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KATARZYNA BUCZEK TUDORS

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Page 1: TUDORS - Serwis Informacyjny WSJO · been married to Mary Tudor and had a tenuous ... Spanish "Invincible Armada" is defeated by an ... a huge victory of the English navy

K A T A R Z Y N A B U C Z E K

TUDORS

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ENGLISH REFORMATION

Roots of the Reformation

In 1309, Pope Clement V moved the papacy and his residence to Avignon, a city just outside French territory on the Rhone River. This allowed Phillip the Fair, King of France, to exert a great deal of influence over the pope.

1377 - Pope Gregory XI returned the papacy to Rome.

After Pope Gregory XI died, an Italian Pope was elected.

As a result of this, Western Christendom split, with two popes and two accompanying papal structures.

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Finally, the cardinals of both popes decided that an ecumenical council of godly men could collectively possess more divine authority that just one pope. So, in 1409 they asked the church council in Pisa to elect a new pope that could unite the sides.

The Great Schism saw three individuals claiming to be the Pope

It was a German cleric, Martin Luther, who lit the fuse for the first, European, Reformation.

He concluded that salvation was a personal matter between God and man.

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England breaks from Rome

In 1527 he asked Pope Clement VII for a divorce - denied

legal approach Kings of England enjoyed Imperial Power similar to that of the first Christian Roman Emperors. This meant that the Pope's jurisdiction was illegal: if Henry wanted a divorce, he could have it, as long as the Archbishop of Canterbury agreed (Thomas Cranmer).

The Act of Supremacy (1534) confirmed the break from Rome, declaring Henry to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England.

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Dissolution of the monasteries

The Dissolution of the Monasteries lasted four years to 1540. Two thirds of all the land was sold to the laity

Possibly the greatest act of vandalism in English history but also an act of political genius, creating a vested interest in the Reformation: those now owning monastic lands were unlikely to embrace a return to Catholicism.

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The Act of Six Articles (1539)

Henry was never a Protestant. Further doctrinal reform was halted by the Act of Six Articles

The first article expressed the doctrine of transubstantiation. Those denying this were to be burnt.

If the other five articles were impeached the penalties were, for the first offence, confiscation of property, for the second, execution as a felon.

(2) that communion in both kinds was unnecessary;

(3) that priests ought not to marry;

(4) that the vows of chastity ought to be observed in both sexes;

(5) that private masses were allowable;

(6) that auricular (spoken into the ear) confession was necessary.

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Catholics persecuted for disobeying the Act of Supremacy

Protestants persecuted for disobeying Six Articles

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Main figures

Thomas More

Renaissance scholar and Lord Chancellor

Great humanist – author of Utopia 1516

Zealous reformer but against king's supremacy - is executed for refusal of the Act in 1535.

Canonized in 1935

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Thomas Cromwell

Chief Minister of the Crown

Author of the Dissolution of the Monasteries

Establishes Privy Council - the factual governing body of the realm until the emergence of the Cabinet in the 18th c.

Executed after recommendation of Anne of Cleves to Henry VIII

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Thomas Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury Pronounced Henry's

marriage with Catherine of Aragon void, and legalized marriage with Anne Boleyn

Authorized Books of Common Prayer (1549, 1552) - official liturgy of the Church of England:

replacement of Latin services with English

doctrinal compromise between Rome and England

simpler liturgical dress and outlook

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Why is the Reformation important?

It established in English minds the image of an island nation, separate and supreme, still resonant today.

English policy became increasingly repressive in Ireland, importing Protestant landowners to oppress the locals who resisted conversion.

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The Act of Succesion (1544)

Henry gave the crown to his only surviving son, Edward

In the event of a death without children, Edward was to be succeeded by Mary

If Mary did not have children, she was to be succeeded by Elizabeth

Finally, if Elizabeth also did not have children, she was to be succeded by the descendants of Henry VIII's deceased sister, Mary Tudor

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Edward VI (1547-1553)

Edward was king of England for only a few years, and died at 15, but his short reign saw the full-scale introduction of Protestantism.

