trusses lecture 4 arch 631 comprised of straight...
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five
trusses
& columnsColumns & Trusses 1
Lecture 5
Applied Architectural Structures
ARCH 631
lecture
www.nyc-architecture.com
APPLIED ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES:
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND SYSTEMS ARCH 631
DR. ANNE NICHOLS
FALL 2013
Columns & Trusses 2
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
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Trusses
• ancient (?) wood
• 1800’s analysis
• efficient
• long spans
F2007abnColumns & Trusses 3
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
• comprised of straight members
• geometry with triangles is stable
• loads applied only at joints
Trusses
http://nisee.berkeley.edu/godden
Columns & Trusses 4
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
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Trusses
• 2 force members
– compression
– tension
• 3 members connected by 3 joints
• 2 more members need
1 more joint
32 nb)32( jn
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F2007abnColumns & Trusses 5
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
Truss Analysis
• visualize compression and tension from
deformed shape
http://nisee.berkeley.edu/godden
F2007abnColumns & Trusses 6
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
Truss Analysis
• Method of Joints
–
• Method of Sections
–
–
• Graphical Methods
• all rely on equilibrium
– of bodies
– internal equilibrium
http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden
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F2007abnColumns & Trusses 7
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
Truss Connections
• “pins”
– can’t resist rotation
http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden
F2007abnColumns & Trusses 8
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
Trusses
• require lateral bracing
• consider buckling
• indeterminate trusses
– extra members
– solvable with statics
• cables can’t hold compression
– displacement methods
• elastic elongation
– too few members, unstable
http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden
One Maritime Plaza, SOM 1964
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F2007abnColumns & Trusses 9
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
• pyramid
• tetrahedron
Space Trusses
http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden
Columns & Trusses 10
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
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Space Trusses
• connections • supports
F2007abnColumns & Trusses 11
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
Crystal Cathedral, Johnson 1980
http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden
F2007abnColumns & Trusses 12
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
Expo 70 Festival Plaza
• Tange & Kamiya 1970
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Columns & Trusses 13
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
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Jacob K. Javits Convention Center
• I.M. Pei 1980
Columns & Trusses 14
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
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Jacob K. Javits Convention Center
Columns & Trusses 15
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
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Louvre Museum Addition, Pei 1989
Columns & Trusses 16
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
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Louvre Museum Addition, Pei 1989
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Columns & Trusses 17
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
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Truss Design
• variables
– spans
– depths
– length of members
– spacing
– transverse beam
spacing
– pattern
– materials; size & strength efficiency
Columns & Trusses 18
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
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Trusses
• common designs
Columns & Trusses 19
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
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Trusses
• common designs
Columns & Trusses 20
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
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Truss Configurations
• external factors
– roof form
– openings
• basic forms
– symmetrical loading
– maximum bending
– cables in tension only
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Columns & Trusses 21
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
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Truss Configurations
• parallel chords
– verticals common
– longer members in tension
– often cross members - indeterminate
• funicular shapes
– efficient
– similar sized
forces
– some zero force
F2007abnColumns & Trusses 22
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
Truss Configurations• special shapes
– Vierendeel
– “frame”
• depth
– depends on loads, span
– rules of thumb, charts
• structurally
– tension members can have holes!
– compression members can buckle
– 3D trusses stable
http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden
F2007abnColumns & Trusses 23
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
Tools – Multiframe
• in computer lab
F2007abnColumns & Trusses 24
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
Tools – Multiframe
• frame window
– define truss members
• or pre-defined truss
– select points, assign supports
– select members,
assign section &
assign pin ends
• load window
– select points,
add point load
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F2007abnColumns & Trusses 25
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
Tools – Multiframe
• to run analysis choose
– Analyze menu
• Linear
• plot
– choose options
• results
– choose
options
Columns & Trusses 26
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
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Columns
• compression members
• column behavior is length dependant
– short: crush
– long: buckle (sudden) in slender direction
– end restraints
• bearing walls
– continuous in one direction
– can resist lateral forces
Columns & Trusses 27
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
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Columns
• column buckling crushing
Columns & Trusses 28
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
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Columns
• stability
– stable equilibrium
• P < Pcr
– neutral equilibrium
• P = Pcr
– unstable equilibrium
• P > Pcr
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Columns & Trusses 29
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
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Buckling Load
• related to deflected shape (P)
• shape of sine wave
• Euler’s Formula
• I minimum
• stiffness related to E, I, & L
2min
2
L
EIPcritical
Columns & Trusses 30
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
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Critical Stress
• short columns
• slenderness ratio = Le/r (L/d)
• radius of gyration =A
Ir
aactual
critical FA
Pf
weak axis
22
2
22
rL
E
LA
EAr
A
Pf
ee
criticalcritical
2
e
2
critical
rL
EAP
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Critical Stresses
• when a column gets stubby, Fy will limit the
load
• real world has loads
with eccentricity
• buckling for steel
when Fe < 0.44Fy
Columns & Trusses 31
Lecture 5
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
yF
E.
r
KL714
Columns & Trusses 32
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
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Columns
• end conditions affect shape
• effective length factor, k
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Columns & Trusses 33
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
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Bracing
• bracing affects shape of buckle
in one direction
• both directions should be checked!
Columns & Trusses 34
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
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Columns and Walls
• bearing & shear
Columns & Trusses 35
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
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Columns
• typical cross sections
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Centric & Eccentric Loading
• centric
– allowable stress from strength or buckling
• eccentric
– combined stresses
Columns & Trusses 36
Lecture 5
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
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..max
SF
fFf crcr
– axial + bending
– design
ePM I
Mc
A
Pf max
Columns & Trusses 37
Lecture 5
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
Combined Stresses
Columns & Trusses 36
Lecture 4
Architectural Structures III
ARCH 631
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Column Materials
• wood
• steel
– W sections can buckle about both axes
• concrete & masonry
– compression primarily in concrete
– reinforcement for bending