tsp khriljiy fl;lg;glj;jy; kw;wk; xoq;fglj;jy; rw;whly; jpdk;203.115.26.10/2019/aq/tamaqbook.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
Ngz;jifikf;fhf tsp khriljiy fl;Lg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; xOq;FgLj;jy;
cyf Rw;whly; jpdk; - 2019
tspj; ju fz;fhzpg;G epiyak; (AQMS) - gj;juKy;y
i
ශ්රී ලංකා ජනාධිපති
இலங்கை சனாதிபதி
President of Sri Lanka
tho;j;Jr; nra;jp ,t;Tyfpy; #upaDf;Fk; re;jpuDf;Fk; ,Uf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; xU rhjhuz Gy;Yf;Fk; ,Ug;gjhfNt rPdhtpd; jhNth rkaj; jj;Jtk; $Wfpd;wJ. ,aw;ifapd; rkepiyia NgZtjpy; me;j Gy;Yf;Fk; ,Uf;fpd;w Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czu;e;jpUe;j fPioj;Nja Qhdpfs;> ,aw;ifAld; ,ize;j rftho;tpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij jkJ rPlHfSf;Fk; Nghjpj;jpUf;fpd;wdu;. kdpjd ,aw;ifAld; Nghl;baplhj me;j gz;ila fhyj;jpy; ,aw;ifapd; Xu; mq;fkhf mjDld; rq;fkpj;J tho;e;j kdpju;fs; mjDs;NsNa fiue;J Nghapdu;.
MapDk; tpQ;Qhd vOr;rpf;F toptFj;j Nkiyj;Nja jj;JtkhdJ> ,aw;ifia tpQ;rp voNtz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;ijNa vk;kpy; Cl;b tsu;j;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
nts;sk;> Gtp ntg;gkiljy;> tsp khriljy;> gdpg;ghiwfs; cUFjy; cs;spl;l Rw;whly; gpur;rpidfs; kdpjdpd; ,Ug;igf; Nfs;tpf;Fwpahf;Fk; Kf;fpa rthy;fshf khWtjw;Ff; fhuzk; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;fj;Jld; nraw;gl;l kdpjdpd; mstw;w NjitfSf;fhf ,aw;ifapd; rkepiyia rpijj;jikNa MFk;.
me;jg; ghupa jtWfis jpUj;j Ntz;ba jUzj;jpNyNa ,g;NghJ ehk; ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;. vt;tpj ghFghLkpd;wp midj;J Fbkf;fs; kPJk; fl;lhaf; flikahf ,Uf;Fk; ,aw;ifapd; Ngz;jF jd;ikapid ghJfhg;gjd; %yNk kdpj Fyj;jpd; vjpu;fhyk; epu;zapf;fg;gltpUf;fpd;wJ.
mg;nghWg;gpid kdpj r%fj;jpw;F epidTgLj;Jk; tifapy; mD~;bf;fg;gLk; cyf Rw;whly; jpdj;ij Kd;dpl;L ,r;nra;jpia mDg;gpitg;gJld;> ‘tsp khriljiy fl;Lg;gLj;jy;’ vd;w ,t;tUl Rw;whly; jpd njhdpg;nghUis ajhu;j;jkhf;Ftjw;F cq;fsJ gq;fspg;ig vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwd;.
GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f rf;jp tsq;fis gad;gLj;Jjy;> fopTfis kPs; Row;rp nra;jy;> nghypj;jPd; kw;Wk; gpsh];bf; ciwfSf;F gjpyhf #oy;Nea nghjpaply; Kiwikf;F gof;fg;gLjYk; mtw;iw Cf;Ftpj;jYk; ,yq;ifapd; td mlu;j;jpf;F tsk; Nru;f;Fk; tifapy; KbAkhd midj;J re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; xU kuf;fd;iwNaDk; eLjy; Nghd;w tplaq;fspy; gq;fspg;G nra;a KbANkahdhy; cq;fSila vjpu;fhy jiyKiwAk; Rje;jpukhf Rthrpf;Fk; xU #oiy cq;fshy; cUthf;fpf; nfhLf;f KbAk;.
2019 [_d; 05 Mk; jpfjp ikj;upghy rpwpNrd
ශ්රී ලංකා ප්රජාතාන්ත්රික සමාජවාදී ජනරජය
இலங்கை ஜனநாயை சசாசலிச குடியரசு
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
ii
cs;slf;fk;
tho;j;Jr; nra;jp ................................................................................................... i
cs;slf;fk; ........................................................................................................... ii
tspj;jur; Rl;bf;Fk; kdpj Rfhjhuj;jpw;fpilapyhd njhlHGfs; .. 1
gj;juKy;y fz;fhzpg;G epiyak; - fhw;Wj;juk; juT
tiuglq;fs;......................................................................................................... 11
epiyahd %y ntsptpLif fl;Lg;ghl;bw;fhd xOq;Ftpjpfspd;
mgpyhirfs; ....................................................................................................... 15
fhw;W khriljYk; ehk; Rthrpf;Fk; fhw;Wk; ....................................... 23
tPl;L guhkupg;Gfspy; J}a fhw;Wk; MNuhf;fpa tho;Tk; ................... 38
1
tspj;jur; Rl;bf;Fk; kdpj Rfhjhuj;jpw;fpilapyhd njhlHGfs;
kdpjj; jiyaPL kw;Wk; ,aw;iff; fhuzpfshy; ehk; Rthrpf;Fk; fhw;wpd; $Wfs; gbg;gbahd khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. tspf; $Wfspy; Vw;gLk; rpy khw;wq;fs; Rfhjhuj;jpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mw;witahf my;yJ Fiwejitahf fhzg;gbDk; rpy ghuJ}ukhd Rfhjhug; ghjpg;Gf;fis tpistpj;J rPuopthd epiyikfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. ehk; Rthrpf;Fk; fhw;wpdhy; Vw;gLk; rhj;jpakhd Rfhjhuj; jhf;fq;fis njspthf czuTk; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sTk; tspj;jur; Rl;b (AQI) vd;w mwptpaw; fUtp my;yJ AQI tpupTWf;f epWj;jp itf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,J tspapYs;s khrhf;fpf-spd; nrwpTf;Fk;> Fwpg;gpl;l khrhf;fpfspd; vilaplg;gl;l Rfhjhu Mgj;Jf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhlHGfis Jy;ypyakhf gpu-jpgypf;fpd;wJ.
AQI vd;gJ jpz;kg; gjhHj;jq;fs;> ry;gH ilXl;irl;> jiukl;l XNrhd;> fhHgd; nkhNdhXl;irl; kw;Wk; iejurd; ilXl;irl; Nghd;w Ie;J tsp khrhf;fpfspd; caHkl;l ehshe;j ruhrupapidf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. RUf;fkhfr; nrhy;tjhapd; AQI vd;gJ ehk; Rthrpf;Fk; fhw;W khrile;Js;sjh my;yJ ,y;iyah kw;Wk; mf;fiwg;gLk; Fwpj;j tspapd; juj;jpdhy; Vw;glg;NghFk; Rfhjhu Mgj;Jf;fs; ahit vd;gJ gw;wp kf;fsplk; gug;gg;gLk; jfty;fs; MFk;. MfNt ehk; Rthrpf;Fk; fhw;wpd; juj;jpw;Fk; mjd; Rfhjhu mf;fiwf;Fkpilapyhd njhlHGfs; gw;wp kf;fis tpopg;g+l;l AQI gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. thfdg; Gif ek;gpf;if epjpaj;jpd; Mjutpd; fPo; kj;jpa Rw;whly; mjpfhurig (CEA) rkPgj;jpy; ,U epfo;Neu jd;dpaf;f Rw;Wg;Gw tspj;ju fz;fhzpg;G epiyaq;fis (AAQMS) ngw;wJ> Njrpa tspj;ju fz;fhzpg;Gj; Njitia g+Hj;jpnra;Ak; Kfkhf ,t; ,U epiyaq;fSk; ,U miktplq;fspy; nghUj;jg;gl;L nray;ghLfs; njhlf;fpitf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> ,jpy; xd;W epHthfj; jiyefuhd gj;juKy;ytpYk; kw;waJ fz;bapy; <.B. rpy;th g+q;fhtpYk; njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. xt;nthU fz;fhzpg;G epiyaj;jpYk; jpz;kg; gjhHj;jq;fs;> ry;gH ilXl;irl;> jiukl;l XNrhd;> fhHgd; nkhNdhXl;irl; kw;Wk; iejurd; ilXl;irl; vd;fpd;w gpujhd khrhf;fpfspd; nrwpT mstPL nra;ag;gl;L rHtNjr uPjpapy; Vw;Wnfhs;sg;gl;l epakq;fisg; gpd;gw;wp jdpahd khrhf;fpfspy; AQI jdpj;jdpahf fzpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. jdpad;fspd; caHTg; ngWkhdk; gfy; MfTk; kw;wait cg AQI MfTk; fUjg;gLk;.
AQI ,d; gz;Gfspd; msT 0 njhlf;fk; 500 tiu khWgLk;, vdNt Rfhjhuj; jhf;fq;fspd; jPtpuj;jpy; mf;fiwnfhz;L AQI MW gpupTfshf tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J fPNo ml;ltizapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;gb caH AQI kjpg;G tsp khriljypd; cr;rj;ij Fwpg;gpLtJld; ,jdhy; ghupa Rfhjhu mf;fiw kf;fsplk; jpzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
2
AQI 100 ,id tplf;Fiwthapd; Rfhjhu Mgj;Jf;fspd; jifikfs; ,y;iy my;yJ FiwthdJ my;yJ jpUg;jpfukhdJ vdf; fUjg;gLk;> AQI 100I milAk;tiu tspj;juk; Kjyhf kf;fspd; $Hikahd FOtpdUf;F MNuhf;fpakw;wJ vdTk; ,jidj;jhz;Lk;NghJ mid-tUf;Fk; MNuhf;fpakw;wjhFk; fUjg;gLk;. AQI 400I tpl mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ ,J Mgj;jhdjhf nrk;gOg;G epwj;jpdhy; fhl;lg;gLk;> ,J tspapd; juk; gaKWj;Jk; epiyikf;F nrd;Ws;sJ vd;gjidAk; rhj;jpakhd capH mr;RWj;jy;fisAk; ghjfkhd Rfhjhuj;jhf;fq;fisAk; jtpHf;f cldbahf ,t;tplak; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;Ltug;gl;L jw;fhg;Geltbiffs; KLf;fptplg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gjidAk; Rl;bf;fhl;Lk;.
AQI ,d; kjpg;G mspf;fg;gl;l vz; tuk;GfSf;Fs; rpf;fpAs;sjhy; rupahd Nahridiag; ngw ,J njhlHghd tpsf;fk; Njit mj;Jld; fPNo fhl;ba Rfhjhu mf;fiwfs; gw;wp mg;gOf;fw;w Gupjy; mtrpak;.
1. AQI ,d; kjpg;G: 0 njhlf;fk; 50
Rw;Wg;Gw tspj;juk; MNuhf;fpakhdjhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ my;yJ Rfhjhuj;jpd; jifik Mgj;Jf;fs; Gwf;fzpf;fj;jf;fit.
2. AQI ,d; kjpg;G: 51 njhlf;fk; 100 Rw;Wg;Gw tspj;juk; jpUg;jpfukhdJ vdpDk; ,t; tuk;G $Hikahd Kf;fpa jdpahs;fSf;F kpjkhd Rfhjhu mf;fiwfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
3. AQI ,d; kjpg;G: 101 njhlf;fk; 200 $Hikahd Kf;fpa FOf;fs; Rfhjhu Mgj;Jf;fis czHtH MapDk; gpd;tUk; re;jHg;gq;fspy; nghJkf;fs; mjpfkhf ghjpf;fg;gLtH;
tspj;jur; Rl;b kjpg;G epwk; kf;fspd; Rfhjhu mf;fiw
kl;lk;
0-50 gr;ir ey;yJ
51-100 kQ;rs; kpjkhdJ
101-200 nrk;kQ;rs; $Hikahd FOf;fSf;F
Rfhjhukw;wJ
201-300 rptg;G Rfhjhukw;wJ
301-400 Cjh kpfTk; Rfhjhukw;wJ
401-500 gOg;Gr; rptg;G Mgj;jhdJ
3
I. AQI ,w;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; Kjd;ikahd khrhf;fpahf XNrhd; fhzg;gLk;NghJ EiuaPuy; NehAldhd rpWtHfs;> KjpNahHfs; kw;Wk; kf;fs; $HikAiltHfshf fhzg;gLtJld; mtHfs; mjpf Mgj;jpw;F Kfq;nfhLf;fNtz;bapUf;Fk;.
II. AQI ,w;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; Kjd;ikahd khrhf;fpahf Ez;zpa gjhHj;jq;fs; fhzg;gLk;NghJ EiuaPuy; NehAldhd rpWtHfs;> KjpNahHfs; kw;Wk; kf;fs; $HikAiltHfshf fhzg;gLtJld; mtHfs; mjpf Mgj;jpw;F Kfq;nfhLf;fNtz;bapUf;Fk;.
4. AQI ,d; kjpg;G: 201 njhlf;fk; 300
xt;nthUtUk; vjpHkiw Rfhjhug; ghjpg;Gf;fis czHtH mj;Jld; Kf;fpakhd $Hikahd FOf;fs; NkYk; jPtpukhd Rfhjhug; ghjpg;Gf;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLg;gH.
5. AQI ,d; kjpg;G: 301 njhlf;fk; 400
Rfhjhu vr;rupf;if J}z;lg;gLk;> mjhtJ Fwpj;j tspj;juj;ij cs;thq;Fk; midtupYk; jPtPukhd Rfhjhug; ghjpg;Gf;fs; cUthFk;.
6. AQI ,d; kjpg;G 400 I tpQ;Rk;NghJ
mtrufukhd epiyikapy; Rfhjhu vr;rupf;if tpLtpf;fg;gLk;. midj;J rdj;njhifAk; ghuJ}ukhd Rfhjhuj; jhf;fq;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;Fk;. ,g; ghjfkhd Rfhjhuj; jhf;fq;fis Kwpabf;f cldb vjpHg;G eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;glNtz;Lk; mj;Jld; kf;fsplk; vLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba vjpHg;G eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; epiyik njhlHghf tpopg;GzHTfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;.
,yq;ifapd; Rw;whlypd; ghJfhg;ig cWjpnra;Ak; nghWg;G tha;e;j mur ];jhgdkhf CEA tpsq;Ftjhy;> nghJkf;fs; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; ehshe;j AQI ,id gpuRupf;f eltbf;iffis vLj;Js;sJ.
4
Jy;ypahkhf $wpd; jpz;kg; gjhHj;jq;fs;> ry;gH ilXl;irl;> jiukl;l XNrhd;> fhHgd; nkhNdhXl;irl; kw;Wk; iejurd; ilXl;irl; vd;fpd;w rl;l tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;l Ie;J gpujhd khrhf;fpfs; Fiwe;j nrwptpid my;yJ cr;r nrwpit milapd; ,tw;wpdhy; cz;Lgz;zf;$ba Rfhjhuj; jhf;fq;fis AQI ,d; gz;Gfspy; gpujpgypg;Gfis fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
5
cyf Rfhjhu ];jhgdj;jpd; mwpf;iffspd; gb cyfshtpa uPjpapy; Rw;Wg;Gw tsp khriljy; gpd;tUkhW Rfhjhug; ghjpg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ:
,wg;Gf;fspy; 29% Mdit EiwaPuw; Gw;WNehapdhy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ
,wg;Gf;fspy; 17% Mdit fLikahd Fiwe;j Rthrj;njhw;wpdhy;; Vw;gLfpd;wJ
,wg;Gf;fspy; 24% Mdit gf;fthjj;jpdhy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ
,wg;Gf;fspy; 25% Mdit Xl;lj;jil ,ja Nehapdhy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ
,wg;Gf;fspy; 43% Mdit ehl;gl;l EiuaPuy; milg;G Nehapdhy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ
6
MfNt jdpahd khrhf;fpfspd; rhj;jpakhd Rfhjhuj; jhf;fq;fs; gw;wp gue;j Nehf;fpy; ehk; mwpaNtz;Lk;.
jiukl;l XNrhd;
mLf;Fkz;ly XNrhd; gaDs;s XNrhd; Mf Nky; tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhzg;gLtJld; ,J g+kpapy; jPq;fhd fopCjhf;fjpHfis tpOtijf; fhf;Fk; Nflakhfj; njhopw;gLk; ghJfhg;Gg;gilia Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ. jiu kl;lj;jpy; XNrhd; xU jPq;fhd tsp khrhf;fp> ,jdhy; kf;fisAk; Rw;whliyAk; ghjpf;fpd;wJ. nghJthf jiukl;l XNrhdpd; nrwpT mjpfupg;gpd;> gy Rfhjhug; ghjpg;Gf;fis mjpf kf;fs; czHtH. jiukl;l XNrhdpd; caHkl;lr; nrwpT gpd;tUk; Rfhjhug; gpur;ridfis Vw;gLj;Jk;.
1. Rthrj;njhFjpapy; vupr;ry;> ,Uky; Vw;gLk;> njhz;il twl;rp> Rthr vupr;ry;> neQ;R ,Wf;fk;> my;yJ Mo;e;j Rthrj;jpd;NghJ neQ;R typ.
2. EiuaPuiyr; Rw;wpAs;s fyq;fspy; tPf;fk; kw;Wk; Nrjk; 3. njhw;Wif kw;Wk; jPtpukhd ehl;gl;l EiuaPuy; Neha;fs;
vd;gdtw;wpw;F ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shFk; tifapy; EiuaPuiy khw;Wjy; 4. epue;jukhf EiwaPuy; rpijtpid Vw;gLj;jy;
7
jiukl;l xNrhdpd; FWfpafhy cs;thq;Fif kPz;Lk;kPz;Lk; Vw;gLk;NghJ ,J EiwaPuypd; nray;ghl;bid eyptilar;nra;J ,Wjpapy; epue;ju Ei-waPuy; Nrjj;jpid cUthf;Fk;.
