trisha garcia nutrition & carcinogenesis trisha garciatrisha garcia
TRANSCRIPT
Trisha Garcia
Nutrition & CarcinogenesisNutrition & Carcinogenesis Trisha
Garcia
Learning Objectives
Define carcinogenesis and carcinogen.
Describe the three phases of carcinogenesis.
Discuss examples of known carcinogens.
Discuss the preventions of carcinogenesis.
Overview
What is carcinogenesis?Phases of carcinogenesisFactors of carcinogenesisClassification of carcinogensTypes of carcinogensPrevention
What is carcinogenesis?
Carcinogen: a physical, chemical, or viral agent that induces cancer.
Phases of carcinogenesis
1. Initiation
2. Promotion
3. Progression
Factors for Carcinogenesis
Classification of carcinogens
1. Genotoxic agents: cause genetic damage or mutations.
Ex.) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, mycotoxins, etc.
2. Nongenotoxic agents: do not directly affect DNA, but promote tumor growth in other ways.
Ex.) Dioxin, estradiol, asbestos, etc.
Carcinogens
Heterocyclic amines (HCAs)Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs)Advanced glycation end products
(AGEs)
HCAsHeterocyclic amines:
formed inside muscle meats during various types of high temperature cooking; when creatine and amino acids react together with heat.
Four factors influence HCA formation:
1. Type of food2. Cooking method3. Temperature4. Cooking duration
PAHsPolycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons: formed by the incomplete burning of organic matter at temperatures over 392 F
PAH formation is influenced by:1. Temperature of cooking2. Duration of cooking3. Type of fuel used in heating4. Distance from heat source5. Fat content of the food
AGEs
Advanced glycation end products: created when sugars and proteins in food react together with heat
oMaillard reaction
Nitrates
BPA
AlcoholAlcohol consumption is associated with
increased cancer risk for cancers of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, lung, colon, rectum, liver, and breast
Energy intake & Body WeightExcess calorie intake is a risk factor for cancer
Obesity is a risk factor for cancer and may account for 6% of all cancers.
Fat IntakePositive correlation exists between fat intake
and incidences of breast, colon and prostate cancers.
ProteinIncreased protein intake = enhancement
of tumor development
Salt IntakeA close correlation between daily salt
intake and gastric cancer incidence
Prevention
Cook with low and slow heat:PoachingStewingBraisingSteamingAvoid processed foodsAvoid charring foodsAvoid direct exposure to open flame
Prevention
Vitamin DCalciumCoffee & teaFruits and vegetablesSoy and phytoestrogensOmega-3 FA
Cancer-Protective Phytochemicals in Vegetables and Fruits
Color Phytochemical Vegetables and Fruits
Red Lycomene Tomatoes, pink grapefruit, watermelon
Red and purple Anthocyanins, polyphenols
Berries, grapes, red wine, plums
Orange - and -carotene Carrots, mangos, pumpkin
Orange and yellow -cryptoxanthin, flavonoids
Cantaloupe, peaches, oranges, papaya, nectarine
Yellow and green Lutein, zeaxanthin Spinach, avocado, honeydew, collard and turnip greens
Green Sulforaphhanes, indoles
Cabbage, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cauliflower
White and green Allyl sulphides Leeks, onion, garlic, chives
PreventionAmerican Cancer Society:Physical activityHealthy body weightEat healthful, colorful foods (plant based)Limit alcohol
American Institute for Cancer Research:Lean body weightPhysical activityLimit energy-dense foodsPlant foodsLimit animal foodsLimit alcoholLimit salt intakeMeet nutritional needs
Asses your risk
http://www.diseaseriskindex.harvard.edu/update/hccpquiz.pl?lang=english&func=home&page=cancer_index
http://www.cancer.org/healthy/toolsandcalculators/quizzes/nutrition-activity-quiz/index.htm
ReferencesSugimura T. Nutrition and dietary carcinogens. Oxford
journals. 21(3).Prashant T, Shrama G, Hussain S, et al. Magnanimous
effects and role of dietary nutrition on carcinogenesis. International medical journal of sifa university. 2014. 1(1).
http://www.precisionnutrition.com/all-about-cooking-carcinogens
http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/othercarcinogens/generalinformationaboutcarcinogens/known-and-probable-human-carcinogens
Mahan K, Escott-stump S, Raymond J. Krause’s food and the nutrition care process. St. Louis, MO. Elsevier. 2012.
http://www.healthyodds.com/cancerprevention.html