Nervous SystemTroy Friedman and Andrew Gronlund

Functions of the Nervous System• Sensory Neurons=receptors•Detect changes inside and outside the body

•Convert the information into nerve impulses which are sent to the Central Nervous System

•Motor Neurons=effectors•Stimulate muscle contraction• Somatic or Autonomic

• Interneurons•Transmit impulses within the CNS

http://apbrwww5.apsu.edu/thompsonj/Anatomy%20&%20Physiology/2010/2010%20Exam%20Reviews/Exam%203%20Review/11-01_NvsSysFunction.JPG

Structure of the Neuron3 main parts

Cell body- contains organelles that keeps the cell functioning

Dendrites- receives and conducts nerve impulses to the cell body

Axon- conducts impulses away

What is a Synapse???synapse-the junction between any two

communicating neuronsWhen a synapse occurs there is a sender

(presynaptic neuron) and a receiver (postsynaptic neuron).

This process is called synaptic transmission.Synaptic transmission is a one-way process

carried out by biochemicals called neurotransmitters.

http://blog.bufferapp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/synapse.jpg

http://home.sandiego.edu/~gmorse/2011BIOL221/studyguidefinal/actionpotential.jpg

Impulse Transmission

http://higheredbcs.wiley.com/legacy/college/nair/0470670622/label_diagrams/flash_files/images/Fig10-2_on.jpg

Structures of the brain

Structures of the Brain

CerebrumFrontal Lobe

Higher thought processes and motor functionsParietal Lobes

Cutaneous (skin) sensesTemporal Lobes

HearingOccipital Lobe

Vision

https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/642/flashcards/911642/jpg/the-cerebellum-midsagittal-section-and-parasagittal-section1339961624784.jpg

CerebellumCoordinate complex muscle movements

Maintain balance and posture

DiencephalonHypothalamus

Maintains homeostasis=regulatory functions Heart rate, arterial blood pressure, body

temperature, water and electrolyte balance, control of hunger and body weight, control of movements and glandular secretions of the stomach and intestines, pituitary gland’s hormones, sleep and wakefulness

ThalamusChannels sensory impulses to appropriate area

of the cerebral cortex

BrainstemMidbrain

- Auditory and visual reflexes

Pons-Relay sensory

impulses-Regulate

breathing

Medulla Oblongata-Relay sensory

impulses-Regulate heart

rate, vasoconstriction/vasodilation, and breathing

http://askabiologist.asu.edu/parts-nervous-system

Central and Peripheral Nervous System

CNSContains all

interneuronsMotor neurons’

cell bodies

PNSSensory

neurons’ cell bodies

Autonomic Nervous SystemAutonomic=Automatic/involuntary muscles

Regulate visceral function

Sympathetic vs ParasympatheticGray matter of the spinal

cordCholinergic preganglionicAdrenergic postganglionicFight or flight

Brainstem and sacral region of spinal cord

Cholinergic preganglionic and postganglionic

Ordinary conditions

Each activates some functions and inhibits others—opposite effects

Our Somatic SensesTouch and Pressure (mechanoreceptors)

Free nerve endings, Meissner’s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles

Temperature (thermoreceptors)Warm receptors and Cold receptors

Pain (pain receptors)Free nerve endings stimulated by tissue

damageCause is poorly understood

Chemical buildup? Ischemia?

http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/704/flashcards/586704/png/sensory_receptors_in_skin1310073608711.png

Taste and SmellChemoreceptors – stimulated by changes in

chemical concentrationsSpecial sensesOlfactory organs and Taste buds

Hair-like projections Cilia Taste hairs

Diseases/DisordersGliomas – brain tumors made by rapidly

dividing neurogliaParkinson disease – too little dopamine

causes overactive basal nuclei, inhibits movement

Huntington disease – basal nuclei neurons deteriorate, unrestrained movement

Anosmia – loss of smell, inflamed nasal cavity

Works Cited Nervous System Function. Digital image. Apbrwww5.apsu.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Mar.

2015. <http://home.sandiego.edu/~gmorse/2011BIOL221/studyguidefinal/actionpotential.jpg>.

Synapse. Digital image. Blog.bufferapp.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2015. <http://blog.bufferapp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/synapse.jpg>.

Action Potential. Digital image. Sandiego.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2015. <http://home.sandiego.edu/~gmorse/2011BIOL221/studyguidefinal/actionpotential.jpg>.

Structures of the Brain. Digital image. Higheredbcs.wiley.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2015. <http://higheredbcs.wiley.com/legacy/college/nair/0470670622/label_diagrams/flash_files/i mages/Fig10-2_on.jpg>.

The cerebellum midsagittal section and parasagittal section. Digital image. Classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2015. <https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/642/flashcards/911642/jpg/the-cerebellum-

midsagittal-section-and-parasagittal-section1339961624784.jpg>. Central and Peripheral Nervous System. Digital image. Askabiologist.asu.edu. N.p., n.d.

Web. 13 Mar. 2015. <http://askabiologist.asu.edu/parts-nervous-system>. Sensory Receptors in Skin. Digital image. Classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com. N.p., n.d.

Web. 15 Mar. 2015. <http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/704/flashcards/586704/png/sensory_receptors_ in_skin1310073608711.png>.