Jfs; khriljy;
jpz;kj; Jfs;fs; my;yJ jpz;k kw;Wk; jput rpWJspd; NrHitapdhyhd; jput rpWJspfs; vd;gtw;iw Jfs; gjhHj;jq;fs; cs;slf;fp ,Ug;gJld; ,J Jfs; khrhf;fpahf mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. rpy Jfs;fs; tspkz;lyj;jpw;F Neubahf ckpog;gLfpd;wJ> ,it Kjyhk;ju jpz;k khrhf;fpfshfTk;> Kjyhk;ju khrhf;fpfspd; ,Ug;gpdhy;> fhzg;gLk; Ez; fhyepiy epge;jidfspy; tspkz;lyj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; Jfs;fs; ,uz;lhk;ju jpz;k khrhf;fpfshfTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Jfs;fspd; msT gutyhdJ Mifapdhy; ,yq;ifapd; xOq;fptpjpfspd; gpufhuk; ,U gpupTfspy; tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> mit@
Ez;zpa Jfs;fs;- Jfs;fspy; kpfTk; rpwpaJ mjhtJ 2.5
ikf;FNuhd; (µm) my;yJ mjw;Ff; Fiwe;j fhw;wpaf;f tpl;lk; nfhz;lit. Nkhl;lhH thfdq;fs;> kpd; epiyaq;fs;> ,Ug;gplj;jpy; tpwfLg;G vupjy;> fhl;Lj;jP> fkj;njhopypy; vupjy;> rpy ifj;njhopw; nrad;Kiwfs;> kw;Wk; Vida jfdg; nghwpKiwfs; Ez;zpa Jfs;fspw;fhd gpujhd %yq;fshf nfhs;syhk;.
fuLKulhd Jfs;fs;- 2.5 ikf;FNuhd; (µm) ,w;Fk; 10 ikf;FNuhd; (µm) ,w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhw;wpaf;f tpl;lk; nfhz;l Jfs;fs; fuLKulhd Jfs;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. nehWf;Fjy; my;yJ miuj;jy; nrad;Kiwfs;> kw;Wk; thfdq;fs; tPjpfs; nry;Yk;NghJ vOk; J}rp vd;gdtw;iw fuLKulhd Jfspw;F gpu-jhd %yq;fshf nfhs;syhk;.
Jfs; khrhf;fpfspd; FWfpafhy kw;Wk; ePz;lfhy cs;thq;Fif Neubah-fNth my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth gy vz;zpf;ifapyhd Rfhjhug; gpur;rid-fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ> mitahtd@
m. ,Uky; kw;Wk; %r;Rj;jpzwy;
M. EiwaPuw; nray;ghl;bd; eypT
,. EiwaPuy; Nehapdhy; mtjpg;gLk; Nehahspfs; ,Uky;> %r;Rj;jpzwypdhy; %r;R Mokhf tpLjy; my;yJ fLikahf tpLjy; Vyhkw; NghFk;.
<. M];j;kh> %r;Rj;jpzwy;> neQ;R typ> khuilg;G> gf;fthjr; NrhHT kw;Wk; neQ;Rj; Jbg;Gfs; vd;gdtw;iw Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.
8
c. Rthrj; njhw;wpdhy; gPbf;fg;gLk; re;jHg;gq;fs; mjpfkhjy; kw;Wk; M];j;kh kw;Wk; ehl;gl;l %r;Rf;Foha; mow;rp Nghd;w fhzg;gLk; Rthr Neha;fs; jPtpukhFk;.
fhgd; nkhNdhxl;irl;
fhgd; nkhNdhxl;irl; vd;gJ epwkw;w> kzkw;w tsp MFk;. fhHgd; mlq;fpa vupnghUl;fs; vupAk;NghJ ,J Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. ifj;njhopw; nrad;Kiwfspy; vupnghUl; jfdk; kw;Wk; fhl;Lj;jP Nghd;w ,aw;if %yq;fs; Vida %yq;fs; MFk;. fhgd; nkhNdhxl;irl; EiwaPuypD}lhf FUjpr; Rw;Nwhl;ljpDs; Eioe;J <NkhFNshgpDld; gpizg;Gfis cUthf;Fk; ,jdhy; xl;rprd; fyq;fSf;F ehbfs; %yk; flj;jg;gLtJ Fiwtile;J cly; cWg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; ,ioaq;fs; ngWk; xl;rprd; nrwpT FiwAk;. ,jdhy;@
1. ,Uja Nehahd ,uj;jf;Foha; milg;G Nehapdhy; gPbf;fg;gl;l Nehahspfspy; Mgj;Jf;fs; jPtpukhFk;. mtHfs; clw;gapw;rp nra;Ak;NghJ fhHgd; nkhNdhXl;irl;bid cs;thq;fpd; neQ;R typ kw;Wk; Vida ,Uja mwpFwpfs; Njhd;Wk;.
2. MNuhf;fpakw;w kf;fs; clw;gapw;rp nra;Ak;NghJ fhHgd; nkhNdhXl;irl;bid cs;thq;fpd; neQ;R typ kw;Wk; Vida ,Uja mwpFwpfs; Njhd;Wk;.
caH nrwpT fhHgd; nkhNdhXl;irl;bid MNuhf;fpakhd Ml;fs; cs;thq;Fk;NghJ rpf;fy;fSk; capH Mgj;Jf;fSk; Vw;gLk;. 10,000ppm
(1% CO) ,id cs;thq;Fk;NghJ kdpjd; kpff;Fiwe;j fhyj;jpDs;
(cldbahf) kuzpg;ghd;. 3000⁓6000ppm id cs;thq;Fk;NghJ kdpjdpy; jPtpu jiytypia cz;Lgz;zp 30 epkplj;jpDs; kuzj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.
FUjpapy; CO-Hb kl;lq;fs; 10⁓20%, 30⁓40 % kw;Wk; 50⁓60 % Mf fhzg;gLk;NghJ nky;ypa jiyapbapUe;J jPtpuj; jiyapb tiu Vw;gLj;jp ,Wjpapy; kaf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;Jk;.
200ppm msT fhHgd; nkhNdhXl;irl;bid cs;thq;Fk;NghJ 1.5
kzpj;jpahyj;jpDs; jiytyp Vw;gLk;. 400⁓500ppm msT fhHgd; nkhNdhXl;irl;bid cs;thq;Fk;NghJ ,J jPtpuj; jiyapbapidAk; xU kzpj;jpahyjpDs; Fkl;liyAk; kdpjdpy; Vw;gLj;Jk;.
,Uja Neha;fs; kw;Wk; Rthr Neha;fs; (cjhuzkhf ,ja nraypog;G> ngU%is ,uj;jj;Foha; milg;G Neha;> FUjpr;Nrhif> my;yJ ehl;gl;l EiwaPuy; milg;G Neha;) ,dhy; gPbf;fg;gl;L mjd; vy;iyapy; my;yJ NehAld; rkurkhf thOk; kf;fs; kw;Wk; ,sk; Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; fUt-pYs;s rpR Nghd;Nwhupy; fhHgd; nkhNdhXl;irl; khrhf;fp ghupa Mgj;jpid Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.
9
ry;gu; ilxl;irl;
ry;gu; ilxl;irl; vd;gJ epwkw;w> jhf;fk;GupAk; tsp MFk;> ,J ry;gH mlq;fpAs;s capHr;Rtl;L vupnghUs; kw;Wk; epyf;fup vd;gdtw;wpd; jfdg;nghwpKiwapd; NghJ tspkz;lyj;Jf;F ntsptplg;gLfpd;wJ. nghJthf mjpfsT ry;gu; ilxl;irl; ghupa ifj;njhopw; njhFjpfisr; #o fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kpd; epiyak;> vz;nza; Rj;jpfupg;G epiyak;> kw;Wk; ry;gH mlq;fpa vupnghUis gad;gLj;Jk; ifj;njhopy; nfhjpfyd;fs; vd;gdtw;iw gpujhd %yq;fshf nfhs;syhk;. ry;gu; ilxl;irl;bd; cs;thq;Fif gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;F toptFf;Fk;@
1. %r;Rg;ghijapid RUf;Fjy; (%r;Rf;Foy; xLf;fk;)
2. %r;Rj;jpzwy;> neQ;R ,Wf;fk;> kw;Wk; %r;R ,Og;G.
M];Jkh cld; gPbf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; cly; ntspg;Gwq;fspy; nraypy; cs;sNghJ Rfhjhug; ghjpg;Gf;fs; ry;gH ilXl;irl;bdhy; czug;gLk;.
kpf mjpfmsT ry;gu; ilxl;irl;bd; cs;thq;Fif mjhtJ ruhrupr;
nrwpT 400⁓500ppm Mf cs;sNghJ kdpjdpy; FWfpa Neuj;jpDs; kuzj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; kw;Wk; mjpfmsT cs;thq;Fif mjhtJ nrwpT
0.75⁓1.0ppm MfTs;sNghJ FWfpa Neukhd 2 kzpj;jpahyj;jpDs; M];j;kh ,d; ghjpg;Gf;fs; jPtpukhFk;.
ehshe;j;j ruhrup ry;gu; ilxl;irl;bd; cs;thq;Fif 0.19⁓0.3ppm
MfTs;sNghJ KjpNahupidAk; M];j;kh NehahspfisAk; ghjpf;fpd;wJ.
ry;gu; ilxl;irl;bd; cs;thq;Fif mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ %r;R vLf;Fk; tPjk; mjpfupf;Fk; mwpFwpapidf; fhl;Lk;. ry;gu; ilxl;irl;bd; cs;thq;Fif
epw;Fk;NghJ kUj;Jt rpfpr;irapd;wp xU kzpj;jpahyj;jpDs; EiuaPuy; njhopw;ghL kPz;Lk; rhjhuz epiyikf;F vl;Lk;.
ry;gu; ilxl;irl;bd; ePz;lfhy cs;thq;Fif Rthrr;rpf;fy; mwpFwpap-idAk; Neha;fisAk; Vw;gLj;JtJld; M];j;kh Nehapid jPtpukhf;Fk;. M];j;kh Nehapdhy; gPbf;fg;gl;ltHfs; ry;gu; ilxl;irl;bd; jhf;fj;jpw;F kpfTk; MshthHfs;. mj;Jld; NtW ehl;gl;l Rthr Neha; kw;Wk; ,ja Neha;fspdhy; gPbf;fg;gl;l kf;fSk;> rpWtHfSk;> taJ te;NjhUk; ,jd; csthq;Fifapdhy; ghjpf;fg;glyhk;.
iejurd; ilXl;irl;
iew;wpf; Xl;irl; (NO) kw;Wk; iejurd; ilXl;irl; (NO2) vd;gtw;wpd; nkhj;jk; NOx vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ> ,jpy; NO2 $W NOx ghupa FOkj;jpd; Fwpfhl;bahf fUjg;gLtJld; ,J kpfg;ngupa ftiyf;fplkhf $whfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. iejurd; Xl;irl; Rw;Wg;Gw tspapYs;s <ug;gjDld; jhf;fk;Gupe;J iew;wpf; mkpyj;jpid cUthf;Fk;> ,J mkpyk-iof;F fhuzkhFk;.
10
thfdq;fspd; capHr;Rtl;L vupnghUs; jfdj;jpdhYk;> kpd; epiyaq;fspdhYk;> njhopw;rhiy %yq;fspdhYk; fl;Lkhd thfdq;fs;> Gy;ntsp kw;Wk; Njhl;l cgfuzq;fs; Nghd;w rhiyNahu cgfuzq;fspy; %yq;fspdhYk; NO2 cUthfp jiukl;l ckpo;Tfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. jiukl;l XNrhd; cUthf;fj;jpw;F gq;fspg;G nra;fpd;wJ vd;gjw;F mg;ghy;> Rthrj; njhFjpapy; gy ghjfkhd tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; NO2 njhlHGgl;Ls;sJ. mNkhdpah> <uk;> kw;Wk; Vida NrHitfSld; NOx jhf;fk;Gupe;J rpwpa Jfs;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. ,r; rpW Jfs;fs; EiuaPuypd; Kf;fpakhd gFjpfSf;Fs; Mokhf CLUTk;. EiuaPuy; Neha; kw;Wk; M];j;kh ,dhy; gPbf;fg;gl;l rpWtHfs;> KjpNahHfs; cl;gl Nehah-spfisf; nfhz;l Kf;fpa FOtpdH ,ij cs;thq;Fk;NghJ mtHfspd; epiy ftiyg;glj;jf;fJ. tpQ;Qhd Mjhuq;fspd;gb 30 epkplk; njhlf;fk; 24 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; tiuapyhd fhyg;gFjpapDs; FWfpafhy NO2 cs;thq;Fifapd;NghJ MNuhf;fpakhd Ml;fspy; %r;Rg;ghij tPf;fk; kw;Wk; M];j;khtpdhy; gPbf;fg;gl;l Nehahspfspy; Rthrf; NfhshW mwpFwpfisAk; $l;Lk;.
njhw;WNeha; juTfspd; mbg;gilapy; 300⁓500 ppm nrwptpy; xU kzpj;jpahyj;jpDs; Ms; ,we;JtpLthd;> ,J 25⁓75 ppm vd;w nrwpthf cs;sNghJ fgthjk; kw;Wk; %r;Rf;Foy; mow;rp 1 kzpj;jpahyj;jpDs; cUthFk;.
NkYk; 1.0 ppm ,w;F Nkw;gl;l mjpf kl;l NO2 ,d; cs;thq;Fifapd;NghJ MNuhf;fpakhd Ml;fspy; EiwaPuy; nraw;ghl;Lf; NfhshW 2 kzpj;jpahyj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; kw;Wk; M];j;kh Nehahspfsplk; ,t; epiyik 0.2⁓0.3 ppm NO2 nrwptpy; 1 kzpj;jpahyj;jpy; Vw;gLk;.
crhj;Jiz:
https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=aqibasics.aqi
https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=aqi_brochure.index
https://www.who.int/airpollution/ambient/health-impacts/en
https://letscleartheairliverpool.co.uk/what-is-air-pollution
11
1 kpy;ypad; kf;fSf;F efu;g;Gw fhw;W khRghl;L ,wg;G
12
gj;juKy;y fz;fhzpg;G epiyak; - fhw;Wj;juk; juT tiuglq;fs;
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Concentration
(µg/m3 )
PM10 Test run Data
MaximumPermissibleLevel of PM10for 24 h
1day AveragePM10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Concentration
(µg/m3)
PM2.5 Test Run Data
MaximumPermissibleLevel ofPM2.5 for24h
1dayAveragePM2.5
13
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Concentration (ppb)
O3 Test Run Data
MaximumPermissibleLevel of O3for 1h
1 hMaximumAverage O3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Concentration (ppm)
CO Test Run Data
MaximumPermissibleLevel of COfor 8h
8 hMaximumAverage CO
14
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Concentration (ppb)
SO2 Test Run Data
MaximumPermissibleLevel of SO2for 24h
1 day AverageSO2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Concentration (ppb)
NO2 Test Run Data
MaximumPermissibleLevel of NO2for 24h
1 dayAverageNO2
15
epiyahd %y ntsptpLif fl;Lg;ghl;bw;fhd xOq;Ftpjpfspd; mgpyhirfs;
Rthrpj;jy; kdpjdpd; tho;f;if ,Ug;gplj;ij cWjpnra;Ak; Kf;fpa mbg;gilj; Njit> MapDk; tspapd; juj;ij kjpg;gpLtjpy;iy. ehk; J}a;ikahd tspia RthRf;Fk;NghJ nghUshjhu ed;ikfis toq;FtJld; vkJ r%f kjpg;ig caHj;Jk;. FWfpafhyj;jpy; tho;f;ifapd; juk; vd;w Njhw;wj;ij Fwpj;jhYk;> ,J vkJ Rfhjhu epiyikfis guhkupf;f J}a tsp vd;gJ mtrpak;. ePz;lfhyj;jpy; ,J Rfhjhuj;jpw;fhd nryitf; Fiwj;J kdpjdpd; tho;Tf;fhyj;ij caHj;jp xl;Lnkhj;j tho;f;ifj;juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jk;. khwhf nghUshju caHT kw;Wk; ifj;njhopy; mgptpUj;jpfs; cyfshtpa uPjpapy; tspapd; juj;ij Nkhrkhf;f J}z;baJ.
cz;ikahf tsp khriljy; vd;gJ jPq;fhd my;yJ er;Rg; gjhHj;jq;fspdhy; tspia mRj;jkiljy; vd vspjpy; $wyhk;. ,J cyfpy; Kf;fpa gpur;rpidahf fUjg;gLtJld; xU mikjpf; nfhiyahsp vd ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. tsp khriljypd; %yq;fs; ,U tifapy; mlf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> ,it ,aw;if kw;Wk; kdpj Mf;f %yq;fs; MFk;. Fwpj;j tsp khrhf;fpapd; khRr; Rik> tspkz;lyj;jpd; vjpHj;njOk; nfhs;sstpid jhz;Lk;NghJ tspapd; juk; moptilfpd;wJ.
