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TrollImage DocumentationRelease 0+unknown

The Pytroll Team

Aug 17, 2020

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Contents

1 Simple images 3

2 XArray images 7

3 Colorspaces 13

4 Colormap 154.1 Example usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154.2 API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184.3 Default Colormaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

5 Indices and tables 23

Python Module Index 25

Index 27

i

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ii

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TrollImage Documentation, Release 0+unknown

Get the source code here !

Contents:

Contents 1

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2 Contents

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CHAPTER 1

Simple images

This module defines the image class. It overlaps largely the PIL library, but has the advantage of using masked arraysas pixel arrays, so that data arrays containing invalid values may be properly handled.

class trollimage.image.Image(channels=None, mode=’L’, color_range=None, fill_value=None,palette=None, copy=True)

This class defines images. As such, it contains data of the different channels of the image (red, green, and bluefor example). The mode tells if the channels define a black and white image (“L”), an rgb image (“RGB”), anYCbCr image (“YCbCr”), or an indexed image (“P”), in which case a palette is needed. Each mode has also acorresponding alpha mode, which is the mode with an “A” in the end: for example “RGBA” is rgb with an alphachannel. fill_value sets how the image is filled where data is missing, since channels are numpy masked arrays.Setting it to (0,0,0) in RGB mode for example will produce black where data is missing.”None” (default) willproduce transparency (thus adding an alpha channel) if the file format allows it, black otherwise.

The channels are considered to contain floating point values in the range [0.0,1.0]. In order to normalize theinput data, the color_range parameter defines the original range of the data. The conversion to the classical[0,255] range and byte type is done automagically when saving the image to file.

blend(other)Alpha blend other on top of the current image.

clip(channels=True)Limit the values of the array to the default [0,1] range. channels says which channels should be clipped.

colorize(colormap)Colorize the current image using colormap. Works only on”L” or “LA” images.

convert(mode)Convert the current image to the given mode. See Image for a list of available modes.

crude_stretch(ch_nb, min_stretch=None, max_stretch=None)Perform simple linear stretching (without any cutoff) on the channel ch_nb of the current image and nor-malize to the [0,1] range.

enhance(inverse=False, gamma=1.0, stretch=’no’, stretch_parameters=None, **kwargs)Image enhancement function. It applies in this order inversion, gamma correction, and stretching to the

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current image, with parameters inverse (see Image.invert()), gamma (see Image.gamma()), andstretch (see Image.stretch()).

gamma(gamma=1.0)Apply gamma correction to the channels of the image. If gamma is a tuple, then it should have as manyelements as the channels of the image, and the gamma correction is applied elementwise. If gamma is anumber, the same gamma correction is applied on every channel, if there are several channels in the image.The behaviour of gamma() is undefined outside the normal [0,1] range of the channels.

invert(invert=True)Inverts all the channels of a image according to invert. If invert is a tuple or a list, elementwise invertion isperformed, otherwise all channels are inverted if invert is true (default).

Note: ‘Inverting’ means that black becomes white, and vice-versa, not that the values are negated !

is_empty()Checks for an empty image.

merge(img)Use the provided image as background for the current img image, that is if the current image has missingdata.

modes = ['L', 'LA', 'RGB', 'RGBA', 'YCbCr', 'YCbCrA', 'P', 'PA']

palettize(colormap)Palettize the current image using colormap. Works only on”L” or “LA” images.

pil_image()Return a PIL image from the current image.

pil_save(filename, compression=6, fformat=None, thumbnail_name=None, thumbnail_size=None)Save the image to the given filename using PIL. For now, the compression level [0-9] is ignored, due toPIL’s lack of support. See also save().

putalpha(alpha)Adds an alpha channel to the current image, or replaces it with alpha if it already exists.

replace_luminance(luminance)Replace the Y channel of the image by the array luminance. If the image is not in YCbCr mode, it isconverted automatically to and from that mode.

resize(shape)Resize the image to the given shape tuple, in place. For zooming, nearest neighbour method is used, whilefor shrinking, decimation is used. Therefore, shape must be a multiple or a divisor of the image shape.

save(filename, compression=6, fformat=None, thumbnail_name=None, thumbnail_size=None)Save the image to the given filename. For some formats like jpg and png, the work is delegated topil_save(), which doesn’t support the compression option.

show()Display the image on screen.

stretch(stretch=’crude’, **kwargs)Apply stretching to the current image. The value of stretch sets the type of stretching applied. The values“histogram”, “linear”, “crude” (or “crude-stretch”) perform respectively histogram equalization, contraststretching (with 5% cutoff on both sides), and contrast stretching without cutoff. The value “logarithmic”or “log” will do a logarithmic enhancement towards white. If a tuple or a list of two values is given asinput, then a contrast stretching is performed with the values as cutoff. These values should be normalizedin the range [0.0,1.0].

stretch_hist_equalize(ch_nb)Stretch the current image’s colors by performing histogram equalization on channel ch_nb.

