triss
TRANSCRIPT
Pattern of Injury severity and Probability of survival of RED Triaged Patients in an Apex
Level 1 Trauma Centre
Sonia Chauhan Sonia Chauhan (Trauma Nurse Coordinator) (Trauma Nurse Coordinator)
J P N Apex Trauma Center,AIIMSJ P N Apex Trauma Center,[email protected][email protected]
Background Injury and trauma represent a major health
problem worldwide.
Trauma is caused by a wide variety of risks
Our study looks at the pattern of Injury severity and Probability of survival of RED Triaged Patients in a Apex Level 1 Trauma Centre
Objective To study the epidemiology,Pattern
of Injury severity and Probability of survival of RED Triaged Patients in a Level 1 Trauma Centre.
METHODOLOGY
Study design-Study design- Qualitative retrospective study
Performance centre Performance centre - ED of JPN Apex - ED of JPN Apex Trauma Centre, AIIMS.Trauma Centre, AIIMS.
Study duration-January to July 2011
Study Group-The number of patients Triaged as Red (severe injuries with compromised A, B, C or D)
METHODOLOGY
Study Tool: Prospectively maintained database from Injury surveillance and Trauma registry forms
Pattern of injury was assessed using Trauma Registry Forms
Injury severity Score (ISS),New Injury severity Score (NISS) were calculated using AIS manual.
Trauma Related Injury severity Score (TRISS),New Trauma Related Injury severity Score (NTRISS) were calculated using TRISS calculator (www.trauma.org)
Data were compiled and analyzed using SPSS version 16.
Definitions
Abbreviated Injury Scale:
An anatomically based consensus-derived global
severity scoring system that classifies each injury in
every body region (head and neck including cervical
spine, face ,chest , Abdomen with pelvic
contents ,extremities, external)
according to its relative severity on a six point
ordinal scale: 1 Minor, 2 Moderate, 3 Serious, 4
Severe, 5 Critical, 6 Maximal (currently untreatable).
Injury severity Score (ISS ) : The ISS is based upon the AIS.
ISS = A^2 + B^2 + C^2 where A, B, C are the AIS scores of the three most
injured ISS body regions.
Major trauma:ISS >15
New Injury severity Score (NISS ) : The New ISS (NISS ) is defined as the sum of the squares of the AIS of each of the patient’s three most severe AIS injuries, regardless of the body region in which they occur
NISS better predicts survival and is easier to calculate than ISS*
* Baker SP, O’Neill B, Haddon W Jr, Long WB. The injury severity score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. J Trauma. 1974; 14: 187–196
Trauma Related Injury Severity Score(TRISS) - TRISS determines the probability of survival (Ps) of a patient from the ISS and RTS using the following formulae:
Ps = 1/(1+e ^-b)Where 'b' is calculated from:
b=b0+b1(RTS)+b2(ISS)+b3(Age index)
New Trauma Related Injury Severity Score(NTRISS)
TRISS or NTRISS> 0.5 probabaly survive*
*Boyd CR, Tolson MA, Copes WS: "Evaluating Trauma Care: The TRISS Method", J Trauma 27:370-378;1987
Revised Trauma Score :The Revised Trauma Score is made up of
a combination of results from three categories : GCS, Systolic Blood Pressure, and respiratory rate
Result
Total No. of Registrations =7247
Red Triaged Patients = 1744 (24.06%)
Male / female = 1486/ 258
Age distribution
Age Group No. Of Patients
0-10 279
11-20 225
21-30 542
31-40 295
41-50 221
51-60 92
61-70 63
> 70 27
Mechanism of injury (n= 1744)
Non trauma=3
Mode of Injury (n= 1741)
We analysed ISS,NISS,RTS, and TRISS and NTRISS (for probability of survival) for 340 patients.
Final outcome
More Severe Injuries In The Non-survivor Group.
Survival Group(235)
Average ISS 8.52
Average NISS 10.37
Non Survival group (105):
Average ISS 21.55
Average NISS 21.67
Non survival :ED death
Average ISS =22.89Average NISS =26.97
Means More severe injury than in-hospital
death patients
Probability of survival
Survivor group : patients with TRISS/ NTRISS <0.5 =Nil No unexpected survivors in Red Triaged
patients.
Non Survivor group : patients with TRISS/ NTRISS
>0.5= 30/34 (in hospital),53/51 (ED deaths)
signifying preventable deaths
The cause of Injury in the preventable deaths
Review of literature N.G.Biligen et al studied ‘The usefulness of
trauma scores in determining the life threatening condition of trauma victims for writing medical-legal reports’ and concluded that Trauma scores can be used for making more objective, standardized, and accurate judgment on whether the injury was a life threatening one or not which was similar to our results.*
*Emergency Medicine Journalemj.bmj.com Emerg Med J 2005;22:783-787 doi:10.1136/emj.2004.019711
Conclusion: The non-survivor group had higher avg. ISS and
NISS as compared to survivor group; moreover the ED death group had a higher avg. ISS and NISS within the non-survivor group.
The mortality rates of severely injured patients are very high and can be attributed primarily to the lack of systems approach and absence of Pre-hospital care which delays the transfer of the patients to the hospital.