Rw;whly; Ngz;jifikapy; J}a tsp vd;gJ xU Kf;fpa $W> ,J gy rHtNjr xg;ge;jq;fs;> rkthaq;fs; kw;Wk; cld;gbf;iffspYk; kw;Wk; Mrpa gpuhe;jpaj;jpYk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,yq;ifapy; kfhtyp mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; Rw;whly; mikr;rpd; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; fPo; Vida gq;fhsp epWtdq;fspy; $l;LKaw;rpAld; "J}a;ikahd tsp - 2025" vd;w nraw;jpl;lk; jahupf;fg;gl;L mKy;gLj;jg;gl;LtUfpd;wd. ,jd; Nehf;fk; ehl;bd; tspj; juj;ij Kfhikj;Jtg;gLjy; MFk;. ,r; nraw;jpl;lj;jpd; xU gpujhd gFjpapd; gpufhuk; kj;jpa Rw;whly; mjpfhurig Njrpa #oy;
16
(epiyahd %y ntspapLif epakk;) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;w xOq;Ftpjp-fis gpuRupf;f eltbf;if vLj;Js;sJ. ,t; xOq;Ftpjp 'cyf Rw;whly; jpdk; - 2019" ,d; fUg;nghUSld; xd;wpajhfTk; tsp kz;lyj;jpw;F ntsptplg;gLk; tsp ckpo;Tfis fl;Lg;gLj;j cWJizahFk;.
tsp khriljy; %yq;fis nghJthf ,U tifg;gLj;jyhk;> mitahtd:
1. epiyahd %yk;
epiyahd %yk; vd;gJ epiyahd> epiyapUg;ghd> jdpj;jpaq;ff; $ba> mi-lahsg;gLj;jf;$ba %yq;fspypUe;J tsp khrhf;fpfis tspkz;lyj;jpDs; ntspt-pLgit MFk;. epiyahd %yq;fSf;F cjhuzq;fs; capHr;Rtl;L vupnghUs-pyhd kpd;epiyaq;fs;> ngw;Nwhypak; Rj;jpfupg;G epiyaq;fs;> vupa+l;bfs;> czT gjg;gLj;jy; njhopw;rhiy kw;Wk; ghupa ifj;njhopy; njhFjpfs; MFk;.
2. mirAk; %yq;fs;
,ay;ghf epiyaw;w %yq;fspypUe;J tsp khrhf;fpfis tspkz;lyj;jpw;F ntsptpLk; %yq;fs; mirAk; %yq;fs; vdg;gLk;> Nkhl;lhH thfdq;fs;> g];> ruf;F tz;b> fg;gy;> Gifapujk;> Mfhatpkhdq;fs; kw;Wk; NtW thfdq;fs; ,jd;cjhuzq;fs; MFk;.
,yq;ifapy; tsp khriljYf;F 60% gq;fspg;gJ Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiw> ,J mirAk; %y ntsptpLifahfTk;> ehl;bd; tsp khriljypd; xU gpujhd gq;fhspahf jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld;> ifj;njhopw; Jiwapd; tpup-thf;fk; ,t;tplaj;ij kyHr;rpailar; nra;Js;sJ. ifj;njhopy; khrhf;fpfis mbg;gilapy; ,U tifg;gLj;jyhk;> mit %yg;nghUl;fspd; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpr; nray;KiwfSld; gpize;j tsp ntsptpLiffs; kw;wJ rf;jp gpwg;ghf;fj;jpd; Nghjhd tsp ntsptpLiffs; MFk;.
,yq;ifapy; tsp khriljy; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;fhd rl;l tpjpfs;
,yq;ifapy; Rw;whliy ghJfhf;fTk;> NgzTk; kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;aTk; 1980 Mk; Mz;L 47 Mk; ,yf;f Njrpa #oy; rl;lk; (NEA) ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. ,d; rl;ltpjpfs mKy;gLj;j ,d; fPo; kj;jpa Rw;whly; mjpfhurig ];jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ (CEA). tsp khriljiy jLg;gjw;F kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;j mtrpakhd rl;ltpjpfis NEA> CEA ,w;F mspf;fpd;wJ> mj;Jld; ifj;njhopy; tsp khriljypid fl;Lg;gLj;j epakq;fspd; njhFg;ig cUthf;fp> me;j epakq;fis ,ilf;fhy epakq;fshf ifj;njhopy; tsp khriljy; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F Rw;whly; ghJfhg;G cupkk; toq;Fk; eilKiwapD}lhfTk; (EPL) kw;Wk; tspj;juj;ij Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;a Rw;whly; jhf;f kjpg;gPl;L eilKiwapD}lhfTk; (EIA) 2012 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J ntw;wpfukhf mKy;gLj;jptUfpd;wJ.
17
epiyahd %y ntsptpLif epakq;fs;
gpujhdkhf mdy; kpd; epiyaq;fs; kw;Wk; jfdg; nghwpKiwAldhd njhopw;r;rhiyfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpy; epiyahd %y ntspt-pLiffis ckpOtjpdhy; tspj;juk; gbg;gbahf rPHnfLfpd;wJ> vdNt ,t; epfo;Tfis vjpHf;f gaDs;s rl;l kw;Wk; xOf;fhw;W fUtp ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. epiyahd %y xOq;Ftpjpfs; ,e;j Njitia g+Hj;jpnra;aJld; ,J xt;nthU fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; %yq;fspypUe;J ntsptplg;gLk; tsp khrhf;fpfSf;fhd ,irtikT vy;iyfis Fwpj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. fpl;lj;jl;l nrd;w 5 Mz;Lfshf tbtikf;fg;gl;l epakq;fis> ,ilf;fhy epakq;fshf khRf;fl;Lg;ghl;bw;fhd rl;lf;fUtpahd EPL ClhfTk;> kw;Wk; Rw;whly; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd rl;lf;fUtpahd EIA ClhfTk; ,izj;Jf;nfhz;lJ. NkYk; khRf;fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; Rw;whly; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd rl;lkw;w jpl;lkply; fUtpahd Rw;whly; rpghHR toq;Fk; eilKiw (ER) %yKk; ,e;j ,ilf;fhy epakq;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd> ,J jpl;l Kd;nkhopthsHfSf;Fk; kw;Wk; CEA ,w;Fk; ,ilapy; ntw;wp-ntw;wp #o;epiyia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ifj;njhopw; r%fKk;> jpl;l Kd;nkhopthsHfSk; ,ilf;fhy epakq;fspYs;s ,irtikT vy;iyfisAk;> mbg;giliaAk; kw;Wk; nray;KiwiaAk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;L filg;gpbj;jd; %yk; ,t; eilKiw ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld;> %y ntsptpLif fl;Lg;ghl;bid cs;slf;fpa rl;lf;fUtpapd; Njitg;ghl;bid czHj;jpAs;sJ.
,t; xOq;Ftpjpfspy; ,irtikT vy;iyfs; kw;Wk; nghUe;Jk; khriljy; %yKk; 03 gpupTfspd; fPo; Fwpf;fg;gl;ld> ,it fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. epiyahd %y ntsptpLif fl;Lg;ghl;bw;fhd xOq;Ftpjpfspd; epakq;fs;. m) fUtpfs;/ cgfuzq;fspd; ntsptpLiffis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; epakq;fs;. M) khrhf;fpfspd; ntsptpLiffis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; epakq;fs;. ,) VNjDk; epiyahd %yq;fspd; gutyhd (fugitive) ntsptpLiffis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; epakq;fs;.
epiyahd %y ntsptpLif
fl;Lg;ghl;bw;fhd xOq;Ftpjpfspd;
epakq;fs;
m) fUtpfs;/ cgfuzq;fspd; ntspt-pLiffis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; epakq;fs;
M) khrhf;fpfspd; ntsptpLiffis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; epakq;fs;
,) VNjDk; epiyahd %yq;fspd; gutyhd (fugitive) ntsptpLiffis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; epakq;fs;
18
m) fUtp/ cgfuzk; rhHe;j ntsptpLif epakk;
GifNghf;fp ntsptpLiffis fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;l fUtp/ cgfuzq;fs; vupnghUs; tifAld; fPNo Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> ,e;j fUtp/ cgfuzk; rhHe;j epakj;ij tbtikf;Fk;NghJ ,tw;wpd; jpwDk; kw;Wk; rhj;jpakhd khrhf;fpfs; vd;gd fUj;jpy;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
1. mdy; kpd; epiyak; 2. mtruj;Njit kpd;gpwg;ghf;fp 3. nfhjpfyd; 4. ntg;g gha #lhf;fpfs; 5. vupa+l;bfs; kw;Wk; njhw;Wf; fopT vupa+l;bfs; 6. GifNghf;fp> ntbg;G ciy> fw;fup mLg;G> mbg;gil xl;rprd; ciy> kpd; (J}z;ly;> tpy;) ciy 7. rPnke;J #is
tspkz;lyj;jpw;F ntsptplg;gLk; vupnghUs; thAf;fspd; tsp mRj;jq;fs; mf; fUtpfspy; vupnghUl;fs;> capHj;jpzpT> epyf;fup> eg;jh> ,aw;if thA kw;Wk; khefu jpz;kf; fopT vd;gtw;wpd; jfdj;jpdhy; cUthfpait> ,it ,e;j epakj;jpdhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Jfs; gjhHj;jq;fs;> ry;gH ilXl;irl;> iejurd; Xl;irl; kw;Wk; Gifapid Kjyplj;jpy; fl;Lg;gLj;j ,e;j fUtp/ cgfuzk; rhHe;j epakk; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
M) khrhf;fp rhH epakq;fs;
khrhf;fp rhH epak topKiwfspd; ,ay;G ,y; cs;slq;fhj VJk; %yq;fs;> jfd my;yJ jfdkw;w %yq;fspypUe;J VNjDk; khrhf;fpfs; ntsptplg;gLk; re;jHg;gj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba epakk; MFk;. ,t; khrhf;fp rhH epakq;fspdhy; njspthf njupaf;$ba gpujhd khrhf;fpfs; fPNo@
Jfs; gjhHj;jk; (PM) iejurd; Xl;irl; (NOx)
Gif xspGF jd;ik
ry;gH ilXl;irl; (SO2)
fhgd; nkhNdhXl;irl; (CO)
19
,e;j epakj;jpdhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk; Vida Kf;fpa khrhf;fpfs; fPNo@
- vspjpy; Mtpahff;$ba Nrjdr; NrHitfs; (VOC)
- fNyhn[d;]; (Halogens) (FNshupd; kw;Wk; GNshupd;)
- Ijurd; FNshiul; (HCl)
- Ijurd; ry;igl; (H2S)
- ghu cNyhfq;fs; (Cd, Pb, Sb, As, Cu, Zn and Hg)
- mNkhdpah
- ilXf;rpd; kw;Wk; gpAuhd;
,) guty; ntsptpLif epakq;fs;
VNjDk; eilKiw gpuNjrk; my;yJ ntsptpLif gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J jg;gpNahLk; ntsptpLiffs; guty; ntsptpLif MFk;> vdNt ,t; epakq;fspy; Fwpf;fg;gl;ljw;F mikthf khjpup vLj;jy;> Nrhjidfs; nra;ag;glNtz;Lk;. guty; ntsptpLif vd;gJ eilKiw gpuNjrk; my;yJ ntsptpLif gpuN-jrj;jpypUe;J jg;gpNahLk; ntsptpLiffs; my;yJ VNjDk; jpl;ltl;lkhd ntsptpLifg; Gs;spf;F mikahj ntsptpLiffis tspkz;lyj;jpDs; tpLk; %yk; MFk;. GifNghf;fp ntsptpLiffis tpl guty; ntsptpLi-fapy; mjd; gpuNjrj;jpy; mjpf vjpHkiwj; jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk;. ,it kf;fs; thOk; ,lq;fSf;F rkPgkhf caH nrwpT khrhf;fpfis ntspt-pLfpd;wJ. ,it fPNo@
nkhj;j njhq;F jpz;kg; gjhHj;jq;fs;
(TSPM)
nkNjd; mw;w vspjpy; Mtpahff;$ba
Nrjdg; gjhHj;jk; (NMVOC)
mkpyg; Gif kw;Wk; mNkhdpah ckpo;T
fhw;wpy; guTk; m];ng];u]; ,io
ifj;njhopy; ntsptpLiffspdhy; Njhd;Wk; Rfhjhu kw;Wk; Rw;whly; jhf;fq;fs;
20
m) Jfs; gjhHj;jq;fs;
Jfs; gjhHj;jq;fSld; ghu cNyhfq;fs;> mghafukhd khRf;fs;> capu-paw; nghUl;fs;> er;R ,urhadq;fs;> Rthrj; Jfs;fs; Nghd;w gjhHj;jq;fs; gpizf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;> vdNt ,J kdpj Rfhjhuj;ij vjpHkiwahf ghjpg;gJld;> fPNo rpwg;gpj;Jf; fhl;ba Kf;fpa ghjpg;Gf;fis kdpjdpy; cUthf;Fk;.
M) ry;gH ilXl;irl; – SO2
SO2 cUthFtjw;fhd gpujhd %yk; mdy; kpd; epiyak;> ,jd; rpy-jhf;fq;fs; fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ@
,) iejurd; Xl;irl; - NOx
PM ,d; rpy ghjpg;Gf;fs;@
Rthrj;njhFjpapy; fLikahd ghjpg;G
njhz;il vupT Rthr Neha;fs; ehl;gl;l EiuaPuy;
milg;G Neha; EiuaPuw; Gw;W Rw;Wr;#oy;
ghHitapy; Nrjk; mofpay; kw;Wk;
nrsfupaq;fis ghjpj;jy; - Jfs;fs;> rpiyfs; kw;Wk; Qhgfr;rpd;dq;fspy; gbtjhy; fiw my;yJ fy; kw;Wk; Vida nghUl;fis rpijtilar; nra;fpd;wJ
SO2 ,d; rpy ghjpg;Gf;fs;;
,ioaq;fspy; vupr;ry; Rthrf; Nfhshw;Wg; gpur;rpid
mjpfupj;jy; %r;Rf;Foha; tPf;fk; mkpy kio ry;nghdpf; xsp,urhadg; gdp
(Sulphonic photochemical smog)
.
<100 µm (TSPM)
Rthrj;njhFjpapy; njhw;W
PM10
PM2.5
Rthrj; Jfs;fs; rpw;wiwr;RtH %yk; FUjpj;njhFjpapDs; Eioe;J ehl;gl;l kw;Wk; jPtpu MNuhf;fpag; ghjpg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; Rthr Neha;fs;
Rthr Neha;fs;
21
,) iejurd; Xl;irl; - NOX
<) ghu cNyhfq;fs - Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, etc
Hg kw;Wk; Cu vd;gtw;wpd; Kf;fpa jhf;fq;fs; fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd@
c) nrk;G
nrq;Fopa <NkhFNshgpd; njhFg;G Fiwjy; FUjpr;Nrhif rpWePuf Neha;fs;
C) mkpyg; Gif
Njhy; my;yJ fz; njhLifAwpd; vupr;ry; mkpyg; gdp Njhd;Wk; mkpy xsp,urhad Gif Njhd;wy;
iejurd; Xl;irl; ,d; ghjpg;Gf;fs;@
M];j;kh
EiuaPuy; vupr;ry;
neQ;R ,Wf;fk;
jiukl;l XNrhd; cUthf;fk;
level ozone
ghj,urk; (Hg)
Hg cld; njhlHghd Kf;fpa Rw;whly; gpur;rpid> rfy mNrjd Hg I Nrjd tbt khw;wPl;Lf;F cl;gLfpd;wJ> vdNt nkijy; ghj,urk; Njhd;Wk;> ,J capH Ftpg;Gg; gjhHj;jk; (bio – accumula-
tor) MFk;. ika euk;Gj; njhFjpia
ghjpf;Fk; Neha; vjpHg;Gj; njhFjpapy;
NfhshWfs; capH Ftpg;gpdhy; nkijy;
ghj,urk; czTr; rq;fpypapy; flj;jg;gLjy; kw;Wk; fhw;W> ePH kw;Wk; kz;zpdhy; #ow; njhFjpapy; epiyj;jy;
22
v) fhw;wpy; guTk; ,iofs;
m];ng];u]; ,iofs; Rthr ,ioaq;fspy; tPf;fj;ij cUthf;Fk;>
,jd; ePz;lfhy cs;thq;Fifapd;NghJ ,J fhw;wpy; gutp EiuaPuy; Gw;WNehapid Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.
epiyahd %yq;fspypUe;J ntsptplg;gLk; tsp khrhf;fpfs; FWfpafhyk; njhlf;fk; ePz;lfhyk; tiu ghjpg;Gf;fis cUthf;Fk;> ,jdhy; kdpj ,dk; Nkhrkhf ghjpf;fg;gLtJld; vkJ tho;f;ifj;juKk; Fd;Wfpd;wJ> mj;Jld; capupaw; gy;tifj;jd;ikia rpijj;J ,jd; cw;gj;jpj;jpwidAk; cw;gj;jpiaAk; Fiwf;fpd;wJ. Njrpa #oy; (epiyahd %y ntsptpLif epakq;fs;) xOq;Ftpjpfspd; Kiwahd kw;Wk; gaDs;s mKy;gLj;jypdhy; vjpHfhyj;jpy; ifj;njhopy; tsp khrhf;fpfis Fiwf;f my;yJ jLf;f gaDs;s jPHTfs; fpilf;fg;ngWk;> ,J mgptpUj;jpapd; cz;ikahd Fwpf;Nfhs;fis mila cWJizahFk;.
ntsptpLif mw;w vupa+l;b epiyak;: [g;ghd;> xrhfh efu ka;\pkh Fg;ig vupa+l;b epiyak;
23
fhw;W khriljYk; ehk; Rthrpf;Fk; fhw;Wk;
G+kpiar; #oTs;s tsp %yf;$Wfspd; fyitia tspkz;lyk; vd ehk; miof;fpd;Nwhk;. tspkz;lyj;jpd; gFjpfshf 78% iejurd;, 21% xl;rprd;, 0.93% Mu;fd, 0.03% fupakpy thA %yf;$Wfs; fhzg;gLtJld; kpFjpahf fz;Lgpbf;fj;jf;f fyg;G thAf;fs; kw;Wk; Jzpf;iffSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Rw;Wg;Gw tsp vd;gJ tspkzlyj;jpy; jho;kl;l tspg;gil-iaf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ my;yJ vq;fisr; Rw;wpAs;s fl;llq;fSf;F ntsp-NaAs;s tsp kz;lyj;jpd; xU gFjpahf tiutpyf;fzk; nra;ayhk;
Rw;Wg;Gw tspapd; juj;jpy; G+kpapy; thOk; IPtuhrpfspd; ,Ug;G jq;fpAs;sJld; G+kpapd; capu; kz;lyj;jpd; nrwptpw;F ,J gpujhd gq;fspg;gpid nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. mt;thwpUe;Jk; jw;fhyj;jpy; tspkz;lyj;jpd; %yf;$w;W thAf;fspd; $Wfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fstpy; khw;wkile;JtUfpd;wJ NkYk; Rw;Wg;Gw tspapd; juk; Fd;wpAs;sJld; gyjug;gl;l khRf;fs; tspkz;lyj;jpy; Nru;tjd; fhuzkhf tsp khriljy; Vw;gl;Ls;sJld; ,J jw;NghJ capupd tho;f;ifapd; ,Ug;gpid mr;RWj;Jk; kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tsp khriljy; ,aw;if nghwpKiwapdhYk; kdpjj; jiyaPLfspdhYk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,aw;ifg; nghwpKiwfSf;F rpy cjhuzkhf vupkiy ntbg;G kw;Wk; Nrjdg; nghUl;fs; rpijtiltjdhy; ntsptplg;gLk; thA jPo;g;Gfspd; ntspt-pLifia vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf nfhs;syhk;.