4 Chapter 1. Simple images

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stretch_linear(ch_nb, cutoffs=(0.005, 0.005))Stretch linearly the contrast of the current image on channel ch_nb, using cutoffs for left and right trimming.

stretch_logarithmic(ch_nb, factor=100.0)Move data into range [1:factor] and do a normalized logarithmic enhancement.

exception trollimage.image.UnknownImageFormatException to be raised when image format is unknown to pytroll-image

trollimage.image.check_image_format(fformat)Check that fformat is valid

trollimage.image.ensure_dir(filename)Checks if the dir of f exists, otherwise create it.

trollimage.image.rgb2ycbcr(r__, g__, b__)Convert the three RGB channels to YCbCr.

trollimage.image.ycbcr2rgb(y__, cb_, cr_)Convert the three YCbCr channels to RGB channels.

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CHAPTER 2

XArray images

class trollimage.xrimage.XRImage(data)Image class using an xarray.DataArray as internal storage.

It can be saved to a variety of image formats, but if Rasterio is installed, it can save to geotiff and jpeg2000 withgeographical information.

The enhancements functions are recording some parameters in the image’s data attribute called enhance-ment_history.

__init__(data)Initialize the image with a DataArray.

apply_pil(fun, output_mode, pil_args=None, pil_kwargs=None, fun_args=None,fun_kwargs=None)

Apply a function fun on the pillow image corresponding to the instance of the XRImage.

The function shall take a pil image as first argument, and is then passed fun_args and fun_kwargs. Inaddition, the current images’s metadata is passed as a keyword argument called image_mda. It is expectedto return the modified pil image. This function returns a new XRImage instance with the modified imagedata.

The pil_args and pil_kwargs are passed to the pil_image method of the XRImage instance.

blend(src)Alpha blend src on top of the current image.

Perform alpha blending of src on top of the current image. Alpha blending is defined as:⎧⎪⎨⎪⎩out𝐴 = src𝐴 + dst𝐴(1− src𝐴)

out𝑅𝐺𝐵 =(︀src𝑅𝐺𝐵src𝐴 + dst𝑅𝐺𝐵dst𝐴 (1− src𝐴)

)︀÷ out𝐴

out𝐴 = 0 ⇒ out𝑅𝐺𝐵 = 0

Both images must have mode "RGBA".

Parameters src (XRImage with mode "RGBA") – Image to be blended on top of currentimage.

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Returns XRImage with mode “RGBA”, blended as described above

colorize(colormap)Colorize the current image using colormap.

Note: Works only on “L” or “LA” images.

convert(mode)Convert image to mode.

crude_stretch(min_stretch=None, max_stretch=None)Perform simple linear stretching.

This is done without any cutoff on the current image and normalizes to the [0,1] range.

final_mode(fill_value=None)Get the mode of the finalized image when provided this fill_value.

finalize(fill_value=None, dtype=<class ’numpy.uint8’>, keep_palette=False, cmap=None)Finalize the image to be written to an output file.

This adds an alpha band or fills data with a fill_value (if specified). It also scales float data to the outputrange of the data type (0-255 for uint8, default). For integer input data this method assumes the data isalready scaled to the proper desired range. It will still fill in invalid values and add an alpha band if needed.Integer input data’s fill value is determined by a special _FillValue attribute in the DataArray .attrs dictionary.

gamma(gamma=None)Apply gamma correction to the channels of the image.

If gamma is a tuple, then it should have as many elements as the channels of the image, and the gammacorrection is applied elementwise. If gamma is a number, the same gamma correction is applied on everychannel, if there are several channels in the image. The behaviour of gamma() is undefined outside thenormal [0,1] range of the channels.

get_scaling_from_history(history=None)Merge the scales and offsets from the history.

If history isn’t provided, the history of the current image will be used.

invert(invert=True)Inverts all the channels of a image according to invert.

If invert is a tuple or a list, elementwise invertion is performed, otherwise all channels are inverted if invertis true (default).

Note: ‘Inverting’ means that black becomes white, and vice-versa, not that the values are negated !

merge(img)Use the provided image as background for the current img image.

That is if the current image has missing data.

modeMode of the image.

palettize(colormap)Palettize the current image using colormap.