Edward's uncle, Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset and the archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, were intent on making England a truly Protestant state

Protestant religion becomes dominant in England and becomes more in-depth by acts of legislation:

repeal of 6 Articles

Acts of Uniformity make Books of Prayer the official guidebooks of religion in England.

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Mary I Tudor (1553-1558)

the only surviving child of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon

Edward's death in 1553

Mary had widespread popular support and within days made a triumphal entry into London. Once queen, she was determined to re-impose Catholicism and marry Philip II of Spain.

Neither policy was popular. Philip was Spanish and therefore distrusted,

many in England now had a vested interest in the prosperity of the Protestant church, having received church lands and money after Henry dissolved the monasteries.

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hundreds of Protestants were burned at the stake

Childless, sick and deserted by Philip, Mary died on 17 November 1558.

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Elizabethan Age (1558-1603)

Coronated: January 15, 1559 at Westminster Abbey

Before she became Queen, Elizabeth, a Protestant, clashed with her sister Mary and other Catholics

While her brother Edward was King, Elizabeth was unrightfully implicated in a plot to overthrow the young King by his uncle Thomas Seymour.

Then, in the Wyatt Rebellion of 1554, Queen Mary accused Elizabeth of being in the plot to overthrow her.

After the Wyatt Rebellion, Elizabeth was locked up in the Tower of London even though there was no evidence against her.

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The Act of Supremacy 1559

Gave Elizabeth ultimate control of the Church of England.

Title of monarch modified to "Supreme Governor of the Church in England".

Also included an oath of loyalty to the Queen that the clergy were expected to take. If they did not take it, then they would lose their office.

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The Act of Uniformity 1559

Established a set form of worship. The Prayer books of Edward VI were fused into one,

and were to be used in every church in the land. Church attendance on Sundays and holy days was

made compulsory. The wording of the Communion was to be vague so

that Protestants and Catholics could both participate, Had trouble getting passed through Parliament. A large number of the Parliament, extremists

on both sides, opposed the bill

Anglican priests are free to marry

English Bible is available to all

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Since the death of James V, Scotland had become a province of France

James V and Mary of Guise, parents of Mary,

Queen of Scots

Mary of Scotland had married Francis II of France.

She claimed three crowns—Scotland, France, and England!

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Scotland remained Catholic after the death of James V, but Protestant influence increased.

• Scottish Protestants wanted to liberate Scotland from France.

• 1557: Calvinists in Scotland formed an association, the Lords of the Congregation, sworn to defend their faith and drive out the foreigners.

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Mary Stuart made three mistakes that led to the loss of her Scottish crown in 1567:

1. She asked Elizabeth to designate her as heir to the English throne;

2. She married Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley;

3. She conspired with her lover, Lord Bothwell to murder Darnley.

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In 1567, Mary abdicated in favor of her baby son and fled to England, where Elizabeth placed her in “protective custody” for the next 19 years.

1568 Mary's imprisonment leads to Catholic Northern Rising against the queen.

Mary Stuart became the center of opposition to Elizabeth. A series of plots by English Catholics attempted to put Mary on the throne.

James VI of Scotland, son of Mary, Queen of Scots

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Babington plot 1586

Anthony Babington was a young Catholic noble who joined a plot to depose the Protestant Queen Elizabeth I and put Mary Queen of Scots on the English throne.

freeing Mary Stuart

assassinating Elizabeth

support for Catholic Spanish invasion of English

Mary lost her head on February 8, 1587

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Spanish invasion 1588

The struggle between Protestantism and Catholicism on the international level led the pope to encourage the king of Spain, Philip II, to invade England. Philip had been married to Mary Tudor and had a tenuous claim on the throne.

Real reason: English support for the Dutch rebels against Spain and the attacks against Spanish shipping by English pirates, such as the legendary Sir Francis Drake (1540–95).

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Spanish "Invincible Armada" is defeated by an English naval force under the command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake. After eight hours of furious fighting, a change in wind direction prompted the Spanish to break off from the battle and retreat toward the North Sea.

a huge victory of the English navy

end of Spanish sea power

superiority of England as a naval, trading and colonizing power

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The Privy Council

The main job of the Council was to give advice to Queen Elizabeth.