,yq;ifapy; tsp khriljYf;fhd gpujhd %ykhf thfdg;Gif ntsp-Naw;wk; ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; ifj;njhopw;rhiy nrad;Kiwfspy; ,Ue;J ntsptplg;gLk; jPo;g;Gfs;, gyjug;gl;l mfo;Tf; ifj;njhopw;riyf-spy; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk; J}R gjhu;j;jq;fs;, epyf;fup kw;Wk; Bry; kpd; epiyaq;fspy; ,Ue;J ntsptplg;gLk; jPo;g;Gfs;, FBkid nraw;ghLf-spdhy; ntsptplg;gLk; jPo;g;Gf;fs;, tptrha kPjpf;fopTfspd; vupj;jypd;NghJk; Nridg; gapu;r;nra;ifapd; NghJk; ntsptplg;gLk; jPo;g;Gf;fs; vd;gd tspkhriljYf;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;fspg;gpidr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. mj;Jld; fis ehrpdp kw;Wk; G+r;rp ehrpdpfspd; Nrjdg;gjhu;j;jq;fspd; kpFjpfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fhyg;gFjpapy; fz;Lgpbf;fj;jf;f mstpy; tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tspkhriljy; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; ,J capupdq;fspd; MNuhf;fpaj;ij ghjpg;gilar; nra;fpd;wJ. Kf;fpakhf Rthrj; njhFjpAld; njhlu;ghd Neha;fspd; ngUf;fj;ijj; J}z;Lfpd;wJ. fis ehrpdp kw;Wk; G+r;rp ehrpdpfspd; Nrjdg; gjhu;j;jq;fspd; cs;thq;FifahdJ capupdq;fspd; cly; cWg;Gfspd; fl;bia Vw;gLj;JtJld; jhtu ,dq;fSf;F ghupa mr;RWj;jiyAk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; tsp khriljy; jhtu ,dq;fspd; tsu;r;rp tPjj;ijf; Fiwg;gjpYk; jhtu ,dq;fis moptilar;
N2
O2
Ar
CO2
Other
24
nra;tjpYk; tpisr;riyf; Fiwg;gjpYk; Neubahd my;yJ kiwKfkhd Mjpf;fj;ijr; nrYj;JtjdhyhFk;.
tspkz;lyj;jpy; E}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ,urhad Nru;itfs; fhzg;gbDk; mtw;wpd; Rw;whly; kw;Wk; Rfhjhu jhf;fq;fis fUj;jpw;nfhz;L Ie;J khrhf;fpfs; milahsq;fhzg;gl;lJld; mit 1994 Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; 20e; jpfjp gpuRupf;fg;gl;l 850/4 Mk; ,yf;f mjptpNrl tu;j;jkhd gj;jpu-pifapd; Njrpa #oy; (Rw;Wg;Gw tspj; juk;) xOq;Ftpjpfspd; fPOk; mjd; 2008 Mk; Mz;L Xf];l; 15e; jpfjpa 1562/22 Mk; ,yf;f jpUj;jg;gl;l mjptpNrl tu;j;jkhd gj;jpupifapd; fPOk; ,yq;ifapy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;glNtz;ba gpujhd Rw;Wg;Gw tspkhrhf;fpfshf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. mitahtd iejurd; xl;irl; (NOx - NO kw;Wk; NO2), ry;gu; ilxl;irl; (SO2), fhgd; nkhNdhxl;irl; (CO ), XNrhd; ( O3 ), kw;Wk; njhq;F jpz;k gjhu;j;jq;fs; (SPM) MFk;. ,t; Ie;J tsp khrhf;fpfs; ru;tNjr uPjpapYk; gpujhd khrhf;fpfshf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. Vida rpy ehLfspy; Njrpa Njitg;ghl;Bidf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L gpujhd tsp khrhf;fpfshf Fwpg;gplg;gl;l Ie;J tsp khrhf;fpfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf rpy khrhf;fpfs; ,dq;fhzg;gl;L tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. Rw;Wg;Gw tsp khrhf;fpfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F cau; ,irT vy;iy nrwpTkl;lk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sjhy; ,jid tpQ;rhtpbd; kdpj Rfhjhuj;jpNyh ,aw;if kw;Wk; kdpj cUthf;f Rw;whlypNyh VJk; jPq;fhd jhf;fq;fis tpistpf;fg;glkhl;lhJ.
ehk;; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Rw;Wg;Gw tsp khrhf;fpfspd; ,ay;Gfs;, Fzhjpraq;fs; kw;Wk; jhf;fq;fs; fPNo RUf;fkhf tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
iejurd; xl;irl; Nox - NO kw;Wk; NO2
,aw;ifg; nghwpKiw kw;Wk; kdpj eltbf;iffs; Mfpa ,uz;bdhYk; tspkz;lyj;jpw;F iejurd; xl;irl; ntsptplg;gLfpd;wJ. tspkz;ly iejurd; kw;Wk; xl;rprd; %yf;$Wfs; kpd;dy; jhf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; fhl;Lj;jP vd;gtw;wpdhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; cau; ntg;gepiyapy; xd;Wld; xd;W jhf;fk; Gupe;J iejurd; xl;irl;il ,aw;ifahf Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ. 750 ghif nry;rpa]; (750`C) ntg;gepiyapy; my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ntg;gepiyapy; ,jd; jhf;fk; kpfTk; jhf;Fjpwd; kpf;fjhf fhzg;gLtJld; ,jw;F Fiwthd ntg;gepiyapy; Fiwe;j nrwpTila iejurd; xl;irl; ntsptplg;gLk;. iejurd; xl;irl; cUthFk; kdpj eltbf;iffSf;F kpfTk; njupe;j cjhuzkhf kpd;rhuj;ij gpwg;gpf;Fk; capur;; Rtl;L vup-nghUs; kw;Wk; epyf;fupapd; jfdj;jpidf; nfhs;syhk;. jfdr; nrad;Ki-wapypUe;J Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk; iejurd; xl;irl; tiffs; ,uz;L mitahtd mdy; NOx kw;Wk; vupnghUs; NOx MFk;. mdy; NOx vd;gJ jfdg; nghwpKiwapd;NghJ ntsptplg;gLk; Nkyjpf ntg;gj;jpy; tspkz;ly iejurd; Xl;rprDld; jhf;fk;Gupe;J tspkz;ly iejurd; gjpf;fg;gLjy; MFk; vupnghUs; NOx vd;gJ jfdg;nghwpKiwapy; ntg;g rpijtiljypd; NghJ vupnghUs; %yf;$WfspYs;s iejurd;> Xl;rprDld; jhf;fk;Gupe;J
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l NOx MFk;.
25
caH nrwpthd iejurd; Xl;irl;bd; cs;thq;Fif kdpjdpy; FWfpafhy kw;Wk; ePz;lfhy Rthrg; gpur;rpidfis Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ. %r;Rj; jpzwy;> ,Uky;> njhz;il vupr;ry; vd;gd FWfpafhy Rfhjhuj; jhf;fq;fs; MFk;. ,jdhy; %r;Rf;Foha; mow;rp> M];Jkh cld; gPbf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; Nehapd; jPtpuk; mjpfupf;ff;$Lk;. ePz;lfhy cs;thq;Fiffspdhy; eype;j Rthrg;ig njhopw;ghl;Lld; $ba ghuJ}ukhd Rthrg;ig ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;glyhk;. rpWtHfspd; Rthrj;njhFjp tpUj;jpaile;JtUk; gUtj;jpy; fhzg;gLtjhy; ,t; tsp khrhf;fpfspd; mjpf cs;thq;Fif ngupatH-fistpl rpWtHfspy; ghupa Rfhjhuj; jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk;.
fha;r;rp tbfl;ba ePupd; pH ngWkhdk; nghJthf 7.0 MfTk; mkpyj;jd;ik eLepiyahf ,Ug;gJNghd;W tspkz;ly fhHgd; ilXl;irl; kioePupy; fiutjdhy; kioePH gytPdkhd mkpykhd Fztpay;Gfis nfhz;Ls;sJld; kioePupd; pH ngWkhdk; mz;zsthf 5.6 MfTk;. ki-oePupd; mkpyj;jd;ik pH 4.5 ngWkhdj;ijtpl FiwAk;NghJ mJ mkpykio vd miof;fg;gLtJld; nghJthf mkpykioapd; pH ngWkhdk; 4.2 - 4.4 tPr;R msitf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
mkpy kio fhuzkhf Nrjkile;j fhLfs;
tspkz;lyj;jpYs;s iejurd; Xl;irl;> ePuhtpAld; jhf;fk;Gupe;J iew;w]; mkpyk; (HNO2) kw;Wk; iew;wpf; mkpyk; (HNO3) cUthFtJld; ,it GtpNkw;gug;ig milAk;NghJ mkpykio vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. MfNt tspkz;lyj;jpy; iejurd; Xl;irl;bd; nrwpT mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ mkpykio nghoptij Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. MWfs;> ePHj;Njf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; Nrw;Wepyk; cl;gl ed;ePHj;njhFjpfspy; mkpykio Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fq;fs; ghuJ}ukhdJ vd;gJld; ,J rfy #ow;njhFjpfspYk; vjpHkiw Rw;whly;
26
ghjpg;Gf;fis Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. mkpyki-oapd; gbTfs; cNyhfg;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; epHkhzpf;fg;gl;l Rw;whlypy; JUg;gpbj;jiy mjpfupf;fr;nra;Ak;.
iejurd; Xl;irl; #upaxspapd; Kd;dpiyapy; vspjpy; Mtpahff;$ba Nrjdr; NrHitfSld; jhf;fk;Gupe;J jiukl;l XNrhidj; Njhw;Wtpg;gJld; ,J kpfTk; mghafukhd ,uz;lhk; epiy khrhf;fp MFk;. XNrhd;> vspjpy; Mtpahff;$ba Nrjdr; NrHitfSld; jhf;fk;Gupe;J gy Nrjd khrf;fpfis Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ. ,t; Nrjd khrf;fpfSk; XNrhDk; xd;Wlndhd;W fye;J gdpahHe;j epiyia (haze) Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; ,J xspf;fjpHg; Gif (Photochemical Smog) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mbg;gi-lapy; gy Nrjd khrhf;fpfSk; kw;Wk; XNrhDk; ,uz;lhk; epiy khrhf;fpf-shf fUjg;gLtJld; ,it Rw;whlYf;F Neubahf ntsptpLif nra;ag;gLtjpy;iy MapDk; ,it ,zf;fkhd Ez; fhyepiy epiyikf-spy; Kjyhk;ju khrf;fpfSld; cl;jhf;fk; Gupe;J Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. xspf;fjpHg; Gif (Photochemical Smog) kdpjdpYk; kpUfq;fspYk; vjpHkiw Rfhjhuj; jhf;fq;fis tpistpg;gJld; jhtu ,iyfisg; ghjpg;gJld; tpUk;gj;jfhj kw;Wk; mghafukhd Rw;whly; epiyikfis Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ. mkpykio kw;Wk; xspf;fjpHg; Gif (Photochemical
Smog) ,yq;ifapy; ,d;Dk; gjpTnra;ag;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ. MapDk; Vida ehLfspy; mkpykio kw;Wk; xspf;fjpHg; Gif (Photochemical Smog) vd;gd ghuJ}ukhd rk;gtq;fshf gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. MfNt ,yq;ifapy; jw;Nghija mjpfupj;j tsp khriljypdhy; vjpHfhyj;jpy; mkpykio kw;Wk; xspf;fjpHg; Gif (Photochemical Smog) vd;gtw;wpd; Mgj;Jf;fs; Vw;gLtJ jtpHf;fg;gl KbahJ.
Source: www.epa.gov
27
ry;gu; ilxl;irl; (SO2)
,aw;ifg; nghwpKiw kw;Wk; kdpj eltbf;iffs; Mfpa ,uz;bdhYk; tspkz;lyj;jpw;F ry;gu; ilxl;irl; ntsptplg;gLfpd;wJ. vupkiy ntbg;G kw;Wk; RL eP&w;Wf;fis ry;gu; ilxl;irl; ntsptplg;gLtij ,aw;ifg; nghwpKiwf;F nghJ cjhuzkhf nfhs;syhk;. Nrw;W epyq;fspy; Nrjdg; gjhHj;jq;fs; [PuzkhFk; NghJ ntsptplg;gLk; Ijurd; ry;igl;Lld; (H2S) tspkz;ly xl;rprd; jhf;fk;Gupe;J ry;gu; ilxl;irl; ntsptplg;gLtij ,aw;ifg; nghwpKiwf;F mLj;j cjhuzkhf nfhs;syhk;. ry;gH mlq;fpAs;s capHr;Rtl;L vupnghUs; kw;Wk; epyf;fup vd;gdtw;wpd; jfdg;nghwpKiwapd; NghJ tspkz;lyj;Jf;F ry;gu; ilxl;irl; ntspt-plg;gLtij kdpj jiyaPLfSf;F nghJ cjhuzkhf nfhs;syhk;. cyf-shtpa uPjpapy; ry;gu; ilxl;irl; ntsptplg;gLk; gpujhd %ykhf fUjg;gLtJ Nkhl;lhH thfd cs;sfj; jfd ,ae;jpuq;fspd; ntg;g rf;jp ngwg;gLtjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; capHr;Rtl;L vupnghUs; kw;Wk; epyf;fup jfdg; nghwpKiwahFk;. mj;Jld; jhJf;fis gbKiwg;gLj;jp cNyhfg; nghUl;fs; gpupj;njLf;Fk; ifj;njhopw; nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ mjpfsT ry;gu; ilxl;irl; ntsptplg;gLfpd;wJ.
caH nrwpthd ry;gu; ilxl;irl;bd; cs;thq;Fif kdpjdpy; FWfpafhy kw;Wk; ePz;lfhy Rthrg; gpur;rpidfis Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ. %r;Rr; rpf;fy;;> ,Uky;> njhz;il vupr;ry; kw;Wk; neQ;R typ vd;gd FWfpafhy Rfhjhuj; jhf;fq;fs; MFk;. ,jdhy; %r;Rf;Foha; mow;rp> M];Jkh cld; gPbf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; Nehapd; jPtpuk; mjpfupf;ff;$Lk;. Rthrj; njhw;Wf;fspd; jifik mjpfupj;Jr; nry;tjw;fhd fhuzk; Rthrj;njhFjpapy; kf;fsplk; ePHg;gPldj; jd;ik eyptile;J nry;yy; MFk;. NkYk; ry;gu; ilxl;irl;> ePuhtpAld; ,ize;J ry;g+upf; mkpyj;ij (H2SO4) cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. ,t; mkpyk;> kio tPo;r;rpAld; Gtpapy; tpOk;NghJ Nkw;$wpa ge;jpfspy; tpgupf;fg;gl;lthW mkpy kioapd; Rw;whly; jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk;.
fhgd; nkhNdhxl;irl; (CO)
fhHgd; mlq;fpAs;s vupnghUl;fspd; Fiwjfdj;jpd; NghJ Rw;whlYf;F ntsptplg;gLk; epwkw;w> kzkw;w kw;Wk; Ritaw;w tsp %yf;$Nw fhgd; nkhNdhxl;irl; MFk;. fhgd; nkhNdhxl;irl; ntsptplg;gLk; kdpj ji-yaPl;Lf;fhd nghJ gq;fspg;G cjhuzq;fshf FbrhH rikj;jypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpidj;jpwdw;w rikay; mLg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Nkhl;lhH thfd cs;sfj; jfd ,ae;jpuq;fspd; tpidj;jpwdd;w jfdk; vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tspkz;lyj;jpw;F fhgd; nkhNdhxl;irl;il ntsptpLk; ,aw;if %ykhf fUjg;gLtJ vupkiy ntbg;G kw;Wk; fhl;Lj;jP MFk;. NkYk; tspapy; eilngWk; xsp ,urhad jhf;fq;fs; fhgd; nkhNdhxl;irl;il Njhw;Wtpg;gJld; fhgd; nkhNdhxl;irl; msit tspkz;lyj;jpy; mjpfupf;f gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wJ. mNj Ntis fhgd; nkhNdhxl;irl; vd;gJ ,urhadf; ifj;njhopw;rhiyfSf;fhd gpujhdkhd ifj;njhopy; thA MFk;.