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Note: Works only on “L” or “LA” images.

pil_image(fill_value=None, compute=True)Return a PIL image from the current image.

Parameters

• fill_value (int or float) – Value to use for NaN null values. See finalize()for more info.

• compute (bool) – Whether to return a fully computed PIL.Image object (True) or returna dask Delayed object representing the Image (False). This is True by default.

pil_save(filename, fformat=None, fill_value=None, compute=True, **format_kwargs)Save the image to the given filename using PIL.

For now, the compression level [0-9] is ignored, due to PIL’s lack of support. See also save().

rio_save(filename, fformat=None, fill_value=None, dtype=<class ’numpy.uint8’>, compute=True,tags=None, keep_palette=False, cmap=None, overviews=None, overviews_minsize=256,overviews_resampling=None, include_scale_offset_tags=False, **format_kwargs)

Save the image using rasterio.

Parameters

• filename (string) – The filename to save to.

• fformat (string) – The format to save to. If not specified (default), it will be inferedfrom the file extension.

• fill_value (number) – The value to fill the missing data with. Default is None,translating to trying to keep the data transparent.

• dtype (np.dtype) – The type to save the data to. Defaults to np.uint8.

• compute (bool) – Whether (default) or not to compute the lazy data.

• tags (dict) – Tags to include in the file.

• keep_palette (bool) – Whether or not (default) to keep the image in P mode.

• cmap (colormap) – The colormap to use for the data.

• overviews (list) – The reduction factors of the overviews to include in the image, eg:

img.rio_save('myfile.tif', overviews=[2, 4, 8, 16])

If provided as an empty list, then levels will be computed as powers of two until the lastlevel has less pixels than overviews_minsize. Default is to not add overviews.

• overviews_minsize (int) – Minimum number of pixels for the smallest overviewsize generated when overviews is auto-generated. Defaults to 256.

• overviews_resampling (str) – Resampling method to use when generatingoverviews. This must be the name of an enum value from rasterio.enums.Resampling and only takes effect if the overviews keyword argument is provided. Com-mon values include nearest (default), bilinear, average, and many others. See the rasteriodocumentation for more information.

• include_scale_offset_tags (bool) – Whether or not (default) to include ascale and an offset tag in the data that would help retrieving original data valuesfrom pixel values.

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Returns The delayed or computed result of the saving.

save(filename, fformat=None, fill_value=None, compute=True, keep_palette=False, cmap=None,**format_kwargs)

Save the image to the given filename.

Parameters

• filename (str) – Output filename

• fformat (str) – File format of output file (optional). Can be one of many image formatssupported by the rasterio or PIL libraries (‘jpg’, ‘png’, ‘tif’). By default this is determinedby the extension of the provided filename. If the format allows, geographical informationwill be saved to the ouput file, in the form of grid mapping or ground control points.

• fill_value (float) – Replace invalid data values with this value and do not producean Alpha band. Default behavior is to create an alpha band.

• compute (bool) – If True (default) write the data to the file immediately. If False thereturn value is either a dask.Delayed object or a tuple of (source, target) to bepassed to dask.array.store.

• keep_palette (bool) – Saves the palettized version of the image if set to True. Falseby default.

• cmap (Colormap or dict) – Colormap to be applied to the image when saving withrasterio, used with keep_palette=True. Should be uint8.

• format_kwargs – Additional format options to pass to rasterio or PIL saving methods.Any format argument passed at this stage would be superseeded by fformat.

Returns Either None if compute is True or a dask.Delayed object or (source, target)pair to be passed to dask.array.store. If compute is False the return value depends on formatand how the image backend is used. If (source, target) is provided then target is anopen file-like object that must be closed by the caller.

show()Display the image on screen.

stack(img)Stack the provided image on top of the current image.

stretch(stretch=’crude’, **kwargs)Apply stretching to the current image.

The value of stretch sets the type of stretching applied. The values “histogram”, “linear”, “crude” (or“crude-stretch”) perform respectively histogram equalization, contrast stretching (with 5% cutoff on bothsides), and contrast stretching without cutoff. The value “logarithmic” or “log” will do a logarithmicenhancement towards white. If a tuple or a list of two values is given as input, then a contrast stretching isperformed with the values as cutoff. These values should be normalized in the range [0.0,1.0].

stretch_hist_equalize(approximate=False)Stretch the current image’s colors through histogram equalization.

Parameters approximate (bool) – Use a faster less-accurate percentile calculation. At thetime of writing the dask version of percentile is not as accurate as the numpy version. Thiswill likely change in the future. Current dask version 0.17.

stretch_linear(cutoffs=(0.005, 0.005))Stretch linearly the contrast of the current image.