The Privy Council was part of a more localized method of government which was very important in Tudor England. Royal representatives were situated in every county

in the country to make sure that the Queen’s wishes were carried out.

Elizabeth cut down the number of councilors in her Council from the 50 the Mary had to 19 at the beginning of her term. She believed that too many people with different ideas

would only cause more problems than solve them.

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ADDITIONALLY…

ELIZABETHAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE

William Shakespeare

Christopher Marlowe

OVERSEAS EXPANSION

John Hawkings

Martin Frobisher

Francis Drake

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THE DECADE OF 1590-1600 BROUGHT BAD HARVESTS, SOARING FOOD

PRICES, PEASANT UNREST, HIGH TAXES, AND WAR WITH IRELAND.

The House of Stuarts and English Civil War

(1603-1660)

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Elizabeth I, the last of the Tudor monarchs, died in 1603 and the thrones of England and Ireland passed to her cousin, James Stuart.

Thus James VI of Scotland also became James I of England.

• He was an experienced monarch—ruled Scotland for 37 years (two sons to ensure the succession.)

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James I had an articulate and consistent view of the nature of monarchy: Kings derived their power directly from God and were answerable only to Him.

English custom limited this absolutism

James I never understood how important the Members of Parliament considered their authority.

His criticism of Parliament was taken as threat.

Members of the Privy Council increasingly came from outside Parliament: Under Elizabeth, 6 of 13 ministers regularly sat in the House of Commons; Under James, only 3 of 23 came from the Commons.

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Parliament in 1600:

•Was still an instrument of the crown.

•Met for a limited time and intended for emergencies.

•Was used to complain or reproach the monarch and to consent to new taxes.

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Growing independence of Members of Parliament:

•Began to see themselves as responsible to their shires and boroughs as well as servants of the monarch.

•MPs demanded that they decide disputed elections and the legal qualifications of MPs.

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The House of Commons considered that it was the “voice of the people”—but it could not decide what was good for the people as a whole

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James I and religion

Three religious parties:

Episcopalians – in favour of the Church of England

Roman Catholics – want to restore Mass and the Pope in England.

Puritans – Radical Protestants - for simplicity and reforms (growing influence in Parliament)

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Authorized (King James) Version of the Bible - remaining the only Bible for next three centuries, accepted by all religious groups in the country.

Appointed “Puritan” ministers to church congregations

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Gunpowder Plot of November 5, 1605

English Catholics planned an attack on Parliament to rid the kingdom of its heretic leaders

Guy Fawkes and a handful of conspirators planned to blow up the King and Houses of Commons and Lords when they met together to open Parliament.

A warning from one plotter exposed the plot.

It was ordinary Catholics, however, who suffered the longest as a result of the Gunpowder Plot. New laws were passed preventing them from practising law, serving as officers in the Army or Navy, or voting in local or Parliamentary elections.

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Overseas Expansion

first English colony in America - Jamestown (1607), Virginia,

Starvations, disease, and lack of direction almost doomed the Jamestown colony; after the first winter, only 32 colonists remained alive.

The New World quickly became a place to unload the undesirable and unwanted surplus population of England.

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Charles I (1625-1649)

James I dies in 1625 leaving the country in huge debt.

Charles I inherited the throne

Fought with Parliament over money

Needed funding for wars with France and Spain

Dissolved Parliament whenever he couldn’t get his way

1628 – recalled Parliament

In exchange for money, Charles I had to sign the Petition of Right

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THE PETITION OF RIGHT 1628

Petition of Right guaranteed basic liberties Only Parliament could levy taxes No martial law during peacetime Habeas corpus – prisoners could not be held

indefinitely without trial; they had the right to go before a judge and hear charges

Soldiers could not be quartered (billeted) in private homes

Charles I signed it, then ignored it Attempted to rule as an absolute monarch

1629 – Charles I dissolved Parliament. Personal rule of Charles I (1629-40) Set up fines and fees on the people

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Religious Problems

1639-40 - the Bishops' wars with Scotland - caused by Archbishop Laud's attempts to introduce Anglicanism into the Church of Scotland

To obtain funds Charles I summons: the SHORT PARLIAMENT, 1640 - lasting three weeks fails to give the money and is dissolved.