28
XNrhd; (O3)
XNrhd; gaDs;s kw;Wk; jPq;fhd tsp %yf;$whf ,UtifapYk; tspkz;lyj;jpy; mjd; ,Ug;gplk; rhHe;J tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. XNrhd; tsp %yf;$W tspkz;lyj;jpd; Nkw;gilapy; fhzg;gLk;NghJ fopCjhf; fjpHfspd; tPr;Rf;fis fl;LgLj;jp Gtp Nkw;gug;ig fhf;fpd;wJ. vdpDk; XNrhd; tspkz;lyj;jpd; Nkw;gilapy; fhzg;gLk;NghJ kl;Lk; Gtpapd; [Ptuhrpfis fhf;fpd;wJ. fopCjhf; fjpHfspd; tPr;Rj; jhf;fj;jpdhy; xl;rprd; %yf;$W (O2) ,U xl;rprd; mZf;fshf ciltJld; xl;rprd; %yf;$W ,r; RahjPd xl;rprDld;; kPsTk; ,ize;J XNrhd; %yf;$w;iw fl;Ltjpdhy; tspkz;lyj;jpd; Nkw;gilapy; XNrhd; gil xU rkepiyapy; cs;sJ. XNrhd; %yf;$W tpLtpf;fg;gl;l xl;rprd; mZTld; jhf;fk;Gupe;J kPsTk; xl;rprd; %yf;$w;iwj; (O2) Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. rhjhuzkhf ,e;j tpLtpf;fg;gl;l xl;rprd; mZ, xl;rprd; %yf;$w;Wld; cldbahf kPspize;J NtW XNrhd; %yf;$w;iw kPs cUthf;FtJld; XNrhd; %yf;$W ciltJk; cUthFjYk; rkepiyahf eilngWtjpdhy; XNrhd; gilapy; XNrhdpd; nrwpT khwhky; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
vdpDk; jiukl;l XNrhd; capH tho;tdtpw;wpw;Fk;> jhtu rhfpaj;jpw;Fk; #ow;njhFjpf;Fk; jPq;F tpistpf;Fk;. jiukl;l %yq;fspypUe;J XNrhd; Neubahf tspkz;lyj;jpw;F tpLtpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. #upaxspapd; Kd;dpiyapy; iejurd; xl;irl;> vspjpy; Mtpahff;$ba Nrjdr; NrHitfSld; jhf;fk;Gupe;J jiukl;l xNrhidj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. vdNt jiukl;l XNrhd; xU ,uz;lhk;epiy khrhf;fpahf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. iejurd; xl;irl;> vspjpy; Mtpahff;$ba Nrjdr; NrHitfs; Rtl;L vup-nghUs; kw;Wk; epyf;fupapd; jfdg;nghwpKiwapd; NghJ tpLtpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. iejurd; xl;irl; kw;Wk; vspjpy; Mtpahff;$ba Nrjdr; NrHitfs; ,uz;bdJk; ntsptpLiffSf;fhd gpujhd fhuzq;fs; vz;nza; Rj;jpfupg;G epiyaq;fs; kw;Wk; ,urhadj; jahupg;Gj; njhopw;rhiyfs; MFk;. #upaf;fjpH tPr;rpd; Kd;dpiyapy; ,f; ifj;njhopw;rhiyfs; jiukl;l XNrhid cUthf;Ftjpy; gq;fspg;G nra;fpd;wJ.
caHkl;l XNrhd; tsp fhzg;gLk;NghJ gpujhdkhf fz;> Rthrg;ig Nghd;w kdpj clypd; nkJthd ,ioaq;fis rpijtilar; nra;fpd;wJ. NkYk; mjpf nrwpTila XNrhd; Kd;dH Fwpg;gplg;gl;l iejurd; Xl;irl;bd; cs;thq;Fiffspd; ghjpg;Gfisg; Nghd;Nw FWfpafhy kw;Wk; ePz;lfhy Rthrg; gpur;ridfis cUthf;Fk;. jiukl;l XNrhd; nrwpT mjpfkhfTs;s NghJ jhtu ,dq;fspd; tsHr;rp tPjj;ij Fiwj;J gapH tpisr;riy Fiwg;gJld; Qhgfr; rpd;dq;fspidAk; ngsjPf fl;blq;fisAk; rpijtilar; nra;fpd;wJ.
29
,iyfspy; jiukl;l XNrhdpd; ghjpg;Gfs;
njhq;F jpz;k gjhu;j;jq;fs; (SPM)
gyjug;gl;l ,urhadj; jhf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; jfdg; nghwpKiwapd; NghJ gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; J}rpj; Jzpf;iffs;> rhk;gy;> rpW ePHj;Jspfs; kw;Wk; rpW jpz;kq;fs; Nghd;wdtw;iw njhq;F jpz;k gjhu;j;jq;fs; vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;. NkYk; njhq;F jpz;k gjhHj;jq;fs; Rfhjhuj;jpYk; Rw;whlYk; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; jPtpuk; mtw;wpd; mstpYk; ,urhad mikg;gpYk; jq;fpAs;sJ. Njrpa #oy; (Rw;Wg;Gw tspj;ju) xOq;Ftpjp ,Utifahd jpz;kg; gjhHj;jq;fis 10 µm (10 ikf;FNuhd;) my;yJ mjw;F Fiwe;j jpz;k mstpidf; nfhz;lit PM10 vdTk; 2.5 µm (2.5
ikf;FNuhd;) my;yJ mjw;F Fiwe;j jpz;k mstpidf; nfhz;lit PM2.5 vdTk; tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. jpz;k msT kdpj Rfhjhuj;ijAk; Rw;whliyAk; jiyfPo; Kiwapy; ghjpf;fpd;wJ> mjhtJ PM2.5 Rthrg;igapD}lhf FUjpr; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpDs; Eioe;J clYWg;Gfspy; ghuJ}ukhd ghjpg;Gfis cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. njhq;F jpz;k gjhHj;jq;fspd; ntsptpLiff;F cjhuzkhf fl;Lkhdg;gzp mfo;Tg;gzp eilngWk; ,lq;fs;> ,be;j tPjpfs;> GifNghf;fpfs;> tpidj;jpwdw;w cs;sf jfd vupnghUs; ,ae;jpuq;fisf; nfhz;l Nkhl;lhH thfdq;fs;> ifj;njhopw; nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ ntsptplg;gLk; J}rpg; gjhHj;jq;fs; vd;gtw;iw nfhs;syhk;. NkYk; vupkiy ntbg;G Nghd;w ,aw;ifr; nrad;KiwAk; njhq;F jpz;k gjhHj;jq;fis ntsptpLfpd;wJ.
ruhrup fhw;wpaf;ftpay; tpl;lk; 2.5 ikf;FNuh kPw;wupw;F Fiwthf cs;sNghJ ,J Rthrj;njhFjpapy; gbT kPjpfis Vw;gLj;Jk; kpf Kf;fpakhd Kjd;ikahd njhq;F jpz;kkhf tpsq;Fk;. Jzpf;iffspd; msT Fiwaf;Fiwa Rthrg;igapd; rpw;wiwfSf;Fs; CLUTk;jpwd; mjp-fupf;Fk;. ,jdhy; rpw;wiwfSf;Fs; njhq;F jpz;kq;fs; gbtilaf;$ba tha;g;Gfs; mjpfkhFk;. MfNt njhq;F jpz;kq;fspd; msT Fi-waf;Fiwa jPq;Ftpistpf;ff;$ba jifik mjpfupj;Jr; nry;fpd;wJ. NkYk; njhq;F jpz;kq;fs; mghafukhd ,urhadr; NrHitfSld; gpize;Js;sjhy; kdpjDf;F Vw;gLk; jPq;Ffs; mjpfkhFk;. mjpf nrwpthd njhq;F jpz;kq;fspd; cs;thq;Fiffspdhy; Rthrr; rpf;fy;fs;>
30
,Uky; kw;Wk; Rthrg;ig rpijtiljy; Vw;gLtJld; Rthrg;igapd; njhopw;ghl;Lj;jpwd; Klkha;tpLk;. NkYk; RthrNeha; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Nehah-spfspy; Nehapd; jPtpuk; mjpfupf;Fk;. FUjpr;Rw;Nwhl;lj; njhFjpf;Fs; njhq;F jpz;kq;fs; milAk;NghJ ,J cs;cWg;Gfspd; njhopw;ghl;Lj;jpwdpy; vjpHkiwahd nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;Jk;.
vkJ ngWg;Gf;fs;
tsp khriljiy vjpHf;f kw;Wk; Rw;Wg;Gw tspapd; juj;ij Ngz nghUj;jkhd gq;FepWtdq;fspd; gq;fspg;Gld; kfhtyp mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; Rw;whly; mikr;rpd; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; fPo; 'J}a;ikahd fhw;W nraw;jpl;lk;" vd;w Njrpa nraw;jpl;lk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. tsp khrhf;fpfisAk; mtw;wpd; %yj;Jldhd nrwpit jPHkhdpj;jy; kw;Wk; ehl;bd; tspapd; juj;ij Kfhikg;gLj;j vLf;fNtz;ba nghUj;jkhd eltbf;iffis vLj;jy; Nghd;wd ,r; nraw;jpl;lj;jpd; gpujhd Nehf;fq;fs; MFk;. ,r; nraw;jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Njitahd xOq;Ftpjpfis jahupj;J mKy;gLj;j eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld; mKyhf;fr; nrad;Kiwfspd; ntw;wp> Njhy;tp vd;gtw;iw jPHkhdpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; vjpHfhy mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; ,tw;Wld; njhlHGgl;l rHtNjr epWtdq;fspdhy; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l cld;gbf;iffs; kw;Wk; xg;ge;jq;fis Muha;e;J vjpHfhyg; Nghf;ifAk;> mLj;j re;jjpf;F ce;Jrf;jpahf fhzg;gLk; fhuzpfs; ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJld; mit Fwpj;j nraw;jpl;lj;Jld; ntw;wpfukhf ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ehl;bd; Fbkfd; vd;w uPjpapy; ehshe;j FLk;g epfo;Tfspdhy; Vw;gLk; tsp khriljiy jLf;f midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; fw;gpg;gJ vkJ flikahFk; mj;Jld; vkJ ehshe;j eltbf;iffspdhy; midj;J fhyg;gFjpapYk; Vw;gLk; tsp khriljiyj; jLf;f ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Kf;fpakhFk;. Rw;Wg;Gw fhw;wpd; juj;ij Kfhikj;Jtg;gLj;jp g+kpapd; capupd tho;tpd; ,Ug;gplj;ij cWjpg;gLj;JtJ vkJ midtupdJk; $l;Lg;nghWg;G MFk, ,jd; ntw;wpf;F Kaw;r;rpf;Fk; muRld; ,ize;J nraw;gLtJ ek; mid-tupd; flikahFk;.
31
Nkhl;lhH thfdq;fs; kw;Wk; tsp khriljy;
Nkhl;lhH thfdq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapd; mjpfupg;gpdhy; Nkhl;lhH thfdq;fspypUe;J ntspNaWk; ckpo;Tfspdhy; Vw;gLk; tsp khriljy; ghuJ}ukhd Rw;whly; kw;Wk; r%fg; gpur;ridfisj; Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sJ. Nkhl;lhH thfd ntspNaw;w ckpo;Tfspy; fhHgd; nkhNdhXl;irl;> iejurd; Xl;irl;> IjNuhfhgd; kw;Wk; Jfs;g; gjhHj;jq;fs; Nghd;w gy jPq;fhd gjhHj;jq;fs;fhzg;gLfpd;wJ> ,J xspf;fjpHg; Gifapidj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.
xt;nthU ehSk; kdpjd; Xa;tpy; cs;sNghJ 10m3msT fhw;wpid cs;thq;Ffpd;whd;> MfNt kdpj Rfhjhuj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu ghHit kl;lj;jpy; tspapy; er;Rg;nghUl;fs; fhzg;g;gLk;NghJk; tspkz;ly tsp khriljy; xU Kf;fpa gpur;rpidahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
ry;gH Xl;irl;> iejurd; Xl;irl;> fhgd; nkhNdhXl;irl; kw;Wk; Jfs;g; gjhHj;jq;fs; vd;git Nkhl;lhH thfdq;fspdhy; ckpog;gLk; gpujhd khrhf;fpfs; MFk;. ,g; gjhHj;jq;fs; thfdq;fspd; ntspNaw;ww; Foha; %yk; Neubahf ckpog;gLtjpdhy; ,it Kjyhk;ju khrhf;fpfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mNj Ntistspkz;lyj;jpy; xspf;fjpHj; jhf;fq;fspdhy; cUthfpa xspf;fjpH xl;rpNaw;wpfs; ,uz;lhk;ju cw;gj;jpahf miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
ry;gH ilXl;irl; (SO2) kw;Wk; ry;gH iua;Xl;irl; (SO3.) ,id cs;slf;fpa nghJr; nrhy; ry;gH Xl;irl; MFk;. vupnghUspy; mlq;fpAs;s ngUk;ghyhd ry;gH jfdj;jpd;NghJ SO2 Mf khw;wyilAk; kw;Wk; Mf SO3 khw;wyilAk;. ry;gH iua;Xl;irl; SO3 tspkz;lyj;jpYs;s ePiu
32
mfj;JwpQ;rp ry;g+upf; mkpy (H2SO4) gdpapidj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. vd;DnkhU Kiwahf tspkz;lyj;jpYs;s XNrhdpdhy; (O3) SO3
xl;rpNaw;wg;gl;L ry;g+upf; mkpy (H2SO4) gdpapidj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. ry;gH ilXl;irl; nghJthd vupr;rY}l;lf;$baJ kw;Wk; ePupy; ed;F fiuAk;.
iejurd; nkhNdhXl;irl; (NO), iejurd; ilXl;irl; (NO2), iliejurd; Xl;irl; (N2O) iliejurd; iua;Xl;irl; (N2O3) kw;Wk; iliejurd; ngd;nuhl;irl; (N2O5) ,id cs;slf;fpa nghJr; nrhy; iejurd; Xl;irl; MFk;. ry;gH Xl;irl;bid Nghd;Nw iejurd; Xl;irl;Lk; gpujhdkhf vup-nghUl; jfdj;jpd;NghJ Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. iejurd; Xl;irl; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; nghwpKiwfs; ,uz;L ,jd;gb ,U tifapyhd NOx cUthfpd;wJ mitahtd vupnghUs; NOx kw;Wk; mdy; NOx MFk;.
vupnghUspy; mlq;fpAs;s iejurd; jfdj;jpd;NghJ vupnghUs; NOx cUthFk; mNj Ntis tspapYs;s iejurd; xl;rpNaw;wg;gl;L mdy; NOx Njhd;Wk;. ,t; xl;rpNaw;wk; Rthiyapd; caH ntg;gepiyg; gFjpapy; eilngWk;. jfdj;jpd;NghJ cUthFk; iejurd; Xl;irl;Lf;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdit NO> ,jd;gpd;dH NO tspkz;lyj;jpy; tpiuthd xl;rpNaw;wj;jpdhy; NO2 Mf khw;wkilAk;. cldbahf ePupy; fiuahJ> ,J fPo; Rthrf; Fohia milaf;$baJ Mifahy; EiwaPuypd; Mokhd gFjpfis ,J ghjpf;Fk;.
CO vupr;rY}l;Lgitahf fUjg;gLtjpy;iy. nrq;Fopa <NkhFNshgpDld; CO ,d; ftHr;rp gykhdJ ,J Xl;rprDlhd gpizg;gpd; gyj;jpidtpl 200 klq;F mjpfk;. fhw;wpy; CO cs;sNghJ FUjpapy; CO - <NkhFNshgpid Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;> ,jdhy; xl;rprd; flj;jg;gLk; jpwd; Fi-wAk;. vt;thwpDk; tsp khriljypy; CO ,d; nrwpT kpfTk; FiwT Mifahy; Ntiyj;jsj;jpd; ghJfhg;Gf;F gpur;rpid Vw;glyhk; my;yJ ,jd; jhf;fk; CO eQ;#l;ly; tpjkhf ,y;iy. CO cldhd gpur;rpid ,J xU tsp mRj;jk;> $Hikahd kf;fshfpa khHG %l;Ltyp kw;Wk; khuilg;G Nehahspfs; epkplk; CO cs;spSg;gjdhy; rpwpa xl;rprd; Fiwghl;bid Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. rpy Ma;thsHfspd; mwpf;ifapd;gb caH nrwpT CO (thuj;jpd; ruhrup nrwpT 8- 14ppm Mapd;) ,d; cs;thq;Fifapd;NghJ khuilg;gpdhy; itj;jparhiyf;F mDkjpf;fg;gl;l Nehahspfspd; ,wg;G tPjk; Fiwe;j nrwpT csthq;Fifapy; Vw;gl;li-jtpl Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mjpfupg;ig fhl;baJ. vdpDk; CO ,d; nrwpT msT MNuhf;fpakhd Ml;fis ghjpf;ftpy;iy> MapDk; ghupa vz;zpf;ifapyhd ,ja Nehahspfs; efuq;fspy; thOk;NghJ ,J Kf;fpa gpur;rpidahFk;.
NO2 kw;Wk; SO2 Nghd;w Kjw;ju khrhf;fpfs; Nghyd;wp xsp-,urhad xl;rpNaw;wpfs; Neubahf ckpog;gLtjpy;iy. tspkz;lyj;jpy; rpf;fyhd xsp-,urhadj; jhf;fq;fspdhy; Kjw;ju khrhf;fpfs; khw;wkile;J ,e;j ,uz;lhk;ju khrhf;fp Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. xsp-,urhad xl;rpNaw;wpfspy; kpf Kf;fpa gjhHj;jk; XNrhd;> kw;Wk; ,J Rthr cWg;Gr; Nrjq;fis cUthf;Fk;. SO2 my;yJ NO2 I tpl Rthr cWg;Gfspy; XNrhdpd; jhf;fk; tYthdJ kw;Wk; ,J fPo; Rthrf; Fohia gykhf rpijf;Fk;.