Use cutoffs for left and right trimming.

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stretch_logarithmic(factor=100.0)Move data into range [1:factor] through normalized logarithm.

stretch_weber_fechner(k, s0)Stretch according to the Weber-Fechner law.

p = k.ln(S/S0) p is perception, S is the stimulus, S0 is the stimulus threshold (the highest unpercievedstimulus), and k is the factor.

xrify_tuples(tup)Make xarray.DataArray from tuple.

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CHAPTER 3

Colorspaces

Color spaces using numpy to run on arrays.

trollimage.colorspaces.hcl2lab(h__, c__, l__)HCL to L*ab

trollimage.colorspaces.hcl2rgb(h__, c__, l__)HCL to RGB

trollimage.colorspaces.lab2hcl(l__, a__, b__)L*a*b* to HCL

trollimage.colorspaces.lab2rgb(h__, c__, l__)L*ab to RGB

trollimage.colorspaces.lab2xyz(l__, a__, b__)Convert L*a*b* to XYZ, L*a*b* expressed within [0, 1].

trollimage.colorspaces.rgb2hcl(r__, g__, b__)RGB to HCL

trollimage.colorspaces.rgb2lab(r__, g__, b__)RGB to L*ab

trollimage.colorspaces.rgb2xyz(r__, g__, b__)RGB to XYZ

trollimage.colorspaces.xyz2lab(x__, y__, z__)Convert XYZ to L*a*b*.

trollimage.colorspaces.xyz2rgb(x__, y__, z__)XYZ colorspace to RGB

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CHAPTER 4

Colormap

4.1 Example usage

A simple example of applying a colormap on data:

from trollimage.colormap import rdbufrom trollimage.image import Image

img = Image(data, mode="L")

rdbu.set_range(-90 + 273.15, 30 + 273.15)img.colorize(rdbu)

img.show()

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A more complex example, with a colormap build from greyscale on one end, and spectral on the other, like this:

from trollimage.colormap import spectral, greysfrom trollimage.image import Image

img = Image(data, mode="L")

greys.set_range(-40 + 273.15, 30 + 273.15)spectral.set_range(-90 + 273.15, -40.00001 + 273.15)my_cm = spectral + greysimg.colorize(my_cm)

(continues on next page)

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(continued from previous page)

img.show()

Now applying a palette to the data, with sharp edges:

from trollimage.colormap import set3from trollimage.image import Image

img = Image(data, mode="L")

set3.set_range(-90 + 273.15, 30 + 273.15)img.palettize(set3)

img.show()

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4.2 API

A simple colormap module.

class trollimage.colormap.Colormap(*tuples, **kwargs)The colormap object.

Initialize with tuples of (value, (colors)), like this:

Colormap((-75.0, (1.0, 1.0, 0.0)),(-40.0001, (0.0, 1.0, 1.0)),(-40.0, (1, 1, 1)),(30.0, (0, 0, 0)))

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You can also concatenate colormaps together, try:

cm = cm1 + cm2

colorize(data)Colorize a monochromatic array data, based on the current colormap.

palettize(data)Palettize a monochromatic array data based on the current colormap.

reverse()Reverse the current colormap in place.

set_range(min_val, max_val)Set the range of the colormap to [min_val, max_val]

to_rio()Converts the colormap to a rasterio colormap.

trollimage.colormap.colorbar(height, length, colormap)Return the channels of a colorbar.

trollimage.colormap.colorize(arr, colors, values)Colorize a monochromatic array arr, based colors given for values. Interpolation is used. values must be inascending order.

trollimage.colormap.palettebar(height, length, colormap)Return the channels of a palettebar.

trollimage.colormap.palettize(arr, colors, values)From start values apply colors to data.

4.3 Default Colormaps

Colors from www.ColorBrewer.org by Cynthia A. Brewer, Geography, Pennsylvania State University.

4.3.1 Sequential Colormaps

blues

greens

greys

oranges

purples

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reds

bugn

bupu

gnbu

orrd

pubu

pubugn

purd

rdpu

ylgn

ylgnbu

ylorbr

ylorrd

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4.3.2 Diverging Colormaps

brbg

piyg

prgn

puor

rdbu

rdgy

rdylbu

rdylgn

spectral

4.3.3 Qualitative Colormaps

set1

set2

4.3. Default Colormaps 21

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set3

paired

accent

dark2

pastel1

pastel2

4.3.4 Rainbow Colormap

Don’t use this one ! See here why

rainbow

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CHAPTER 5

Indices and tables

• genindex

• modindex

• search

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Python Module Index

ttrollimage.colormap, 18trollimage.colorspaces, 13trollimage.image, 3

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26 Python Module Index

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Index

Symbols__init__() (trollimage.xrimage.XRImage method), 7

Aapply_pil() (trollimage.xrimage.XRImage method),

7

Bblend() (trollimage.image.Image method), 3blend() (trollimage.xrimage.XRImage method), 7

