than once.
9. All gaskets relax after seating. Retightening is recommended 24 hours after installation to compensate for the relaxation. On high-pressure or high-temperature applications, it is recommended that the flanges be retorqued to the required stress after 24 hours at operating pressure and temperatures to compensate for any relaxation.
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PROPER FLANGE BOLTING Gaskets
Gaskets are used to create a static seal between two flanges and to maintain that seal under operating conditions. Proper gasket selection is critical and must be considered during the design and engineering process of any system. Once the type of material and style of gasket is determined, proper installation is critical to achieve seating of the gasket. A seal is effected by compressing the gasket material and causing it to flow into the imperfections on the flanges so that intimate contact is made preventing leaking of the joint. The most common method of effecting a seal on a flange joint is through compression force applied by bolting.
Bolting A bolt is a spring. It is an elastic member which has been stretched to develop a load by elongating its length. It must not be over-elongated (over-strained), or the elastic limit of the steel will be exceeded. The bolt then deforms and with continued loading (stressing) will quickly fail. To avoid such problems with bolt tightening, the use of a torque wrench is recommended. The designer of the flange system normally specifies the torque required to achieve a proper seal. The inch-per-inch relationship demonstrates that the longer the bolt, the more it must be strained to yield a desired load; thus, the more follow-up or comeback there will be in actual inches. This is highly desirable, since most gasketing materials tend to remold, to relax, to take a permanent set. This is called the creep-relaxation phenomenon. The more follow-up of spring provided by the bolt, the better the retention of stress on the gasket to maintain a leakproof joint. In the same respect, a smaller diameter bolt must be strained more to develop the same load. With the smaller diameter bolt, there is a serious danger that it may be over-strained and stressed beyond the elastic limit, and finally broken. The smaller bolt, within its elastic limit, could give the same additional follow-up
as the larger diameter bolt of greater length.
Torque Torque is a twisting force. When applied to a bolt it is generally expressed in foot pounds. The formula for torque is T = R x S where: R = radius or length of lever S = pounds pull on scale Properly fastened studs and bolts achieve their holding power from the tension (or torque) that is derived from the mating of the external and internal threads subject to the elastic limit of the material.
Bolting Patterns Regardless of the number of bolts, this circular bolt pattern with modification, will provide the correct tightening sequence.
Circular Multi-Bolt Installation Pattern
What torque to apply is a generally asked question, but the answer depends on the variables of material, threads, and lubrication, if any. As previously stated the designer of the flange system normally specifies the required torque.
Figure 2
CONTENTBOLT CHARTT-HEAD CHARTFLANGE THICKNESS CHARTFLANGE THICKNESS PG2GASKET DIMENSIONWRENCH CHARTDECIMAL CHARTINDUSTRY STANDARDSHEX BOLTS & NUTSHEAVY HEX BOLTS & NUTSWASHERSWASHERS PG 2T-HEADSOVAL NECK TRACK BOLTSA325 BOLTSCOATINGSPROPER FLANGE BOLTINGPROPER FLANGE BOLTING PG2