33
Jfs; msTfspy; mjpf NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLtjpdhy; jdpj;jpaq;Fk; Jfs;fs; (jput Ez;Jspfs; my;yJ jpz;kk;) ,urhad kw;Wk; ngsjPf mbg;gilapy; gue;j tHf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l gjhHj;jq;fs; Mifahy; ,it Jfs; nghUl;fs; (PM) vd nghJthf miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. NtW tif khrhf;fpahd fhgd; nkhNdhXl;irLld; xg;gpLk;NghJ PM ,urhad mbg;gi-lapy; gy;tifahdJ.
kz;> fly; njspg;G> jP kw;Wk; jhtu kfue;jq;fs; ,ypUe;J PM Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ> vdpDk; kdpj eltbf;iffSk; ,jw;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. tptrha eltbf;iffs;> jfdk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> kw;Wk; gue;Jgl;l ifj;njhopy; eltbf;iffs; ,t; kdpj eltbf;iffs; MFk;. Jzpf;iffs; %yq;fspypUe;J Neubahf ntsptplg;glyhk; my;yJ SOx, NOx kw;Wk; vspjpy; Mtpahff;$ba NrHitfs; Nghd;w thA ckpo;Tfs; khw;W cUtk; ngWtjpdhy; tspkz;lyj;jpy; cUthfyhk;.
,J kpsTk; ntspg;gilahdJ> 0.1-0.5μm tpl;l tPr;rpidf; nfhz;l 10μg/m3 nrwpTila Jzpf;iffs; ,d;Dk; gy Rthrf; Foha; fyq;fSld; jhf;fk; GupAk;> ,J rk jpzpTila 1.0-1.2μm tpl;l tPr;rpidf; nfhz;l Fiwe;j msT Jzpf;iffspd; jhf;fj;ij tpl mjpfk;. Jumjp\;ltrkhf er;Rj;jd;ikapidj; jPHkhdpf;Fk; Jzpf;iffspd; vz;z;zpf;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; rhHe;j Ma;Tfs; xU rpyNt elhj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. fhw;wpy; guTk; PM ,id Fzhjprag;gLj;j fdtsT> jpzpT> Nkw;gug;G msT kw;Wk; Jzpf;iffspd; vz;zpf;if Nghd;w NtWgl;l myFfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
fhw;wpdhy; guTk; gjhHj;jq;fs; clypDs; nry;Yk; EiothapNy Rthrf;Foha; MFk; mNjNghy; PM I cs;spOf;Fk; NghJ ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shFk; gpujhd ,yf;Fk; ,Jjhd;. Rthrf;Foha; njhopw;ghl;L uPjpapy; kpfTk; rpf;fyhdJ. Rthrf;Fohapd; njhopw;ghl;bd; gq;fpid Mu-hAk;NghJ> Kjyhtjhf %f;F my;yJ thapD}lhf fhw;W Xb Rthrr; rpw;wiwfspDs; nry;yy;> gpd;dH clypy; xl;rprdpd; Xl;lk; fupakpy-thAtpd; Xl;lkhf gupkhw;wg;gly;. Rthrf;Fohapd; njhopw;ghLk; ,jaj; njhopw;ghLk; xd;whf ,ize;J njhopw;gl;lhy; khj;jpuNk ,J rhj;jpak;. Kf;fpakhd thAg; gupkhw;wk; kw;Wk; thA tpepNahfpj;jy; vd;gdtw;wpw;F mg;ghy; Rthrf;Foha; NtW Kf;fpa njhopw;ghLfisr; nra;fpd;wJ> mitahtd ,urhaq;fis cs;spOf;Fk;NghJ kzj;ij EfHjy; kw;Wk; er;RePf;fk; (er;R eltbf;iffis Fiwj;jy;) my;yJ eQ;#l;ly; (er;R eltbf;iffis $l;ly;) Nghd;wtw;wpid rhjdg;gLj;Jk; capH-,urhadj; njhFjpfis nfhz;bUj;jy;. Rthrf;Foha; NehnajpHg;gpay; njhopw;ghl;bidr; nra;tJld; FUjpj; Njf;fkhf nraw;gLfpd;wJ> mj;Jld; clypd; mkpy;-fhu rkepiyia rupnra;fpd;wJ. PM cl;gl VNjDk; gjhHj;jq;fis cs;thq;Fk;NghJ Fwpg;gplg;gl;l VNjDk; Kf;fpa njhopw;ghLfs; khw;wkilayhk;.
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tspapYs;s jpz;kg; gjhHj;jq;fspd; $Wfs; Jfs;fspd; msT my;yJ gUkDf;F Vw;g NtWgLtjhy; 10μm I tpl mjpf gUkd; nfhz;l Jfs;fs; thjehopapidj; jhz;b cl;Gfkhl;lhJ. gUkd; 10μm my;yJ mjidtpl Fiwthapd; MNuhf;fpaj;jpy; ghjf ghjpg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;Jk;> vdNt ,J jpUj;jg;glNtz;ba Jfs;fs; vd; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. MfNt gy ehLfspy; njhq;F jpz;kg; gjhHj;jq;fspd; (SPM) epakq;fs; 10μm gUkdhd my;yJ mjidtpl Fiwe;j gUkdhd Jfspdhy; jPHkhdk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
cyfpy; Bry; njhopy;El;gk; ghu tz;bfs; kw;Wk; Gifapuj Nghf;Ftuj;J Nghd;wtw;wpw;F xU tpUk;gj;jF tY %ykhf gpugy;ak; mile;jikahy; Bry; ,ae;jpu ntspNaw;wq;fspd; Rfhjhuj; jhf;fq;fs; gw;wp 1950 fspd; Muk;gj;jpypUe;J gy Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. 1950 fspd; eLg;gFjpapy; nra;ag;gl;l er;Rapay; gupNrhjidfs; Bry; ,ae;jpuq;fspd; Jfs; ntspNaw;wj;jpdhy; Gw;WNeha; Mf;fk; vd;w Kjy; Mjhuq;fs; ngwg;gl;ld mj;Jld; NkYk; Ma;Tfs; elhj;jg;gl;ld. ,U jrhg;jq;fspd; gpd;dH Bry; ntspNaw;Wiffspdhy; kuGmZf;fs; khw;wg;gl;L tpfhuk; J}z;lg;gLfpd;w cz;ik Vk;]; gf;Bupah Nrhjid %yk; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. jw;NghJ Bry; ntspNaw;Wiffspdhy; Vw;gLk; Ei-uaPuy; Gw;WNeha; Mf;fk; vd;gjid ikag;gLj;jp gy tpupthd er;R,ay; kw;Wk; Neha; njhw;wpay; rhHe;j Ma;Tfs; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
ghutz;bfs;> ruf;F tz;bfs; Gifapuj ,ae;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; njhopw;r;rhiyf; fl;Lkhdq;fspy; Brypd; gad;ghL gpugy;ak; mile;jjw;F ,U fhuzq;fs; mitahtd rpwe;j vupnghUs; tpidj;jpwd; kw;Wk; ngw;Nwhy; ,ae;jpuq;fSld; xg;gPl;lstpy; ePz;lfhy gad;ghL MFk;.
35
ngw;Nwhy; ,ae;jpuj;jpd; ntspNaw;wj;Jld; xg;gpLk;NghJ Bry; ntsp-Naw;wj;jpy; CO> IjNuhfhgd; kw;Wk; fhgd; ilXl;irl; FiwT MapDk; NOx kw;Wk; Jfs;fspd; nrwpT mjpfk;. Bry; ntspNaw;Wif jpz;k kw;Wk; thA Clfq;fis nfhz;l rpf;fyhd fyit MFk;. Bry; ntspNaw;Wifj; Jfs;fspd; ruhrup tpl;lk; 0.05-1.0μm (jpzptpdhy;)> ,jdhy; Rthrg;ghi-japYk; khWk; rpw;wiwfSf;Fs;Sk; gbAk; MfNt ,e;j msTila Jfs;fs; ,yFthf jpUj;jg;glNtz;bait.
kdpj Rfhjhuj;jpd; mf;fiwf;F Kf;fpakhf fUjg;gl Ntz;ba Gw;WNeha; Mf;Fk; nghypirf;fpspf; mNuhkw;wpf; IjNuhfhgd;fs; (PAHs)> ida;Nuh - PAHs cl;gl ,it gy jug;gl;l IjNuhfhgd;fs; fhHgdrpa]; ikag;gFjpapidf; (carbonaceous core) nfhz;l Jzpf;iffspd; Nkw;gug;gpdhy; mfJwpQ;rg;gLk;. mNj PAHs cl;gl jfdj;jpd; gy cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk; IjNuhfhgd;fs;> Jzpf;if epiyapy; fhzg;gLk;. ,it ntspNaw;wg;gbd; ghijapy; tspkz;ly khw;wPLfs; eilngWk;> ,J kdpj Rfhjhuj;Jld; njhlHghdJ. tspkz;lyj;jpy; Neubahf ckpog;gl;l PAHs RahjPd i`Nuhf;rpy; (hydroxyl radicals) cld; jhf;fk; Gupe;J ieNuh – PHAs cUthFk;> ,J ,jd; Kd;Ndhbfistpl (precursors) clypy; mjpfNeuk; fpilf;fg;ngWk; (bioavailability) mj;Jld; ,it tpfhuk; kw;Wk; Gw;WNeha; Mf;fj;ij (mutagens and car-cinogens) kpfTk; J}z;Lk;.
Neha;njhw;wpay; msNtw;w Mjhuq;fs; fhl;bathW gyjug;gl;l njhopy;rhH mikg;Gfspy; njhopyhsHfs; Bry; ntspNaw;Wiffis ePz;lNeuk; cs;thq;fpd; mq;F EiwaPuw; Gw;WNeha; Mgj;Jf;fs; mjpfk;. Bry; ntsp-Naw;w Jfs;fs; my;yJ NtW $Wfspd; csthq;Fiffs; njhopy-hsHfis tuyhw;WuPjpapy; vt;thW ghjpj;jJ (historically ex-posed) gw;wp mstPl;Lj; juTfSldhd Neha;njhw;wpay; Ma;Tfs; eilngwtpy;iy. ,jdhy; cs;thq;Fif - vjpHr;nray; njhlHGfis (ex-posure – response relationship) Jy;ypakhf mwpa Kbatpy;iy.
Bry; ntspNaw;wq;fspd; Gw;WNeha; Mf;fk; njhlHghd Mjhuq;fis er;R,ay; (Toxicology) gupNrhjidfs; toq;fpapUg;gpDk; kdpj Ei-waPuw; Gw;WNeha; cld; cs;s njhlHgpid ,t; Mjhuq;fs; tpsf;ftpy;iy. Bry; Jfs;fspd; mjpf nrwpT cs;thq;Fif vypfspy; MAl;fhyk;tiu cs;sNghJ EiwaPuy; fl;b Vw;gLtjhf mwpag;gl;lJ> vdpDk; ,J Vida nfhwpf;Fk; (rodent) ,dq;fspy; ,y;iy. gpe;jpa gupNrhjidfs; fhl;bathW vyp kw;wa tpyq;fpdq;fSf;F khwhf ntt;NtW %yq;fspypUe;J gy juj;jpy; ntspNaw;wg;gl;l mjpfmsT Bry; Jfs;fis cs;thq;Fk;NghJ vjpHr;nraiy (response) fhl;baJ> MfNt ,e;j NeH-kiwahd Bry; ntspNaw;Wif capHkjpg;gPL (bioassays) Nrhjid-fspy; vyp kdpjDld; njhlHGgLj;j KbahJ vdpDk; kdpjd; gy njhopy;rhH mikg;GfspYk; kw;Wk; nghJthd Rw;Wg;Gwr; Rw;whlypYk; kpf Fiwe;j msT Bry; ntspNaw;Wiffis cs;thq;Ffpd;whd; vd;gJ ftdj;jpy; vLf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
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Gw;WNeha; rHtNjr Ma;T epWtdk; (IRAC) 1989 fspy; Bry; ntsp-Naw;Wiffspd; Gw;WNeha; Mf;fk; njhlHghf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;Tfis kjpg;gPL nra;jJld;> ,jDld; njhlHGila Neha;njhw;wpay; juTfs; NghJkhdJ ,y;iy vd milahsk; fhl;bUg;gpDk; kjpg;gPl;lhsHfs; tpyq;Ffspy; nra;ag;gl;l Ma;Tj; jfty;fs; Bry; ntspNaw;Wif kdpjdpy; Gw;WNeha; Mf;fj;jpw;F toptFf;Fk; vd;w KbTfspy; jpUg;jpfz;L epakpf;fg;gl;l ntspNaw;Wiffs; Gw;WNeha; Mf;fj;jpw;F toptFf;Fk; vd cWjpnra;ag;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ cyf Rfhjhu ];jhgdk; (WHO) fpilf;ff;$ba juTfis kjpg;gPL nra;J mNj nghJthd KbT-fis vl;baJ. ,t; tifapyhd Mgj;J kjpg;gPLfisr; nra;tjw;F kdpj juTfs; nghUj;jkw;wit vdTk; gupe;Jiu nra;jJ.
,U US fl;Lg;ghl;L epWtdq;fs; nghJ rdj;njhifapy; Bry; ntsp-Naw;Wifapdhy; Vw;gLk; EiuaPuy; Gw;WNeha; Mgj;Jf;fis kjpg;gpl Kaw;rp nra;jJ. 1994 ,y; MNuhf;fpa kjpg;gPl;L Mtzj;ij tiue;jJld; US’ Rw;whly; ghJfhg;G epWtdk; (EPA) NghJkhd tpyq;Ffspd; juTfs; kw;Wk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l Neha;njhw;wpay; Mjhuq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Bry; ntspNaw;Wif kdpj Gw;WNeha; Mf;fj;jpw;F rhjfkhdJ vd;w Kbit vl;baJ. ,t; epWtdk; vypg; gupNrhjid juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp 3 Nkyjpf Gw;WNeha;fs; 1μg/m3 cila Bry; ntspNaw;Wiffs; jq;fsJ tho;f;if KOtJk; cs;thq;Fk; xt;nthU 100,000 kf;fsplk; cUthFk; Gw;WNeha;j; jhf;fk; gw;wp fzpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhz;lJ. jw;NghJ fypNghHdpah Fbaurpd; EPA (Cal EPA) Bry; ntspNaw;Wif njhlHghf xU kjpgPl;L tiuit ntspapl;lJ> ,J Bry; ntspNaw;Wifapy; er;R tsp mRj;jq;fs; cs;sjhf KbT nra;jJ> mj;Jld; Neha; njhw;wpay; Ma;Tfspy; Eiua-Puy; Gw;WNehapd; mjpfupj;j guty; tPjk; gw;wpa mtjhdq;fs; ,t; Kbtpw;F mbg;gilahdJ. vypg; gupNrhjid juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp ,t; mur ep-Wtdk;; xt;nthU 100,000 kf;fsplk; 1μg/m3 MAl;fhy cs;thq;Fifapdhy; Vw;gLk; 1 Nkyjpf Gw;WNehapd; MAl;fhy Mgj;J gw;wp kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhz;lJ. EPA Ig; Nghyd;wp Cal EPA> US jz;lths njhopyhspfspd; juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp xt;nthU 100,000 kf;fsplk; 1μg/m3 MAl;fhy cs;thq;Fifapdhy; Vw;gLk; 2 Nkyjpf Gw;WNehapd; MAl;fhy Mgj;J
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gw;wp kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhz;lJ. EPA kw;Wk; Cal EPA ,uz;bdJk; Mgj;J kjpg;gPl;L Mtzq;fs; tpkHrd tpthjq;fSf;F cl;gl;Ls;sJld; ,uz;bYk; jpUj;jq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
er;R,ay; kw;Wk; Neha;njhw;wpay; Mjhuq;fs; gytPdkhfTk; my;yJ khWghlhf ,Ug;gpDk;> Bry; ntspNaw;Wifapd; Gw;WNeha; mw;w ghjpg;Gf;fspd; mf;fiw mjhtJ jPtpu kw;Wk; fLikahd Rthr Kidaj;jpy; Bry; cs;thq;Fifapd; jhf;fq;fspdhy; tPf;fk;> EiuaPuy; nraypog;G kw;Wk; Rthrf; NfhshWfs; Vw;gLtjhf ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. Ma;thsHfs; Bry; ntspNaw;Wiff;Fk; fhw;W xt;thik (aeroallergens)> EiuaPuy; nraypog;G> gps;isfspy; Rthrf; NfhshWfs; vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd rhj;jpaj; njhlHGfs; gw;wpa Gjpa Mjhuq;fis Ma;thsHfs; kjpg;gPL nra;jdH. ,g; Gjpa juTfs; jPtpu kw;Wk; ePz;lfhy Bry; cs;thq;Fifapdhy; njhlHGila tPupakw;w Rthr Neha;fs; Nkyjpf Mjhuq;fis toq;fpaJ.
1990 fspy; Bry; ntspNaw;Wifapd; Rfhjhug; ghjpg;Gf;fs; gw;wpa mf;fiw vd;Wkpy;yhjthW gykhf ,Ue;jJ. nghUshjhuf; fupridfSld; gr;irtPl;L thA ckpo;Tfspy; capHr;Rtl;L vupnghUs; jfdg;nghwpKiwapd; gq;fspg;Gfs; mjDld; ,izg;Gw;w cyfk; ntg;gkhjy; njhlHghd tpopg;GzHT mjpfupj;Jr; nrd;wikahy; jw;Nghija guk;giu ngw;Nwhy; ,ae;jpuq;fspy; vupnghUs; tpidj;jpwd; khw;wPLfs; kw;Wk; Gjpa vupnghUs; khw;wPLfs; gw;wpa NjlYk; Ma;TfSk; mjpfkhfpd. US thfd jahupg;ghsH rk;Nksdk; kw;Wk; US muR Bry; njhopy;El;gj;jpYk; ,Nj khw;wPLfs; Vw;glNtz;Lk; vd typAWj;jpaJ. MapDk; nrd;w jrhg;jj;jpy;> cyfpd; efuq;fspy;> tsp khriljypy; Jfs; gjhHj;jq;fspdhyhd Rfhjhug; ghjpg;GfSf;F Bry; ntspNaw;Wif ckpo;Tfs; gpujhd gq;fspg;ig toq;fpaJ> ,J gpujhd kf;fs; Rfhjhu tplakhf ntspg;gl;lJ. gy Neha; njhw;W,ay; Ma;Tfs; tpsf;fpathW Jfs; gjhHj;j tsp khriljy;> ,ja kw;Wk; jPtpukw;w Rthr Neha;fspdhy; NehAWjy; kw;Wk; ,wg;Gf;fs; mjpfupj;Jr;nry;tJld; neUq;fpa njhl-HghdJ. ,e;j mtjhdq;fs; 1997 ,y; US EPA I Jfs; gjhHj;jq;fspd; Rw;Wg;Gw kl;l Gjpa epakj;ij gpuRupf;f topnra;jJ> ,J tsp khriljypd; Ez;zpa Jfs;fis (PM2.5 - 2.5 μm my;yJ mjw;Ff; Fiwe;j tpl;lk; nfhz;l Jfs; gjhHj;jq;fs;) fl;Lg;gLj;jty;yJ. ,t; tplak; njhl-Hghd Ma;Tfs; gy jw;NghJ cyfk; KOtJk; eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ.