Ccheck_image_format() (in module trollim-

age.image), 5clip() (trollimage.image.Image method), 3colorbar() (in module trollimage.colormap), 19colorize() (in module trollimage.colormap), 19colorize() (trollimage.colormap.Colormap method),

19colorize() (trollimage.image.Image method), 3colorize() (trollimage.xrimage.XRImage method), 8Colormap (class in trollimage.colormap), 18convert() (trollimage.image.Image method), 3convert() (trollimage.xrimage.XRImage method), 8crude_stretch() (trollimage.image.Image method),

3crude_stretch() (trollimage.xrimage.XRImage

method), 8

Eenhance() (trollimage.image.Image method), 3ensure_dir() (in module trollimage.image), 5

Ffinal_mode() (trollimage.xrimage.XRImage

method), 8finalize() (trollimage.xrimage.XRImage method), 8

Ggamma() (trollimage.image.Image method), 4gamma() (trollimage.xrimage.XRImage method), 8get_scaling_from_history() (trollim-

age.xrimage.XRImage method), 8

Hhcl2lab() (in module trollimage.colorspaces), 13hcl2rgb() (in module trollimage.colorspaces), 13

IImage (class in trollimage.image), 3invert() (trollimage.image.Image method), 4invert() (trollimage.xrimage.XRImage method), 8is_empty() (trollimage.image.Image method), 4

Llab2hcl() (in module trollimage.colorspaces), 13lab2rgb() (in module trollimage.colorspaces), 13lab2xyz() (in module trollimage.colorspaces), 13

Mmerge() (trollimage.image.Image method), 4merge() (trollimage.xrimage.XRImage method), 8mode (trollimage.xrimage.XRImage attribute), 8modes (trollimage.image.Image attribute), 4

Ppalettebar() (in module trollimage.colormap), 19palettize() (in module trollimage.colormap), 19palettize() (trollimage.colormap.Colormap

method), 19palettize() (trollimage.image.Image method), 4palettize() (trollimage.xrimage.XRImage method),

8pil_image() (trollimage.image.Image method), 4pil_image() (trollimage.xrimage.XRImage method),

9pil_save() (trollimage.image.Image method), 4

27

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TrollImage Documentation, Release 0+unknown

pil_save() (trollimage.xrimage.XRImage method), 9putalpha() (trollimage.image.Image method), 4

Rreplace_luminance() (trollimage.image.Image

method), 4resize() (trollimage.image.Image method), 4reverse() (trollimage.colormap.Colormap method),

19rgb2hcl() (in module trollimage.colorspaces), 13rgb2lab() (in module trollimage.colorspaces), 13rgb2xyz() (in module trollimage.colorspaces), 13rgb2ycbcr() (in module trollimage.image), 5rio_save() (trollimage.xrimage.XRImage method), 9

Ssave() (trollimage.image.Image method), 4save() (trollimage.xrimage.XRImage method), 10set_range() (trollimage.colormap.Colormap

method), 19show() (trollimage.image.Image method), 4show() (trollimage.xrimage.XRImage method), 10stack() (trollimage.xrimage.XRImage method), 10stretch() (trollimage.image.Image method), 4stretch() (trollimage.xrimage.XRImage method), 10stretch_hist_equalize() (trollim-

age.image.Image method), 4stretch_hist_equalize() (trollim-

age.xrimage.XRImage method), 10stretch_linear() (trollimage.image.Image

method), 4stretch_linear() (trollimage.xrimage.XRImage

method), 10stretch_logarithmic() (trollimage.image.Image

method), 5stretch_logarithmic() (trollim-

age.xrimage.XRImage method), 10stretch_weber_fechner() (trollim-

age.xrimage.XRImage method), 11

Tto_rio() (trollimage.colormap.Colormap method), 19trollimage.colormap (module), 18trollimage.colorspaces (module), 13trollimage.image (module), 3

UUnknownImageFormat, 5

Xxrify_tuples() (trollimage.xrimage.XRImage

method), 11XRImage (class in trollimage.xrimage), 7

xyz2lab() (in module trollimage.colorspaces), 13xyz2rgb() (in module trollimage.colorspaces), 13

Yycbcr2rgb() (in module trollimage.image), 5

28 Index