Charles summons then LONG PARLIAMENT, 1641 - not legally dissolved for twenty years

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LONG PARLIAMENT

Split into two parties:

the king's or court party - the Cavaliers

country party - the Roundheads

The parliament passes bills:

it should not be dissolved without its own consent

GRAND REMONSTRANCE, 1641

replacement of king's evil advisors

ministers approved by Parliament

reform of Anglican Church

1642 - Charles tries to arrest Five MPs unsuccessfully, and flees to Hampton Court

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English Civil War (1642-1651)

Charles I’s supporters – Royalists (Cavaliers) Parliament’s supporters – Puritans

(Roundheads or Parliamentarians)

Led by Oliver Cromwell and his New Model Army

1647 – took Charles I prisoner 1649 – Charles I brought to trial and executed

(beheaded) for treason against Parliament

Abolishment of: monarchy, the House of Lords, the Anglican Church

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THE COMMONWEALTH 1649-1653

run by the House of Commons as "being chosen by and representing the People, having the supreme power in this nation".

the country divided into eleven military districts

Oliver Cromwell in charge of the army and the country

Cromwell established a republican government with a constitution written by John Lambert

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THE PROTECTORATE 1653-1660

1653 - the Government establishes THE PROTECTORATE with Cromwell as Lord Protector.

Blue Laws restricting Christmas, dancing, gambling

Citizens hated living this way & began to want to bring back a king again

Cromwell dies in 1658 and is replaced by his son Richard.

1660 Parliament asks Charles II to come back and be king. Charles II returns from Holland

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Restoration of the Stuarts

annulment of all Cromwell's laws

general amnesty, with exceptions made by Parliament to those who killed Charles I

Lands restored to the Crown, the Church, and the Cavaliers

The bishops were restored to their seats in the House of Lords

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Charles II (1660-1685)

THE HABEAS CORPUS ACT 1679

Secured the right of every freeman accused of crime to have his guilt or innocence declared without delay.

1679 - parliamentary starts discussion on the Exclusion Bill - to exclude his brother James from the throne (Roman Catholic )– the debate is commonly regarded as the historical beginning of political parties in Britain.

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Parliament, due to the discussion, becomes divided into:

The WHIGS

parliamentary supremacy

toleration to various Protestant groups

severely anti-Catholic, fearing a Catholic king

The TORIES

support of the royal prerogative

support of the established Anglican Church

non-resistance - the divine rights of the king

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James II (1685–88)

Charles II, James, and the Tories eventually won, as the broad middle of English opinion believed that Whig rebelliousness, threatening a revival of civil war, was more dangerous than James’s Catholicism.

On his brother’s death in 1685, therefore, James succeeded to the English and Scottish thrones with no difficulty as James II

James’s main political goal was to get toleration and legal equality for his fellow Catholics.

Seven bishops refused to read in church a decree of religious toleration in 1688. James imprisoned them.

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James II (1685–88)

Meanwhile, James’ wife Mary of Modena unexpectedly bore a son, who was to be heir to the throne and raised a Catholic.

The bishops’ trial and the surprise royal birth were too much for Parliament

A delegation of Whigs and Tories went to Holland and asked MARY STUART (James’ Protestant daughter by his first wife) and her husband, WILLIAM of ORANGE to invade England with an army.

James fled; Parliament declared the throne vacant, so William and Mary could take it by right of succession.

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William III and Mary (1689-1702)

THE BILL OF RIGHTS 1689

Limitation of King's power and establishment of today's monarch's representative role in British politics

cannot remove or change laws

cannot be Catholic

is dependent on Parliament in financial matters

'appoints' all ministers

TOLERATION ACT, 1689

Toleration guaranteed to all dissenters but not Roman Catholics