38
tPl;L guhkupg;Gfspy; J}a fhw;Wk; MNuhf;fpa tho;Tk;
jPtpu mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffspdhy; cyfpy; tsp khriljy; njhlHe;J mjpfupj;JtUk; Nghf;fhf mwpf;ifaplg;gl;Ls;sJld; tspkz;lyj;jpw;F tplg;gLk; ntsptpLiffis fl;LgLj;JtJ kf;fis cyfshtpa uPjpapy; fz;jpwf;fr; nra;JtUfpd;wJ. fle;j jrhg;jq;fspy; tsp khriljYf;F vjpuhf cyfshtpa uPjpapy; nraw;gl gy ehLfSk; rHtNjr ep-Wtdq;fSk; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapd; gy xg;ge;jq;fisAk;> cld;gbf;iffisAk;> xOq;FtpjpfisAk; cUthf;f eltbf;iffis vLj;Js;sd. Rw;Wg;Gw tspapd; juk; vd;gJ mjd; Kf;fpak; kw;Wk; cs;shHe;jjd;ikia fUj;jpw;nfhs;shJ iftplg;gl;l epiyikapy; fhzg;gLtJld; cyfshtpa uPjpapy; tspj;ju Kfhikj;Jt Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; Rw;Wg;Gw tspj;ju Kfhikj;Jtk; xU Kf;fpa mk;rkhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. rkfhy tpQ;Qhd mwpT czHj;jpathW Rw;Wg;Gw tspj;juj;ij tpl nfl;l cl;Gwf; fhw;wpd; cs;thq;Fifapdhy; kf;fs; mjpfkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdH mj;Jld; cyfshtpa uPjpapy; neUf;fbahd efuf;FbapUg;Gfspy; ,t; epiyik tpUk;gj;jfhj kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
etPd fl;Lkhd fl;blf;fiy fl;llq;fspd; rf;jp tpidj;jpwidAk; mjd; $WfisAk; cr;r;rg;gLj;Jtjpy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jpte;Js;sJld; ,J fl;blq;fSs; Rthj;jpakhd ntg;gepiy kw;Wk; <ug;gjid mspf;Fk; nrhFRj;jd;ikiaa toq;f fhtyplg;gl;l fl;blq;fis tbtikg;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jj; jtwtpy;iy. ,t; Kaw;rpfspdhy; fl;blq;fspDs; Gjpa fhw;W cl;GFk; msTk; nfl;l fhw;W ntspapy; nry;Yk; msTk; Fiwe;J Rthj;jpakhd fhw;Wr; Rw;Nwhl;lk; ghjpg;gilfpd;wJ.
nghJthf Rw;Wg;Gwf; fhw;iw tpl cl;Gwf; fhw;iw ehk; $Ljyhf Rthrpg;gjhy; kdpjtho;tpd; juj;ij mila cl;Gwf; fhw;W khirjiy xopf;Fk; topKiwfis cs;slf;fpajhd cl;Gw tspj;juk; mjd; khriljy; jd;ik kw;Wk; nfl;l cl;Gw tspj;juj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; Rfhjhug; ghjpg;Gf;fs; tplakhd g+uz mwpit ehk; nfhz;bUj;jy; mtrpak;.
cl;Gw tspj;juk; vd;gJ tPLfs;> fl;blq;fs; kw;Wk; Kiwaw;w tpjkhf fhw;W}l;lg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs; kw;Wk; tPLfspd; gLf;ifaiw njhlf;fk; thfd jupg;gplq;fs; tiu kw;Wk; mYtyq;fspd; epakpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs; njhlf;fk; thfd jupg;gplq;fs; tiu rfy gFjpfSf;Fs; fhzg;gLk; fhw;wpd; juk; MFk;. cl;Gw tsp khriljy; vd;gJ ,urhad> ngsjPf kw;Wk; capupaw; fhuzq;fspdhy; tsp khrhf;fpfs; cl;Gwj;jpy; NrHtjidf; Fwpf;Fk;. capH vupnghUl;fspd; jfdj;jpd;NghJ tplg;gLk; ntsptpLiffs;> Gifj;jypd;NghJ ntsptplg;gLk; ,urhadq;fSk; Giff;fupAk; kw;Wk; ry;gH ilXl;irl;> fhHgd; nkhNdhXl;irl;> NghHky;bi`l;> Nuld;> Nrjd Mtpfs;> g+Q;rzk;> gf;Bupah kw;Wk; m];ng];u]; ,iofs; vd;gd cl;Gw tsp khriljiyj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; ,urhadq;fs; kw;Wk; khrhf;fpfs; vd milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
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ngUk;ghyhd cl;Gwr; Rw;whlypy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l tsp khrhf;fpfs; cs;sjhy; me;j cl;Gwr; Rw;whlypy;; cs;thq;Fiff;F VNjDk; Ml;fs; cl;gLk;NghJ mJ mtHfspy; Rfhjhug; ghjpg;Gf;fis cUthf;Fk; kw;Wk; rpyNtisfspy; khrhf;fpfspd; tif kw;Wk; nrwpT fhuzkhf rpf;fyhd Rfhjhu epiyikfs; Vw;gLtjw;fhd rhj;jpaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jpUg;jpaw;w cl;Gw tspj;juj;ijf; nfhz;l tPLfs; kw;Wk; fl;blq;fspy; thOk; kf;fsplk; Ml;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;ff;jpwid rpijf;Fk; 'Neha;f; fl;bl mwpFwpapdhy;" kf;fs; mtjpAWfpd;wdH. cyf Rfhjhu ];jhgdj;jpd; Gs;sptpguj;jpd;gb cyfj;jpy; jPq;fhd cl;Gw tspj;juj;jpd; fhuzj;jpdhy; mz;zsthf 3.8 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; nrd;w tUlj;Js; ,we;Js;sJld; ,jdhy; ,yq;ifapy; nrd;w tUlj;Js; 4,300 ,wg;Gf;fs; gjpthfpAs;sJ.
gy cl;Gw tsp khrhf;fpfspdhy; Vw;gLk; Kf;fpa jhf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; ghjpg;Gf;fs; gw;wp fPNo tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1. Gif
cyf Rfhjhu ];jhgdj;jpd; juTfspd;gb cyfpy; 3 gpy;ypad; kf;fs; mjhtJ cyf rdj;njhifapd; miuthrpapdH rikj;jYf;F kw;Wk; tPLfis #Nlw;w gpujhd capHj;jpzpTfshd ckp> kuj;J}s; kw;Wk; kuf;fupia vupnghUshfg; ghtpj;J jq;fsJ rhjhuzkhd rikj;jy; kw;Wk; tPLfisr; #Nlw;Wk; eltbf;iffis g+Hj;jp nra;fpd;wdH. cyf mstpYk; ,yq;ifapYk; tpidj;jpwdw;w rhjhuz mLg;Gfs; cl;Gw tsp khriljYf;fhd xU gpujhdkhd %ykhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ehLfs; NjhWk; 78% ,w;F Nkw;gl;l FLk;gq;fs; capHj;jpzpthd tpwifg; ghtpj;J vupg;gJld; ,tw;wpy; 84% Md FLk;gq;fs; fpuhkg;GwkhfTk; 34% Md FLk;gq;fs; efug;GwkhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
mz;zsthf 65% Md rikayLg;Gfs; tPl;bd; cl;Gwj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;bUg;gJld; 9% Mdit rikaYf;F epakpf;fg;gl;l gpuN-jrj;jpNyh my;yJ fl;blj;jpNyh mikf;fg;gLs;sjhy; gutyhf rikayi-wapDs; Vw;gLk; tsp khriljypd; ghjpg;GfSf;F ,y;yj;jurpfs;> rpWtHfs;> KjpNahHfs; vd;gdH gypahfpd;wdH. cl;Gw tsp khriljypd; jPtpuj;ijf; Fiwf;f nghJthf 72% Md rikayLg;Gfs; GifNghf;fpAld; njhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gy tPLfspy; ,y;yj;jurpfs; ,yFtpy; gw;wf;$ba kz;nzz;nza;> nghypj;jPd; kw;Wk; gpsh];bf; nghUl;fis neUg;G gw;witf;f gad;gLj;Jtjhy; cl;Gw tspj;juk; ntFthf nfLfpd;wJ. ,jd; Gifapy; rpwpa er;Rj; gjhHj;jq;fshd fhHgd; nkhNdhXl;irl;> iejurd; Xl;irl;> ry;gH ilXl;irl;> NghHky;bi`l;> ilnahf;rpd; kw;Wk; gpANuhd; Nghd;wtw;wpd; cs;thq;Fifapdhy;; kdpj Rfhjhuk; ghjpg;gilAk;. gpe;jpa Ma;twpf;ifapd;gb xU tpwF mLg;gq;fiuapypUe;J ntsptplg;gLk; Gifapd; jhf;fk; 75 njhlf;fk; 150 tiuapyhd rpful;Lf;fspd; jhf;fj;jpw;Fr; rkdhFk;.
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Nkyjpfkhf Esk;Gr;RUis gw;witj;jy; cl;Gw tspkhriljypy; ghupasT gq;fspg;gpid toq;Ffpd;wJ. kUj;Jt epGzHfspd; Ma;tpd;gb xU Esk;Gr;RUis vupg;gjhy; Vw;gLk; tsp khrhf;fy; 135 rpful;Lf;fisg; gw;witg;gjhy; Vw;gLk; tsp khrhf;fYf;Fr; rkdhFk;. mNjNghd;W CJgj;jp> rhk;gpuhzp vd;gdtw;iw gw;witg;gjhy; cl;Gw tsp khriljy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. gpe;jpa Gs;sptpgu mwpf;ifapd;gb ,yq;ifapy; Esk;Gr;RUspd; khjhe;j tpw;gid 6 kpy;ypad; &gh kw;Wk; CJgj;jpfspd; khjhe;j tpw;gid 30 kpy;ypad; &gh MFk;.
tPLfSf;Fs;Nsh my;yJ mYtyf tsTfspNyh Kidtw;w Gifgpbj;jypdhy; Gifia cs;thq;FdHfs; ahUkpy;yhtpbDk; Gifj;jypdhy; cl;Gw tsp khriljy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. Ma;thsupd; fUj;Jg;gb rpful; Gifapy; 39 tifahd khrhf;fpfs; fhzg;gLtjhfTk; ,it kdpj Rfhjhuj;ijg; ghjpg;gJld; xU rpful;bypUe;J 5 l;upy;ypad; (5 X 1012) Ez;Jzpf;iffs; ntsptplg;gLtJld; ,jpy; 5 µg msT nghypirf;fpspf; mNuhkw;wpf; IjNuhfhHgd; cl;Gw tspf;F tplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t; Ez;Jzpf;iffs; 81% Md caHe;j tPjj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. nray-pYs;s Gifgpbj;jy; Nghd;Nw Kidtw;w Gif cs;thq;FifAk; ,ja kw;Wk; Rthrg;igg; Gw;W Neha;fSf;F fhuzkhfpd;wJ.
tpwfLg;G kw;Wk; rpful; vd;gtw;wpd; Fbkid jfdr; nrad;Kiwapd; jfd ntg;gepiy xg;gPl;lstpy; FiwT Mifahy; xg;gPl;lstpy; Fiwe;j msT NOX cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. xg;gPl;lstpy; mjpfmstpyhd nghypirf;fpspf; mNuhkw;wpf; IjNuhfhHgd; Gifapiyg; Gif kw;Wk; tpwfLg;gpy; ntspt-plg;gLk; Gifapd; jpz;kg; gjhHj;jq;fspy; fhzg;gLtJld; ,tw;Ws; ehg;jyPd;> me;urpd;> ngde;jpupd; vd;gd Gw;WNehaia cUthtijj; J}z;Lgit MFk;. Gif %r;Rf;Foha; vupr;ry;> tPf;fk; kw;Wk; njhLf;fg;gl;l ,ioaq;fs; jbg;ghjy;> tLthFjy; (Fibrosis) vd;gtw;iw Njhw;Wtpg;gJld; ,J %r;Rj;jpzwy;> mjpfupj;j M];j;kh> fl;Giu> Rthrj;njhw;W kw;Wk; ehs;gl;l EiuaPuy; milg;G Neha; (COPD) vd;gdtw;wpw;F toptFf;Fk;.
2. Nuld; thA (Rn)
Nuld; (Rn, Z = 86) vd;gJ Nubak; (Ra, Z = 88) ,d; rpijtpdhy; cUthFk; cd;djkhd epwkw;w thA MFk;. Nuldpy; ,UgJ tifapyhd rkjhdpfs; fhzg;gLtJld; ,J fjpupaf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jgit ,tw;wpd; α rpijtpdhy; nghnyhdpak; cUthf;fg;gl;L ,Wjpapy; <akhf khWk;.
Nuld; jhf;fkilahj kw;Wk; Kidtw;w thA Mifahy; ehk; cs;spOf;Fk;NghJ EiuaPuypy; rpf;fhJ. Nuld; kw;Wk; ,jd; kfs; cw;gj;jpfs; ,uz;ilAk; cs;spOf;Fk;NghJ gpupifaile;J α Jfs;fis tpLtpg;gJld; EiuaPuypd; jz;L capuZf;fSld; njhlHGgl;L Gw;WNehiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.
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Nuldpd; gpujhd %yq;fs; tPLfspYs;s fdpkq;fs; kw;Wk; fl;Lkhdq;fSf;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fdpk cw;gj;jpfshd kz; kw;Wk; fUq;fy; MFk;. midj;J kz; kw;Wk; fUq;fy;ypy; fps;SksT Nubak; fhzg;gLtJld; ,J rpije;J Nuld; tspkz;lyj;jpw;F ntspt-plg;gLfpd;wJ. Nuldpd; mLj;j gpujhd %yk; epyj;jb ePH> ,J rpW msT ANudpak; (U, Z = 92)> Njhupak; (Th, Z = 90)> Nubak; (Ra, Z = 88) vd;gdtw;iwf; nfhz;l epyj;jbg;ghiwfspd; rkepiyg;gLj;jypdhy; cUthdJ. epyj;jbg;ghiwfspd; rkepiyg;gLj;jypdhy; ePUf;F rpW msT Nubak; NrHfpd;wJ.
3. NghHky;bi`l;
NghHky;bi`l; If; nfhz;bUf;Fk; gprpd;fs; xl;Lg;gyif> Jfs;g;gyif kw;Wk; fz;zhb ,io fhtypj; jahupg;Gfspy; mjpfk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; ghuk; Fiwe;j jd;ikapdhy; ,yTfhff; ifahsyhk; vd;gjdhy; ,J tPl;L kw;Wk; mYtyff; fl;Lkhdq;fs;> fhtypg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; cl;Gwr; Rw;whlypy; gutyhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;LtUfpd;wJ. gy;gFjpak; ePNuw;wg;gLk;NghJ RahjPd NghHky;bi`l; ntsptplg;gLk; vd;gJld; ePNuw;Wk; nrad;Kiwia mkpyj;jd;ik kw;Wk; <ug;gjd; Jupjg;gLj;Jk;.
NghHky;bi`l; thA vupr;rY}l;Lk; kzj;jpid nfhz;bUg;gJld; NghHky;bi`l; cs;thq;Fifapd; mwpFwp Fzhjprpaq;fshf maHT> Fkl;ly; kw;Wk; jiyapb> Rthrf; FiwghL vd;gtw;iwf; nfhs;syhk;. ,jd; nrwpitAk; vjpHkiwg; ghjpg;Gf;fisAk; Fiwf;f rpwe;j nrad;Ki-wfshf fUjg;gLtJ mjpf fhw;Nwhl;lKk; kw;Wk; fhw;Wr; Row;rpAk; MFk;.
4. fhHgd; ilXl;irl;
fhHgd; ilXl;irl; vd;gJ tsp khrhf;fpahf my;yJ jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; thAthf fUjg;glhtpbDk; ,jd; mjpf nrwpT cs;thq;Fif %r;Rj;jpzwiy Vw;gLj;Jk;. fhw;Wg;Gfhj fl;blq;fspy; Ntiy nra;Ak; njhopyhsHfs; mbf;fb jq;fSf;F NrhHT kw;Wk; ftdk; nrYj;j ,ayhik Nghd;w mwpFwpfs; Vw;gLtjhf GfhH nra;fpd;wdH vdpDk; fhw;Nwhl;l tPjj;ij mjpfupj;jy; kw;Wk; Gjpa fhw;iw csthq;Ftjhy; ,t; mwpFwp FiwtilAk;.
5. fhHgd; nkhNdhXl;irl;
fhHgd; nkhNdhXl;irl; vd;gJ Fiwe;j nrwptpy; jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; thA ,jd; fhuzk; ,J FUjpr; nrq;fy <NkhFNshgpDld; kPshj;jd;ikahf jhf;fk;Gupe;J fhHnghf;rp<NkhFNshgpidj; Njhw;Wtpg;gjhy; nrq;fy <NkhFNshgpid Fiwtilar; nra;fpd;wJ. Xl;rprDf;Fk; <NkhFNshgpDf;Fk; ,ilapyhd gpizg;gpd; gyj;ijtpl ,g; gpizg;G 200
~ 300 klq;F gykhdJ. ,J <NkhFNshgpd;, xl;rprd; vLj;Jf;nfhs;tjpid jLf;Fk;. Ma;thsHfspd; fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd;gb ,t; thAtpd; 10 ppmv nrwpT ruhrup kdpjdpd; <NkhFNshgpdpy; 2% I nraypof;fr;nra;Ak;, ,jd; 100
42
ppmv nrwpT; 15% ,id nraypof;fr;nra;Ak;. ,Nyrhd fhHgd; nkhNdhXl;irl; nrwpT eQ;#l;jypdhy; Vw;gLk; mwpFwpfs; jiytyp> NrhHT kw;Wk; Fiwe;j crhHj;jd;ik MFk;, mjpf fhHgd; nkhNdhXl;irl; nrwptpd; cs;thq;Fifapdhy; Ms; ,wf;fyhk;.
tof;fkhd khjpupapyhd kz;nzz;nza; kw;Wk; tpwfLg;Gfs;> Esk;Gr;RUs;fs; kw;Wk; CJgj;jpfis gw;witj;jy; kw;Wk; Gifgpbj;jy; vd;gd fhHgd; nkhNdhXl;irl;il gpwg;gpf;Fk; cl;Gw %yq;fshff; fUjg;gLtJld; tPLfSld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s thfdj; jupg;gplq;fspy; epWj;jg;gl;l ,ae;jpuq;fSk; ,t; thAit tpLtpf;fpd;wJ. caHe;j njhlH khbf;fl;blq;fs; kw;Wk; mYtyfj;njhFjpfspd; mbj;jsj;jpy; ghupa thfd jupg;gplq;fs; fhzg;gLtJld; ,tw;wpy; fhw;Nwhl;lk; eyptile;Js;sJld; fhw;Wr; Ror;rp mstplg;gLtjpy;iy vdNt ,tw;wpdhy; mUfhikapYs;s gpuNjrj;jpy; thOk; kf;fSf;Fk; md;whl mYty;fSf;F tUk; kf;fSf;Fk; mnrsfupaq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; mtrpak; Vw;gLk;NghJ kpd;rhuj;ijg;ngw tPLfSf;Fs;Sk; fl;blq;fSf;Fs;Sk; kpd; gpwg;ghf;fpfs; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld; ,tw;wpd; Gifapy; fhzg;gLk; fhHgd; nkhNdhXl;irl;il Rthrpg;gjhy; kuzq;fs; rk;gtpf;fyhk;.
6. vspjpy; Mtpahff;$ba Nrjdg; NrHitfs; (VOC)
vspjpy; Mtpahff;$ba Nrjdg; NrHitfs; (VOC) vd;gJ jpz;k kw;Wk; jput tbtpyhd ntsptplg;gLk; jPo;g;Gf;fs;> ,it FWfpafhy kw;Wk; ePz;lfhy jPq;fhd Rfhjhug; ghjpg;Gf;fis cUthf;Fk;. VOC MdJ jPe;ijfs; kw;Wk; muf;Ffs; (lacquers)> Rj;jk; nra;Ak; nghUl;fs; (cleaning
supplies)> g+r;rpehrpdpfs;> fl;blg;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; myq;fhuq;fs; kw;Wk; mr;R ,ae;jpuk; (printers)> efyp (copiers)> mopf;Fk; jputk; (correction
fluids)> Jg;guT nra;Ak; nghUl;fs; (detergents)> thrida+l;bfs; (perfume)> girfs; (glues)> gprpd;fs; (adhesives) Nghd;w mYtyf cgfuzq;fs; Kjypa gyjug;gl;l jahupg;GfspypUe;J ntsptplg;gLfpd;wJ. tpNrlkhf Gjpjhf fl;lg;gl;l fl;blq;fspy; fl;blg;nghUl;fs; ,urhaduPjpapy; rpijtiltjpdhy; mjpfsT vspjpy; Mtpahff;$ba Nrjdg; NrHitfs; (VOC) ntsptplg;gLtjhf mwpf;ifaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
7. Nkhy;l; kw;Wk; xt;thik my;fh (Molds and Allergens Algae)
<uypg;ghd Nkw;gug;G nfhz;l tskhd gFjpapy; Nkhy;l; FOkf;$l;lk; tpUj;jpahtJld; ,J capH-,urhad kw;Wk; ,aw;ifg; gjhHj;jq;fis Njhw;Wtpj;J tspf;F tpLtpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. cfe;j <uypg;ghd epiyikfspd; fPo; g+Q;rzk; tsHtJld; ,J cl;Gw tsp khriljiy Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. Fspayiw> ePH toq;fy; njhFjpapd; ePHf;frpT ,lq;fs; Nghd;w ePHgpbg;ghd ,lq;fs; tPLfs; kw;Wk; fl;blq;fSf;Fs; fhzg;gLtjhy; ,J Nkhy;l; kw;Wk; my;fhf;fs; tsu cfe;j <uypg;G epiyikfis toq;FtJld; Fiwe;j fhw;Nwhl;lk; kw;Wk; fhw;Wr; Ror;rp cs;s epiyikfspy; ,tw;wpd; tsHr;rp mgupkpjkhdJ. <uypg;ghd Nkw;gug;Gfspy; g+Q;rzk; tsHtJld;
43
,J xt;thikj; Jfs;fisAk; tpj;jpfisAk; (c+k;: m];ngH[py];) gug;Gk;. ,aw;ifahf cl;Gw tspapd; juj;ij ghjpf;Fk; tplakhf nry;yg;gpuhzpf-spd; kapUk; g+e;JzHfspy; kfue;jq;fSk; EiuaPuYf;Fs; cl;GFe;J M];j;kh kw;Wk; xt;thik Nghd;w Neha;fs; Vw;gLtjpidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
8. m];ng];u]; ,io
m];ng];u]; vd;gJ ,aw;ifahff; fhzg;gLk; fdpkk;> vdpDk; ,J $iuj; jfLfs; cl;gl gyjug;gl;l cw;gj;jpfSf;F %yg;nghUshf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. m];ng];u]; cw;gj;jpfis ntl;Lk;NghJ> miuf;Fk;NghJ my;yJ JisapLk;NghJ kw;Wk; ,it ngsjPf kw;Wk; ,urhadj; jhf;fq;fspdhy; rpijtilAk; NghJ kpf EZf;fkhd m];ng];u]; ,iofs; cl;Gw tspf;F tpLtpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. m];ng];u]; ,y; gy khw;Wtiffs; fhzg;gLtJld; 'NrHngd;iud;" vd;gJ nghJthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J fw;iw tbtj;jpy; fhzg;gLtjpdhy; ehk; cs;spOf;f Kd;dH Nky; fhw;Wg;ghijapy; ,ilkwpf;fg;gl;LtpLk;. 'mk;gpNghy;" vd;gJ vd;ndhU m];ng];u]; tif> ,J kpfr;rpwpaJ Mifahy; cs;spOf;Fk;NghJ EiuaPuypw;Fs; Mokhf CLUTk;> ,jdhy; mghafukhd Rfhjhug; ghjpg;Gf;fs; cUthFk;. m];ng];u]; ,d; rfy tiffSk; Gw;WNehapid cz;Lgz;Zk; vd jw;Nghija etPd tpQ;Qhdk; $Wfpd;wJ> ,jd;gb cs;spSg;GfspypUe;J 20 njhlf;fk; 30 tiuapyhd Mz;Lfs; nrd;wgpd;dHjhd; Gw;WNehAf;fhd Kjy; mwpFwp Njhd;Wk;.
RUf;fkhff; $wpd; cl;Gw tsp khriljy; FWfpafhy ehl;gl;l ,ja Neha;fis Njhw;Wtpg;gJld; rpyNtisfspy; kuzq;fis tpistpf;Fk;. cl;Gw tsp khrhf;fpfspd; cs;thq;Fifapdhy; nghJthf EiwaPuw; Gw;WNeha;> gf;fthjk;> fl;Giu> ryNuhfk;> ehl;gl;l kw;Wk; fLikahd Rthr Neha;fs; vd;gd Vw;gLfpd;wJ. gpe;jpa Ma;twpf;ifapd;gb nfhy];l;uhy; ,dhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;j;jhf;fq;fis tpl cl;Gw tsp khriljypdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;j;jhf;fq;fs; rpf;fyhdJ> jPtpukhdJ. Fi-wepiwg; gpwg;Gf;fs;> rpR ,wg;Gf;fs;> M];j;kh kw;Wk; tha;g; Gw;WNeha; vd;gd cl;Gw tsp khriljypd; nghJthd tpisTfs; MFk;.
cl;Gw tsp khriljiy Kfhikj;Jtg;gLj;jy;
jPq;fhd thfd ntspNaw;w ckpo;Tfs; kw;Wk; GifNghf;fpfspypUe;J ntsptplg;gl;L thdj;ij Kl;Lk;> ,yFtpy; ghHf;ff;$ba ckpo;Tfs; vd;gd tspkz;ly tsp khriljYf;F gpujhd gq;fhspfs; MfNt cl;Gw tsp khriljYld; xg;gpl;Lg;ghHf;fg;gbd; khj;jpuk; tspkz;ly tsp khriljypd; Kf;fpak; ,dq;fhzg;gLtJld; ,tw;wpd; jPq;fhd tpisTfs; FWfpafhyj;jpDs; mDgtpf;fg;gLk;. vdpDk; cl;Gw tsp khriljypid ,yFthf jPHkhdpf;f KbahJ mj;Jld; ePz;lfhyj;jpd; gpd;dHjhd; ,jd; jPq;fhd ghjpg;Gf;fs; cUthf Muk;gpf;Fk;. nrhe;j tPLfspy; ePq;fs; $bthOk;NghJ cl;Gw tsp khriljy; vd;gJ xU mikjpf; nfhiyfhud; Mf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. mfNt cl;Gw tsp khriljypid Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tJ vd;gJ kpfTk; mtrpakhd mtrukhd Njitahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
44
cl;Gw tspapd; juj;ij Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;a rpwe;j kw;Wk; ,yFthd nrad;Kiw fl;blq;fspd; fhw;Nwhl;lj;ijAk;> fhw;Wr; Ror;rpiaAk; Nkk;gLj;jy; MFk;> ,jd; gaDs;s KbTfis mila ,it fl;bl tbtikj;jy; epiyapy; cs;thq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ed;whf cs;sf tsp Rw;wpr;nry;Yk; NghJ Gjpa tspapd; cl;GFifapdhy; tPLfSf;Fs; fhzg;gLk; cl;Gw khrhf;fpfspd; nrwpT ntspNa mbj;Jr;nry;yg;gLk;> ,J Rfhjhug; ghjpg;Gf;fisAk; r%f rHr;irfis Kfhikg;gLj;j toptFf;Fk;. fhw;Nwhl;lKs;s ,lq;fspy; NghJkhd fhw;Wr; Ror;rpAld; mLg;Gfis ];jhgpg;gjpdhYk; tpidj;jpwdw;w rikay; mLg;Gfis tpidj;jpwdhf khw;WtjpdhYk; rikaypd;NghJ Vw;gLk; cl;Gw tspj;ju gpur;ridfis fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;. VNjDk; gl;rj;jpy; rikay; tPLfSf;Fs; nra;a Ntz;bapUg;gpd; Nghjpa fhw;Nwhl;lj;ijg; Ngz rikayiwapy; Nghjpa ad;dy;fs; my;yJ jpwe;j gFjp fhzg;glNtz;Lk; mj;Jld; ,it ri-kaypd;NghJ jpwe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Rw;Wg;Gw tsp khrhf;fypid Fiwf;Fk; tz;zk; cl;Gw tspj;juj;ij guhkupf;f etPd tPLfspy; ri-kayLg;GfspypUe;J ntsptplg;gLk; ckpo;Tfis Rj;jpfupf;f nraY}l;lg;gl;l fhHgd; tbfl;bfs; nghUj;jg;gLjy; rpwe;jJ.
mYtyff; fl;blq;fs; kw;Wk; nghJ ,lq;fspy; Gifgpbg;gjpdhy; jPq;fhd ghjpg;Gf;fs; Vw;gLtjpdhy; gy mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehLfspy; ,J jilnraag;gLs;sJld; khRf;fl;Lg;ghL Kiwikfis> Gifgpbj;jYf;F mDkjpf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fspy; ];jhgpj;J ,t;tplq;fspy; Gifgpbj;jYf;F tpyf;F mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Gjpjhf epHkhzpf;fg;gl;l fl;blq;fs; kw;Wk; Gjpa jsghlq;fs;> cgfuzq;fisf; nfhz;l fl;blq;fspDs; NghHky;bi`l; vd;w ahtUf;Fk; njupe;j cl;Gw tsp khrhf;fpapd; nrwpT mjpfkhf fhzg;gLtjpdhy; ,tw;iwj; jLf;f jug;gLj;jg;gl;l fl;blg;nghUl;fs; fl;Lkhd NtiyfSf;F gad;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk; mj;Jld; FbGf Kd;dH NghJkhd fhw;Nwhl;lk; toq;fg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
gy tifg;gl;l jhtu ,dq;fs; tsp khrf;fpfis mfj;JwpQ;rf; $bait vd;gjpid typAWj;j MHtkhAs;Nsd;> vdNt mtw;iw tPLfSf;Fs;Sk; my;yJ mYtyff; fl;blq;fSs;Sk; tsHg;gjhy; cl;Gw tspapd; juk; Nkk;gLk;. gfw;nghOjpy; xspj;njhFg;gpd;NghJ fhHgd; ilXl;irl;bid mfj;JwpQ;rp Xl;rprid cs;sfr; Rw;whlYf;F tpLfpd;wJ. MfNt VNjDk; jhtuq;fs; mtw;wpd; cs;shHe;jjd;ikahy; cs;sfr; Rw;whlypd; juj;ij Xustpw;F caHj;j Mw;wy; gilj;jit, mj;Jld; ,it tPl;Lr; Rw;whlypd; Md;kPf jpUg;jpiaAk; ,dpikiaAk; ngUf;Ffpd;wJ.
kd jpUg;jpiaAk; tPl;L myq;fhuj;ijAk; tPl;Lr; Rw;whlypd; ,dpikiaAk; ngUf;f tsHf;f cfe;j gytifahd jhtu ,dq;fspd; nghJg;ngaH> tpQ;Qhdg;ngaH kw;Wk; tsp khrhf;fpfis mfj;JwpQ;Rk; jifikfs; fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
45
Peace Lily (Spathiphyllum wallisii)
mfw;w;wg;gLk; krhf;fpfs;: Alcohol ,Acetone ,
Trichloroethylene, Benzene, Formaldehyde
Gerbera (Gerbera Sp.)
mfw;w;wg;gLk; krhf;fpfs;: Trichloroethylene, Benzene,
Formaldehyde
Aloe Vera (Aloe vera)
mfw;w;wg;gLk; krhf;fpfs;: Benzene, Formaldehyde
Snake Plant (Sansevieria zeylanica)
mfw;w;wg;gLk; krhf;fpfs;: Formalde-
hyde, Trichloroethylene,
Xylene, Toluene, Benzene
Areca Palm (Dypsis lutescens)
mfw;w;wg;gLk; krhf;fpfs;: Formaldehyde, Xylene, Toluene
Spider Plant (Chlorophytum comosum)
mfw;w;wg;gLk; krhf;fpfs;: Carbon monox-
ide, Formaldehyde,
Benzene, Xylene, Toluene
46
kfhtyp mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; Rw;whly; mikr;R kw;Wk; kj;jpa Rw;whly; mjpfhurig ,yq;ifapy; cl;Gw tspj;juj;ij Kfhikg;gLj;j Ntz;bajd; Njrpa Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; kw;Wk; fhy mtrpaj;ijAk; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L nfhs;if kw;Wk; topKiwfspd; njhFg;ig jahupf;f Muk;gpj;Js;sJ. ,yq;ifapy; tspj;juj;ij Kfhikj;Jtg;gLj;j kfhtyp mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; Rw;whly; mikr;rpd; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; fPo; 'J}a;ikahd fhw;W nraw;jpl;lk;" vd;w Njrpa nraw;jpl;lk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld; ,r; nraw;jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa $W cl;Gw tsp khriljiy Kfhikjj;Jtk; nra;jy; MFk
crhj;Jiz:
https://www.who.int
https://www.researchgate.net
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Clean_Air_Study
The Open University of Sri Lanka (2011), Environmental Chemistry of the Atmosphere, 978 – 955 – 23 – 1344 - 8
A.I Mendis (2002), The Impact of Indoor Air Pollution on the Health of Women and Children in Low Income Groups in
Sri Lanka, 955 – 9017 – 12 – 8
World Health Organization (2009), WHO Hand Book on Indoor Radon, 978 92 41 547673
Dracaena (Dracaena sp)
mfw;w;wg;gLk; krhf;fpfs;: Trichloroethylene,
Formaldehyde
Boston Fern (Nephrolepis exaltata)
mfw;w;wg;gLk; krhf;fpfs;: Formaldehyde,
Xylene, Toluene
English Ivy (Hedera helix)
mfw;w;wg;gLk; krhf;fpfs;: Formaldehyde, Trichloroethylene,
Xylene, Toluene, Benzene
Florist's Daisy
(Chrysanthemum morifolium)
mfw;w;wg;gLk; krhf;fpfs;: Formaldehyde, Trichloroethylene,
Xylene, Toluene, Benzene, Ammonia
RUf;fkhf cl;Gw tsp khrhf;fpfs;
%q;fpy; gid (Chamaedorea seifrizii)
ngd;rPd;> NghHky;bi`l;> iuFNshNuhvjpyPd;> iryPd; kw;Wk;
njhYtPd; vd;gtw;iw mfw;wp fhw;wpid J}a;ikg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ
kj;jpa Rw;whly; mjpfhurig 104> nld;rpy; nfhg;NgfLt khtj;ij gj;jpuKy;y ,yq;if www.cea.lk